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The Industrial Revolution NELSON NELSON MODERNHISTORY MODERNHISTORY NELSON MODERNHISTORY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL THE THE INDUSTRIAL Nelson Cengage has developed this series A Globalised World for Australian senior secondary students of Age of Imperialism Modern History. The series includes titles Australia 1918–1950s that encompass the period from the 18th century to the contemporary world and China and Revolution REVOLUTION they explore the social, cultural and political Civil Rights in the United States of America developments that shape the 21st century. Decolonisation Written by experienced educators and Germany 1918–1945 experts in their fields, each book builds on India a narrative framework to incorporate recent research and historiography, primary and Recognition and Rights of Indigenous Peoples secondary sources, and learning activities. Russia and the Soviet Union These key features combine to support the The American Revolution development of historical knowledge and The Changing World Order understanding and historical skills that will enable students to interpret and reflect on The Enlightenment the experience and developments that have The French Revolution created the world in which they live. The Industrial Revolution The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East United States of America 1917–1945 Women’s Movements Workers’ Rights The Industrial Revolution The development and application of steam power was one of many technical developments that drove the Industrial Revolution. The most significant modifications to the steam engine, which had first been patented in 1698, have been attributed to James Watt. Watt developed two important changes to these earlier models: the addition of a condenser and a ‘rotative’ system TAYLOR that used a crank rather than a chain to transfer power. These improvements greatly improved the efficiency and power of the steam engine and led to a range of new uses. By 1800, Watt’s innovations were being used throughout the mining and textile industries in Britain. In the 1820s others, such as the father-and-son team of George and Robert Stephenson, applied the principles of steam power to transport, laying the foundation for the train mania of the 1840s. James Watt (1736–1819) ISBN: 978-0170244008 A Scottish engineer who is seen by many as one of the key thinkers and doers of the Industrial Revolution. TONY TAYLOR Read more about James Watt in Chapter 2. SERIES EDITOR: TONY TAYLOR 9 780170 244008 For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au industrial_sb_44008_cvr_gatefold_finalart.indd 1-4 23/07/14 10:27 AM As this revolution spread, it changed the world. In the place of largely agricultural societies there emerged the foundations of the modern world. Tony Taylor Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 9780170244008 iii CONTENTS About the series iv Series editor acknowledgements vi Author acknowledgements vii 001 Introduction 080 CHAPTER 5 Life and death during the Industrial Revolution 006 CHAPTER 1 Changing the world: Industrial Revolution 1750–1890 098 CHAPTER 6 From Chartism to unionism 024 CHAPTER 2 Doers and thinkers 120 CHAPTER 7 Steam, steel and the Second Industrial Revolution 048 CHAPTER 3 The Luddite Rebellion and the Peterloo Massacre 138 Conclusion 064 CHAPTER 4 The factory age Index 141 9780170244008 ABOUT THE SERIES Using The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution has been developed especially for senior secondary students of History and is part of the Nelson Modern History series. Each book in the series is based on the understanding that History is an interpretive study of the past by which you also come to better appreciate the making of the modern world. Developing understandings of the past and present in senior History extends on the skills you learnt in earlier years. As senior students you will use historical skills, including research, evaluation, synthesis, analysis and communication, and the historical concepts, such as evidence, continuity and change, cause and effect, significance, empathy, perspectives and contestability, to understand and interpret societies from the past. The activities and tasks in The Industrial Revolution have been written to ensure that you develop the skills and attributes you need in senior History subjects. KEY FIGURES AND ORGANISATIONS, KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS, KEY DOCUMENTS feature brief biographies, profiles, definitions and summaries of key documents as a ready reference for learning and revision. INQUIRY ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE QUESTIONS is a bird’s-eye view of the topic are listed at the and summarises the major start of the chapter. developments of the period. These questions provide a focus for you as you read each chapter. CHAPTER INTRODUCTIONS provide a context to the issues that are addressed. SOURCE STUDIES of visual and text primary sources and secondary literature appear frequently through the text and are combined with questions SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUALS and activities to aid your are biographical profiles and assessments of key historical evaluation and interpretation figures and frequently include questions and activities. of evidence from the past. 9780170244091 35 v The Newcomen engine and Watt’s solution Crossbeam Piston INFORMATION BOXES Cylinder Cold water pumped Vacuum pump into piston contain extended discussions Boiler of key events, concepts and Fire Auxiliary historical developments. pump (above) feeds water Many also include questions into cistern sourCe 2.9 Newcomen engine The Newcomen engine was a simple but brilliant device. The combined weight of the and activities. engine beam and its counterweight would pull a piston, fitted in an airtight cylinder, upwards. Steam was fed into the cylinder, allowing the piston to rise. A jet of water was fed into the cylinder, the steam condensing and creating a vacuum pulling the piston DIAGRAMSback down against the beam and its counterweight. AN ThisD up-and-down movement via the beam was transferred to a vacuum pump in the mineshaft, drawing out floodwater. The problem with this system was that the cylinder constantly had to cool down to below T100ºCAL to allowK theING water to condense SOUR the steam into creatingC ESthat vacuum. This wasted areheat. The engineused was workable to but visually Watt realised that it couldsummarise be more efficient. complex ideas and events. CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CHAPTER REVIEW ACTIVITIES conclude each chapter. They include a brief precis of the topic, suggestions for further reading, and a range of learning activities that consolidate knowledge and understanding of the chapter’s content. These tasks incorporate a range of historical understandings and skills. THE CONCLUSION summarises the topic and includes a series of activities to consolidate your knowledge of it. More importantly, these final tasks will help you build an understanding and interpretation of this period in history. Beyond this book The Nelson Modern History series includes numerous titles on a range of topics covered in senior History courses around Australia. For further information about the series visit: www.nelsonsecondary.com.au. 9780170244091 Getty images Getty Images 9780170244008 KEY FIGURES AND ORGanisations CHARLES DICKENS ADAM SMITH LIT & PHILS (1812–1870) (1723–1790) A national network of literary and philosophical societies based in the major towns and cities of Britain, where middle-class men and some women gathered to discuss the issues of the day. The first of these was A Scottish philosopher whose the Manchester Lit & Phil, founded 1776 book The Wealth of Nations in 1781, only five years after the Probably the best known of the provided the theoretical base for publication of Adam Smith’s The 19th-century British novelists, Dickens industrial and commercial expansion Wealth of Nations. Religion and politics wrote about the Industrial Revolution during the Industrial Revolution. were prohibited topics but discussions in several of his books. He came from Smith was an absent-minded and and demonstrations of innovations a poor background and believed that rather solitary academic who wrote were not. The Newcastle Lit & Phil poverty and crime were linked, and plainly and well. He continues to still exists and is now used mainly as a that social reform would improve influence economic and political library and a meeting venue. poor people’s attitude to society. The debates even today. energetic Dickens was a celebrity at a time when the word was yet to be given its modern meaning. He wrote MANCHESTER SCHOOL over 20 books, mainly novels. He CHARTIST MOVEMENT also edited weekly periodicals and administered charitable organisations. The 1830s and 1840s political reform In addition, he was a popular theatre movement based on six points: performer, giving one-man shows of manhood suffrage; annual parliaments; his works, which have been made equal electoral districts; vote by into more than 30 films and television secret ballot; payment of MPs; and shows. It is Dickens more than anyone abolition of property qualification for An 1840s radical group formed by who created 20th and 21st-century voters. After some success as a mass Lancashire industrialists and politicians. images of 19th century Britain. movement in the 1840s, the Chartist It was associated with the Anti-Corn movement, divided, discredited and Law League, a campaign for lower tainted by violence of some of its food costs (to improve the lives of the supporters, faded in the 1850s. working classes without increasing wages) and a pro-peace policy
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