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The Origin of Religion, 3Rd The Origin of THE ORIGIN Religion Loizeaux Brothers, Inc., Bible Truth Depot 19 West 21 st Street, New York 10, N. Y. OF RELIGION Zwemer British Agents PICKERING & INGLIS By 33 NEW BRIDGE STREET, LONDON, E. C. 4 229 BOTHWELL STREET, GLASGOW, C. 2 29 GEORGE IV BRIDGE, EDINBURGH SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Professor, History of Religion a.nd Christian Missions, Princeton Theological Seminary Canadian Agents HOME EVANGEL BOOK SHOP 418 Church St., Toronto, 2, Canada WESTERN BOOK & TRACT·CO., INC. 1719 Franklin Street, Oakland 12, Calif. Dr. Zwemer is professor of History of Religion and Christian Missions at Princeton Theological Seminary. He brings to this pr~IN1·En] booka life-time of study and research, born out of his contact with [ IN U-SA peoples of other lands as missionary and keen student of their religions, ancient and modern. For twenty-five years he has been the editor of The Moslem World. He was the organizer and ch~rman of the historic Mohammedan MiS8ionary Conference held at Cairo, Egypt, in 1906. At home and abroad he is considered Loizeaux an authority on the religion of Islam in its many ramifications including its relations to primitive tribal religion in Arabia. Brothers Inc: electronic file created by cafis.org Price-$2 The Origin of Religion (Continued from front flap) The Origin of primitives and in nearly all the ethnic Religion religions and this other-worldly character of man's religious outlook is also proof ~ of primitive revelation. Within the covers of this new magnum BY opus is a wealth of material hitherto SAMUEL M. ZWEMER available only in many books. One finds interesting data on: The High Gods; the ~ religion of the Stone Age; The Creation­ • Here, at last, is a fascinating study of myths of the primitives, with succinct the origin of religion. Through apt and observations on the Bible as the key to illuminating selections of authoritative the Creation-myths of the race; The source materials, and scholarly consid­ Origin of Fire Worship; The Origin of eration and observations of them, Dr. Marriage and Primitive Ethics; The Zwemer presents a most satisfactory Origin of Belief in Immortality. study of the very genesis of religion. Throughout one finds the finality of With many of the great British and Continental scholars Dr. Zwemer is in Christianity contrasted with the beliefs accord on these important subjects: of the great living religions and those of Religion came by revelation, not as a the past. result of an evolutionary process; God revealed Himself to man in Creation; monotheism preceded polytheism; prayer and sacrifice are of such antiquity and Professor Zwemer is also the author of universality that they point to a common Across the World of Islam, Thinking origin; there are evidences of faith, hope, Missions with Christ, The Influence of and charity in primitive religion which Animism on Islam, and a number of can only be explained on the basis of a other important books in related fields. primitive revelation; belief in the im­ mortality of the soul is universal among LOIZEAUX BROTHERS, INC. (Turn to back !lap, please!) 19 WEST 21ST ST., NEW YORK 10, N. Y. electronic file created by cafis.org The Origin of Religion: Evolution or Revelation BASED ON THE SMYTH LECTURES DELIVERED AT COLUMBIA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY DECATUR, GEORGIA, 1935 Third and Revised Edition. By SAMUEL MARINUS ZWEMER, D.O., Litt. D., PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF THE HISTORY OF RELIGION AND CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AT PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY NEW YORK LOIZEAUX BROTHERS 1 945 electronic file created by cafis.org THE ORIGIN OF RELIGION COPYRIGHT, MCMXXXV BY SAMUEL M. ZWEMER All rights in this book are reserved. No part of the text may be reproduced in any form without written per­ mission of the publishers, except brief quotations used in connection with reviews in a magazine or newspaper Printed in the U.S.A. L. B. PRINTING CO., INC. 19 West 21st Street New York 10. N. Y. electronic file created by cafis.org DEDICATED BY PERMISSION TO P. WILHELM SCHMIDT, S.V.D. PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VlENNA DrSTrNGUrSHED SCHOLAR AND ANTHROPOLOGIST FOUNDER AND EDITOR OF "ANTHROPOS" AUTHOR OF MANY BOOKS ON THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF RELIGION AND WHOSE GREAT WORK ON "THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF GOD" WILL EVER REMAIN A MONUMENT OF ERUDITION AND SUGGESTIVE THOUGHT electronic file created by cafis.org electronic file created by cafis.org CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 11 The literature on this subject is abundant, but much of it is anti-theistic. The vastness of the stellar universe and its age do not reduce the importance of man as observer. Argument of the book in outline. Based not primarily on Scripture but on anthropology by the historical method. The history of religion hom this viewpoint. I. THE HISTORY OF ORIGINS IN RELIGION. • 19 The problem of the origin of man closely related. His antiquity. The unity of the race. Religion as old as human- ity. Theistic and anti-theistic theories in conflict. History of religion defined. Its precursors and protagonists. Max Miiller and later. Present status. The Bible as source­ book. The great living religions and Christianity. Its finality. II.- THE ORIGIN OF RELIGION . 51 Evolution or revelation. Earlier theories no longer ade­ quate. Andrew Lang's theory. Wilhelm Schmidt. His method. The primitive High-gods. Boegner. Du Bois. Renou£. Marett. The religion of the Stone Age. Le Roy. Five elements in all primitive religion: the family, the High-god, conscience, belief in immortality, prayer, and sacrifice. III. THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF GOD 75 Andrew Lang's Sky-gods. Schmidt's work on the snbject. Further evidence from every area of primitive culture. The character of the High-gods. Among American In­ dians. In Africa. China. The Isokos. Sumatra. Mono­ theism in ethnic religions. China. Japan. Egypt. As­ syria. Arabia. India. How explain this. The subjective and objective factors in origin of idea of God. Francis L. Patton and John Calvin quoted. TV. THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD AND OF MAN. 101 Myths regarding creation widespread and significant. Four possible theories. Evolution and Emanation not as common 7 electronic file created by cafis.org 8 CONTENTS as Creation among primitives. Maori poem. Tahiti hymn. Creation myths collated by Schmidt. Among American Indians. Andaman Islanders. The Pygmies. The Ainus. Semangs. Samoyeds. Cosmogony of ethnic religions. Assyria and Babylonia. Persia. India. Similarity to account in Genesis. The origin of man in these myths due to special creation. Origin of evil in the world. Golden Age is in the past. Walter Lippman quoted. The Bible as key to the creation-myths of the race. V. THE ORIGIN OF PRAYER AND SACRIFICE. 125 Prayer the oldest and most universal religious rite. Its motive and character. Among ancient Greeks and Romans. Heiler on the prayer of primitives. Prayer was prior to magic. Posture and its significance. Examples of prayer. Delaware Indian. Khonds. In Africa. Algonquin In­ dians. Arapahos. Chinese Emperor. Origin of Sacrifice. £. O. James' opinion. The idea of substitution. Classi­ fication of sacrifices. Examples. Is it due to totemism ? The Semites not totemistie. The reference to its origin in Genesis. VI. THE ORIGIN OF FIRE-WORSHIP AND FIRE AS A SYMBOL OF DEITY . 151 Early association of fire with worship. Crawley's state­ ment. (1) Fire in the Bible narrative as symbol of Deity. In Jewish tradition. In primitive religion. Its various forms. Origin of fire in human culture. Legends regarding its origin. Prometheus. Agni. The story as told by the Indians. Maoris. Bantus. (2) Fire-gods in Mexico. In Japan. Sun-worship. Zoroastrian worship of fire. Agni and the hearth. China. The Yezdis. The Vestal virgins. (3) Fire as method of communion by flame, smoke, or incense. The hearth as sacred. Antiquity of incense-trade. (4) Fire-baptism and ordeal. The halo as symbol of divine favor. Moses' face. The halo in art. Our God is a consuming fire. VII. THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE AND PRIMITIVE ETHICS 179 The so-called cave-man's religion. Newberry and Lewis Browne. Antiquity of family-life. Theory of promiscuity and tribal marriage supported and also opposed by anthro­ pologists. Malinowsky and Westermarck on monogamy as earliest form of marriage and in every area of primitive culture. Incest a crime. Crowley on primitive marriage. Grosse. Seligmann. The origin of the moral idea. The dawn of conscience. Faith, hope, and charity in primitive electronic file created by cafis.org CONTENTS 9 religion. Loyalty and mother-love. Nat emergent evo'" lution but innate. The moral law. Examples. The Su­ preme Being author of moral code. Homo sapiens. VIII. THE ORIGIN OF BELIEF IN IMMORTALITY. 207 This belief one of strongest moral sanctions. Universal and ancient. Love is stronger than death. Etruscan tombs. The Jains. Sir James Frazer. This belief in Israel. Among primitives. Burial rites. Mourning cus­ toms. Antiquity of this belief. Calling the dead. Origin of this faith in immortality. Palimpsest of primitive reve­ lation. Future life in a better world. Primitive eschatol- ogy includes reward and punishment hereafter. The gospel of the Resurrection. The' otherworldly character of all religions. Of Christianity. Alexander Whyte quoted. L'ENVOI BY PROFESSOR SCHMIDT . .233 CLASSIFIED SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .239 INDEX .249 electronic file created by cafis.org electronic file created by cafis.org INTRODUCTION THERE IS NO DEARTH OF LITERATURE ON THE ORIGIN and growth of religion, as is evident from the vast bibli­ ography of the subject. Most of the popular works, however, especially those of the nineteenth century, are based on an evolutionary hypothesis regarding the origin of man, and in many cases they took for fact another hypothesis which eliminated God from human history.
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