Initial Environmental Examination
August 2013
IND: Bihar Urban Development Investment Program—Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject
Prepared by Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited of the Government of Bihar for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in January 2012 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/41603-023/documents. Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Bhagalpur Water Supply Project 1 (BWSP1)
Draft Initial Environmental Examination (August, 2013)
Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Contents
1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Report...... 1 1.2 Extent of the IEE Study ...... 1 2 Description of the Project ...... 4 2.1 Type, Category and Need ...... 4 2.2 Location and Implementation Schedule...... 4 2.3 Description of the Subproject ...... 6 3 Description of the Environment ...... 9 3.1 Physical Resources...... 9 3.2 Biological Resources ...... 19 3.3 Economic Development ...... 21 3.4 Social and Cultural Resources ...... 24 4 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 26 4.1 Pre-construction – Location and Design ...... 26 4.2 Construction ...... 29 4.3 Operation and Maintenance ...... 38 5 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... 42 5.1 Project Stakeholders...... 42 5.2 Consultations and Disclosures Conducted ...... 43 5.3 Future Consultation and Disclosure ...... 45 6 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 46 7 Environmental Management Plan ...... 47 7.1 Institutional Arrangements...... 47 7.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 50 7.3 Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 50 7.4 Environmental Management Plan Costs ...... 69 8 Findings and Recommendations ...... 69 9 Conclusions ...... 71
List of Annexes Annex 1 Site Photographs ...... 72 Annex 2 Notification of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary ...... 75 Annex 3 REA Checklist ...... 75 Annex 4 Public Consultation – Environment ...... 81 Annex 5 Recommended Contract Clauses ...... 83
Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Abbreviations and Definitions
ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Person ASI Archaeological Survey of India BOQ Bill of Quantities BPL Below Poverty Line BUDIP Bihar Urban Development Investment Program BUIDCO Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation CBO Community-based organization CBD Central Business District CFE Consent for Establishment CFO Consent for Operation CGWB Central Ground Water Board CWR Clear water reservoir DLAO District Land Acquisition Officer DSC Design and Supervision Consultant EAC Expert Appraisal Committee EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Monitoring Specialist EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESMC Environment and Social Management Cell GoB Government of Bihar GRC Grievance Redress Committee GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program H & S Health and safety IR Involuntary Resettlement IEE Initial Environmental Examination JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission LAA Land Acquisition Act MFF Multi-tranche financing facility MLD Million liters per day MOEF National Ministry of Environment and Forests NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NGO Nongovernmental organization NRRP National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy NRW Non-revenue water O & M Operation and maintenance OHSA Occupational Health and Safety Administration OHT Overhead tank PHED Public Health Engineering Department PIU Project Implementation Unit PMC Project Management Consultant PMU Project Management Unit RF Resettlement Framework
Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
ROW Rights-of-way RP Resettlement Plan RS Resettlement Specialist SDS Social Development Specialist SEIAA State Environment Impact Assessment Authority SPS Safeguard Policy Statement STP Sewage treatment plant TDS Total dissolved solids TOR Terms of reference UFW Unaccounted for water UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns ULB Urban local body USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WTP Water treatment plant
Weights and Measures
lakh – 100 thousand = 100,000 crore – 100 lakhs = 10,000,000 µg/m3 – micrograms per cubic meter km – kilometer lpd – liters per day m – Meter mg/l – milligrams per liter mm – millimeter ppm – parts per million
Note{s}
(i) "$" refers to US dollars (ii) “INR” and “Rs” refer to Indian rupees
Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (BUDIP) will help to improve social and economic development in four selected towns/cities in the State under Phase I, particularly district headquarters with significant development potential. BUDIP is funded by a Multi-tranche Financing Facility (MFF) loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Executing Agency (EA) is the Urban Development & Housing Department (UDHD) of the Government of Bihar (GoB); and the Implementing Agency is the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCO) which is the Project Management Unit (PMU) for BUDIP. ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS). This states that ADB requires Environmental Assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans. 2. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project 1 (BWSP1) as part of BUDIP PPTA for Tranche 1, and updated after preparation of the DPR. The Tranche 1 investments comprise of: (i) rehabilitation of existing Barari Water Works and treated water pumping stations; (ii) provision of 16 new Overhead Tanks (OHTs) and rehabilitation of one OHT; (iii) construction of new distribution network and integration of rehabilitated existing networks; (iv) provision of service connections to achieve full coverage; and (v) operations, maintenance and service provision to customers. 3. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is proposed as part of this report which includes (i) mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation, (ii) an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) a process for public consultation and information disclosure; and (iv) a grievance redress mechanism. 4. BWSP1 is needed because the present water supply system is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. Per capita supply is as low as 34 liters per capita per day (lpcd) compared with the required 135 lpcd and unaccounted for water (UFW) is over 40%. The storage and distribution network is insufficient to meet even present requirements. Improvement in the water supply system has been identified as a major priority for Bhagalpur town. 5. The initial design and cost estimation for Tranche 1 works has been completed in March 2013 under ADB TA 7884 IND. Based on the design the tender document has been prepared. The Development (works) Phase of the subproject will start from the year 2015 and will be completed by 2018, and the Contract Completion Date (end of Operations) is 2022. 6. The subproject sites are located in the built-up area of Bhagalpur town, and are generally flat. While the region is classified as prone to earthquakes, cyclones and floods, historically the only significant impact has been some water logging and flash flooding in the area of the Barari water works. There is one protected area known as the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. This is located within the River Ganga from where water is being drawn through the existing intake structures. However, since this has been the practice for the past hundred years since prior to the declaration of the Sanctuary, the Tranche 1 subproject will have no further impact.
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Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or within the subproject sites. Trees, vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses), and animals in the subproject area are those commonly found in urban areas. The subproject sites are not located in agricultural lands. The subproject sites are not located in or near any historically, culturally, archaeologically or architecturally significant or tourist areas. 7. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. No impacts were identified due to the project design or location. The one exception is to further investigate the proximity of trees at the proposed site for OHT 2/3. Mitigation measures have been developed to minimize all negative impacts to acceptable levels. 8. There are no Asbestos Cement Pipes existing and no such pipes have been proposed in the current investments and so any related hazard from asbestos fibres has been avoided. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches, and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic and important buildings by the construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 9. There were limited opportunities to provide environmental enhancements, but certain measures were included. For example it is proposed that the project will employ a workforce made up of people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain, and ensure that people employed in the longer term to operate and maintain the new facilities are also residents of nearby communities. 10. Once the system is operating, most facilities (such as water treatment works, pumping facilities, and OHTs) will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to have special protection measures for archaeological material which should have been identified during construction. 11. The main impact of the operating water supply system will be benefits to the citizens of Bhagalpur. They will be provided with a continuous pressurized supply of safe water with a positive effect on the quality of life, especially public health. This will reduce the incidence of disease associated with poor quality of water supply and sanitation. This will also lead to economic gains as people will have a reliable and secure water supply available at all times thus reducing efforts in coping with intermittent water supply. The time thus saved would result in an increase in their income and savings in medical care costs. 12. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures in the EMP are implemented and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported to the PMU. There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population.
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13. The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through face-to-face discussions on site and a meeting held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and the planning and development of the project. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation 14. Therefore the subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. In the current tranche water will continue to be pumped from the existing intake wells in the River Ganga. This is unlikely to have any impact on the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary as the existing intake works have been operating for more than 100 years since before the declaration of the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. 15. Based on the findings of the IEE, the classification of the Rehabilitation, Construction, Operations, Maintenance, and Management of Bhagalpur Water Supply Project 1 (BWSP1) as Category “B” is confirmed, and no further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009) or GoI EIA Notification (2006). There is no requirement of any No Objection Certificate (NOC) or Clearance under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose of the Report 1.1.1. Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (BUDIP) will help to improve social and economic development in four selected towns/cities in the State, particularly district headquarters with significant development potential. This will be achieved through investments in urban infrastructure (water supply; sewerage and sanitation; solid waste management; and urban storm water drainage). The assistance will be based on the State-level framework for urban reforms, and institutional and governance reforms recommended by the Government of India through the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT). 1.1.2. BUDIP Phase I currently being implemented is funded by Multi-tranche Financing Facility (MFF) loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Executing Agency (EA) is the Urban Development & Housing Department (UDHD) of the Government of Bihar (GoB); and the Implementing Agency (IA) is the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCO), which is the Project Management Unit (PMU) for BUDIP. 1.1.3. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project 1 (BWSP1), which includes rehabilitation of existing water treatment works including pumping machinery and instrumentation, rehabilitation of one existing OHTs and construction of 16 new OHTs, and phased development of a new distribution system including metered customer connections. 1.1.4. This IEE report covers the general environmental profile of Bhagalpur and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts and their magnitude on physical, ecological, economic, and social and cultural resources within the subproject’s influence area during design, construction, and operation stages. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is also proposed as part of this report which includes mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation of the project, and an environmental monitoring program, including the responsible entities for mitigation, monitoring and reporting.
1.2 Extent of the IEE Study 1.2.1. This IEE report is prepared on the basis of detailed screening and analysis of all environmental parameters, field investigations and stakeholder consultations to meet the requirements for Environmental Assessment process and documentation per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and the Government of India Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006. 1.2.2. ADB Policy: ADB requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB’s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in ADB SPS 2009. This states that ADB requires Environmental Assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans,
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sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans. 1.2.3. Screening and Categorization: The nature of the Environmental Assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects screened for their expected environmental impact are assigned to one of the following four categories: Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts. Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final Environmental Assessment report. Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all Projects will result in insignificant impacts. 1.2.4. Environmental Management Plan: An EMP which addresses the potential impacts and risks identified by the Environmental Assessment shall be prepared. The level of detail and complexity of the EMP and the priority of the identified measures and actions will be commensurate with the Project’s impact and risks. 1.2.5. Public Disclosure: ADB will post the following safeguard documents on its website so affected people, other stakeholders, and the general public can provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation: For environmental category A projects, draft EIA report at least 120 days before Board consideration; Final or updated EIA and/or IEE upon receipt; and Environmental Monitoring Reports submitted by Project Implementation Unit (PIU) during project implementation upon receipt. 1.2.6. National Law: The Government of India EIA Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement for Environmental Assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance is required for specified activities/projects, and this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorised as A or B depending on the scale of the project and the nature of its impacts.
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1.2.7. Projects under Category A require Environmental Clearance from the National Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The proponent is required to provide preliminary details of the project in the form of a Notification, after which an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MOEF prepares comprehensive terms of reference (TOR) for the EIA study, which are finalized within 60 days. On completion of the study and review of the report by the EAC, MOEF considers the recommendation of the EAC and provides the Environmental Clearance if appropriate. 1.2.8. Category B projects require Environmental Clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). The state level EAC categorises the project as either B1 (requiring EIA study) or B2 (no EIA study), and prepares TOR for B1 projects within 60 days. On completion of the study and review of the report by the EAC, the SEIAA issues the Environmental Clearance based on the EAC recommendation. The notification also provides that any project or activity classified as category B will be treated as category A if it is located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas or inter-state or international boundaries. 1.2.9. The only type of infrastructure provided by the BUDIP that is specified in the EIA notification is solid waste management. EC is not required for this subproject as water supply projects are not listed in the activities requiring prior Environmental Clearance. 1.2.10. Others: Actions required for the BWSP1 (Table 2 of the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework [EARF]) includes obtaining from Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) consent to discharge the sludge from the existing Barari Water Works if it has not been previously obtained by Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation (BMC). For this an application has to be submitted by BMC. This issue will be taken up by BMC before the project rehabilitation work starts at the water treatment plant site.
3 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination 2 Description of the Project
2.1 Type, Category and Need 2.1.1 Type: This is an urban water supply subproject intended to improve the current situation in Bhagalpur in terms of improved water supply. This is one of a series of subprojects designed by the BUDIP that are intended to raise the standards of municipal infrastructure and services of Bhagalpur town and the other urban centres in Bihar to those expected of modern Asian towns. 2.1.2 Category: Environmental examination indicates the proposed subproject falls within ADB’s environmental Category B projects. The project components will only have small-scale, localized impacts on the environment, and these can be mitigated. Under ADB procedures such projects require an IEE to identify and mitigate the impacts, and to determine whether further study or a more detailed EIA may be required. 2.1.3 Need: The subproject is needed because the present water supply system of Bhagalpur is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. Per capita supply is low as 34 liters per capita per day (lpcd) which is below the required 135 lpcd and the unaccounted for water (UFW) is over 40%. The storage and distribution network is insufficient to meet even present requirements. Improvement and rehabilitation in the water supply system has been identified as a major priority for Bhagalpur. 2.1.4 The objective of this subproject is to provide continuous (24x7) pressurized, safe water of 135 lpcd to the entire population, through household connections where feasible, at the required minimum pressure head. In other words, the water service will meet the Indian National Service Level Benchmarks.
2.2 Location and Implementation Schedule 2.2.1 The subproject is located in Bhagalpur town of Bhagalpur District, in the south east part of Bihar in eastern India. The proposed infrastructure will be located in and around the town. The District map of Bhagalpur and Municipal area of Bhagalpur town is shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. 2.2.2 Initial project design has been completed in the month of March 2013, and as of July 2013 the tender documents are being prepared. Implementation will be started from 2014 and the project will be developed in phases with the Scheduled Development Completion Date (of works) in 2018 and the Contract Completion Date (Operations Phase) up to 2022. Annex 1 shows photographs of the subproject locations.
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Figure 1: District map of Bhagalpur
Figure 2: Ward map of Bhagalpur
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2.3 Description of the Subproject 2.3.1 Existing Water Supply and Service Delivery: The existing water supply system in Bhagalpur town consists of the Barari Water Treatment Works on the River Ganga, 61 tube wells, and transmission and distribution networks covering different parts of the town. Water is being extracted from two existing intake wells located at the confluence of the Champa Nala and the River Ganga. Champa Nala is also locally known as Jamania Nala. The water treatment plant is on the southern bank of the River Ganga flowing on the northern fringe of the town. The first water works at Barari was originally commissioned in 1885 with a slow sand filter of 0.5 mgd (2.27 MLD) capacity. This had been augmented over the years with additional capacities added periodically with 0.6 mgd mechanical filter, 1.2 mgd Peterson filter, and 2.0 mgd Jewel filter. The total installed capacity in the works is 3.8 mgd (17.27 MLD). The actual treatment capacity goes down to even 2 mgd (9 MLD) during summer months as the river recedes from the current location of existing intake wells. 2.3.2 Additional water is extracted through tube wells. A total of 61 tube wells of 300mm x 200mm size, exist in the town, which are operated by BMC. The water yield ranges from 3000-15000 gallon/hr with 12 hours of operation. In addition to this, there are hand pumps installed at various parts of the town, and many of the households have their own tube well to make up the shortage in BMC supply. 2.3.3 There are 7 Overhead tanks (OHT), ranging from 40,000 to 100,000 gallon capacity, and staging height ranging from 18m to 22m. However, only five (5) are functional at present. Out of these functional OHTs two (2) are made of steel and the rest are constructed in Reinforced Cement Concrete. The distribution system in the town has a total pipe length of about 55 Km out of 328 km of road length. The distribution system is of Cast Iron (CI) pipes, with diameters ranging from 100 mm to 300 mm diameter. The distribution networks are very old, primarily laid during 1885 to 1970, and has a high level of leakages. Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad (BRJP) is implementing a rehabilitation scheme by providing 81km of CI networks and also renovating the existing treatment works. 2.3.4 Table 1 summarizes the subproject components. The descriptions shown in the table are based on the present proposals, which are expected to be substantially correct, although certain details may change as development of the subproject progresses under a Design-Build-Operate contract.
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Table 1: Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject Components
Component Location Function Description Remarks Rehabilitation of Barari To treat raw The refurbishment includes introduction of (i) alum and Changes in existing existing Water water drawn lime dosing systems with necessary chemical storage and water treatment works to Treatment Plants from the mixing tanks, dosing-pumps, metering device with 100% improve treatment ( 3 separate Ganga River standby capacity; (ii) flash mixers for coagulant rapid efficiency and output plants) to drinking mixing; (iii) chlorination system with necessary dosing water mechanism, storage and safety equipment in all three standards existing treatment plants; (iv) electrical actuators for all existing sluice valves in the Jewel Filter unit; (v) servicing of existing machinery and equipment, and (vi) painting of various units. Mechanical, Existing Barari To improve (i) Installation of 2 nos of centrifugal pumps with Existing renovation Electrical, and Water Works overall accessories; (ii) replacement of sluice and non-return valves, Instrumentation working of all pipes and fittings, (iii) air blowers for filters, (iv) chemical works three water mixing and metering system, flash mixing system, (v) treatment chlorination system, (vi) electrical works including 33 plants kV/0.433 kV substation works, LT switch gear panels and instrumentation works at pumping station (vii) electro- magnetic flow meter, ultrasonic type level indicator, pressure loggers, and (viii) online residual chlorine monitoring system, and chlorine leak detection system. Distribution Area within the To improve Road cutting and earthwork excavation (concrete road Works include laying System current municipal coverage and 46,215 m3, asphalt road 10,721 m3, WBM road 13,120 m3 of new pipeline and boundary reduce losses and brick road 1,291 m3), pipelines specials and replacement of existing and ensure appurtenances, pipe jacking, installation of valves and ones depending on study reliable and appurtenances, flow and pressure measurement devices, findings continuous installation of service connections, interconnections, valve water supply
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Component Location Function Description Remarks to consumers chambers, and miscellaneous civil works. OHTs At 16 different To supply Design, setting out, construction, testing and commissioning New locations identified water to of 16 new OHTs and rehabilitation of one OHT. by Bhagalpur consumers and Municipal to augment Corporation and the treated water design team storage to meet peak demand needs Metered In the resident Providing New connections of approx. 52,000 of improved materials Customer House neighbourhood water supply for pipes and fittings and provision of Class B consumption Service inside the meter for measuring the supply volume including Connections customer rehabilitation of existing connections. property and measuring the supply volume
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3 Description of the Environment
3.1 Physical Resources 3.1.1 Administrative Boundaries: Bhagalpur town, one of the historical towns in the State of Bihar, is the administrative headquarters of Bhagalpur District. It is a Class-I town. The town is situated on the southern bank of the River Ganga. It is one of the ancient and largest towns of Bihar. It is situated at a distance of about 225km east of Patna the capital of the State. It is connected to different cities and towns of Bihar by broad gauge railway lines and roadways. Since this town is situated in the Gangetic plains, it is very fertile and is a major producer of silk. Mango, rice, barley and wheat are other major crops grown in this agrarian town. Bhagalpur derives its name from Bhagdattpuram, which means "city of good luck". 3.1.2 The Bhagalpur town forms a part of the Jagdishpur C.D. block (Bhagalpur Sadar sub division), which accommodates 19.45% of the total population of Bhagalpur district. The area of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation is 30.17 sq.km comprising of 51 wards with a population of 3,98,318 persons as per Census 2011. 3.1.3 Topography: Bhagalpur district is divided into two parts by the River Ganga. The northern part is composed of an alluvial plain for the most part. The drainage is from west to east. The land in the northern part of Bhagalpur district is very fertile. The southern part has a generally level surface, except on the southern border, where the land is hilly. The town of Bhagalpur is situated on a raised belt of limestone, extending along the southern bank of the Ganga. According to the district gazetteer this forms a natural barrier against the incursion of the river. 3.1.4 The topography of Bhagalpur town is undulating in nature. The ground level varies from 34m to 52m MSL. The general slope is towards the river at the north. The town is situated between 25°15’0’’ N Latitude and 87°15’0’’ E longitude. 3.1.5 Drainage: The district is part of the Mid-Ganga Basin with the areas south of the River Ganga being part of the Badua-Koa Sub-Basin and the area north of the Ganga being the part of the Baghmati-Kosi Sub-basin. The district is principally drained by the River Ganga, which enters the district at Sultanganj. The northern boundary of the district is marked by the River Kosi (Ghugri) known to be heavily laden with silt and sand. The River Ganga has two major tributaries joining from the south; Badua and Koa. Apart from these, a number of ephemeral streams such as Gahra, Chanan, Kadwa, Gerua and Bhena from Chotnagpur plateau join the Ganga.
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3.1.6 Natural Hazards: The area being close to the seismically active Himalaya is prone to seismic hazard. As per the seismic zone map of India (IS: 1893- 2002), the Indian Sub-continent is divided into four zones named II, III, IV and V. The area under investigation falls under Zone-IV of the seismic zone map of India (see Figure 3 below) prepared by the Bureau of Indian Standards. 3.1.7 The GSHAP seismic hazard map of Bihar (Figure 4) reveals that the area lies in the high hazard zone. 3.1.8 Bihar is vulnerable to different kinds of disaster such as flood, cyclone and earthquake due to its geographical and topographical location. Vulnerability of Bhagalpur District / municipal area can be estimated form the following facts: The earthquake hazard map of Bihar shows that Bhagalpur District falls in Seismic Zone IV, which is a high damage risk zone and an earthquake up to a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale has the potential to hit the area. Thus the municipal area is an earthquake hazard prone area and falls in a high damage risk zone. The wind hazard map of Bihar, shows that Bhagalpur District falls in a high damage risk zone with cyclonic wind velocities around 47m/s. Thus the municipal area is a wind hazard prone area and falls under a high damage risk zone. The flood hazard map of Bihar (Figure 5) shows that most of the parts of the Bhagalpur District are susceptible to flooding. The municipal area falls almost entirely in flood susceptible risk zone. 3.1.9 It is evident that the city of Bhagalpur located in Bhagalpur District is susceptible to natural hazards with high risk or probability of occurrence of a high intensity earthquake, cyclone and also flooding.
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Figure 3: Seismic Zone Map of India
Figure 4: GSHAP Seismic Map of Bihar
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Figure 5: Flood Hazard Map of Bihar
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3.1.10 Geology: As per the district gazetteer, the north of the district is composed of the Gangetic alluvial deposits. Four principal formations occur in the district namely alluvium (new and old); the Rajmahal trappist formation; the Damuda series (the coal measures of India); and the gneissic series. The alluvial formation occupies the greater part of the district, thinning out towards the southern side. Much of it is composed of deposits from the present rivers. There is also presence of old alluvial deposits, which is stiff clay with presence of kankar. The Damuda rock formation, to which Indian coal measures belong, is seen only in one place in the district, at Pathargatta Hill. The gneissic rocks occupy a considerable area in the south of the district, in the Chandan, Kataura, and the Danra Sakhwara parganas, where they are contiguous with similar rock formations of Hazaribagh and with the whole east side of the peninsula down to Mysore. These are metamorphic rocks. 3.1.11 Geomorphology: Geomorphologically, the district Bhagalpur forms a part of the Mid-Ganga Foreland Basin. The north and central Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat Indo-Gangetic alluvium tract (part of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains respectively). The southern part of the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general elevation of the alluvium tract remains within 45 MSL. The master slope of the region at both north and south is towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard rock bodies of pre-cambrian age, which stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial plains. Among these, the highest one is at Shahkund with a height of 143 m. 3.1.12 Mineral Resources: The principal mineral produced in the district is galena. Apart from galena, China clay, fire clay, mica, garnet, quartz, feldspar and antimony are also found in the district. 3.1.13 Soils: The soils in the district are mainly derived from the older and newer alluvium. These alluvial plain soils are light grey to dark grey in colour, rather heavy and texturally fine in nature. The pH values range from neutral to acidic and the acidity of the soil gradually increases from north to south. The hilly soils are acidic with low nitrogen, medium to high potash. 3.1.14 The soils derived from older alluvium are mainly loamy in character with moderate to heavy texture and well drained. In low lands these are poorly drained with heavy texture. These soils comprise an association of vertisols, entisols, alfisols, and ultisols. Black soils found in Shahkund, Sonhaulia, and Sultanganj belong to the vertisols category. Sandy soils (Diara soils) derived from younger alluvium are light textured and well drained. These are moderate to highly fertile calcareous soils and found along the banks/course of the river Ganga. These comprise the soil association of inceptisols and entisols.
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3.1.15 Climate: In general a warm and humid climate prevails in the district. Winter starts from November and extends up to February. The temperature usually does not drop below 150 C but during the coldest months (late December to early January) the temperature comes down to 80 C. During this period, the wind blows from northwest and west. The summer period begins from March with peak temperatures of 400 – 450C in May. The month of March and April are the driest months of the year with the relative humidity of 50 – 55 % in the morning and 35 – 40 % in the afternoon. 3.1.16 The humidity increases in May and June to 80 % or more. About 80 % of the rainfall is under the influence of the southwest monsoon, which normally breaks in the second fortnight of June. The monsoon lasts till the later part of the September. Generally the eastern and north-eastern part of the district receives a higher amount of rainfall. The annual normal rainfall in the district remains above 1148 mm. The climatic condition of Bhagalpur is shown in the Figure 6 below. Figure 6: Climatic condition of Bhagalpur District
(Source: Survey of India District map) 3.1.17 Air Quality: There is no data on the ambient air quality of Bhagalpur Town, which is not subject to monitoring by the Bihar State Pollution Control Board as there are no major industries. The nearest station is located at Patna. Traffic is the only significant pollutant in Bhagalpur, so levels of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are likely to be well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 3.1.18 Surface Water: The river system of the district consists of a reach of the Ganga about 85km in length on the north side; on the southern side there are a few hill streams, which are sandy narrow water courses for most part of the year, but are torrential during monsoons. 3.1.19 The main rivers include: River Ganga: The River Ganga flows from west to east cutting the district in its northern side. In the middle, a great mass of granite divides the river into two great bends, one northward round the town of Bhagalpur, the second southwards to Kahalgaon, where it meets a range of hills and again moves
14 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
northwards. At the edge of district it joins up with other tributaries. The River Ganga is navigable for the whole year. The Chandan: The Chandan is the largest of the hill streams in the south of the district. It originates from the hills of North Parganas, and joins the River Ganga. It floods the plains of south Bhagalpur during the rainy season. 3.1.20 The perennial River Ganga flows right across the town from west to east, marking the northern boundary of the municipality. So, the town is dependent totally on this river. There is no data available on the discharge at Bhagalpur town. From local investigation and logical interpretation, the flow near Bhagalpur is said to be in the range of 5000-7000 cum/sec. From the “Status Paper of River Ganga” by NRCD August 2009, the minimum flow in the Ganga is about 1500cum/sec. 3.1.21 The nearest water quality monitoring station on the River Ganga is located at Hathidah near Mokama about 125 km from Bhagalpur. The water quality data for 2007-08 and 2008-09 is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Water quality of River Ganga (Hathidah)
Parameters Range- Concentration
2007-08 2008 -09
Colour Greyish Greyish to Brown
Odour Odourless Odourless
Temp (Degree C) 16.0 – 27.0 16.0 – 28.5
pH 8.1 – 8.65 8.13 – 8.67
EC (µS/cm) 165 – 425 219 – 389
Calcium (mg/l) 17.6 – 43.3 19.2 – 46.5
Chloride(mg/l) 14.0 – 26.0 12.0 – 32.0
Carbonate(mg/l) 12.0 – 28.8 12.0 – 43.2
Bicarbonate (mg/l) 104.9 – 190.3 100.0 – 219.6
Potassium(mg/l) 15.4 – 44.3 23.1 – 31.1
Magnesium(mg/l) 9.7 – 27.2 3.89 – 40.8
Sodium(mg/l) 12.0 – 42.3 11.9 – 37.1
Dissolved Oxygen 7.8 – 8.8 8.4 -8.8
BOD (mg/l) 1.56 – 2.35 1.25 – 2.35
Calcium Hardness(mg/CaCO3/l) 44.0 – 108.0 56.0 – 124.0
Total Hardness (mg/CaCO3/l) 108.0 – 204.0 100.0 – 176.0
Source: Executive Engineer Central Water Commission, 2010
15 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.1.22 It is noted that the concentration level of all the parameters is within the acceptable standards of surface water quality. 3.1.23 Ground Water: The sand layers in the Quaternary Alluvium (both newer and older) form the main source of ground water in the district. Based on the strata logs and hydro-geological properties, the aquifer system in the district can be divided into two categories: (i) The shallow aquifers within 50 m depth; and (ii) The deep aquifers within 50 – 200 m depth. 3.1.24 In shallow aquifers, the ground water occurs under unconfined conditions and in deeper aquifers under semi-confined to confined conditions. The shallow aquifers consisting of fine to medium sand with clay, silt and kankars are the main sources of ground water in the marginal alluvial tract in south Bhagalpur. In general the thickness of these aquifers varies from 13 to 18 m, being more at central parts than the eastern and western parts of the marginal alluvium. The thickness of the aquifer is controlled by the geometry of the underlying basement rock. The deeper aquifers mainly consist of sand, gravel and calcareous nodules with alternating layers of clay. The exploration data reveals the presence of four to five major aquifers with cumulative thickness 20 to 85 m. These aquifers thin out towards Sultanganj in the western part since clay dominancy increases. The composition of the aquifer is not homogeneous at many places. These are very often mixed with silt and clay, which impedes their water yielding capacity. The yield of these zones varies 3 3 between 14.30 m /hr at Rampur to 202.70 m /hr at Madarganj with reference draw down of 6 – 27m. The hydro-geological map of Bhagalpur is shown in Figure 7. 3.1.25 Ground water quality data of Bhagalpur district has been collected from Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). They have developed the data base from the partial and complete analysis of water samples collected from the district. The study of this analytical data reveals that in general the quality of ground water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. 3.1.26 Ground water quality data of Bhagalpur district has been collected from Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). They have developed the data base from the partial and complete analysis of water samples collected from the district. The study of this analytical data reveals that in general the quality of ground water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
16 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.1.27 Bhagalpur is one of the districts in the state of Bihar, which are affected by arsenic contamination in ground water. Six Blocks of Bhagalpur district (Sultanganj, Nathnagar, Jagdishpur, Sabour, Kahalgaon and Pirpainti along the southern bank of the River Ganga are reported to have arsenic beyond permissible limit i.e. 10 ppb as per Standards prescribed by IS 2003. The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) in the State has conducted a blanket testing for arsenic in the state. The hand pumps where arsenic concentration was found to be more than 0.05 mg/l during blanket testing were marked with red paint. Arsenic occurs sporadically in hand pumps and it largely depends on the depth of the hand pump and from which formation it taps water. A sudden surge in arsenic concentration in the tube wells is found between the depth range of 12 and 40 m. After 40 m there is a drastic decline in arsenic concentration. In dug wells arsenic concentration is reported as below detection limit (BDL).
Figure 7: Hydro-geological map of Bihar
(Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, CGWB, 2009)
17 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Table 3: Concentration level of different parameters in ground water
Sr. No. Parameters Concentration 1 Electrical conductance 450 to 1400 micromhos/cm at 250C 2 pH 7.0 to 8.05 3 Total Dissolved Solids 145 to 826 ppm 4 Total Hardness as CaCO3 70 to 488 ppm 5 Calcium 12 to 158 ppm 6 Magnesium 9.7 to 60 ppm 7 Sodium 14 to 189 ppm 8 Potassium 0.18 to 4.0 ppm 9 Chloride 10.6 to 200 ppm 10 Carbonate NIL 11 Bicarbonate 122 to 634 ppm 12 Sulphate : ppm Less than 2 to 40 13 Iron Less than 0.1 to 1.40 ppm 14 Fluoride 0.01 to 1.80 ppm 15 Nitrate Less than 1 to 50 ppm 16 Silica 12 to 40 ppm
(Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, CGWB, 2009)
18 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.2 Biological Resources 3.2.1 There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or within the subproject sites. 3.2.2 Flora: There are no dense woodlands in the area, but there are patches of low jungles. Major species of trees found here include Bamboo, Khair, Salai, and Kasambar. The main fruit trees indigenous to the district include: mango (Mangifera indica), , jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), Banana (Musa Sapientum), date palm or khajur, and Tal tree, Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), plums, the Jamun (Eugenia Jambulina), custard apple, guava and lime. 3.2.3 The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town, trees and vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses) are those commonly found in urban areas. 3.2.4 There is one forest area of 24 acres, Sundarban (ward no. 3 of Bhagalpur) which is located within 100 m of the water treatment plant and is the headquarters of Bhagalpur Forest Department. As per the state notification this area is protected for conservation of tree species only. No wildlife is present in Sundarban. Trees are mainly Teak, Mahogani, Mango, Litchi, Jamun, Arjun, Tamarind and Rubber. It is expected that there is no impact (tree cutting) on Sundarban during implementation of the project. 3.2.5 Fauna: In the part of Bhagalpur District north of the Ganges, the fauna is typical of the central plain of Bengal, while in the south, there are some more distinct species, such as Langur. The district is known for its variety of monkeys and bats. . Other species includes hyena, several species of cats, mongoose, Indian fox, and Jackal. . However, many of these species are now found only rarely in the district. The fish found here include the rohu, the katla, boari, tengra, Lilpa, bachwa, pothia etc. Bhagalpur town being an urban area has mostly domesticated animals. 3.2.6 Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganga River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991 (the Notification copy is attached as Annexure 2), it is one of the main protected areas for the endangered Gangetic dolphins. Once found in abundance, only a few thousand remain, of which half are found here. The Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) has been declared as the national aquatic animal of India. This decision was taken in the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) chaired by the Prime Minister on 5th October, 2009. The Gangetic dolphins (known as Soons by Locals) is classified as Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and included in Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The Sanctuary also contains a rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including the Indian smooth-coated otter, a variety of freshwater turtles, and 135 species of waterfowl.
19 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.2.7 A strategy has been developed (2010) by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India for reducing the effects of water development on rivers in the Ganga basin, particularly on the habitation of the Gangetic Dolphin: The Ganga River dolphins need to be considered in the assessment of impacts of water development projects. The preferred option from a conservation perspective is to refrain from interfering with the natural flow regime and to avoid constructing barriers to animals and sediment movement. However, socio-political conditions make it impractical to completely halt water developmental activities especially in the Ganga basin, so the immediate goal must be to manage such activities in ways that will minimise the harm to dolphins and other aquatic species. 3.2.8 The following principles, elucidated at the 1997 IUCN workshop at Rajendrapur, Bangladesh, on water development and freshwater cetaceans, may be adapted to this context: Gangetic dolphins require sufficient year round water flow to move, forage, and carry out activities that ensure reproduction and population growth. Large daily fluctuations in flow should be avoided. Equilibrium between sediment erosion and deposition is necessary to maintain essential habitat features, which can often be accomplished by managing flow releases according to environment criteria. Access to floodplains should be preserved to ensure natural spawning and rearing habitat for fish which are the nutrition base of the dolphin. Information on the pre-development ecological conditions of a river is essential for evaluating mitigation efforts (like provision of fish ways etc.) and to implement future development decisions. Post-development empirical studies are needed to monitor the operational aspects of projects as well as the effects on upstream and downstream populations of cetaceans and their habitat. Cumulative and synergistic impacts of multiple developments should be considered in assessments of environmental impact.
20 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.2.9 The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town therefore animals are those commonly found in urban areas. None of the subproject activity for BWSP1 (Tranche 1) will fall in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary.
3.3 Economic Development 3.3.1 Bhagalpur being a district headquarter, has been functioning as an administrative town with sustained growth in tertiary economic activities. The major economic activities are trade and commerce, thus it offers a number of wholesale and retail markets which act as a distribution center for nearby towns and villages. 3.3.2 Land use: The existing land-use distribution of Bhagalpur municipal area based on the primary survey is tabulated in Table 4. 3.3.3 The town is land locked in the northern part by the River Ganga and in the western border with the Champa Nala a local tributary to the Ganga. The old areas along the River Ganga have a high density of residential space where as the southern and eastern part of the town have more open spaces and the town is expanding in the south eastern direction. 3.3.4 Although the percentage of land under industrial use is 7.1%, the industrial use within the town is confined mostly to household industries with a few Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) mainly related to Silk, Sugar and Rice milling. 3.3.5 The public and semi-public land use at 14.44 % is more than sufficient in comparison to the standard guidelines. The main intervention that is required is in providing enough schools and quality educational, health, recreational and socio-cultural facilities to the inhabitants. Table 4: Existing Land Use of Bhagalpur Municipal Area, 2007
Sl. Landuse Category Existing Landuse Range as per Urban No. Development Plan Area in Ha Landuse in % Formulation & Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines in %
1 Residential 1129 37.42 40-45
2 Commercial 127 4.22 3-4
3 Industrial 214 7.10 8-10
4 Public & Semi-public 436 14.44 10-12
5 Recreational 128 4.24 18-20
6 Transport 533 17.64 12-14
7 Open land & Water bodies 449 14.88
8 Special area 1 0.04
Total 3018 100
Note – The above table is taken from ‘Town of Bhagalpur – Draft master Plan Vision 2027’ - Prepared by Department of Urban Development, Government of Bihar, May 2009.
21 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.3.6 Commerce: The economy of Bhagalpur town is to a large extent dependent on agriculture and silk. Bhagalpur is famous worldwide for its silk production. The silk industry in this town is hundreds of years old. The town also has rice and sugar mills, and silk and wool weaving factories. The town also boasts of a famous Silk Institute. The town has flourishing commercial activity in areas mostly concentrated in the central region, along the National highways and major roads within the town. Most of the developments in the older town parts are highly organic and haphazard in nature. However the development and the commercial activity in the newly developed areas are relatively better planned and organized. 3.3.7 The commercial activities present in the town may be broadly divided into retail and wholesale shopping, service and repairing shops, cold storage facilities, warehouses, breweries and distilleries, restaurants, hotels and dharamshalas and a sizable informal sector. The nature of commercial establishments on local streets mostly comprises of general stores, STD booths, dhabas, etc. The informal sector is mostly in the form of small shops on footpaths or roadsides and thelas. A significant proportion of the population is engaged in the service sector and is self-employed in trade and commerce. The present area under commercial use is 137 ha including the area under the commercial use along the major roads, the agriculture marketing board land, warehouses and other commercial uses in the town. 3.3.8 Centralised and uncontrolled commercial development has caused a lot of chaos and congestion in wards no 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38, which is the CBD area, especially along the major roads. The Sujanagar Bazaar area is the most congested area that requires immediate improvement. Overall, the growth of commercial activities needs to be controlled and new developments channelised to newer areas to reduce congestion in the existing areas. 3.3.9 Industrial Development: According to the district gazetteer, the district of Bhagalpur has been industrially active for a long time, and it has a historical significance for its Tussar Silk, Dyeing, Salt, Indigo, and Glassware industries. Apart from that small-scale industries such as basket weaving, distilleries making Taari from Mahua flowers were also prevalent. 3.3.10 The Bhagalpur town has had a strong weaving tradition in the State and is known as the leading silk city. There are traditional handloom clusters in the town. The handloom silk industry in Nath Nagar, Hussainabad and Mirzanhat area are the existing industrial areas in the town. It may be noted that most of the households within wards 1 to 10 around the Nathnagar area have looms and could be categorized under small-scale household industries. 3.3.11 The major Industries and Industrial Zones in the town of Bhagalpur are mostly confined to areas like Barari and Bahadurpur, which are just outside the present town boundary. The Industrial Estate at Barari is on the left side of the road leading to Vikramshila Setu, spread over an area of approximately 51 acres. The Bahadurpur area is spread around an area of 15 acres along Bhagalpur-Savore road, which houses the Bihar Spun Silk Mill.
22 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.3.12 Agriculture. The economy of Bhagalpur district is dependent mainly on agriculture and silk. The Gangetic plains are very fertile and the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, barley, sugarcane and oilseeds. 3.3.13 Water supply: The details of existing water supply are provided earlier at Section 2.3.1. 3.3.14 Sewerage and Sanitation: There is no organised sewerage system in the town. Absence of a proper wastewater disposal system has resulted in the wastes, covering both effluents from septic tanks and sullage, getting discharged into the storm water drains which are mostly open at present affecting the quality of ground water. The current per capita supply is too low to facilitate a sewerage system in the town. 3.3.15 Under the Ganga Action Plan works, intercepting sewers have been laid in part of the town intercepting major drainage outfalls on the River Ganga. The intercepted flow is diverted through a collection chamber, into a grit chamber for grit removal and biologically treated in an aerated lagoon of 11mld capacity before its disposal into the Ganga River. 3.3.16 Drainage: In all, there are 25 major drains in the town. This covers the area north of the railway line, and flows towards the Ganga to the north and to the Champa Nala to the west. This includes the Barari Railway drain, Barari, Mayaganj, Mayaganj Bari Khanjarpur, Maharajghat, Khirnighat, Koilaghat, Adampur, Manik Sarkar, Mansoorganj, Sakhichand, Naya bazaar, University (Sahebganj), Champanagar Mehraw and Tanti Bazaar. On the south of the railway line, there are 10 major drains that follow the slope towards south and south east discharging into the low lying areas as well as a few water bodies. These drains act as sewer lines for all practical purposes during dry weather season. 3.3.17 Solid Waste: The generation of solid waste in Bhagalpur is estimated to be of the order of about 132 tonnes per day. There are a total of 108 dustbins placed in various locations within the municipal corporation area. There are 24 big containers, 100 drums in various corners, 12 five-tonner trolleys, 2 loader machines, one sweeping machine and 2 jet machines, 2 compactors, and 45 hand trolleys which are used for transportation of the solid waste. For transporting the wastes, there are 12 trailers and 19 bullock carts. Presently, there is no organized solid waste management method being adopted. There are no organized places of solid waste disposal, and random dumping is attempted by the municipal team. The wastes are dumped in low lying areas, along the road sides and also along the open drains too. The drainage lines are the worst affected which have become almost solid waste dumping channels, resulting in the silting, obstruction and over flow of the wastewater at many places. There are 8 locations in which such ad-hoc dumping is undertaken at present. Segregation at source is not practiced. The transporting vehicles are also open which results in some waste getting scattered throughout the town roads.
23 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.3.18 Transportation: In Bhagalpur, the east-west axis of the town running parallel to the River Ganga is the most important and active transport corridor. Bhagalpur being an important node in the region (the district headquarters) and being a commercial town attracts a lot of traffic, of which intercity through traffic forms a sizable portion. There are seven major roads in the town, out of which three are most important. The first and foremost is the National Highway-80 (Zero mile to Champa Nala via Tilkamanjhi, Bhagalpur Railway station and Kabirpur chowk), next is the PWD road stretch from Barari More to Champa Nala and the third is the Bhagalpur alternative bye pass (Zero mile to Kabirpur Chowk) passing through the southern side. The other major roads are Baunsi Road from Railway station towards Maheshpur and Mirjanhat Road from Bholanath pul to Krishi Bazar.
3.4 Social and Cultural Resources 3.4.1 Demography: Bhagalpur District has a population of 3,037,766 persons as per Census 2011 which comprises 2.92 % of the total population of the State. It is the third most urbanized district in the state with an urbanization level of 18.67%. Bhagalpur is a Class- I town as per Census definition and has a total population of 3,98,318 as per Census 2011. The town alone accounts for 14.06% of the total population of the district. The area of the Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation is 30.17 sq.km. Thus the gross density of the town is about 13000 persons per sq km or 130 persons per Ha in 2011. The average literacy rate of Bhagalpur town is 81.16 %, which is considerably higher than the State average of 63.14%. 3.4.2 Educational Facilities: Bhagalpur is a good education centre in the region with two universities and one of the oldest and most reputed engineering colleges and several medical, arts and science colleges. About 5000 students from the region stay and study in Bhagalpur every year with rapid growth. There are over 50 registered and unregistered schools offering primary to higher secondary education in the town. 3.4.3 Health Care: As per the data provided by the Town Directory, Census of India, 2001 Bhagalpur is deficient in higher order hospital facilities although it has enough nursing homes to cater to the future projected population.
24 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
3.4.4 History, Culture, and Tourism. The history of Bhagalpur is connected to the history of the larger areas of which Bhagalpur forms a part. Bhagalpur district is named after its chief city, and corresponds to some portions of the ancient kingdoms of Anga and Mithila. References to Bhagalpur can be found in Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where Bhagalpur has been described as the kingdom of Anga. Mandar Hill, situated 52 km south from Bhagalpur, is believed to have been used as Churner during Samudra-Manthan by God and Danav according to Hindu mythology. Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period still exists. The tomb of Suja, brother of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb, in the heart of the town is reminiscent of the city's association with the Mughal period. Ruins of ancient Vikramshila University are located 44 km east of Bhagalpur. It was the medieval centre to the conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal at the end of the 8th century. 3.4.5 Chhath Puja ,Laxmi Puja, Kali Puja and Dussehra are the major festivals in Bhagalpur. Bihula & Bishahari puja is specially celebrated in Bhagalpur. 3.4.6 Within the town one can visit Karngarh and the four hillocks, attractive Jain temples, a Christ Church near the city tower, Bhagalpur museum, and Burh Nath temple on the riverside in Jogsar Mohallah. Bhagalpur is equally famous for Visharhi Asthan, the venue for the Bihula or the Mansa Puja held every July when the snakes are worshipped. A little distance from the Visharhi Asthan temple lies the colourful Durga Asthan. Next door is the Mahashay Deori, a typical Thakur Bari. Mahashay was the honorific hereditary title given by Akbar in 1664 to Sri Ram Ghosh, the collector. The Mahashay Deori is worth a visit. It revives the memory of a typical Mughal Zamindar’s residence of deori replete with open court yard, a temple with a strange deity called Batuk Bhairab (possibly a Buddhist image) which was discovered by the early Mahashays at Tilhakothi where they used to live during the Mughal days. 3.4.7 Of the total 51,52,906 tourists who visited the non-Buddhist destinations in 2005 in Bihar, about 7% was accounted by Bhagalpur/ Sultanganj, and this accounted for about 6.32% of the entire tourist traffic in both Buddhist and Non-Buddhist destinations (58,44,209) in Bihar. 3.4.8 The subproject sites are not located within any sensitive historical, archaeological area.
25 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination 4 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.1 ADB SPS (2009) 4.1.1 This section of the IEE reviews possible subproject-related impacts, in order to identify issues requiring further attention and screen out issues of no relevance. ADB SPS (2009) require that impacts and risks will be analyzed during pre-construction, construction, and operational stages in the context of the subproject’s area of influence. As mentioned previously, the primary impact areas are (i) Barari Water Works, tube wells, OHTs, and pipe network alignments; (ii) main routes/intersections which will be traversed by construction vehicles; and (iii) quarries and borrow pits as sources of construction materials. The secondary impact areas are: (i) the entire Bhagalpur municipal area outside of the delineated primary impact area; and (ii) the entire Bhagalpur District in terms of over-all environmental improvement. 4.1.2 The ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for water supply (Ref: http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines/environmental_assessment/eaguid elines002.asp) was used to screen the subproject for environmental impacts and to determine the scope of the IEE investigation. The completed checklist is provided in Annex 3. All the proposed subproject components will interact physically with the environment. 4.1.3 In the case of this subproject (i) most of the individual elements are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not significant; (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because that process is invasive, involving excavation and earth movements; and (iii) being located mainly in the built-up area of Bhagalpur, will not cause direct impact on biodiversity values. The subproject will be in properties held by the local government and access to the subproject area is through public rights-of-way and existing roads; hence, land acquisition and encroachment on private property will not occur.
4.2 Pre-construction – Location and Design 4.2.1 Design of the proposed components: The subproject has been designed for 30-years design capacity. Accordingly, it is proposed that the BWSP1 (Tranche 1) investments are commissioned by the year 2018 and the plan horizon year shall be 2047. The population forecast and demand calculations have also been done for the mid period, year 2032. The networks comprising of distribution system and rising mains are sized for 2047 year design capacity and the pumping machinery and service reservoirs have been designed for the prospective year of 2032. The demand modelling has been undertaken with progressive increase in rate of supply with an overall average service level of about 135 lpcd for the year 2032.
26 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
4.2.2 Rehabilitation of Barari Water Works: It is proposed to renovate and improve the treatment process in the Barari Water works by adding chemical coagulation and flocculation units and replacing the electromechanical units. The existing disinfection systems are proposed to be completely replaced with gas-chlorination systems including all necessary dosing arrangements and related instrumentation. It is also proposed to install flow, pressure and water quality monitoring equipment and instrumentation for ensuring robust monitoring of the output quality and quantity from the works. 4.2.3 Distribution Network: The town has been subdivided in 5 primary distribution zones, and 25 DMAs covering all 51 wards. The capacity of OHTs required in each zone has been worked out by the mass balancing method of assessing the difference between supply and demand patterns. Some of the existing reservoirs have been utilized in the system. Additionally 16 new OHTs have been proposed. One existing OHT has been proposed for rehabilitation. 4.2.4 Existing Utilities: Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water lines within the existing rights-of-way (ROW) may have a potential risk of damage. To mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, PMC/DSC will (i) identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to minimise disruption of services during the construction phase; and (ii) require the Contractor to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services. 4.2.5 Water Supply: A different but no less significant impact is the effect on people and communities if water supplies are closed down for extended periods when work is conducted on the network. This would be inconvenient in the short term, and there could be health risks if the water supply was unavailable for several successive days or longer. It will therefore be important to take the necessary measures to avoid such a situation. This will require the IA and BMC and the appointed Contractor to: (i) Organise a structured and sustained communications program to inform the residents about the disruption of services and the alternate arrangements made to minimise the inconvenience; (ii) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration); (iii) In coordination with BMC, provide alternative potable water to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down; and (iv) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply.
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4.2.6 Social and Cultural Resources: There is a risk that any work involving ground disturbance can uncover and damage archaeological and historical remains. For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing rights-of-way (ROWs) and specified government land, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless, the PMC/DSC will before the commencement of construction: (i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the site; (ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and (iv) Develop a protocol for use by the Contractor in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are protected and conserved.
4.2.7 Site selection of construction work camps, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas: Priority is to locate these within the project area. However, if it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, sites to be considered will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. As the rehabilitation of existing networks and laying new networks in the uncovered areas are for providing drinking water to the residents, it is not possible to avoid construction in residential areas. . The PMC/DSC shall ensure that the Contractor implementing the project shall take extreme care to minimise inconvenience to the community by providing sufficient barricading, safety signage, temporary access facilities, etc. The disposal of debris shall be at approved sites which do not affect the current operating and living environment. All safety arrangements would be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. 4.2.8 Site selection of sources of materials. Extraction of materials can disrupt natural land contours and vegetation resulting in accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, ponding and water logging, and water pollution. To mitigate the potential environmental impacts, locations of quarry site/s and borrow pit/s (for loose material other than stones) would be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. Priority of sites will be investigated further by the Contractor at the detailed project stage. If other sites are necessary, these would to be located away from population centers, existing intakes, streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems, and in structurally stable areas even if some distance from construction activities. It will be the Contractor’s responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to obtain the approval of the Employer. If additional quarries will be required after construction is started, then the Contractor shall use the mentioned criteria to select new quarry sites, with written approval of the Employer.
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4.3 Construction (A) Screening of No Significant Impacts 4.3.1 The construction work is expected not to cause major negative impacts, mainly because: (i) Most of the activities will be on the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town and thus can be constructed without causing impacts to biodiversity; (ii) The site is located on government-owned land which is not occupied or used for any other purpose; (iii) The overall construction program is expected to be completed in 42 months with activities to be conducted by small teams working on short lengths at a time so most impacts will be localized and short in duration; and (iv) Most of the predicted impacts associated with the construction process are produced because the process is invasive, such as involving earth- moving and excavation. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated and the impacts are clearly a result of the construction process rather than the design or location, as impacts will not occur if excavation or other ground disturbance is not involved. 4.3.2 As a result, there are several aspects of the environment which are not expected to be affected by the construction process and these can be screened out of the assessment at this stage as required by ADB procedure. These are shown in Table 5. These environmental factors are screened out presently but will also be assessed during the construction phase. However, at the construction stage if any new environmental issue is faced it shall be taken care by the PMC and Contractor.
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Table 5: Fields with no significant impact from construction
Field Rationale
Topography, Drainage, and Natural Activities are not large enough to affect these features. Hazards
Geology, Geomorphology, Mineral Activities are not large enough to affect these features. No mineral Resources, and Soils resources in the subproject sites.
Climate Activities are not large enough to affect this feature.
Air Quality Short-term production of dust is the only effect on atmosphere
Geo-hydrology and Groundwater Activities will not be large enough to affect these features
Protected Areas No impact is anticipated Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary as there will be no construction activity in Ganga River as part of this subproject ( BWSP1).
Flora No rare or endangered species.
Land Use No change in land use.
Socio-economic Subproject site is located entirely on government-owned land so there is no need to acquire land from private owners.
Commerce, Industry, and Activities are not large enough to affect these features Agriculture
Population Activities are not large enough to affect this feature.
Health and education facilities Activities are not large enough to affect this feature.
Historical, Archaeological, No scheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or Paleontological, or Architectural architectural sites sites
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(B) Construction Method 4.3.3 Distribution mains will be buried in trenches adjacent to roads using available rights-of-way (ROW). In some areas occupied by drains or edges of shops and houses, trenches may be dug into the edge of the road to avoid damage to utilities and properties. 4.3.4 Trenches will be dug using a backhoe digger, supplemented by manual digging where necessary. Excavated soil will be placed alongside, and the pipe bedding will be prepared with the sand from local quarries placed manually in the trench and the pipes (brought to site on trucks and stored on pre-identified yards) will be placed in the trench by hand or using a small rig for the larger Ductile Iron (DI) pipes. Pipes will be joined by hand, after which sand will be shovelled into the trench around the pipe for support and protection. Soil will then be replaced manually on top of the pipe and compacted in layers by a vibrating compactor. Where trenches are dug into an existing roadway, the bitumen or concrete surface will be broken by hand- held pneumatic drills, after which the trench will be excavated by backhoe, and the appropriate surface will be reapplied on completion. 4.3.5 Pipes are normally covered by 1.0 m of soil, and a clearance of 300 mm is left between the pipe and each side of the trench to allow backfilling. 4.3.6 New pipes and connections to the distribution main will be provided to house connections, and these will run to individual dwellings in small hand-dug trenches, or on the surface. New consumer meters will be located within the property boundary, attached to a wall or set onto the ground to ensure safety of equipment against theft or sabotage. In slum areas efforts will be made by involving the community to encourage individual private water connections, and in situations where laying a distribution rider main is not permissible, shared taps would be provided duly identifying the respective owners for such shared taps. 4.3.7 New OHTs will be built on government land at various locations in the town. The foundations for the ground level and overhead reservoirs will be excavated by backhoe, with soil being loaded onto trucks for disposal. Aggregate and plain cement concrete will be tipped into each void to create the foundations and floor, after which steel reinforcements will be fabricated to create the outline of the walls of the ground reservoir and the vertical supporting columns or shafts for the overhead reservoir. Sections of reinforcing will then be encased in wooden shuttering and cement concrete will be poured in, and this process will be repeated to gradually create each structure from reinforce cement concrete (RCC), including the tank of the overhead reservoir and the above-ground portion of the ground reservoir. Surfaces will be smoothed and finished where necessary by hand.
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4.3.8 Chlorination rooms will be built in brick masonry in the Barari Water Works. The foundation will be dug and aggregate and concrete poured in to create the floors, after which the brick walls and roof materials will be added by hand. Chlorine cylinders and other equipment (including flow-meters) will be brought in on trucks and offloaded and installed by hand. A sump and trenches for pipe-work will also be dug, and the sump will be constructed from concrete and brick for safety against chlorine leaks. (C) Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.3.9 Although construction of the subproject components involves quite simple techniques, the invasive nature of excavation, and in this case the relatively large size and length of the pipes, means that there will be quite a lot of physical disturbance in the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town where there are a variety of human activities. 4.3.10 Physical impacts will be reduced by the method of working, whereby the trenches will be (i) constructed by small teams working on short lengths at a time; (ii) refilled and compacted after pipes are installed; and (iii) if trenching is done on roads, repaired to pre-construction conditions. 4.3.11 Sources of Material: A significant amount of gravel, sand, and cement will be required for this subproject. Approximately 8000 m3 of sand, 15000 m3 of stone chips and 3000 MT of cement will be brought to site during construction. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of Program Management Unit (PMU); (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and (iv) Submit to PMC/DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials. 4.3.12 Air Quality: Emissions from construction vehicles, equipment, and machinery used for excavation and construction will induce impacts on the air quality in the construction sites. Anticipated impacts include dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle-related pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons; but this is temporary and during construction activities only. To mitigate the impacts, the Contractor will be required to: (i) Consult with PMC/DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; (iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; and (iv) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly.
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4.3.13 Surface Water Quality: Construction activities will be conducted throughout the town even near the drains flowing to nallahs and water bodies. Mobilization of settled silt materials, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants during construction works can contaminate surface water quality. These potential impacts are temporary and of short-term duration only, and to ensure these are mitigated, the Contractor will be required to: (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PMC/DSC on designated disposal areas; (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the EMP. 4.3.14 Noise Levels: There are no health facilities, religious sites (temples and churches), scheduled or unscheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites near the construction sites. However, construction works will be near residential areas, schools and areas with small-scale businesses. The sensitive receptors are the general population in these areas. Increase in noise level may be caused by earth-moving and excavation equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people. Impact is negative, short-term, and reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Plan activities in consultation with PMC/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance; (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle’s approach; (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and erecting portable street barriers; and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dBA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.
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4.3.15 Flora and Fauna resources: There is one protected area, the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the River Ganga from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is the main protected area for the endangered Gangetic Dolphins. The Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) have been declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India. Gangetic Dolphins (known as Soons by locals) are Classified as Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and included in Schedule- I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. No construction activities are planned as part of the BWSP1 (Tranche 1) subproject in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. However, to ensure that there is no impact on account of project related construction activities it will be ensured that no construction waste is disposed in the River Ganga during rehabilitation of the existing Barari Water Works and associated facilities. 4.3.16 There are a small number of trees on the large plot of government land on which the water works is located, and given global concerns regarding the loss of trees worldwide, mature specimens will not be removed unnecessarily. Potential impacts are negative and long-term but reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (ii) If tree-removal will be required, obtain tree-cutting permit from the Banka Forest Division through the Employer, and transplant to PMC/DSC approved areas; (iii)Require to plant three (3) native trees for every one (1) that is removed; and (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife, bird hunting, and cutting of trees for firewood. 4.3.17 Traffic Diversions: Pipe laying works sometimes necessitate short-term diversion of traffic on the roads. To reduce the impact, planning of construction will be such that it will minimise traffic diversions. If diversion is necessary then the traffic authorities will be informed sufficiently in advance, permissions obtained, necessary signage erected and the residents forewarned on the alternate routes to be taken. 4.3.18 Landscape and Aesthetics: The construction works will produce 160,000 m3 of excess excavated soils, excess construction materials, and solid waste such as removed concrete, wood, trees and plants, packaging materials, empty containers, spoils, oils, lubricants, and other similar items. These impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan; (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; (iii) Coordinate with BMC for beneficial use of excess excavated soils or immediately dispose to designated areas; (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites;
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(v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (vii) Request PMC/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work. 4.3.19 Surface and Groundwater Quality: Another physical impact that is often associated with large-scale excavation is the effect on drainage and the local water table if groundwater and surface water collects in the pits and voids. To ensure that water will not pond in pits and voids near subproject sites, the Contractor will be required to ensure sufficient drainage especially in construction sites during monsoon seasons. Interconnections to existing networks by hot tapping methods would sometimes result in water logging and hence sufficient provision of dewatering equipment will be ensured by the Contractor. 4.3.20 Accessibility: Hauling of construction materials and operation of equipment on-site can cause traffic problems and conflicts in rights-of-way (ROWs). Potential impact is negative but short term and reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with the Traffic Police Department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards with information on the nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. 4.3.21 Socio-Economic – Income: The subproject components will be located on government lands and rights-of-way (RoWs), so there will be no need to acquire land, and thus there will be no impacts on the asset or landowners or tenants. However construction works will impede the access of residents and customers to nearby shops. The potential impacts are negative and moderate but short-term and temporary. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Leave space for access between mounds of soil; (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles;
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(iii) Increase the workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform them about the nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. 4.3.22 Socio-Economic – Employment: Manpower will be required during the 42-months of rehabilitation and upgradation works. This can result in generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Thus potential impact is positive and long-term. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from the local market. 4.3.23 Occupational Health and Safety: Workers need to be mindful of the occupational hazards which can arise from working in trenches and excavation works. Potential impacts are negative and long-term but reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Develop and implement a site-specific Health and Safety (H & S) Plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use personal protective equipment; (c) H & S training1 for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first- aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) Provide H & S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective equipment, and preventing injuring to fellow workers;
1 Some of the key areas that may be covered during training as they relate to the primary causes of accidents include (i) slips, trips and falls; (ii) personal protective equipment; (iii) ergonomics, repetitive motion, and manual handling; (iv) workplace transport; and (v) legislation and responsibilities. Training can provide the foundations of competence but it does not necessarily result in a competent worker. Therefore, it is essential to assess staff competence to ensure that the training provided is relevant and effective. Supervision and monitoring arrangements shall be in place to ensure that training has been effective and the worker is competent at their job. The level of supervision and monitoring required is a management decision that shall be based on the risks associated with the job, the level of competence required, the experience of the individual and whether the worker works as part of a team or is a lone worker.
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(viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. 4.3.24 Community Health and Safety: Hazards posed to the public, specifically in high-pedestrian areas may include traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. Potential impact is negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities; (ii) Liaise with PMC/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps; (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; and (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. 4.3.25 Work Camps: Operation of work camps can cause temporary air and noise pollution from machine operation, water pollution from storage and use of fuels, oils, solvents, and lubricants. Potential impacts are negative but short- term and reversible by mitigation measures. The Contractor will be required to: (i) Consult with PMC/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants; (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas;
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(viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PMC/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. 4.3.26 Social and Cultural Resources: For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing rights-of-way (ROWs), so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless, the Contractor will be required to: (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work; (ii) Request PMC/DSC or any authorized person with archaeological field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PMC/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ.
4.4 Operation and Maintenance (A) Screening out areas of no significant impact 4.4.1 Because a water supply system should planned and designed with sensitivity to the environment, there are several fields which should be unaffected once the system begins to function. These are identified in Table 6 below, with an explanation of the reasoning in each case. These factors are thus screened out of the impact assessment and will not be mentioned further. Table 6: Fields with no significant impact from O&M
Field Rationale
Climate Extraction and use of water from river will not affect climate
Fisheries and aquatic biology The existing intake does not support/affect in any significant way the aquatic flora or fauna
Coastal resources Bhagalpur is not located in a coastal area.
Industries The water supplied by the new system will be available to local industries
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(B) Operation and Maintenance of the Improved Water Supply System
4.4.2 O & M of the water supply system will be the responsibility of the Contractor. A small number of people will be employed to operate and maintain the WTPs, existing intake wells and pumping stations, and OHT sites. The Contractor will employ local contractors to conduct network repairs, and contractors should be required to operate the same kinds of H & S procedures as used in the construction phase to protect workers and the public. 4.4.3 The stability and integrity of the system will be monitored periodically to detect any problems and allow remedial action if required. Any repairs will be small-scale involving manual, temporary, and short-term works with regular checking and recording of performance for signs of deterioration, servicing and replacement of parts. 4.4.4 The main requirement for maintenance of the transmission main and distribution system will be for the detection and repair of leaks. The generally flat topography and the usage of good quality DI pipes should mean that pipeline breaks are kept to a minimum, and that leaks are mainly limited to joints between pipes. The repair of household connections and the provision of new connections to slums and developing areas to increase the number of people supplied should reduce the incidence of illegal connections, which are often a major source of leaks. 4.4.5 During the operation of the water treatment plant a large volume of physical and chemical sludge will be generated. The possible management plan is shown below.
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Table 7: Generation and Management of sludge from different units of WTP
Units producing Type of sludge Nature of sludge Type of treatment Size required / sludge Final disposal Duration of disposal / Remarks major sludge generation clearance from WTP site
Pre-settling tank Physical Muddy water Settlement in 35mx70mx1m depth – 2 1. Low lying Once in Only mother/parent tanks/ponds, nos. area. No liner is 4 days – 2047 material of river presently acting as required. 5 days – 2032 pre-settling tank of existing WTP. 6 days – 2017 2. To brick Supernatant to be fields disposed to river by overflow arrangement from the tank.
Plate/Tube settler Chemical Sludge cake from Dumping the sludge 30mx30mx3m// 1. Low lying Once in Due to addition of (or Centrifuge. cake inside available Generation of sludge area after 11 days – 2047 Lime, alum, Clariflocculator) area within existing proper clay polyelectrolyte (non- Liquid portion cake 86000 m3/ yr - 15 days – 2032 followed by will be recycled to WTP, over a layer of 2041 lining. toxic) Thickener and then clay lining. 19 days – 2017 the following 63744 m3/yr -2026 Centrifuge /next unit of Pre- 51030 m3/yr- 2015 2. To brick settling tank fields
Filter back wash Physical (mainly) Dirty water pH control for Channel for disposal to River During backwashing Solids in the filter back disposal to river. be designed during wash shall not be more detailed design than 100 ppm
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(C) Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.4.6 General: If trenches are dug to locate and repair leaks or remove and replace lengths of pipe or illegal connections, the work will follow the same procedures as stipulated for the construction stage. The Contractor shall be required to: (i) Refill and re-compact trenches where soil and backfilled sand has been removed to expose the leaking junction or pipe; (ii) Conduct work with sufficient drainage during the monsoon period; and (iii) Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dust. 4.4.7 Public Health: Provision of continuous pressurized water supply to the residents would result initially in high consumption generating higher than the usual wastewater into the environment. This will have a negative impact, albeit on a short term basis, and hence BMC shall be required to ensure periodical maintenance of storm water drainage to avoid water logging and breeding of mosquitoes in the neighbourhoods. 4.4.8 Ecological Resources: During operation of the improved water supply system, for protection of aquatic fauna particularly dolphins, measures considered during construction/rehabilitation will be continued. This includes in particular no disposal of waste material in the River Ganga and limiting withdrawal of water during dry periods with due consideration of the Sanctuary Management and Dolphin Conservation Plans. 4.4.9 Other than dolphins there are no significant ecological resources in or around the town, so any repairs or maintenance work can be conducted without ecological impacts. As there is no significant flora and fauna in or around project sites, there should also not be any ecological impacts from the increase in abstraction. 4.4.10 Economic Development: Although network repairs could result in shops losing some business if the work means that access is difficult for customers, any losses will be small and short-lived and will probably be at the level of normal business fluctuations. It should therefore not be necessary to compensate for such losses. Nevertheless the Contractor is required to: (i) Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of any work well in advance so that they can make preparations if necessary; (ii) Provide wooden walkways across trenches for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and (iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary.
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4.4.11 The provision of an improved and expanded water supply system is not expected to have direct economic benefits for business or industry, as connections will only be provided to domestic users. However businesses will almost certainly benefit from the expected improvement in the health and well-being of their workforce as this should result in fewer days lost through illness, and overall increased productivity. 4.4.12 Social and Cultural Resources: Although there is a high risk of excavation in the town discovering material of historical or archaeological importance, there will be no need to take precautions to protect such material when areas are excavated to repair leaks in the network, as all work will be conducted in trenches that have already been disturbed when the infrastructure was installed. 4.4.13 Repair works could cause some temporary disruption of activities at locations of social and cultural importance such as schools, hospitals, temples, tourist sites etc., so the same precautions as employed during the construction period should be adopted. The Contractor is required to: (i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy vehicles in the vicinity; (ii) Complete work in these areas quickly; (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals. 4.4.14 The citizens of the town will be the major beneficiaries of the improved water supply, as they will be provided with a constant supply of better quality water, piped into their homes. In addition to improved environmental conditions, the subproject will improve the overall health condition of the town as diseases from poor sanitation (such as diarrhoea and dysentery) will be reduced. Moreover for maintaining the quality of drinking water testing will be done by the operation agency and accordingly correction will be planned as per requirement.
5 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
5.1 Project Stakeholders 5.1.1 The primary stakeholders are: (i) Residents, shopkeepers and business people who live and work alongside the roads in which improvements will be provided and near sites where facilities will be built;
42 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
(ii) Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation as the Owner of the project facility; (iii) Custodians and users of socially and culturally important buildings in affected areas; (iv) State and local authorities responsible for the protection and conservation of archaeological relics, historical sites and artefacts; and (v) State and local tourism authorities. 5.1.2 The secondary stakeholders are: (i) UDHD as the Executing Agency; (ii) BUIDCO as the Implementation Agency; (iii) Other government institutions whose remit includes areas or issues affected by the subproject (state and local planning authorities such as the Public Health Engineering Department, Ministry of Environment and Forests); (iv) Non-government Organizations (NGOs), University professors, and Community-based Organizations (CBOs) working in the affected communities; (v) Other community representatives (prominent citizens, religious leaders, elders, women’s groups); (vi) The beneficiary community in general; and (vii) ADB, GoI, and Ministry of Finance.
5.2 Consultations and Disclosures Conducted 5.2.1 Some informal discussion was held with the local people during site visits. Issues discussed are: (i) Awareness and extent of the project and development components; (ii) Benefits of the subproject for the economic and social uplift of the community; (iii) Labour availability in the subproject area or requirement of outside labour involvement; (iv) Local disturbances due to subproject construction work; (v) Necessity of tree felling, etc., at project sites; (vi) Water logging and drainage problems if any; (vii) Drinking water problems; (viii) Forest and sensitive areas near the subproject site; and (ix) Movement of wild animals near the subproject site.
43 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
5.2.2 Public consultations have been conducted during field visits about the environmental and social impacts and safeguard plan to mitigate any potential significant impacts. Records of public consultations are attached as Annex 4. The major issues raised are related to dust and noise problems during the construction phase. Other comments include construction vehicles creating some disturbances to daily activities, and necessity of proper safety arrangements. The issues and comments have been considered and incorporated in the design of the subproject and mitigation measures for the potential environmental impacts raised during the public consultations. 5.2.3 Issues discussed were: (i) The proposed water supply project should ensure enough supply of drinking water in all wards of the town; (ii) The Executive Agency should give preference to engage an internationally reputed Contractor, as people do not have faith in local contractors with respect to quality of works as well as timely completion of work; (iii) Efforts should be made by the government to supply drinking water round the clock; (iv) Livelihood affected households should be given assistance in the form of cash compensation; (v) Local people should be employed by the Contractor during the construction work; (vi) Adequate safety measures should be taken during the construction work; (vii) Mobile kiosks/vendors/hawkers have shown willingness to shift in nearby places without taking any compensation and assistance from the Executing Agency; and (viii) Local people have appreciated the water supply proposal of the government and they have ensured that they will cooperate with the Executing Agency during project implementation.
44 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
5.3 Future Consultation and Disclosure 5.3.1 UDHD extended the consultation and disclosure process significantly during implementation of BUDIP. They will ensure appointment of an experienced NGO to handle the communications and community participation during the implementation of the subproject. The NGO will continuously (i) conduct a wide range of activities in relation to all subprojects in each town; and (ii) ensure the needs and concerns of stakeholders are registered and are addressed in subproject design. 5.3.2 For this subproject, the NGO consultant will develop, in close coordination with the PIU and PMC/DSC, a public consultation and disclosure program which is likely to include the following: Consultation during detailed design: a. Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders (including women’s groups, NGOs and CBOs) to hear their views and concerns, so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary; and b. Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders (government bodies and NGOs) to discuss and approve key aspects of the subproject. (ii) Consultation during construction: a. Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programmes and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and b. Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring and evaluation. (ii) Project disclosure: a. Public information campaigns (via newspaper, TV and radio) to explain the project to the wider town population and prepare them for disruption they may experience once the construction programme is underway; b. Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in Hindi; and c. Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the study towns, informing the public of their availability, and providing a mechanism through which comments can be made.
45 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
5.3.3 Based on ADB requirements, the following will be posted on the ADB website: (i) this updated IEE; (ii) a corrective action plan prepared during subproject implementation to address unanticipated environmental impacts and to rectify non-compliance to EMP provisions; and (iii) environmental monitoring reports, upon receipt.
6 Grievance Redress Mechanism 6.1.1 The affected persons can register their grievances at the complaint cell established at the BMC/PIU office. The complaint cell would forward the grievance to the Safeguards Officer for redressal. The complaint cell will also act as a public information centre, where the grievances of the community will be registered and other information with regard to the subproject social and environmental safeguards will be provided. The grievances can pertain to any social and/or environmental issues triggered by subprojects under the BUDIP. A Grievance Redress Committee will be established for giving independent advice to the concerned Municipal Commissioner for redressing the grievances. This body will consist of 4 to 5 eminent citizens in the District from diverse backgrounds such as, education, health and sanitation, urban infrastructure, civic affairs, etc. In an advisory capacity, it will facilitate and suggest suitable action to redress the grievances of the community/people. At the state level a Grievance Redress Committee will be established along similar lines. The complaint cell would forward the grievance to the Safeguards Officer for redressal. If the Safeguards Officer cannot redress the grievance within a specified time period, the grievance would be forwarded to the ESMC and further to the Grievance Redress Committee constituted at the district level. The grievances which cannot be redressed at the district level would be referred to the state level. Each of these authorities can be approached directly for grievance redressal by the aggrieved person/party.
8.2
46 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Figure 8: Grievance redress mechanism - BUDIP
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
Courts
ESMC (BUIDCO)
Grievance Redress If not Committee SafeguardsOfficer (BUIDCO) resolved (District and State Level)
Complaint Cell /Public Information Center (BUIDCO)
Grievances
Environment and Social Management Committee (ESMC): Members are Municipal Chairperson (Chairman), Commissioner (Exec – Chairman), Municipal Engineer/Manager, Safeguards Officer (Designated), Town Planning Officer, Medical and Health Officer, Revenue Officer, NGO/Community Representatives
7 Environmental Management Plan
7.1 Institutional Arrangements 7.1.1 The main agencies involved in managing and implementing the subproject are: (i) UDHD is responsible for management, coordination, and execution of all activities funded under the loan; (ii) BUIDCO, PMU is responsible for coordinating construction of subprojects across all towns, and for ensuring consistency of approach and performance; (iii) PMC assists PMU in managing the program and assures technical quality of design and construction; (iv) DSCs design the infrastructure, manage tendering of Contractors and supervise the construction process; (v) PIUs appoint and manage the Contractor to design, build and operate elements of the infrastructure in a particular town;
47 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
(vi) An inter-ministerial Empowered Committee2 (EC) assists UDHD in providing policy guidance and coordination across all towns and subprojects.; and (vii) City Level Committees3 (CLCs) have also been established in each town to monitor project implementation in the town and provide recommendations to the PIU where necessary. 7.1.2 Figure 9 shows institutional responsibility for implementation of environmental safeguard at different levels.
(A) Responsible for carrying out mitigation measures 7.1.3 During construction and operations stages, implementation of mitigation measures is the Contractor’s responsibility. 7.1.4 To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during the construction period, contract clauses (Annex 5) for environmental provisions will be part of the civil works contracts. Contractors’ conformity with contract procedures and specifications during construction will be carefully monitored by the PIU. (B) Responsible for carrying out monitoring measures 7.1.5 During construction, DSC’s Environmental Monitoring Specialist and the designated representative engineer of PIU will monitor the Contractor’s environmental compliance. 7.1.6 During the operation stage, monitoring of the Contractor’s environmental compliance will be the responsibility of the PMC. (C) Responsible for reporting 7.1.7 UDHD (EA)/BUIDCO(PMU- IA) will submit to ADB quarterly reports on implementation of the EMP and will permit ADB to field annual environmental review missions which will review in detail the environmental aspects of the subproject. Any major accidents having serious environmental consequences will be reported immediately.
2 The EC is chaired by the Minister of Urban Development and Housing Department and members include Ministers, Directors and/or representatives of other relevant Government Ministries and Departments. 3CLCs are chaired by District Collectors, with members including officials of the BUIDCO (IA), local representatives of state government agencies, the PIU, and local NGOs and CBOs.
48 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Figure 9: Institutions Implementing Environmental Safeguards under BUDIP
Urban Development & Housing Department (UDHD) – EA (National Level) ADB Government of Bihar
Bihar Urban Development Project (BUDIP) BUIDCO Management & Implementation (State Level) Project Management Consultant (PMC) Appointed by BUDIP Implementing Agency Project Management Unit (IA - PMU) Environmental Expert of PMC Safeguard Cell
Several Construction Packages for Design and Supervision Consultant different tranche under PIU (DSC)
Contractor Environmental Expert (EE) & Environmental Monitoring Specialist (EMS)
Independent Environmental IMPLEMENTATION OF Testing & Monitoring Agency EMAP (On need basis)
49 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
7.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan 7.2.1 Tables 8 to 10 shows the potential adverse environmental impacts, proposed mitigation measures, responsible parties, and estimated cost of implementation. This EMP will be included in the bid documents and will be further reviewed and updated during implementation.
7.3 Environmental Monitoring Program 7.3.1 Tables 11 to 13 show the proposed environmental monitoring program for this subproject. It includes all relevant environmental parameters, description of sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards, responsible parties, and estimated cost. Monitoring activities during the detailed engineering design stage will form part of the baseline conditions of the subproject sites and will be used as the reference for acceptance of restoration works by the Contractor.
50 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination Table 8: Pre-construction Environmental Mitigation Plan
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation
Utilities Telephone lines, electric (i) Identify and include locations and operators of these utilities DSC/PMC (i) List of affected utilities and poles and wires, water in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary operators; (ii) bid document to pipe (old) existing within disruption of services during construction phase; and include requirement for a right-of-way (ROW) may (ii) Require Contractor to prepare a contingency plan to include contingency plan for service be damaged. actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of interruptions services.
Water Supply Health risk due to closure (i) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) of water supply supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration); delivery of potable water to (ii) In coordination with BMC, provide alternative potable water affected people to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down; and (iii) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply.
Asbestos Cement Pipes Risk of contact with (i) Require PMC/DSC to develop AC Protocol; PIU and DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Protocol; carcinogenic materials (ii) Develop reporting procedures to inform management (ii) requirement for AC immediately if AC pipes are encountered; and Management included in bid documents (ii) Require construction consultants to develop and apply an AC Management Plan, as part of the over-all health and safety (H and S) plan, to protect both workers and citizens in case accidental uncovering of AC pipes. This AC Management Plan should also contain national and international standards for safe removal and long-term disposal of all Asbestos-containing material encountered.
Social and Cultural Ground disturbance can (i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an PIU and PMC/DSC Chance Finds Protocol Resources uncover and damage expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the site; archaeological and (ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or historical remains high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and
51 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation historical authorities, and interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and (iv) Develop a protocol for use by the Contractor in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are protected and conserved.
Construction work camps, Disruption to traffic flow (i) Prioritize areas within or nearest possible vacant space in the PIU and PMC/DSC to List of selected sites for hot mix plants, stockpile and sensitive receptors subproject sites; determine locations prior construction work camps, hot areas, storage areas, and (ii) If it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, consider sites to award of construction mix plants, stockpile areas, disposal areas. that will not promote instability and result in destruction of contracts. storage areas, and disposal property, vegetation, and drinking water supply systems; areas. (iii) Do not consider residential areas; (iv) Take extreme care in selecting sites to avoid direct disposal to water bodies or in areas which will inconvenience the community.
Sources of Materials Extraction of materials can (i) Prioritize sites already permitted by the Mining or concerned PIU and PMC/DSC to (i) List of approved quarry disrupt natural land Department; prepare list of approved sites and sources of materials; contours and vegetation (ii) If other sites are necessary, inform Contractor that it is their quarry sites and sources (ii) bid document to include resulting in accelerated responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and of materials requirement for verification of erosion, disturbance in to obtain the approval of PIU; and suitability of sources and natural drainage patterns, permit for additional quarry ponding and water (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction is sites if necessary. logging, and water started, inform Contractor to obtain a written approval from pollution. PMU.
52 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination Table 9: Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation
Sources of Materials Extraction of rocks and (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; Contractor Contractor documentation material may cause ground (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain instability approval of PIU; (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials.
Air Quality Emissions from construction (i) Consult with PIU/PMC/DSC on the designated areas for (i) Location of stockpiles; (ii) vehicles, equipment, and stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction Contractor complaints from sensitive machinery used for excavation materials; receptors; (iii) heavy and construction resulting to (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by equipment and machinery with dusts and increase in spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; air pollution control devices concentration of vehicle-related (iv) ambient air for respirable pollutants such as carbon (iii) Use Tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material particulate matter (RPM) and monoxide, sulfur oxides, when transported by trucks; and suspended particulate matter particulate matter, nitrous (iv) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution (SPM); (v) vehicular emissions oxides, and hydrocarbons control devices which are operating correctly. such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons
Surface water quality Mobilization of settled silt (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the Contractor (i) Areas for stockpiles, materials, run-off from monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic storage of fuels and lubricants stockpiled materials, and sheets; and waste materials; (ii) chemical contamination from (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the records of surface water fuels and lubricants during construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with quality inspection; (iii) construction works can PIU/PMC/DSC on designated disposal areas; effectiveness of water contaminate downstream management measures; (iv) for surface water quality. (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along inland water: suspended solids, the drainage leading to the water bodies; oil and grease, biological (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from oxygen demand (BOD), and
53 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation any drainage leading to water bodies; coliforms (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
Noise Levels Increase in noise level due to (i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/PMC/DSC so that Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive earth-moving and excavation activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are receptors; (ii) use of silencers equipment, and the conducted during periods of the day which will result in least in noise-producing equipment transportation of equipment, disturbance; and sound barriers; (iii) materials, and people (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn Equivalent day and night time other road users or animals of the vehicle’s approach; noise levels (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dBA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.
Ecological resources Felling of the trees – affect (i) Not to dispose any construction materials in river which Contractor Complaints from sensitive terrestrial ecological balance may pollute the river water and aquatic fauna, (ii) Minimize receptors; (ii) checking of and affect aquatic fauna removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) If conservation management plan tree-removal will be required, obtain tree-cutting permit from for tree species and aquatic Municipality, (iv Require to plant three (3) native trees for fauna/ animal every one (1) that is removed; and (v) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife, bird hunting, and cutting of trees for firewood.
Existing Infrastructure and Disruption of service and (i) Obtain from PIU and/or PMC/DSC the list of affected Contractor (i) Existing Utilities Facilities damage to existing utilities and operators; Contingency Plan; (ii) infrastructure located alongside (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done Asbestos Cement Pipes roads, in particular water in case of unintentional interruption of services; and Management Plan supply pipes
54 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation (iii) Develop and implement an AC Pipes Management Plan
Landscape and Aesthetics Solid wastes as well as excess (i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; Contractor (i) Waste Management Plan; construction materials (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors; (iii) PIU/PMC/DSC (ii) Coordinate with Bhagalpur Municipality for beneficial to report in writing that the uses of excess excavated soils or immediately dispose to necessary environmental designated areas; restoration work has been (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from adequately performed before the sites; acceptance of work. (v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (vii) Request PIU/PMC/ DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.
Accessibility Traffic problems and conflicts (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use Contractor (i) Traffic Management Plan; in right-of-way (ROW) narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of (ii) complaints from sensitive delivery sites; receptors; (iii) number of (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak signages placed at subproject hours; sites. (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police Dept. for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and
55 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.
Socio-Economic – Income. Impede the access of residents (i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive and customers to nearby shops (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to receptors; (ii) number of maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; walkways, signages, and metal sheets placed at subproject (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as sites. institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.
Socio-Economic - Generation of contractual (i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the Contractor (i) Employment records; (ii) Employment employment and increase in maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate records of sources of materials local revenue area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market.
Occupational Health and occupational hazards which (i) Develop and implement site-specific Health and Safety (H Contractor (i) Site-specific Health and Safety can arise from working in and S) Plan which will include measures such as: (a) Safety (H and S) Plan; infrastructures like roads and excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are (ii) Equipped first-aid stations; bridges provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H and S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented (iii) Medical insurance procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) coverage for workers; documentation of work-related accidents; (iv) Number of accidents; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. (v) Supplies of potable Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible drinking water; throughout the site; (vi) Clean eating areas where (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; workers are not exposed to (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and hazardous or noxious
56 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation accident risks; substances; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vii) record of H and S (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed orientation trainings to hazardous or noxious substances; (viii) personal protective (vii) Provide H and S orientation training to all new workers equipments; to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work (ix) % of moving equipment at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing outfitted with audible back-up injuring to fellow workers; alarms; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain (xi) sign boards for hazardous access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may areas such as energized be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas electrical devices and lines, unescorted; service rooms housing high (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high voltage equipment, and areas visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy for storage and disposal. equipment operating areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back- up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively.
Asbestos Cement Pipes Health risk (i) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable Contractor (i) Records of trainings; (ii) them to understand the dangers of AC pipes and to be able to AC Management Plan recognise them in situ; approved by PIU/DSC (ii) Report to management immediately if AC pipes are
57 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation encountered; (iii) Develop and apply AC Management Plan.
Community Health and Traffic accidents and vehicle (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. Contractor (i) Traffic Management Plan; Safety. collision with pedestrians (ii) Liaise with PIU/PMC//DSC in identifying high-risk areas (ii) complaints from sensitive on route cards/maps. receptors (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer- approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.
Work Camps Temporary air and noise (i) Consult with PIU/PMC//DSC before locating project Contractor (i) Complaints from sensitive pollution from machine offices, sheds, and construction plants; receptors; (ii) water and operation, water pollution from (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of sanitation facilities for storage and use of fuels, oils, trees; employees; and (iii) solvents, and lubricants PIU/PMC/DSC report in (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; writing that the camp has been (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of vacated and restored to pre- trees for firewood; project conditions (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU PMC//DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions
58 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation before acceptance of work.
Social and Cultural Risk of archaeological chance (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any Contractor (i)Records of chance finds Resources finds excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/PMC//DSC or any authorized person with archaeological field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PIU/PMC /DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ.
Table 10: Operation and Maintenance Environmental Mitigation Plan
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation
Occupational Adverse impacts on the (i) Ensure persons employed will be provided with suitable equipment BMC/Contractor (i) Records of training; (ii) H and S Health and appearance of (such as shovels and wheelbarrows); and Plan and AC Management Plan Safety surrounding environment (ii) Ensure all removed material will be deposited in the municipal waste approved by PIU/PMC/DSC and exposure of workers storage bins. to hazardous debris (iii) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to understand the dangers of AC pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ; (iv) Report to management immediately if AC pipes are encountered; and (v) Develop and apply AC Management Plan.
General General impact (i) Refill and re-compact trenches soil and backfilled sand will be removed BMC and/ Contractor Complaints from sensitive receptors to expose the leaking junction or pipe; and its O&M (ii) Conduct work during non-monsoon period; and Contractors Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dusts.
59 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation
Economic Impediments to residents (i) Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of any BMC and / Contractor Complaints from sensitive receptors Development and businesses work well in advance so that they can make preparations if necessary; (ii) Conduct these works to provide wooden walkways across trenches for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and (iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary.
Social and Temporary disruption of (i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from BMC and / Contractor Complaints from sensitive receptors Cultural activities vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy Resources vehicles in the vicinity; (ii) Complete work in these areas quickly; (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals.
Ecological Effect on aquatic (i)Continued protection plan application during any repairing job BMC and Contractor (i) Records of complain from Resources biodiversity sensitive receptors; (ii) Conservation plan for terrestrial flora and aquatic animal
60 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination Table 11: Pre-construction Environmental Monitoring Program
Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring
Baseline Subproject sites DSC Establish baseline values of Air sample GOI Ambient Air Quality Once prior to start PMU Environmental (i) Respirable particulate collection and Standards of construction Condition – matter (RPM) and (ii) analyses by in- Ambient Air Suspended particulate matter house laboratory or Quality (SPM), (iii) Sulphur dioxide, accredited 3rd (iv) Nitrogen oxides and (v) party laboratory Carbon monoxide
Baseline Subproject sites DSC Establish baseline values of Water sample GOI Water Quality Once prior to start PMU Environmental suspended solids (TSS), collection and Standards ( Drinking of construction Condition - pH, chemical oxygen analyses by in- Water Standards) Water Quality (COD), house laboratory or accredited 3rd biological oxygen demand party laboratory (BOD), dissolved oxygen, oil and grease, feacal coliform
Utilities Affected sites DSC (i)List of affected utilities Checking of (i) List of affected utilities Once PMU and operators; (ii) BID records and operators prepared; document to include (ii) requirement for a requirement for a contingency plan for contingency plan for service service interruptions interruptions included in BID documents
Water Supply Area concerned PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) Checking of (i) tentative schedule of once PMU Cessation Delivery of PHED of records closure made known to potable water to affected affective people 2 weeks people prior to cessation of water supply; (ii) coordination with PHED for supply of
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring potable water to 100% affected people
Asbestos Specified area PIU and DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Checking of (i) AC Protocol prepared; Once PMU Cement Pipes Protocol; (ii) requirement for records (ii) BID documents AC Management included in include requirements for bid documents AC Management Plan
Social and Affected area PIU and DSC Chance Finds Protocol Checking of Chance Finds Protocol Once PMU Cultural records provided to Contractor Heritage prior to commencement of activities
Construction Concerned place PIU and DSC to List of selected sites for Checking of List of selected sites for Once PMU work camps, determine construction work camps, records construction work camps, hot mix locations prior to hot mix plants, stockpile hot mix plants, stockpile plants, award of areas, storage areas, and areas, storage areas, and stockpile construction disposal areas. disposal areas provided to areas, storage contracts. Contractor prior to areas, and commencement of works. disposal areas.
Sources of Concerned sites PIU and DSC to (i)List of approved quarry Checking of (i) List of approved quarry once PMU Materials prepare list of sites and sources of records sites and sources of approved quarry materials; (ii) BID document materials provided to sites and sources to include requirement for Contractor of materials verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if (ii) BID document necessary. included requirement for verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if necessary.
62 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination Table 12: Construction Environmental Monitoring Program
Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring
Sources of Quarries and Contractor Contractor documentation (i) Checking of (i) sites are permitted; Monthly DSC Materials sources of records; (ii) visual (ii) report submitted by submission for materials inspection of sites construction contractor construction monthly (until such time contractor there is excavation work) As needed for DSC
Air Quality Construction Contractor (i) Location of stockpiles; (i) Checking of (i) stockpiles on Monthly for DSC in sites and areas (ii) complaints from records; (ii) visual designated areas only; checking records coordination with designated for sensitive receptors; (iii) inspection of sites (ii) complaints from pollution control stockpiling of heavy equipment and sensitive receptors board materials machinery with air satisfactorily addressed; pollution control devices (iii) ambient air for (iii) air pollution control respirable particulate matter devices working properly; (RPM) and suspended (iv) GOI Ambient Quality particulate matter (SPM); Standards for ambient air (iv) vehicular emissions quality; such as sulphur dioxide (iv) GOI Vehicular (SO2), nitrous oxides Emission Standards for (NOx), carbon monoxide SO2, NOx, CO and HC. (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC)
Surface Water (i) construction Contractor (i) Areas for stockpiles, Visual inspection and (i) designated areas only; Monthly DSC in Quality sites; storage of fuels and testing results (ii) silt traps installed and coordination with (ii) areas for lubricants and waste functioning; pollution control stockpiles, materials; (ii) number of board silt traps installed along (iii) no noticeable increase storage of fuels in suspended solids and and lubricants drainages leading to water bodies; (iii) records of silt from construction and waste activities (iv) GOI materials; surface water quality inspection; (iv) Standards for Water effectiveness of water Discharges to Inland
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring management measures; (v) Waters and Land for for inland water: suspended Irrigation solids, oil and grease, biological oxygen demand (BOD), COD, DO and coliforms.
Noise Levels (i) construction Contractor (i) Complaints from (i) Checking of (i) complaints from Monthly DSC in sites; sensitive receptors; (ii) use records; (ii) visual sensitive receptors coordination with (ii) areas for of silencers in noise- inspection of sites satisfactorily addressed; pollution control stockpiles, producing equipment and and (ii) silencers in noise- board storage of fuels sound barriers; (iii) producing equipment and lubricants Equivalent day and night functioning as design; and and waste time noise levels (iii) sound barriers materials; installed where necessary (iii) work camps
Existing (i) construction Contractor (i) Existing Utilities (i) Checking of implementation according As needed DSC Utilities and sites; Contingency Plan; (ii) records; to Utilities Contingency Infrastructure (ii) alignment of Asbestos Cement Pipes (ii) Visual inspection Plan and Asbestos Cement affected utilities Management Plan Plan
Landscape (i) construction Contractor (i) Waste Management (i) Checking of (i) no accumulation of Monthly DSC and Aesthetics sites; Plan; (ii) complaints from records; solid wastes on-site; (ii) areas for sensitive receptors; (iii) (ii) Visual inspection (ii) implementation of stockpiles, PIU/DSC to report in Waste Management Plan; writing that the necessary storage of fuels (iii) complaints from and lubricants environmental restoration work has been adequately sensitive receptors and waste satisfactorily addressed. materials; performed before acceptance of work. (iii) work camps
Ecological (i) construction Contractor (i) Implementation of (i) Checking of (i) Conservation Action Monthly DSC balance site conservation plan records; Plan for aquatic animal and terrestrial flora, (ii)
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring (ii) Visual inspection complaints from sensitive receptors/ authority
Accessibility (i) construction Contractor (i) Traffic Management Visual inspection (i) implementation of Monthly DSC sites; Plan; (ii) complaints from Traffic Management Plan; (ii) traffic routes sensitive receptors; (iii) (ii) complaints from number of signages placed sensitive receptors at subproject sites. satisfactorily addressed; (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas
Socio- construction Contractor (i) Complaints from Visual inspection (i) Complaints from Quarterly DSC Economic - sites sensitive receptors; (ii) sensitive receptors Income number of walkways, satisfactorily addressed; signages, and metal sheets (ii) Walkways, ramps, and placed at subproject sites. metal sheets provided (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas
Asbestos construction Contractor (i) Records of trainings; (ii) Checking of records no exposure to AC pipes As needed PIU/PMC and Cement Pipes sites AC Management Plan DSC approved by PIU/PMC/DSC
Socio- construction Contractor (i) Employment records; Checking of records number of employees Quarterly DSC Economic - sites (ii) records of sources of from Bhagalpur equal or Income materials greater than 50% of total workforce
Occupational construction Contractor (i) Site-specific Health and (i) Checking of (i) implementation of H Quarterly DSC Health and sites Safety (H and S) Plan; records; and S plan; Safety (ii) Equipped first-aid (ii) visual inspection (ii) number of work- stations; related accidents;
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring (iii) Medical insurance (iii) % usage of personal coverage for workers; protective equipment; (iv) Number of accidents; (iv) number of first-aid (v) Supplies of potable stations, frequency of drinking water; potable water delivery, provision of clean eating (vi) Clean eating areas area, and number of sign where workers are not boards are according to exposed to hazardous or approved plan; noxious substances; (v) % of moving (vii) record of H and S equipment outfitted with orientation trainings audible back-up alarms (viii) personal protective equipments; (ix) % of moving equipment outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal.
Community construction Contractor (i) Traffic Management Visual inspection (i) implementation of Quarterly DSC Health and sites Plan; Traffic Management Plan; Safety (ii) complaints from (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed
Work Camps work camps Contractor (i) Complaints from Visual inspection (i) designated areas only; Quarterly DSC sensitive receptors; (ii) (ii) complaints from water and sanitation
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring facilities for employees; sensitive receptors and (iii) PIU/PMC/DSC satisfactorily addressed report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions
Chance Finds construction Contractor records of chance finds checking of records Implementation of Chance as needed DSC sites Finds Protocol Table 13: Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Program
Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Method of Indicators/ Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Standards Monitoring
Occupational subproject sites BMC/Contractor complaints from (i) records of training; (i) complaints from as needed PMU Health and sensitive receptors (ii) H and S Plan and sensitive receptors Safety AC Management Plan satisfactorily addressed; (ii) no exposure to AC pipes
General subproject sites BMC and complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU Maintenance Contractor sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily work (pipe addressed cleaning, declogging, pipe replacement, final sludge disposal)
Community subproject sites BMC/Contractor complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU Health and sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily Safety addressed
Accessibility subproject sites BMC and complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU
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Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Method of Indicators/ Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Standards Monitoring /Contractor sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily addressed
Water Quality At WTP, BMC and Drinking water quality Sample collection and GOI Drinking Water As needed PMU existing intake Contractor parameter: pH, total laboratory analyses Standards location and few metals, chloride, supply points fluoride, coliform, BOD
Biodiversity At existing BMC and complaints from checking of records, complaints from sensitive as needed PMU protection intake location /Contractor sensitive receptors checking through receptors satisfactorily in River Ganges visual observation addressed
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7.4 Environmental Management Plan Costs 7.4.1 Most of the mitigation measures require the Contractor to adopt good site practice, which should be part of their normal procedures already, so there are unlikely to be major costs associated with compliance. Regardless of this, any costs of mitigation by the Contractor or DSC are included in the budgets for the civil works and do not need to be estimated separately here. Mitigation that is the responsibility of BUIDCO will be provided as part of their management of the project, so this also does not need to be duplicated here. 7.4.2 The remaining actions in the EMP are the various environmental monitoring activities to be conducted by the Environmental Monitoring Specialist. These have not been budgeted elsewhere, and their costs are shown in Table 14. The figures show that the total cost of environmental management and monitoring for the subproject BWSP 1 as a whole is INR 3.74 million, i.e., about USD 70,000. Table 14: Environmental Management and Monitoring Costs (INR)
Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Sub-total Source of Cost Funds
1. Implementation of EMP (8 years)
Domestic Environmental 1 x 3 180,000 540,000 540,000 Consultant Monitoring Specialist- DSC month
Survey and Monitoring Expenses Per 3000,000 2,400,000 2,940,000 Contractor Annum
2. Environmental mitigation Per 100,000 800,000 3,740,000 Contractor measures including buffer zone Annum development at pumping station and water treatment plant and maintenance costs
TOTAL 3,740,000
EMP = Environmental Management Plan.
8 Findings and Recommendations 1 The process described in this document has assessed the environmental impacts of all elements of the infrastructure proposed under the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project 1 (BWSP1). Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to both construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. In the current subproject no construction works are planned in the River Ganga. Hence no impact on the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is anticipated. Mitigation measures have been developed for all the identified adverse impacts to bring the impacts to acceptable levels. These were discussed with specialists responsible for the engineering aspects, and as a result some measures have already been included in the outline designs for the infrastructure. This means that the number of impacts and their significance has already been reduced by amending the design.
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2 Regardless of these and various other actions taken during the IEE process and in developing the project, there will still be impacts on the environment when the infrastructure is built and when it is operating. This is mainly because of the invasive nature of trenching and other excavation, and because the distribution network is located in an ancient town where there are moderately populated areas and sites of tourism interest. 3 During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil, dried sludge and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches, and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic and important buildings by the construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 4 One field in which there may be less routine impacts is archaeology, and here a series of specific measures have been developed to avoid damaging important remains. 5 In the event that AC pipes are encountered in the existing water distribution network, workers and the public will need to be protected from inhalation of asbestos dust, which can be carcinogenic. This has been addressed in the EMP. 6 There were limited opportunities to provide environmental enhancements, but certain measures were included. For example it is proposed that the project will employ in the workforce people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain, and ensure that people employed in the longer term to maintain and operate the new facilities are residents of nearby communities. 7 Once the system is operating, most facilities (WTP, pump house, OHTs) will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to protect archaeological material. 8 The main impact of the operating water supply system will be beneficial as the citizens of Bhagalpur will be provided with a continuous pressurised supply of safe water, which will serve a greater proportion of the population, including the urban poor and other disadvantaged communities. This will improve the quality of life of people especially improving public health in particular and improving the environment in general. This will reduce the incidence of disease associated with poor quality of water supply and sanitation. This will also lead to economic gains as people will have a reliable and secure water supply available all the time relieving their efforts in coping with intermittent water supply, and the time thus saved would result in an increase in their income and savings in medical care costs. 9 Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures are implemented, and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be
70 Section 6.1 – Scope of Services Annex C – Initial Environmental Examination
reported to the PMU. There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population. 10 Finally, stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through face-to-face discussions on site and a large public meeting held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the IEE and the planning and development of the subproject. The IEE will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the subproject and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation.
9 Conclusions 9.1.1 The subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. 9.1.2 Based on the findings of the IEE, the classification of the Project as Category “B” is confirmed, and no further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009) or GoI EIA Notification (2006).
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Annex 1 Site Photographs
Existing Intake structure at Barari Bhagalpur
Existing WTP at Barari Public consultation near OHT site
Public consultation near OHT site Market area Public consultation at OHT site residential area
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Area of distribution network near market at Bhagalpur Area of Distribution network at Bhagalpur
Proposed location of OHT near Proposed location of OHT near Durga Anandgarh Colony near PHED Tank Ashram
Proposed location of OHT corner of Proposed location of OHT Within the university Rural development dept. Premises in Adampur
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Proposed location of OHT within school Proposed location of OHT at Aliganj premises of Govt. Residential Company Kathghat Bagh High School
Proposed location of OHT at Maulana Proposed location of OHT Abir Chowk Maidan Mishra Lane in Nath nagar
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Annex 2 Notification of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Annex 3 REA Checklist Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist- Bhagalpur Water Supply
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A. Screening Questions for Impact Categorization
Screening question Current Additional Information for Assessment Substantiating Assessment Project Siting Is the project area… Yes Densely populated? Bhagalpur is not densely populated No Heavy with development Yes No such heavy development activity is activities? No noted at Bhagalpur Adjacent to or within any Yes Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin environmentally sensitive No Sanctuary is located areas? in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganga River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is the only protected area for the endangered Gangetic Dolphins in Asia. Other than existing raw water intake wells none of the subproject activities are impinging on the dolphin sanctuary. These existing intake wells were constructed prior to Notification of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary and have been operational for more than 100 years. Cultural heritage site Yes Few religious places are located within No Bhagalpur town. No cultural heritage site is located nearby the project area Protected Area Yes Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin No Sanctuary – protected area close to existing Barari water works A protected forest area called Sundarban is located within 100 m of Barari Water Works. As per the Forest Dept. there are no animals in Sundarban, and only tree species are protected. Wetland Yes A number of ponds exist within No Bhagalpur but no designated wetland near the project location Mangrove Yes No No Estuarine Yes No No Buffer zone of protected area Yes Existing raw water intake wells are
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Screening question Current Additional Information for Assessment Substantiating Assessment No within the core and buffer zone of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Special area for protecting Yes Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin biodiversity No Sanctuary is the special protected area for Gangetic Dolphins One forest area called Sundarban (declared for conservation of species in the year 1981) is located at the buffer zone of WTP. No impact on forest tree is expected. Bay Yes No No Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause… pollution of raw water supply Yes Not expected as per site conditions from upstream wastewater No discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff? impairment of Yes No impact expected. No cultural historical/cultural No monuments and historical sites near monuments/areas and project location loss/damage to these sites? hazard of land subsidence Yes Water from the river as well as existing caused by excessive ground No tubewells is to be used, and with no risk water pumping? of land subsidence social conflicts arising from Yes Project area is in government land and displacement of communities ? No no displacement of communities is planned. conflicts in abstraction of raw Yes River water is already being pumped for water for water supply with No water supply. The flow in the River other beneficial water uses for Ganga at the existing intake wells is high surface and ground waters? and extraction will have negligible effect on other water users. unsatisfactory raw water supply Yes Water testing should be done before (e.g. excessive pathogens or No treatment and after treatment mineral constituents)? delivery of unsafe water to Yes Regular water quality surveillance will distribution system? No be done so the delivery of unsafe water will be prevented. inadequate protection of Yes Proper design criteria will be existing intake works or wells, No implemented.
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Screening question Current Additional Information for Assessment Substantiating Assessment leading to pollution of water supply? over pumping of ground water, Yes As the project area is within the mid leading to salinization and No Ganga basin there is no risk of ground subsidence? salinization or ground subsidence. excessive algal growth in Yes The storage reservoirs are covered on storage reservoir? No top and the raw water is subjected to pre- chlorination and the treated water is subjected to post chlorination and hence the risk of algal growth is mitigated. Continuous hydraulic modelling would be ensured to simulate water quality and sufficient water safety planning will be ensured by the Contractor. increase in production of Yes 1 This risk will be addressed by BMC and EA sewage beyond capabilities of No in planning for a sewerage system in the community facilities? city. inadequate disposal of sludge Yes 2 Sludge will be disposed from the treatment from water treatment plants? No unit after adopting suitable sludge management plan inadequate buffer zone around Yes 3 A green belt area will be developed pumping and treatment plants No surrounding the boundary wall of the treatment plant. Trees with thick canopy to alleviate noise and other will be planted in order to reduce the noise possible nuisances and protect levels reaching the nearby surroundings. facilities? impairments associated with Yes Transmission and feeder lines are not transmission lines and access No included in the subproject (BWSP1) roads? health hazards arising from Yes Chlorine dosing will be done through inadequate design of facilities No chlorinator and chlorine safety measures for receiving, storing, and and facilities are proposed to be handling of chlorine and other implemented as part of the subproject as hazardous chemicals. per MSIHC rules, 1989 and its amendment in 2010. health and safety hazards to Yes Proper arrangement will be made for workers from the management No handling and storage of chlorine gas. of chlorine used for Adequate measures will be taken to disinfection and other prevent the exposure of workers to contaminants? chlorine gas. dislocation or involuntary Yes There are no habitations at the resettlement of people No construction sites and resettlement issues will not arise social conflicts between Yes Preference will be given to the local construction workers from No workers in order to minimize the
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Screening question Current Additional Information for Assessment Substantiating Assessment other areas and community chances of such conflicts. workers? noise and dust from Yes Noise and dust emissions will be limited construction activities? No as per the nature of the work. Adequate mitigation measures will be taken to further minimize it. continuing soil erosion/silt Yes The excavated soil will be stockpiled at runoff from construction No appropriate locations and will be used for operations? refilling with better compaction. increased road traffic due to Yes A temporary phase of disturbance can interference of construction No arise during the construction activities. A activities? traffic management plan will be prepared before the construction activities at site. delivery of unsafe water due to Yes A qualified Contractor with required poor O&M treatment processes No experience is proposed to be selected (especially mud accumulations through a competitive bidding process to in filters) and inadequate ensure prudent industry standards for chlorination due to lack of delivery of wholesome water to the adequate monitoring of customers. The Contractor shall prepare chlorine residuals in an O&M manual for approval of the distribution systems? Employer and training will be given to the staff operating the plant to ensure proper O&M. delivery of water to distribution Yes Online monitoring of process water is system, which is corrosive due No proposed as part of the subproject and to inadequate attention to ensured by the Contractor. feeding of corrective chemicals? accidental leakage of chlorine Yes Chlorine dosing will be done with the gas? No help of chlorinators of reputed makes. Continuous training in chlorine handling will be ensured for the operating staff. Adequate measures will be taken to prevent the exposure of workers to chlorine gas. Regular monitoring will be done to ensure the implementation of EMP in an efficient manner. excessive abstraction of water Yes Water availability at the existing intake affecting downstream water No wells in River Ganga is high and users? sustainable during all seasons and hence extraction will not affect any downstream users. competing uses of water? Yes No as such impact is expected No
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Screening question Current Additional Information for Assessment Substantiating Assessment increased sewage flow due to Yes Sewage (wastewater) volume will increased water supply No definitely increase with the increase in water supply from new areas and continuous supply; but will decrease over time as users adjust. increased volume of sullage Yes BMC will put in place advance plans to (wastewater from cooking and No improve the drainage in the city to meet washing) and sludge from the increased discharge of sullage. wastewater treatment plant The scope of the present work does not involve wastewater treatment plant
B. Assessment on Categorization of Environmental Impacts Based on the above checklist, what is the PMU’s assessment on the Categorization and Planning Requirements for this subproject? (double click to check )
Category A, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Management Plan including a Budget, Public Consultation (at least twice) and Disclosure 120 days in advance of Board Consideration are required.
Category B, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Public Consultation are required
Category C, Review of Environmental Implications is required
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Annex 4 Public Consultation – Environment Subproject-: Water Supply (Bhagalpur) Issues discussed Awareness and extent of the project and development components Benefits of the project for the economic and social uplift of the community Labour availability in the project area or requirement of outside labour involvement Local disturbances due to project construction work Necessity of tree felling etc. at project sites Water logging and drainage problem if any Drinking water problem Forest and sensitive area nearby the project site Movement of wild animal if any Other problems, encountered, if any Area: WTP site and different water reservoir sites Date: 21st and 22nd December, 2010 Table 4A: Issues of the Public Consultation- Design phase
S. No. Key Issues/Demands Perception of community Action to be Taken
1 Awareness of the project including No people of nearby area are not aware of coverage area the new project as existing intake point and treatment plant is already working at Barari
2 In what way they may associate At the construction phase some people with the project can work as labourers
3 Presence of any forest, wild life or It was reported by local people that there Issue on presence of any sensitive / unique is existence of Dolphin area in River Dolphin has been environmental components nearby Ganges particularly near Vikramshila addressed in IEE Report the project area Setu. They requested for protection of Dolphin during construction
4 Presence of historical/ No any, only some temples are located in cultural/religious sites nearby nearby village
5 Unfavourable climatic condition Summer is very hot - difficult to work during summer
6 Occurrence of flood No such case is reported
7 Drainage and sewerage problem There is drainage problem during heavy facing rainfall.
8 Present drinking water problem – Sufficient quantity of water is available in quantity and quality few of the areas. At rest of the area water supply systems not exist. Presence of Arsenic is reported in Bhagalpur
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S. No. Key Issues/Demands Perception of community Action to be Taken
9 Present solid waste collection and Frequency for collection of solid waste is disposal problem not sufficient
10 Availability of labour during Yes, labours are easily available in the construction time nearby villages
11 Access road to project Site Yes. Bitumen road existing near project site
12 Perception of locals on tree felling Not required for the project. If required in Plantation of 3 trees and afforestation WTP site proper compensation is needed against each cut will be considered as per EMP
13 Dust and noise pollution and Request for arresting of dust and Protection will be disturbances during construction protection of habitation from noise considered as per project work pollution EMP
14 Setting up worker camp site within Project area is having sufficient space for the village/ project locality workers camp. Local residents will help to find out suitable location
15 Safety of residents during No habitation near the project area Health and safety issues construction phase and plying of particularly existing intake site and water will be take into vehicle for construction activities treatment plant. But near overhead consideration during storage reservoir sites habitation exist construction
16 Conflict among beneficiaries River water is sufficient for existing downstream users – water supply intake and no conflict arises project using of river water
17 Requirement of enhancement of Requirement of improvement of drainage other facilities and sewerage project at Bhagalpur town
Names and positions of People consulted: Councillors and eminent citizens, Municipal Engineer and municipal staff were consulted for identification of suitable sites for WTP and OHTs. Discussions were held with the following residents of Bhagalpur regarding suitability of selected sites for OHTs and getting their views on environmental issues related to the project. Mr. Deepak Chowdhary, Ms. Savitri Devi, Mr. Shyam Prasad, Mohammad Iqram Ansari, Mohammad Iqbal Khaleel, Mohammad Soin Ansari, Ms. Krishna Devi, Mr. Lal Bahadur Singh, Ms. Beena Devi, Ms. Neelam Maithrani, Mr. Bulu Singh, Mr. Tilak, Ms. Anita Devi, Mr. Ajit Prasad Gupta, Mr. Shekhar Kumar Gupta.
Summary of outcome: There are 2 existing intake points at Barari Ghat. In summary, the community is facing problems in terms of quality and quantity of water. The community expect improvements from this project in terms of safe drinking water services. No Environmental issue may arise here for the subproject (BWSP1). People wish to support the project and cooperate in all aspects.
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A. Sources of Materials (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of PMU and DSC; (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC/PMC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials.
B. Air Quality (i) Consult with DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; (iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; (iv) Carrying out air quality monitoring as per EMP; and (v) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly.
C. Surface Water Quality (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas; (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites not in river; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
D. Noise Levels (i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance; (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle’s approach; (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; (iv) Measurement of noise level at construction site as per EMP, and
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(v) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dBA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s.
E. Existing Infrastructure and Facilities (i) Obtain from PIU/PMC/DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services
F. Accessibility (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police/ concerned department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.
G. Landscape and Aesthetics (i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; (ii) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (iii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (iv) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (v) Request PMU/PMC/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work.
H. Socio-Economic – Income (i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints.
I. Socio-Economic – Employment
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(i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market.
J. Occupational Health and Safety (i) Develop and implement site-specific Health and Safety (H and S) Plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H and S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) Provide H and S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively.
K. Community Health and Safety (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. (ii) Liaise with PIU/PMC/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.
L. Work Camps (i) Consult with PIU/PMC/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants;
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(ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU/PMC/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work.
M. Social and Cultural Resources (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds of any historical remnants in any excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/PMC/DSC or any authorized person with field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PMU/PMC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ.
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