Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 7106 June 2011
India: Preparing the Bihar Urban Development Project—Environmental Impact Assessment for Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1)
Prepared by: GHK Consulting Limited, UKG, in association with STUP Consultants P. Ltd., IND, and Castalia Strategic Advisors, USA
For Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (BUDIP)
Appendix 2 to Subproject Appraisal Report ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1)
FINAL
July 2011
Urban Development & Housing Department GHK, UK Government of Bihar in association with
Castalia STUP Consultants Asian Development Bank (ADB) Bihar Urban Development Investment Program
DISCLAIMER
The contents of the reports are the recommendation of the consultants engaged under the project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB missions subsequent to the PPTA will conduct due diligence and may modify the scope, implementation arrangements, safeguard measures and analysis. Therefore, the subsequent ADB‟s official documents (such as the legal documents, the framework financing agreement, the report and recommendations of the president, the facility administration manual, the aide memoirs) will supersede the contents of the reports, in case there are conflicts.
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Acknowledgements
“Any city however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the poor, the other of the rich. These are at war with one another.” Plato (BC 427-BC 347) During the tenure of this assignment, help co-operation and assistance have been obtained from a large number of individuals, government departments, local bodies, para-statal agencies, social workers, representatives of NGOs and CBOs. They have provided their valuable time and suggestions to members of the PPTA team to assist in this study. It is rather difficult to thank them individually. We express our sincere thanks to all those people collectively. Their support, encouragement and insights into the social, economic, environmental and infrastructure problems of the study area and the sector as a whole have provided an essential input into the proposals in the report. More often than not, these suggestions triggered useful discussions in shaping various projects in project towns of Bhagalpur, Darbhanga, Gaya and Muzzaffarpur for infrastructure improvement. In addition to the obviously critical technical support by the Asian Development Bank, preparation of this Report was made possible through the enthusiastic support and guidance of Shri Girish Shankar, Principal Secretary (up to Febrary 2011) and Shri D K Shukla, Special Secretary of the Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar and the Mayors, Municipal Commissioners and their enthusiastic staff in the preparation of this PPTA report. At the very pragmatic level, Mr. Hiroyuki Ikemoto, the ADB Urban Development Economist, continues the challenge of supporting the consulting team and their enormous requests. Our thanks are also due to Shri Shashi Shekhar Sharma who guided the completion of this final report upon taking over as Principal Secretary from February 2011. Unknown to them, but the daily observation of all residents, their situations and their needs contributes the most to the exercise, and will be thanked by successfully contributing this project's results to their future. Consultants Team S Bhattacharyya, Project Management Specialist /Team Leader John R Block, Water Sector Specialist John R Bowers, Urban Planner Vijay Tandon, Project Economist/Project Director Krishnan Padmanabhan, Financial Management & Accounting Specialist Archana S Hinduja, Urban Planner Parthajit Patra, Water Supply Specialist Tapan Banerjee, Institutional Specialist Sandeepan Choudhury, Sewerage Specialist Ardhendu Mitra , Environment Specialist Saswati Ghosh Belliappa, Social & Community Development Specialist Naval Paswan, Economist Rajeev Singh, Statistician Suresh Gupta, Procurement Specialist Sunil Kumar Goyal, Municipal Engineer Arkaja Singh, PPP Specialist P N Bhattacharya, Municipal Engineer Sunil Choudhury, Biodiversity Specialist
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADB : Asian Development Bank
BOQ : Bill of Quantity
BPLE : Bihar Public Land Encroachment Act
BSPCB : Bihar State Pollution Control Board,
BUIDCO : Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation
BUDIP : Bihar Urban Development Investment Program
C & P : Consultation and Participation
CBO : Community-based organization
CBD : Central Business District
CFE : Consent for Establishment
CFO : Consent for Operation
CGWB : Central Ground Water Board
CITES : Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CMS : Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals
CWR : Clear Water Reservoirs
DFO : Divisional Forest Officer
DSC : Design and Supervision Consultants
EAC : Expert Appraisal Committee
EARF : Environmental Assessment Resettlement Framework
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP : Environmental Management Plan
EPA : Environmental Protection Agency
FAM : Facility Administration Memorandum
GRC : Grievance Redress Committee
GSHAP : Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
H and S : Health and Safety
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
MFF : Multitranche financing facility
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MLD : Million liters per day
MOEF : Ministry of Environment and Forests
NAAQS : National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NGO : Nongovernmental Organization
NOC : No Objection Certificate
NRRP : National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy
NRW : Non-revenue Water
O and M : Operation and Maintenance
OHSA : Occupational Health and Safety Administration
OHSR : Overhead Storage Reservoirs
OHT : Overhead Tank
OMC : Operations and Maintenance Contractors
PHED : Public Health Engineering Department
PIU : Project Implementation Unit
PMU : Project Management Unit
ROW : Right of Way
SEAC : State Environment Assessment Committee
SEIAA : State Environment Impact Assessment Authority
SPS : Safeguard Policy Statement
STP : Sewage Treatment Plant
TDS : Total Dissolved Solids
TOR : Terms of Reference
UFW : Unaccounted for Water
UIDSSMT : Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
ULB : Urban local body
USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency
VGDS : Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
WTP : Water Treatment Plant
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Report ...... 1 2.2 Study Objective ...... 2 3.3 Approach & Methodology for EIA study ...... 2 2.4 Project Location ...... 3 2.5 Organization of the Report ...... 5 Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 7 2.1 ADB’s Safeguard Policy ...... 7 2.2 National and State Environmental Policies, Guidelines, Rules and Regulations ...... 7 2.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework ...... 17 Chapter 3: Description of the Project ...... 20 3.1 Type of the Project ...... 20 3.2 Category of the Project ...... 20 3.3 Need of the Project ...... 20 3.4 Description of the Existing Water Supply System ...... 22 3.5 Location and Implementation Schedule ...... 24 3.6 Proposed Subproject Components ...... 24 Chapter 4: Description of the Environment ...... 34 4.1 Physical Resources ...... 34 4.2 Biological Resources ...... 48 4.3 Economic Development ...... 66 4.4 Social and Cultural Resources ...... 71 Chapter 5: Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures ...... 76 5.1 Cumulative impact ...... 76 5.2 Pre Construction – Design phase Impact ...... 78 5.3 Construction phase Impact ...... 86 5.4 Operation and Maintenance ...... 97 5.5 Post Implementation Impact ...... 102 Chapter 6: Analysis of Alternatives ...... 110 6.1 Alternatives- Locations, Technical and Design ...... 110 6.2 Alternative study on ‘With-Project’ and ‘No-Project’ Scenario ...... 126 Chapter 7: Information Dislosure, Consultation & Participation ...... 128 7.1 Objective of Consultation ...... 128 7.2 Methodology adopted for Public Consultations ...... 128 7.3 Consultation and Disclosure to date ...... 130 7.4 Future Consultation and Disclosure ...... 133 Chapter 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 135 Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan ...... 138 9.1 Institutional Arrangements ...... 138 9.1.1 Responsible for carrying out mitigation measures ...... 140
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9.1.2 Responsible for carrying out monitoring measures ...... 140 9.1.3 Responsible for reporting ...... 140 9.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 141 9.3 Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 141 9.4 Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan (EMMP) Costs ...... 166 9.5 Environmental Training ...... 167 Chapter 10: Recommendations and Conclusion ...... 169 Annexure 1: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ...... 171 Annexure 2: Photo Illustration ...... 177 Annexure 3: Notification of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary...... 181 Annexure 4: Fishing Survey Data at River Ganges in Bhagalpur ...... 184 Annexure 5: Hydrological Study ...... 189 Annexure 6: Public Consultation- Environment ...... 200 Annexure 7: Opinion of fishermen fishing ...... 202 Annexure 8: Stakeholder Workshop & Safeguards Disclosure Workshop ...... 203 Annexure 9: Sample Grievance Registration Form ...... 209 Annexure 10: Recommended Contract Clauses ...... 210
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.2.1-1: Relevant National and State Policies 8 Table 2.2.3 -1: Cross section Acts that has applicability in the construction project 13 Table 2.2.5 -1: Action required ensuring Comply with National and State Laws 16 Table 3.3 -1: Demand and Supply Gap Parameters (as on 2010) 21 Table 3.6.1-1: Proposed Zoning of Distribution Network 24 Tabel 3.6.1-2: Summary of Raw Water Abstraction 25 Table 3.6.5 -1: Process Parameters 27 Table 3.6.6-1: Basic Parameters of Exiting Water Treatment Plant (WTP) 29 Table 3.6.8-1: Locations of OHTs 30 Table 3.6.9-1: Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject Components 30 Table 4.1.4 -1: Five years Rainfall Data of Bhagalpur 41 Table 4.1.6-1: Ambient noise level at project locations of Bhagalpur 42 Table 4.1.7-1 Discharge in River Ganges (Cumec) 43 Table 4.1.7-2: Water quality of River Ganges (Station Hathidah) 44 Table 4.1.7-3: Physico-chemical Analysis of Ganga River Water at Bhagalpur 45 Table 4.3.4-1: Output Coordination Matrix for Physical Investment – Ongoing 70 Table 4.3.4-2: Funding Coordination Matrix for Physical Investment – Ongoing 70 Table 4.4.1.1-1: Bhagalpur District – Demographic and Social Profile 71 Table 4.4.1.2-1: Demographic Profile of Bhagalpur Town 72
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Table 4.4.1.2-2 Worker Profile: Bhagalpur 72 Table 4.4.1.2-3: Bhagalpur - Distribution of Sample HHs by Consumption Quintiles 73 Table 4.4.1.2-4: Bhagalpur Town - Socio-economic Profile of Sample HHs 73 Table 5.3.1-1: Fields in which construction is not expected to have significant impacts 87 Table 5.4.1-1: Fields in which O&M of the Completed Water Supply System is not expected to have Significant Impacts 98 Table 5.4.2-1: Generation & Management of sludge from different units of WTP 98 Table 5.5.2-1: Generation of Wastewater 102 Table 6.1.1.1-1: Study on water intake sites at Sultanganj and Bhagalpur 111 Table 6.1.1.2-1 Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure 112 Table 6.1.1.3-1: Intake structure design and alternatives 114 Table 6.1.1.4-1: Construction technology of intake structure 115 Table 6.1.2.1-1: Comparative Study for Selection of WTP Site Location 118 Table 6.1.2.2-1: Comparison between different Water Treatment Technologies 119 Table 6.1.3-1: Alternatives of raw water transmission main alignment 120 Table 6.1.4-1: Alternatives of pipe material 121 Table 6.1.5-1: Proposed and alternative locations for Overhead Water Tanks 122 Table 6.1.5-2: Alternative study on OHT shape 126 Table 6.2-1: Alternative for ―With Project‖ and ―No-project‖ Scenario for Bhagalpur WS 126 Table 7.3.2-1: Details of Institutional Level Public Consultations 131 Table 9.2-1: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures 142 Table 9.2-2: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures 144 Table 9.2-3: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures 151 Table 9.3-1: Pre-construction Environmental Monitoring Program 154 Table 9.3-2: Construction Environmental Monitoring Program 156 Table 9.3-3: Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Program 161 Table 9.3-4: Biodiversity and related project components monitoring 163 Table 9.4-1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Costs (INR) 166 Table 9.4-2 : Biodiversity Monitoring Cost- External Monitoring Expert/ Agency 166 Table 9.5-1: Training Module 168
LISTOF FIGURES Figure 1.4-1 Location of the State of Bihar and Bhagalpur District 4 Figure 1.4-2: District Map of Bhagalpur 4 Figure 1.4-3: Ward Map of Bhagalpur Town and the Municipal area 5 Figure 3.6.1-1: Proposed zoning of Distribution Network 25 Figure 3.6.2-1: Proposed location of Intake Well 26 Figure 3.6.5-1: Proposed location of Water Treatment Plant Site-II 28
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Figure 3.6.5-2: Schematic Diagram of Proposed Water Treatment Plant 29 Figure 3.6.8-1: Proposed location of Intake, WTP and Overhead Tank in Town Map 33 Figure 4.1.2 -1: Relief and slope map of Bhagalpur 35 Figure 4.1.2 -2: Drainage map of Bhagalpur 35 Figure 4.1.2-3: Seismic Zonation Map of India 36 Figure 4.1.2-4: Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP)-Semi Map of Bihar 37 Figure 4.1.2-5: Earthquake Fault Zonation of Bihar shows Bhagalpur 37 Figure 4.1.2 -6: Wind Hazard Map of Bihar shows Bhagalpur 38 Figure 4.1.2-7: Flood Hazard Map of Bihar shows Bhagalpur 38 Figure 4.1.3-1: Major Rock Types and Minerals in Bhagalpur District 39 Figure 4.1.3 -2: Major soil type in Bhagalpur district 40 Figure 4.1.4 -1: Temparature Variation Curve of Bhagalpur 40 Figure 4.1.4-2: Climatic condition of Bhagalpur District 41 Figure 4.1.8-1: Hydro-geological map of Bhagalpur, Bihar 47 Figure 4.1.8-2: Arsenic affected area of Bhagalpur, Bihar 48 Figure 4.2.2.2.2-1: Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary 56 Figure 4.3.1: Land Use Map of Bhagalpur Town 67 Table 4.3.4-3: Construction of Dwelling units under IHSDP 70 Figure 5.2.5.1 Proposed Intake Location 79 Figure 5.5.4-1 Existing wastewater management system of Bhagalpur 104 Figure 6.1.1.1: Location of water source at Bhagalpur 110 Figure 6.1.1.2.1: Option-1-Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure 113 Figure 6.1.1.2.1: Option-2-Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure 113 Figure 6.1.1.5: Demonstration of Travelling Screen 117 Figure 6.1.2.1: Proposed alternative location of Water Treatment Plant 117 Figure 6.1.3: Alternative alignment routes for raw water transmission 120 Figure 8-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism Process 136 Figure 9-1: Institutional Responsibility for Implementation of Environmental Safeguard under BUDIP 139
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Executive Summary
1. Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (the investment program) is intended to optimize social and economic development in 4 towns of Bihar (Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Gaya) having significant development potential. The investment program will be implemented over a seven year period beginning in 2011, and funded by a Multitranche Financing Facility (MFF) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Under the MFF It is proposed to undertake water supply and sewerage components in the 4 selected towns for implementation in 3 tranches. In the first tranche (Project-1), improvement of water supply in Bhagalpur town is proposed. The Executing Agency for the investment program is the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of the state Government of Bihar, while the Implementing Agency is the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCO). ADB requires delivery of environmental safeguards throughout the project cycle and policy principles and requirements for environmental assessment are described in ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 (SPS). 2. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was conducted for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject as part of the investment program project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA). During the preparation of the IEE report it was noted that one of the project components (water intake structure) is proposed in the river Ganges within the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. The sanctuary (protected area) is a 50 kilometer (km) stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991 it is the only protected area for the endangered gangetic dolphins in Asia. The gangetic dolphin, platanista gangetica is included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species(CMS), it is categorized as endangered in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature‘s (IUCN) Red List. To ensure the protection of this endangered specie it is necessary to study the conservation management plan for the protected area and develop mitigation measures/protection strategy against specific impacts during construction and operation of the water supply system particularly for source development. 3. Considering the critical project component location and existence of an endangered specie, the subproject is categorized as A consistent with the SPS. Accordingly an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is prepared for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject as part of the investment program‘s PPTA for Project-1. The Government of India‘s EIA Notification does not require an environmental clearance for the execution of the water supply project, however clearance (No Objection Certificate) from the State Wildlife Board and Ministry of Environment Forest‘s National Wildlife Board is required for the activity within the wildlife sanctuary in accordance with the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. 4. Project-1 includes, (i) provision of a new distribution network (177 km), clear water reservoirs (CWR) with pumping stations, 18 overhead tanks (OHT), (ii) construction of water treatment plant (WTP) of 93.2 million liters per day MLD, (iv) construction of intake well (126 MLD) within river Ganges, raw water pumping mains (2.9 km) and (iii) renovation of existing water treatment plant and intake structure. 5. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared which includes (i) mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation, (ii) environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation, monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; and grievance redress mechanism. 6. The Project is needed because the present water supply system is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. The supply rate is low at 38 liters per capita per day (lpcd) which is below the required 135 lpcd to support an effective sewerage system. The unaccounted for water (UFW) is about 40% against 15% recommended by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) of Government of India. The storage, treatment and distribution network is insufficient to meet even present requirements. Improvement in the water supply system has been identified as a major priority for Bhagalpur town.
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7. Detailed design will begin by end of 2011 and is expected to be completed in mid 2012. Implementation will be started from 2012 and will be completed by mid 2015. A total of 36 months construction period is being considered. 8. The project sites are located in the built-up area of Bhagalpur town. The subproject sites, being located in the town area, are generally flat. The project sites are not located in areas prone to water-logging, salinazation, and flash floods. The proposed project area falls under Zone-IV of the Seismic Zonation Map of India. There is one protected area Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary located at river Ganges from where water will be drawn through an intake structure to be constructed. Other aquatic animal like the otters and different fishes are present at the intake location. Presence of different species of riparian vegetation, phyto- and zoo- planktons are present in aquatic environment. There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuarines within the project sites. Trees, vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses), and terrestrial animals are those commonly found in urban areas. The project sites are not located in agricultural lands. The project sites are not located in or near any historically-, culturally-, archaeologically- or architecturally-significant or tourist area. 9. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to design, construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. A number of impacts and their significance have already been reduced by amending the designs and through selection of alternative design. 10. Specific impact and mitigation is documented for critical aquatic species like the gangeric dolphin. In most of the cases level of impact is minimized through selection of best technical option. But in some cases particularly during construction of the intake structure temporary impacts are unavoidable for short periods during construction. It has been observed that in such instances, acquatic species such as dolphin easily migrate temporarily. Quantification of impact due to minor change of water level or discharge pattern for intake of water for river Ganges and change in dolphin behavioral pattern will be mentioned as part of the Project. Hydrological model study has been conducted to establish sufficient source availability for the project. 11. Alternative anylyses study has been done considering location, design and technology of the project components for selection of best options. 12. Special measures are also developed to protect workers and the public from exposure to carcinogenic asbestos fibers in the event that asbestos cement pipes used in the existing water supply system are uncovered accidentally during excavation work. This has been addressed in the EMP. 13. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches; and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic and important buildings during construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 14. As part of a technical assistance and as part of the Project conservation measurs will be undertaken. Further, it is proposed that the project will employ in the workforce people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain; and ensure that people employed in the longer term to maintain and operate the new facilities are residents of nearby communities. 15. Once the system is operating, most facilities (CWR, OHTs. WTP and pump house) will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Maintenance of the intake pump and intensive monitoring will be required to understand impacts on aquatic biodiversity. Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent and affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to protect archaeological material. 16. The main impacts of the improved water supply system will be benefits for citizens of Bhagalpur. They will be provided with a constant supply of water thus improve the quality of life of people as well as benefit individual and public health through improvements in hygiene. This will
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reduce the incidence of disease associated with poor sanitation. This will also lead to economic gains as people will be away from work less and indirectly xincreasing their income. 17. Mitigation of adverse environmental impacts will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring and management conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures in the EMP are implemented and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. The EMP includes biodiversity monitoring. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported to the project management unit (PMU). There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population. 18. The stakeholders were involved in developing the EIA through face-to-face discussions on site and a meeting held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the EIA and the planning and development of the project. The EIA will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation 19. Therefore the Project is unlikely to cause major significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. Though there is a sensitive area- the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary located in River Ganges from where water will be sourced considering the small intake structure and withdrawl of only 156 MLD water in comparison to the river water flow the impact is considered moderate.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Purpose of the Report
1. The Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (the investment program) is expected to improve the urban environment and living conditions in targeted urban areas. It will (i) improve and expand urban infrastructure and services in urban areas including slums, and (ii) strengthen urban institutional, management, and the financing capacity of the institutions, including the urban local bodies. The the investment program will be in four urban areas namely Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Gaya. The improvement in urban infrastructure will include rehabilitation, improvement, and expansion of: (i) water supplies; and (ii) sewerage and sanitation.
2. The the investment program is proposed to be implemented over a seven year period beginning in 2011, and will be funded through a multitranche financing facility (MFF) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB‘s Country Operations Business Plan (COBP) for India 2011- 2013 confirmed an MFF of $200 million for the Bihar Urban Development Investment Program for 2011 processing, and allocates $80 million loan in Tranche 1 out of the MFF in 2011. The executing agency for the investment program is the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of the state Government of Bihar; and the implementing agency will be the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo). The executing agency will operate the projects through a Project Management Unit (PMU), while the implementing agency will operate the projects through a project implementation Unit (PIU).
3. For Project-1 under Tranche 1 Bhagalpur Water Supply is being considered for financing. Preliminary design has been developed for the Bhagalpur water supply subproject, and on the basis of preliminary design, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report was prepared.
4. It is mandatory that the projects considered for implementation under the investment program complies with all relevant environmental requirements of the Government of India, the State Government of Bihar, and ADB‘s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. The government‘s Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirement for environmental assessment in India. This states that Environmental Clearance is required for specified activities/projects, and that this must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land acquisition) may commence. The water supply project in Bhagalpur does not fall under the ambit of the EIA Notification, and therefore environmental clearance is not required.
5. During the preparation of thev IEE it was noted that one of the project component (water intake structure) is proposed in the river Ganges within the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. The sanctuary (protected area) is a 50 kilometer (km) stretch of the Ganges from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991 it is the only protected area for the endangered gangetic dolphins in Asia. Considering the critical project area location and existence of endangered species, the Project-1 is categorized as the A1 in accordance with ADB‘s new SPS- 2009.
6. While no environmental clearance is required for Project-1, clearance (No Objection Certificate) from the State Wildlife Board and Ministry of Environment Forest‘s (MoEF) National Wildlife Board is required for the activity within the wildlife sanctuary based on the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972..
1 Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impacts assessment is required.
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7. From the records it is noted that within the Sanctuary Zone a highway bridge over the river (Vikramshila Bridge) at Bhagalpur was constructed from 1990 and inaugurated on 2001. Then neither was the project site a Sanctuary nor the EIA Notification issues. Therefore there was no requirement for environmental clearance. Within the Sanctuary (downstream of Project-1 location) Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power. Environmental clearance was granted by MoEF for the revised stage II phase I of the Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Plant in 2001, based on the original EIA. Another EIA was then prepared for stage II phase II (1 x 500 MW units) in 2003, for which environmental clearance was granted on 20 May 2004.
8. This EIA report is prepared for the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project for Project-1 funded under Tranche 1.The project components are, (i) provision of a new distribution network, clear water reservoirs (CWR) with pumping stations, overhead storage tank (OHT), (ii) construction of water treatment plant (WTP) including intake well, pumping mains and (iii) renovation of existing WTP and intake structure.
2.2 Study Objective
9. The Project objectives in undertaking an EIA study are,
(i) To predict environmental consequences - positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed design for the water supply project at Bhagalpur; (ii) This study will be used as a planning tool by integrating objectives of sustainable development with economic growth and social development to facilitate decision- making; and (iii) Assessment of all statutory requirements for the project such as applicable rules and regulations, clearances required etc. 10. The main aim of the EIA is the early determination of the potential magnitude of environmental impacts due to proposed works and development of mitigation measures. 11. This EIA covers the general environmental profile of Bhagalpur and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts and their magnitude on physical, ecological, economic, and social and cultural resources within the project‘s influence area during design, construction, and operation stages. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is part of this report which includes mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation of the Project, an environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation and monitoring.
3.3 Approach & Methodology for EIA study
12. The environmental assessment study followed a number of steps. The main steps are: (i) Review of any previous studies; (ii) Harmonization of environmental safeguard requirements of the Government and ADB; (iii) Scoping, baseline environmental quality monitoring survey and development of the Terms of Reference for an EIA study; (iv) Screening of impacts and prioritization; (v) Analysis of alternatives to minimize project impacts; (vi) Exploration of opportunities for environmental enhancement; (vii) Expert consultations with the scientific and professional community; (viii) Public Consultation with affected people, local government bodies, government representatives, nongovernment organizations and business communities to introduce project components and anticipated impacts;
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(ix) Focus group discussions in the project area; (x) Prediction of impacts and preparation of mitigation measures through field investigation, and data analysis; (xi) Integration of environment in engineer‘s planning and addressing social concerns; (xii) Preparation of draft and updated EIA reports, environmental management and monitoring plans; (xiii) Presenting draft EIA report in stakeholder and public consultation meetings for public disclosure; (xiv) Review of draft and updated EIA reports, and EMP; (xv) Submit final EIA report and environmental management and monitoring plans incorporating comments to ADB and the executing agency for approval, and (xvi) Implement EMMP during construction and operation and maintenance stages. 13. EIA report was prepared on the basis of detailed screening and analysis of all environmental parameters, field investigations and stakeholder consultations to meet the requirements for environmental assessment process and documentation of ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and Government of India‘s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification of 2006.
2.4 Project Location
14. The subproject-1 is located in Bhagalpur town of Bhagalpur District, in the south east part of Bihar in Eastern India. The proposed infrastructures will be located in and around the town. The location of the state of Bihar and Bhagalpur district, a district map of Bhagalpur and municipal area of Bhagalpur town are shown in Figure 1.4-1 to 1.4-3 respectively. The salient features of Bhagalpur town are:
(i) The Bhagalpur town is geographically located at 25015‘0‖N, 8700‘0‖E; (ii) It is the administrative headquarters of Bhagalpur district and a Class-1 town; (iii) The town is situated at the southern bank of the river Ganges; (iv) It is one of the ancient and largest towns of Bihar; (v) It is situated at a distance of about 225 km from state capital city Patna. It is connected to different cities and towns of Bihar by broad gauge railway lines and roadways; and (vi) The project area considered in this report is the area covered under the present boundary of the Bhagalpur Municipality which is 30.18 square kilometre.
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Figure 1.4-1 Location of the State of Bihar and Bhagalpur District
Figure 1.4-2: District Map of Bhagalpur
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Figure 1.4-3: Ward Map of Bhagalpur Town and the Municipal area
2.5 Organization of the Report
15. In line with ADB‘s SPS- 2009 the EIA report has 10 chapters. The summary of contents of the chapters is as follows,
(i) Executive Summary - This section describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions. (ii) Chapter 1: Introduction - This section describes the purpose of the report, study objectives, approach and methodology and project location (iii) Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework - This section discusses the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party and requirement of no objection certificate, consent/ permission from concerned departments and / or organizations etc. (iv) Chapter 3: Description of the Project - This section describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by and for the project. This section includes drawings and maps showing the project‘s layout and components, the project site, and the project's area of influence. (v) Chapter 4: Description of the Environment -This section describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions within the study area. It also looks at current and proposed development activities within the project's area of influence, including those not directly connected to the project. It indicates the reliability, and sources of the data. (vi) Chapter 5: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health and safety, community health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and
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impacts on livelihoods through environmental media) and physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative terms to the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions and specifies topics that do not require further attention; and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative impacts as appropriate. (vii) Chapter 6: Analysis of Alternatives - This section examines alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation—including the no project alternative—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. It also states the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and, justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. (viii) Chapter 7: Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation - This section describes process of identification and engaging of stakeholder, information disclosure; followed by consultation with affected person and stakeholder. This section summarize the comments and concerns of affected persons particularly sensitive receptors like vulnerable groups, women, poor and indigenous peoples and method of mitigation. This section also describes type, time and method of information disclosure and the strategy for carrying out consultation and disclosure process during project implementation. (ix) Chapter 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism - This section describes the grievance redress framework and setting out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance. (x) Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan – This section deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken for each environmental impact during project designing, construction and operation. It includes multiple management plans and actions. The steps involved identification of anticipated impacts, description of each mitigation measure with technical details, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required. Linkage with other mitigation plans like involuntary resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, or emergency response as required for the project to be drawn. This section also includes monitoring and reporting procedure. That covers parameters to be monitored, frequency of measurement, monitoring methodology and presentation of detection and threshold limit etc. This section describe implementation arrangement, which specifies the implementation schedule showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation, requirement of institutional or organizational arrangements particularly responsibility for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures, requirement of strengthening of institutional capacity through organization of training program. Capital and recurring cost for environmental management and source of the fund also describe in this section. Finally selection of performance indicators, targets, or acceptance criteria as a project outcome describe in this section. (xi) Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendation- This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides recommendations.
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Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
2.1 ADB‟s Safeguard Policy
16. ADB requires consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of ADB‘s operations. Its requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in ADB SPS 2009. The ADB SPS 2009 stipulates that environmental assessment is required required by ADB for all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.
17. Screening and Categorization. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts. It is related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and assigned to one of the following categories:
(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA is required to address significant impacts. (ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. (iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. (iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless these result in insignificant impacts.
18. Environmental Management Plan (EMP). An EMP shall be prepared addressing the potential impacts and risks identified through the environmental assessment. The level of details, complexity priority of the identified measures and actions in the EMP will commensurate with the project‘s impacts and risks.
19. Public Disclosure. The EIA report shall be put in places accessible to the public like local government offices, libraries, community centres, etc. so that the affected people, other stakeholders, and the general public can provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation. In addition, ADB will post the following safeguard documents on its website for public attention:
(i) Draft EIA report at least 120 days before Board consideration; (ii) Final or updated EIA upon receipt of Board approval; and (iii) Environmental Monitoring Reports submitted by Project Implementation Unit during project implementation.
2.2 National and State Environmental Policies, Guidelines, Rules and Regulations
2.2.1 National & State Policies 20. In addition to a state Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, there are five national environmental management policies and one resettlement and rehabilitation policy applicable to the Project-1. The details of these policies are indicated in Table 2.2.1-1.
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Table 2.2.1-1: Relevant National and State Policies
Applicable GoI Year Objectives Applicability Policies National Environmental 2006 Conservation and efficient use of natural Direct Policy resources and sustainable development National Water Policy 2002 Conservation and management of water Indirect resources adopting participatory approach Policy Statement on 1992 Integrating environmental considerations Direct Abatement of Pollution into decision making at all levels, stressing on prevention and technology promotions for pollution abatement, adopting polluters pay principle and formulating pollution standards National Conservation 1992 Sustainable development. Integrating Indirect Strategy and Policy environmental concerns with development Statement on imperatives emphasizing the linkage Environment and between poverty, population growth and Development environment. Making EIA mandatory for all development projects as per EIA notification National Forest Policy 1988 Ensuring ecological balance through Direct conservation of biological diversity, soil and water management, increasing tree cover, increasing productivity and efficient use of forest produces and people involvement National Rehabilitation 2007 To minimize displacement and to identify In case of involuntary and Resettlement non-displacing or least-displacing displacement due to the Policy alternatives; project activities and To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation direct adverse impact of Project Affected Families, (PAFs) this policy is applicable including special needs of Tribals and and process to be vulnerable sections; adopted accordingly. To provide better standard of living to PAFs; and To facilitate harmonious relationship between the Requiring Body and PAFs through mutual cooperation. Bihar Land Acquisition, 2007 To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation The Policy addresses the Resettlement and of Project Affected Families, (PAFs) issues of fair Rehabilitation Policy compensation and assistance/facilities to be provided to affected families EIA- Environmental Impact Assessment, PAF- Project Affected Families
2.2.2 Applicable Rules, Regulations, and Standards 21. The Project-1 activities shall be consistent with all environmental rules, regulations, and standards of the Government of India and the State of Bihar that are relevant in the context of the implementing the project. It is the responsibility of the project executing and implementing agencies to ensure the activities are consistent with the legal framework, whether national, state or municipal/local. In addition, the projects activities shall be consistent with ADB‘s SPS.
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22. Applicable National Rules, Regulations, and Standards. The following paragraphs highlight salient features of national rules, regulations, and standards which apply to the design and implementation of the Project.
(a) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991, Environmental Protection Rules 1986, and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006 23. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment. In terms of responsibilities, the Act and the associated Rules requires environmental clearances to be sought for specific types of new/expansion projects (addressed under Environmental Impact Assessment Notification) and for submission of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board annually.
24. Based on Section 3 of the EIA Notification S.O. 1533 dated 14 September 2006 of the Government of India which replaces the EIA Notification of 1994, environmental clearances are required for certain defined projects/activities. The Notification classifies projects/activities that require environmental clearance (EC) into A and B categories depending on the impact potential/scale of the project. For both A and B category projects, prior environmental clearance is mandatory before any construction work, or preparation of land (except for acquiring/securing the land), is started. Clearance provisions are as follows:
(i) Category A projects require prior environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of India2; and (ii) Category B projects require prior environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)3. 25. This Notification provides that, any project or activity specified in Category B will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas and inter-state and international boundaries4. Also, in the case where a SEIAA does not exist, Category B project will be reviewed by the MoEF and may reclassified as Category A.
26. In the EIA Notification, there is no provision on environmental clearance for water supply projects. Therefore Bhagalpur water supply subprojects do not require Environmental Clearance as per EIA Notification.
(b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987 and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 (c) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988 and The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 27. The Air and Water Acts provide for the prevention and control of air and water pollution respectively. These Acts empower the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) to collect effluent and emission samples, enter industrial/production units for inspection, prohibit use of any water bodies for waste disposal and creation of new discharge outlets, provide consent to set up and operate
2 For Category A projects, based on the preliminary details provided by the project proponent based on the Notification, the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of MoEF, will determine comprehensive terms of reference (TOR) for EIA studies. This TOR will be finalized within 60 days. On the recommendation of the EAC based on EIA studies, MoEF provides the EC. 3 The B category projects will be further divided by State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) into B1 – that require EIA studies and B2 – that do not require EIA studies. The SEAC will determine TOR for EIA studies for B1 projects within 60 days. On the recommendation of the SEAC based on EIA studies, SEIAA provides the EC. 4 (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) critically polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) notified eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-state boundaries and international boundaries.
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certain facilities likely to create air and water pollution, and give directions and prosecute offenders.
28. As per water and air Act for all construction work contractors/ project proponent will need to obtain Consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) for plants (e.g. concrete batching, stone crushing, hot mix and other machinery such as diesel generators) that may be required for the purpose of construction.
29. For construction of Water Treatment Plant (WTP) at Bhagalpur CFE and CFO are mandatory. CFE and CFO will be issued by Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB). The CFE and CFO are issued upon project review and site visits. SPCB issues the CFE before the start of construction and the CFO is issued after completion of construction and satisfaction of CFE conditions, if any. The CFO is renewed every year based on the operational performance of the facility.
(d) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 30. The Rules state that the State Government of Bihar shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under the Rules. All development authorities, local bodies, and other concerned authorities while planning developmental activity or carrying out functions relating to town and country planning shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to avoid noise menace and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. Based on the Rules, an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may be declared as silence areas/zones.
31. Since the proposed sub-project at Bhagalpur involves construction of Water Treatment Plant and laying water supply pipeline. In case of locations of pipeline selected are at sensitive and silence zone provisional restrictions need to be followed and mitigation measures will be applied according to Environmental Management Plan.
(e) Environmental Standards of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 32. During the construction and operation of subprojects, effluent and air emissions and noise levels must conform to CPCB Environmental Standards (Referred in Annexure 1).
(f) The Indian Forest Act, 1927; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988; Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 and 2003; and Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 33. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 empowers the State Government to declare ―any forest land or waste-land, which is the property of the Government or over which the Government has proprietary rights or to the whole or any part of the forest-product of which the Government is entitled‖, a reserved forest or protected forest. The State Government may assign to any village- community the rights of Government over a reserved forest, and these areas are called village- forests. The Act also allows Government control over forest and lands not being the property of Government.
34. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 applies to diversion of forest areas and felling of roadside plantations. Depending on the size of the tract to be cleared, clearances are applied for at the following levels of Government:
(i) Forest land involving up to 5 hectares (ha) will cleared by the Regional Office of MoEF. (ii) Forest land involving more than 5 ha and up to 20 ha will be cleared by the Regional Office after referring the case to MoEF.
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(iii) Conversion of forest land (a) having density above 0.4 irrespective of the area involved, and, (b) of more than 20 ha in the plains and 10 ha in the hilly region, irrespective of density, will be cleared by MoEF.
35. The Act requires:
(i) Compensatory afforestation is compulsory for conversion. (ii) Afforestation will be done over an equivalent area of non-forest land. (iii) As far as possible, the non-forest land for compensatory afforestation should be identified contiguous to or in the proximity of Reserved Forest or Protected Forest. If non-forest lands are not available in the same district other non-forest land may be identified elsewhere in the State. (iv) Where non-forest lands are not available, compensatory afforestation may be carried out over degraded forest twice in extent to the area being diverted.
36. The forest land conversion will follow the ―Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purpose‖ under the Act. Restrictions and clearance procedure proposed in the Act applies wholly to the natural forest areas, even in case the protected/designated forest area does not have any vegetation cover.
37. There is no forest land involved in case of proposed water supply sub-project at Bhagalpur. For laying of raw and clear water mains, construction of water treatment plant felling of few trees will be required. For felling of trees permission will be required from line agency/ Urban Local Body and State Forest Department. As per the provision of forest act compensation i.e. plantation of 3 trees for each tree fell will be followed. During the selection of alignment routes (in time of preparation of detail design) the network designer will screen the subproject areas to find the best alternatives to minimize impacts on trees.
(g) Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972, Amendment Act, 1993 and 2002 and Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995 38. The Act aims to control poaching and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. This has been amended with punishment and penalty for offences under the Act made more stringent.
39. The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants; and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir which has its own wildlife act. It has six schedules which give varying degrees of protection. Schedule I and part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties. Species listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are lower. Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted. The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting. Enforcement authorities have the power to compound offences under this Schedule.
40. In case of subprojects within a Wildlife Sanctuary or National Park, clearance is required following the Wildlife Protection Act. The State or National Wildlife Board under MoEF is the authority which will grant a ―No Objection Certificate‖ (NOC) for any construction within a sensitive area.
41. In Bhagalpur water supply subproject one of the sub-project components Intake structure is proposed to be located within the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS), hence clearance from National Wildlife Board of MoEF is required prior to subproject implementation.
42. The flow chart of wildlife clearance process is shown below.
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Source in Text Form: Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest Order No. J-11013/41/2006- IA.II(I)
(h) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules, 1959 43. The Rules designate areas within a radius of 100m and 300m from the ―protected property‖ as ―protected area‖ and ―controlled area‖ respectively. No development activity (including mining operations and construction) is permitted in the ―protected area‖ and all development activities likely to damage the protected property are not permitted in the ―controlled area‖ without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Protected property includes the site, remains, and monuments protected by ASI or the State Department of Archaeology.
44. Subproject activities within Archaeologically Protected Areas will be avoided. If activities are to be done in the controlled area of protected properties, then the executing and implementing agencies and the line department will take the necessary NOC from ASI.
45. Within the Bhagalpur town there is no archeologically protected area, hence there is no requirement for NOC from ASI. But in case of chance finds, the protocol should be followed as per mitigation measures addressed in Environmental Management Plan.
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(i) Land Acquisition Act of 1894 (amended in 1985) 46. Private land acquisition is guided by the provisions and procedures in the Act. The District Collector or any other officer designated will function as the Land Acquisition Officer on behalf of the Government. There is a provision for consent award to reduce the time for processing if the land owners are willing to agree on the price fixed by the Land Acquisition Officer. The option of acquiring lands through private negotiations is also available.
47. Land acquisition should comply with all national and state laws and regulations including the Act. It will also comply with ADB‘s SPS and for that reason; a Resettlement Framework has been developed for the Project.
48. For Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject, no permanent land acquisition is required and involuntary resettlement impacts are temporary and minimal. A resettlement plan has been prepared to address these temporary impacts.
(j) The Bihar Forest (Amended) Act, 1990 and Bihar Public Land Encroachment Act, 1956 (BPLE) 49. The Bihar Forest (Amended) Act, 1990 provides that encroachment of forest land is a cognizable and non-bailable offence. If any Forest Officer, not below the rank of the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), has reasons to believe that forest land has been encroached, the Officer can evict the encroachers and can use all power conferred on a Magistrate under the Bihar Public Land Encroachment Act, 1956. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 provides realization of royalty and compensation for damages of forest produce and forest land from the encroachers.
50. There is no anticipated encroachment of forest land in Bhagalpur.
51. Land acquisition should comply with all national and state laws and regulations including the Policy. It will also comply with ADB‘s SPS and for that reason; a Resettlement Framework has been developed for the Project. For Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject, no permanent land acquisition is required and involuntary resettlement impacts are temporary and minimal. A resettlement plan has been prepared to address these temporary impacts.
2.2.3 Cross section Laws and Acts 52. There are a number of laws that are cutting across all sectors and development process of the country. Some of these are directly relevant especially during the construction stage are listed in Table 2.2.3-1.
Table 2.2.3 -1: Cross section Acts that has applicability in the construction project Applicable GoI Acts Year Objective Applicability Grossly misused Act 1948, most important as far as the poverty ridden local people are concerned. Minimum Wages Act 1948 For role of Social welfare department and labour Direct department, a more effective mechanism needs to be developed. Grossly misused Act, effective mechanism need to Child Labour (prohibition and 1986 be established to abolish this from the system Direct regulation) Act 1986 permanently. The health and safety of workers employed in Labour Act 1988 Direct construction work etc One of the most important Acts, which will The Right to Information Act 2005 strengthen the right to freedom of speech and Direct (Very important Umbrella Act) expression Act.
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53. After several years of negligence, Government of India now decided to strictly apply the Child Labour Act to all sectors, which are exploiting the children‘s at their younger age for personal, economic and other benefits. According to this law children‘s are for primary education till the age of 14 and then up to the age 18 years, children if employed should not be engaged in the Hazardous working conditions.
54. The Right to Information Act, 2005, is an umbrella act that covers the entire constitutional laws and policies and procedures pertaining to the country and its governance.
2.2.4 Applicable International Environmental Agreements 55. In addition to national and state rules and regulations, international conventions such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and Millennium Development Goals are applicable for selection and screening of subprojects under restricted/sensitive areas. India is a party to these conventions.
(a) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 56. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1963, is a comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. The IUCN is an authority on the conservation status of species. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit. The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction.
(b) Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) 57. CMS was adopted in 1979 and entered into force on 1 November 1983. CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, recognizes that states must be the protectors of migratory species that live within or pass through their national jurisdictions, and aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their ranges. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these species, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international cooperation are listed in Appendix II, and CMS encourages the Range States to conclude global or regional agreements.
(c) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 58. CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES were first formed, in the 1960s. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant and animal specimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array of wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods, wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines. Levels of exploitation of some animal and plant species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat loss, is capable of heavily depleting their populations and even bringing some species close to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are not endangered, but the existence of an agreement to ensure the sustainability of the trade is important in order to safeguard these resources for the future. Because the trade in wild animals and plants crosses borders between countries, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation.
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(d) Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance 1971 59. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands The Ramsar Convention is the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem.
(e) Millennium Development Goals 60. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted in the General Assembly of the United Nations in the year 2000 by all the countries of the world and the world's leading development institutions. The target date for achieving the MGDs by all the countries has been fixed as 2015. The MGDs are as follows:
(i) Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty (ii) Achieve universal primary education (iii) Promote gender equality and empower women (iv) Reduce child mortality (v) Improve maternal health (vi) Combat HIV / AIDS malaria and other diseases (vii) Ensure environmental sustainability (viii) Develop a global partnership for development
61. Tranche 1’s Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject sources water from the River Ganges. The location is within the designated Vikramshila Gangetic River Dolphin Sanctuary. The Ganges Dolphin, platanista gangetica gangetica is included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species(CMS) and categorized as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List. Protection is required and it is necessary to study the conservation management plan for the protected area of the endangered species and develop mitigation measures/protection strategy against the specific impact during construction and operation of the water supply system particularly for source development.
62. According to the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance, there are 25 designated wetlands in India which are required to be protected. Activities undertaken in the proximity of these wetlands should follow the guidelines of the convention. There are no Ramsar designated wetlands nearby the Bhagalpur. Hence restriction of project activity within Ramsar site is not applicable.
63. Though the MGDs do not directly apply to the project, the mitigation measures while preparing the Environmental Management Plan and will make the project sustainable and can help achieve some of the goals in the regional context.
2.2.5 Compliance Requirement 64. A summary of Government and State environmental compliance requirements applicable to the Project is presented in Table 2.2.5-1.
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Table 2.2.5 -1: Action required ensuring Comply with National and State Laws Component Applicable Legislation Compliance Action Required Responsibility 1. Road side tree Forest (Conservation) No Objection Identify non-forest land and Project cutting during Act 1980 Certificate formulate an afforestation Implementation pipe laying program or clearance from Unit State Forest Department/ ULB as per standard procedure. 2. Project Wildlife (protection) Act Approval from Clearance from National Consultant/ components like 1972 MoEF, Government Wildlife Board of MoEF as Project Intake structure of India per standard procedure. Executing at Wildlife Agency Conservation area 3. Construction of Water (Prevention and NOC, CFE and Based on project review Project Water Treatment Control of Pollution) Act CFO from BSPCB and site inspection BSPCB Implementation Plant (WTP) 1974 provides CFE before Unit/ Contractor construction, and stipulate the disposal/ discharge standards to be met during operation. After completion of construction, CFO is issued confirming compliance with the CFE conditions, if any. Renewal of CFO Based on the performance Urban Local during operation of of the WTP and its Body/ O & M STP and WTP compliance with the Contractor disposal/ discharge standards. CFO is renewed every year. 4. Mobile diesel Water (Prevention and CFE and CFO from CFO renewal every year Project generators, hot Control of Pollution) Act BSPCB based on performance. Implementation mix plant and 1974, Air (Prevention Unit/ Contractor stone crusher and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Noise Rules of 2000 5. Storage of fuel Manufacture storage and Permission for NOC from BSPCB before Contractor oil, lubricants, Import of Hazardous storage of starting of the work or as diesel etc. at Chemical Rules 1989 hazardous chemical per requirement construction from State Pollution camp Control Board 6. Extraction of Ground Water Rules of NOC from State Permission for extraction of Contractor ground water 2002 Ground Water ground water for use in Board construction activities 7. Engagement Labour Act 1988 Issue of No Labour license from Labour Contractor of labour objection from Commissioner Government Labour Dept. BSPCB-Bihar State Pollution Control Board, CFE-Consent for Establishment, CFO-Consent for Operation, MoEF-Ministry of Environment and Forest, ULB- Urban Local Body, WTP-Water Treatment Plant
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2.3 Institutional and Administrative Framework
2.3.1 Institutional Set-up for the Project – Project Executing and Implementating Agencies 65. The Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) of Government of Bihar is the executing egency (EA) for the Project, which will receive strategic directions from a state-level Steering Committee. There is no Environmental expert within the EA. The Program Management Unit (PMU) within UDHD will have to recruit one Environment and Social Management Coordinator (ESMC). Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation (BUIDCo), a company fully owned by the government of Bihar, which specializes in implementation of infrastructure investment projects, will house the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at state-level (Patna) as well as at town level (Bhagalpur). The PMU, with support from PIU field officer will ensure mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts due to the project implementation. Details of the Institutional set–up particularly for project safeguard requirement is discussed in Chapter 9.
2.3.2 Deficiency in Capacity 66. Since no externally-aided urban infrastructure project requiring capacity for environmental management and resettlement planning, implementation and monitoring in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines/safeguards frameworks have been implemented in Bihar,the BUIDCo and ULBs do not have environmental/social safeguards personnel. Capacity to handle environmental/IR/IP impacts, gender and vulnerability issues etc. needs to be built. The project management consultants (PMC) will be responsible for training of the PMU and PIU staff on environmental and resettlement planning and,implementation, social protection and gender action plan including the specific recording, reporting and disclosure requirements.
2.3.3 Administrative Framework in the Environmental Context 67. The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and other control measures that are applicable to the project are governed by a variety of government bodies. The functions of the agencies are described in the following sections.
2.3.3.1 Interface with Ministry of Environment and Forest 68. Environmental protection and sustainable development is the main goal of Government of India‘s policy. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GoI has taken several policy initiatives and enacted environmental and pollution control legislations to prevent indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and to promote integraion of environmental concerns in the developmental projects. MoEF was established in 1985 and is the agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) pursuant to Government of India legislation. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification dated 27th January 1994 and amended in 2006. Under MoEF, National Wildlife Board is responsible for clearance of project particularly located at Wildlife protected area.
2.3.3.2 Interface with State Department of Environment and Forest
69. Every state in India has now their respective Departments of Environment & Forests. This Department performs the functions similar to the MoEF at the State Level. In Bihar, this department is known as the Department of Environment and Forest. Environment and Forest dept. have following function,
(i) Protection for wild birds and animals. (ii) Control of Forest Development Corporation. (iii) Zoological and Botanical gardens. (iv) Environmental Conservation and its Protection. (v) Environment Research and Education.
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(vi) Environment Planning and Co-ordination in Urban and Rural Areas. (vii) Policy and Planning of Human Habitation.
70. The Government of Bihar has adopted National and State Policy for Conservation of Environment. The Environment and Forest Department is the nodal department to prepare specific action plans, achieve interdepartmental cohesion, and monitor the progress and implementation of this Policy Statement. This department co-ordinates and controls the activities sponsored by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forest within the State. It also co-ordinates and controls the activities of the State Pollution Control Board.
71. As the project is deemed not to fall under either Category A or B, there is no direct interface with State Environment dept. but is linked indirectly through the activities falling under the purview of SPCB. For felling of the trees permission will required from state Divisional Forest Officer under the said dept. in case of Municipality unable to give permission.
2.3.3.3 Interface with Central Pollution Control Board
72. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is another technical wing of the MOEF entrusted with the responsibilities for detection and abatement of pollution. The main responsibilities of CPCB include inter-alia the following:
(i) Plan and implement water, air and noise pollution programs; (ii) Advise the Central Government on water, air and noise pollution programs; (iii) Set air, water and nose standards; and (iv) Co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards.
73. The project has no direct interface with CPCB but indirectly through the activities falling under the purview of SPCB and particularly follows up standard set by CPCB.
2.3.3.4 Interface with State Pollution Control Board
74. Every state of India has their respective pollution control boards, which act in unison with the policies of the CPCB. The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), in turn, is the empowered institution to issue licenses/NOC to the industries. These licenses are issued on the condition of total compliance with the standards of permissible pollution as prescribed from time to time by the CPCB or as modified (usually in more stringent terms) norms depending on local conditions. Every licensed industry is required to carry out environmental auditing and submit such reports to the license issuing authority. The State Pollution Control Boards can repeal such licenses on the observed violation of the norms.
75. The SPCB plays a major role in environmental management at the State level, particularly with regard to air, water and noise issues. Agency is also acting as a facilitator for Central and State environmental clearance process. The main functions are to:
(i) Plan and execute state-level air and water initiatives; (ii) Advise State Government on air, water and industry issues; (iii) Establish emission standards based on National Minimal Standards; (iv) Issue consent orders (permits) for industrial air and water discharges; (v) Issue ―No Objection Certificates‖ for "industrial development" (vi) Publish statistics and disseminate information; and (vii) Take legal action against defaulters.
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76. Facilitate the National Environmental clearance requirements at the state Level as a nodal agency coordinating all other stakeholder institutions. These requirements also include public hearing. 77. The project has direct interface with Bihar State Pollution Board as following permission / consents are mandatory for the project under Air and Water Acts:
(i) No-Objection-Certificate / Consent-for-Establishment to be obtained by Project Authority before commencement of any physical activity; (ii) Consent-for-Establishment and Consent-for Operation of stone crushing units and hot mix plants, if required (including Diesel Generator) under Air and Water Acts to be obtained by Contractor. (iii) Issuance of the ―Pollution Under Control‖ certificate for vehicles and equipments engage in the construction period
2.3.3.5 Interface with Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation
78. Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation needs to be consulted for the following specific activities for the section falling under its jurisdiction:
(i) To integrating with the town road construction with pipe laying work ; (ii) Felling of trees exist within ROW; (iii) Locating construction camp within Municipality, if any; and (iv) Traffic management during construction. 2.3.3.6 Interface with Utility Company
79. The respective public utility companies in each state are to be interacted for the following activities, as will be applicable:
(i) Shifting water supply lines; (ii) Shifting / raising of electric poles / overhead lines; and (iii) Shifting telephone lines / OFC cable.
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Chapter 3: Description of the Project
3.1 Type of the Project
80. This is an urban water supply subproject intended to improve the current situation in Bhagalpur in terms of improved water supply system. This is one of a series of subprojects designed by the BUDIP that are intended to raise the standards of the municipal infrastructure and services of Bhagalpur town and the other urban centres to those expected of modern Asian towns.
3.2 Category of the Project
81. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) indicates that the proposed subproject falls within ADB‘s environmental Category A projects. The Project components could have significant adverse environmental impacts particularly on aquatic environment. Impacts are mostly short period, and can be mitigated by adapting suitable mitigation measures. Under ADB procedures such projects require an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA).
3.3 Need of the Project
82. The water supply system of Bhagalpur is old, facing production and distribution problems. The average per capita supply is 38 lpcd (see foot note 22) which is much lower than the desired level of 135 lpcd for an effective sewerage system. The main reasons are : (i) Water resource constraint - Ground water availability is limited (255 mld out of present demand of 78.2 mld) (ii) Deterioration of Existing facilities – (a) The current WTP design capacity is 17.3 mld but running at 12 mld6 due to deterioration of the plants and machineries; (b) The existing distribution system is very old primarily laid during 1885 to 19707, leading to high leakages (25%)8; (c) The overhead tanks (OHT) are old. Oldest was constructed during year 1885. It was made of steel structure. The available capacity is 3 ML9 against requirement of 16 ML(as per present population demand). (iii) Inappropriate planning – (a) There is only 55 km10 of pipeline over the entire town area covering 251 km of road length; (b) No initiative for augmentation surface water abstraction; (c) The distribution network is deficient in effective hydraulics; (d) Limited household coverage of 81% against the national norm of 100% resorting to dependence on non-potable water sources; (e) Non-uniform distribution in terms of pressure, duration and quantity of water supply.
5 Source: Information Booklet of Central Ground Water Board – January 2009 6 As reported by Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation(BMC) 7 Source – Draft Master Plan Bhagalpur – Vision 2027 8 As reported by BMC 9 As reported by BMC 10 As reported by BMC
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(iv) Poor O&M (a) High unaccounted for water (UFW) to the extent of 40%; (b) High energy cost due to deterioration of efficiencies of pumping machineries and transformers. (v) Fund resource constraint – Low revenue collection and budget allocation for water supply rehabilitation and augmentation 83. Table 3.3-1 below shows the major demand and supply gap parameters.
Table 3.3 -1: Demand and Supply Gap Parameters (as on 2010) S.No. Parameter Demand Supply Gap/ Need for the project 1 Ground water As per CPHEEO, Ground water affected Discard ground water, and go for source quality Permissible limit for by arsenic11.Traces of surface water arsenic is 50 microgm/lit arsenic in ground water is more than 50 microgm/lit 2 Surface water As per CPHEEO the Turbid water even Need for the project quality after turbidity limit is 10 NTU after treatment in treatment and water should not monsoon, as reported have turbid appearance by public. 3 Water 78.2 mld12 21 mld 57.2 mld production (Surface water 12 Need for the project mld13 + ground water 9 mld14) 4 System Leakage 15 %15 25%16 10% Need for the project 5 Delivery 66.5 mld17 15.75 mld18 50.75 mld Need for the project 6 Per Capita water 135 lpcd 38 lpcd19 97 lpcd Supply Rate Need for the project 7 UFW 15%20 40%21 25%
11 Source – Bhagalpur ground water booklet by Central Ground Water Board, CGWB, Ministry of Water Resources, January 2009, Chapter 4.3.1 12 Population as on 2010 is 419000. Water demand = Population x{135 (Domestic) + 5% of Pop. (Floating) x 40 + 0.15xDomestic demand (Non domestic) + 1% of above (Fire demand)} = 66.5mld. Considering 15 % loss (as permissible in CPHEEO manual- sub- para 2.2.8.3 ) water production = 66.5/0.85 = 78.2 mld 13 As reported by BMC 14 26 TW (working) x 600 lpmx10 hrs running = 9 mld 15 As per CPHEEO manual- sub-para 2.2.8.3 16 As reported by BMC 17 Population as on 2010 is 419000. Water demand = Population x{135 (Domestic) + 5% of Pop. (Floating) x 40 + 0.15xDomestic demand (Non domestic) + 1% of above (Fire demand)} = 66.5mld. 18 Surface water + Ground water = 12 + 9 = 21 mld, water reaching to consumer = 21X 0.75= 15.75 mld 19 Delivery/Population = 15.75 mld x 10^6 / 419000 = 38 lpcd 20 As per CPHEEO manual- sub-para 2.2.8.3 21 UFW includes (i) Real losses (from transmission mains, storage facilities, distribution mains, houseconnections), (ii) Apparent losses (unauthorised connections, water theft, metering inaccuracy), (iii) unbilled authorised consumption). For the case of Bhagalpur, UFW applies to (i) Real losses (defined as system leakages), ii) Apparent losses and (iii) unrealized property tax which includes water supply component. UFW is assumed as 40% in conjunction with Component Technical Assistance (CTA) report for other
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S.No. Parameter Demand Supply Gap/ Need for the project Need for the project 8 Reservoir 16 ML22 3 ML 13 ML capacity Need for the project 9 Distribution lines 251 km 55 km 196 km Need for the project 10 Supply 24 hours 4-6 hours 18-20 hours hours/day Need for the project 11 Coverage 100 % 8123 % coverage 19% Need for the project 12 Power 20 hours 10-12 hours 8-10 hours availability/day Need for Dedicated power supply
84. CPHEEO- Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, mld- million liters per day lpcd- liters per capita per day, UFW- Un-accounted For Water
3.4 Description of the Existing Water Supply System24
85. The existing water supply system in Bhagalpur town consists of treated surface water of river Ganga and ground water abstracted through tube wells and conveyance to different parts of the town. The existing surface water treatment plant and the distribution system are very old reslting under rated production of water and leakage in the pipelines. Although the facility covers 81% of the population of the town the per capita supply rate remains limited to around 38 liter per day, much below the national norm of 135 litre per day for an effective sewerage system and that too in low pressure and for a short duration of 4-6 hours a day. Details of the present water supply infrastructure are elaborated below.
3.4.1 Intake and Water Treatment Plant 86. The surface water is extracted from the confluence of Jamune nala and river Ganga through intake wells. The Salient features are as follows:
(i) There are 2 intake wells located at the confluence of Jamania channel and river Ganga. The intake wells are of Jack well type equipped with centrifugal and vertical turbine pumps. During summar the river Ganga recedes back to about 200 meter from the well when the scanty flow in the Jamania channel used to be the only source of surface water. The water quality of Jamunia channel is of concern as it mostly carries the waste water of the town. (ii) The WTP was commissioned in 1885 at Barari. Initially it had a slow sand filter with a capacity of 2.27 mld (0.5 mgd). This had been augmented over the years by 2.7 mld capacity mechanical filter, 5.5 mld capacity Peterson filter, and 9.1 mld capacity Jewel filter to achieve the total installed capacity of the plant to 17.3 mld. However, due to deteriorartion in the equipment and process efficiency the actual production of the WTP remains limited to 12 mld.
similar towns of Bihar. In ideal situation when there is no apparent losses and unbilled authorised consumption, UFW = Real losses which is System Leakage only. 22 Capacity requirement for 2010 = Capacity requirement for 2041 x pop. of 2010 / Pop. of 2041 = 29718 x 419000 / 795017 = 15662 cum = 16 ML 23 Total household connected /total household = 52071 (As reported by BMC) / 64067 = 81% 24 Source: Discussions with BRJP and BMC
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(iii) The turbidity of the surface water exhibits a considerable variation during different periods of the year and it ranges from 500 ppm to 10,000 ppm.
3.4.2 Tube wells 87. The Ground water is abstracted through a series of tube wells. The salient features of the ground water abstraction are as follows: (i) Existing tube wells under working condition -26 nos. (ii) Size of tube well- 300mm x 200mm size (iii) Pumping units- vertical turbine or submersible type.with varying capacity ranging from 25 to50 HP (iv) Yield- 600 liter per minute (v) Hoiurs of operation-10 hours per day (vi) Total production of ground water- 26 x 600 x 60 x10 = 9.36 mld, say 9 mld
88. In addition to this, there are hand pumps installed at various locations. Some of the household have their own tube wells.
89. The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) of Government of Bihar is in the process of improving the water supply status of Bhagalpur by installing about 26 new tube wells and rehabilitating 5 old defunct tube wells from its regular budget. The properties of these tube wells are similar to the existing working tube wells. On completion of the works by PHED, total 57 numbers of tube wells there are expected to be working in the town with a maximum production of ground water of about 21 mld.
3.4.3 Power supply, Pumps and Electrical Equipment 90. The power supply positionion in Bhagalpur is intermittent in nature with 10 hours average in a day. There is no backup generator for running tube well.
3.4.4 Overhead Tank 91. There are 7 Overhead tanks (OHT), ranging from 0.18-0.46 MLcapacity, and staging height ranging from 18m to 22m. However, only 5 are functional at present. Out of working 5 OHTs 2 are of steel.
3.4.5 Distribution System 92. The salient features of the existing distribution system are as follows:
(i) The present distribution network in the town is comprising of about 55 Km length of pipes over a total road length of 251 km. The network is laid on the basis of decentralized water supply system covering by single or group of tube wells. The surface water is fed to the same network. There is no defined zoning in the present network. (ii) The distribution pipes are of Cast Iron, diameter ranging from 100 mm to 300 mm. (iii) The distribution network is very old, primarily laid during 1885 to 1970. With time these got corroded and has developed leakages. Further with the higher flow requirement the pipes stand undersized. (iv) The water pressure at consumers end is about 1-5 m only. (v) The supply hours is 4-6 hours a day.
93. The PHED is in the process of improving the water supply distribution status by laying 74 km length of new pipes from its regular budget. These pipes will replace 27 km of old pipes.
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3.4.6 Public Stand Posts and Hand Pumps 94. There are approximately 575 public stand posts in Bhagalpur town. Many of these are damaged and defunct. The functioning standposts too do not have taps resulting large wastage of water due to continuous flow. There are about 180 hand pumps in the municipal area.
3.5 Location and Implementation Schedule
95. The subproject is located in Bhagalpur town of Bhagalpur District, in the south east part of Bihar in eastern India. The proposed infrastructures will be located in and around the town. District map of Bhagalpur and Municipal area of Bhagalpur town is shown in Figure 1.4-2 & 1.4-3 of Chapter 1.
96. Detailed design will begin at beginning January 2012. Implementation of the subproject will be started from mid 2012 and likely to be completed by mid of 2015. Total 36 months construction period is being considered.
97. Annexure 2 shows photograph of project locations.
3.6 Proposed Subproject Components
3.6.1 Zoning of the Subproject Area 98. The subproject area is proposed to be divided in 5 zones based on following criteria:
(i) Possibility of integrating with existing system and ongoing work (ii) Nature of water source (iii) Location of Intake (iv) Location of treatment plant (v) Crossing of rive/canals (vi) Crossing of railway line, important roads and National Highway
99. Description of the zone and locations are shown in Table 3.6.1-1 and Figure 3.6.1-1 respectively.
Table 3.6.1-1: Proposed Zoning of Distribution Network Zones Zone name Ward nos. included Area Water source Water requirement (sq.km.) WTP (MLD) 2026 2041 Zone I Nath Nagar 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6.598 Surface water 22.849 29.849 zone 11, 12(part) (New WTP) Zone II Ghanta Ghar 12(part), 13, 14, 15, 16, 4.295 Surface water 19.724 21.649 zone 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 38 (New WTP) Zone III Tilak Maji 22, 23, 24, 25, 26(part), 5.649 Surface water 22.621 30.853 zone 32, 33(part), 34, 35, 36, 37 (New WTP) Zone IV Barari zone 26(part), 27, 28, 29, 30, 6.640 Surface water 17.113 28.912 31(part) (Old WTP) Zone V Sikanderpur 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 6.991 Surface water 27.982 33.703 zone 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 (New WTP) TOTAL 110.290 148.579
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Figure 3.6.1-1: Proposed zoning of Distribution Network
100. The schematic diagram shows the proposed and existing water supply system for different zones of Bhagalpur town.
101. Estimated surface water requirement for 2026 and 2041 are 116 MLD and 156 MLD respectively (considering 5% treatment loss). Summary of Raw water extraction is given in the Table 3.6.1-2 below.
Tabel 3.6.1-2: Summary of Raw Water Abstraction 1 Total Raw water requirement at 2026 116 mld 2 Existing Raw water withdrawal capacity (after renovation) 18 mld 3 Requirement of raw water withdrawal for 2026 (1)-(2) 98 mld 4 Proposal for new Raw water Intake for 2026 98 mld 5 Total Raw water requirement at 2041 156 mld 6 Augmentation in existing intake capacity for 2041 by 12 mld 7 Total capacity for Existing Intake for 2041 (2)+(6) 30 mld 8 Total capacity for new Proposed Intake for 2041 (5-7) 126 mld 9 Augmentation required in new proposed intake capacity for 2041 28 mld
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3.6.2 Proposed New Intake Structure 102. River Ganges at Bhagalpur is the proposed raw water source. The location of the proposed water source from where water is proposed to be abstracted falls at the middle of the existing Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary stretching over a length of about 50 km from Sultangaqnj to Kahelgaon. Selection of Intake site has been done through alternative analysis (Referred Chapter 6). The proposed intake site is located within 100 m east (downstream) of Vikramshila Bridge. (Figure 3.6.2-1 )
Figure 3.6.2-1: Proposed location of Intake Well
103. Several different types of water intakes are in common use. An intake structure of the Jacked well type has been proposed. It is proposed to construct a gated intake well so as to enable the drawing of raw water from two (2) elevations: one below low water level (LWL) and another at the middle of the middle of LWL and high water level (HWL). These are to be checked and correlated with the CWC‘s record of LWL and HWL for the period between 1990 and 2009 as 23.790 M and 34.200 M respectively during detailed design. The intake structure is designed to house vertical turbine pumps for pumping of 126 mld of raw water. The pin-point location of Intake structures are to be decided after bathymetric survey and hydrological study.
104. Following criteria has been considered for selection of site of proposed intake location:
(i) Concave side of the river flow having no possibility of siltation (ii) Away from discharging point of Jamania nala carrying wastewater of Bhagalpur town (approximately 3kms). Thus dilution effect will be more and pollution effect will be less. (iii) Availability of water throughout the year (from local enquiry) (iv) Distance from WTP and route of raw water transmission main. 105. The sub-components of the Intake wells are as follows, (i) Intake Wells. The Intake well is proposed to be of 9 m dia. (Internal) circular cylindrical shape with the pump house at the top. Two numbers of wells are proposed. (ii) Pump and Pump configuration. Vertical turbine pumps (3 working + 2 standby) with capacity of 1650 m3/hr and 32 meter (m) head is being planned. Option for pump configuration is required to be studied during detailed design stage. (iii) Gates. A series of sluice gates is proposed to be installed at the two (2) intake levels. The sluice gates shall be mounted on the outside of the well so as to operate under a seating head condition. Sluice gates shall be made of cast iron with guiding channels of stainless steel. Gate sizes may be recommended as 20% greater than that required to reduce the inlet velocity thus reducing the suction impact on dolphins.
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(iv) Screens. Travelling type screens are proposed at the mouth of the intake well. It will restrict the dolphins and fishes (food chain of Dolphin) to enter the well. Provision for lifting and cleaning the screens shall be made. Guiding channels for the screens will be made of stainless steel with MS screens treated with anticorrosive measures. Mechanical arrangements shall be provided for cleaning and lifting of the screens. Spacing of screens may be kept generally as 10x10mm mesh to restrict fishes. (v) Velocity Cap. This structure is recommended at the inlet of intake structure. It will restrict dolphins and fishes to enter the intake structure. (vi) De-silting Pump. The raw water pumping station is proposed to be configured to allow space for a 1 (working) + 1 (standby) submersible centrifugal vortex type de-silting pumps. These are to be stored and lowered into each well to the bottom of the well. Each pump will be equipped with a hose on the discharge side which will be connected to a permanent discharge line above the floor level in the pump house. The pump discharge line shall run back to discharge into the river, outside of the area of influence of the intake structure.
106. The sluicing and pumping operation should be completed within 2 hour. The frequency of de-siltation is dependent of the turbidity.
3.6.3 Renovation of existing Intakes 107. There are two intake wells in the existing system. Apparently structures seem to be satisfactory. Minor renovation work may be taken up during summer, when the water brink recedes considerably. However to ensure adequate water supply in the dry season, an inlet channel of 10 m length in each well followed by 200 m of non-metalled rubber armoured hose pipe is proposed to be constructed, as a permanent solution. For 2026 demand, withdrawal of raw water from existing intake will be 18 mld, and for 2041 demand pumping machineries shall be augmented to 30 mld (18+12). There is no need to increase the capacity of old intake structure.
3.6.4 Raw Water Pumping Main 108. The raw water pumping main from Ganges is designed for a supply of 126 MLD at the design, year 2041. The pipeline is designed for a daily run of 20 hours to supply this quantity. MS pipes of 1200mm dia. are proposed at this point of study. Length of pumping main will be approximately 2.9 km.
3.6.5 Proposed New Water Treatment Plant 109. One treatment plant is proposed at Barari, which will be augmented in phases. Two locations of treatment plant are identified – 1) Just east of River Bridge (named as Vikramshila Setu), near intake site, and 2) South of existing WTP. Total area requirement is 4 Ha. Through alternative analysis, the 2nd location that is construction of new WTP in vacant land south of existing WTP has been selected (Referred Chapter 6). Location of WTP is shown in Figure 3.6.5- 1.
110. Process parameters. The design of units of the WTP will be as shown in Table 3.6.5-1 in conformation to the CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply.
Table 3.6.5 -1: Process Parameters Sl. No. Parameter Value 1 Output capacity of WTP for Stage I 93 mld 2 Output capacity of WTP for Stage II 120 mld 3 Operation of treatment unit 24 hours a day 4 Losses for WTP 5% (maximum) WTP- Water Treatment Plant
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Figure 3.6.5-1: Proposed location of Water Treatment Plant Site-II
111. Process units. The surface water source from river Ganga is characterized by large variations in the physical data during the annual cycle with high values of turbidity and suspended solids content during the monsoon season. Assuming the water to be highly turbid, from local consultation, the selected treatment unit for the WTP are as follows: (i) Pre-settling, (ii) Cascade aeration (iii) Pre-oxidation by Chlorine and pre-chlorination (iv) Flash Mixing, (v) Coagulation/Flocculation, (vi) Plate/Tube Settler (or Clariflocculator), (vii) Rapid Sand Filtration, (viii) Disinfection by Chlorine, (ix) Sludge thickener for Clarifiers sludge, with recycling of supernatant, to ahead of flash mixing, (x) Sludge Dehydrator, recycling of supernatant, to ahead of flash mixing, (xi) Discharge of natural sediment from the Pre-settling Tank to settling chamber, with overflow arrangement to river, (xii) Discharge of backwash water from Filters to the river
112. A laboratory is proposed under the WTP campus. SCADA and central monitoring shall be introduced in the system. Some design concepts which have been adopted are discussed below.
113. Process Trains. It is proposed to adopt a single process train for the ultimate design stage (2041) with parallel individual units. Some units will be constructed for the ultimate design stage at the intermediate design stage (2026) itself, along with the units required for the intermediate design stage. Provision shall be kept for additional units to be constructed for ultimate design stage without disturbing the operation of the WTP. A schematic diagram is shown in Figure 3.6.5-2 below.
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Figure 3.6.5-2: Schematic Diagram of Proposed Water Treatment Plant
114. Land area - Approximate land area requirement for 120 MLD WTP will be about 3 Ha (considering pre-settling tank). As reported by BMC the land identified at Barari adjacent to the existing WTP is owned by a government agency.
3.6.6 Renovation of Existing Water Treatment Plant 115. There are basically 3 small WTPs within the compound. It is proposed to renovate to a single water treatment plant, with proper clariflocculation and disinfection system. The execution shall start after commissioning of new proposed WTP. A Pre-settling tank and cascade aerator is proposed for existing plant, and designed as a single unit for the total plant. Other existing units are to be utilized with optimization. The exact renovation details will be worked out at the detailed design stage. The basic parameters of the exiting WTP are indicated in 3.6.6-1
Table 3.6.6-1: Basic Parameters of Exiting Water Treatment Plant (WTP) Sl. No. Parameter Value 1 Output capacity of exiting WTP on renovation (after commissioning of 17.3 mld new proposed WTP for Stage I) 2 Output capacity of existing WTP after augmentation for Stage II 29 mld
3.6.7 New Clear water pumping main 116. Clear water pumping station is proposed to be within WTP campus. The clear water pumping main from WTP is proposed for 5 zones separately. 4 zones will be from new WTP and the other from existing WTP. Each zone will have dedicated working pumps. Standby pumps will be common for Zones I, II, III, & V. Total length 47 km. Out of 47 km, 27 km will be 600 mm dia and 20 km will be 400 mm dia .
3.6.8 New Overhead Tanks (OHTs) 117. Treated water from treatment plant will be pumped to zonal reservoirs. The reservoirs will be tower type, sufficiently elevated to distribute the water to consumers with 12m residual head. Staging height is proposed to be 26m. Capacity of reservoir is calculated from mass curve basis. Volume of tank comes to be 0.2 times daily demand figure in volume unit.
118. The OHTs shall be of 21-25 m dia. with 3.5m water depth. Minimum land area requirement for each OHT is 40mx40m. Tentative locations of the OHTs are identified and shown below. Locations of the OHTs are depicted in Tabel 3.6.8-1 and Figure 3.6.8-1 placed at end of the Chapter 3).
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Table 3.6.8-1: Locations of OHTs Zones OHT No. Location and Site description / Ownership Ownership I 1-1 Corner of University Campus Bhagalpur University 1-2 Central Training School, North side land Govt. of Bihar 1-3 Mahshay Deodi in Champanagar BMC 1-4 Abir Mishra Lane in Nath nagar BMC II 2-1 Uppertola goaltoli jogsar Chunihari- tola BMC 2-2 Within school premises of Govt. Residential Company Bagh High Govt. of Bihar School 2-3 Muslim High School premises Muslim High School Board III 3-1 South side open space of municipality office bldg. BMC 3-2 Within Rural development deptt. premises in Adampur Govt. of Bihar 3-3 Tripurapura Barahpura in the land of defunct tube well of Municipal BMC Corporation IV 4-1 Inside Balak Madhya Vidyalaya (Govt. school) at Barari State Government 4-2 On the open land, about 150m opposite Sunderban; Anandgarh Medical department Colony near PHED Tank 4-3 On the open space corner of Durga Ashram BMC V 5-1 Rajakiyakrit Prathamik Vidyalay, Kalabganj Govt. of Bihar 5-2 Agriculture Market Complex, Baghbari Govt. of Bihar 5-3 Aliganj Katghat BMC 5-4 Maulana Chowk Maidan BMC 5-5 Mughol Para, Kowali Maidan, Hushanabad BMC Source: BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, PHED- Public Health Engineering Dept.
3.6.9 Distribution system 119. The distribution lines are proposed on all roads. Total length of roads as per topographical survey carried out under PPTA and as reported by BMC is about 251km. It is assumed that there will be 15% increase in road network in the city by 2026 which will however be the smaller lanes and shall be covered with required distribution network by the municipality at the appropriate time.
120. The existing distribution lines are worn-out and proposed to be replaced under the ongoing program of PHED 74 km length of pipes will be laid. It is presumed that out of 55 km of existing pipelines about 50% or 27 km will be replaced under on-going program and remaining 28 km will become redundant. Accordingly 177 km of new pipelines will be laid under the subproject.
121. Table 3.6.9-1 summarizes the subproject components. The descriptions shown in the table are based on the present proposals, which are expected to be substantially correct, although certain details may change as development of the subproject progresses.
Table 3.6.9-1: Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject Components Component Location Function Description Remarks
Intake Well Barari Source and Construction of 2 nos. of intake New supply wells (Jack well type) in the river augmentation Ganga including supply
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Component Location Function Description Remarks installation of pumps, motors and all mechanical and electrical components complete. Proposed capacity of wells 126 MLD. Intake Well Barari Pump raw water Vertical turbine pumps (3 working New pump house from Intake well + 2 standby) with capacity of and pumping to the proposed 1650 m3/hr and 32 meter (m) equipment WTP head Existing Intake Barari Intake of water Renovation of civil structure and Existing - Well from river replacement of electrical Renovation mechanical components required. Inlet concrete channel – 200m Raw Water The raw water pumping Supply of 126 MS pipe of 1200mm dia. Length New along the Pumping Main main from River Ganges to ML per day raw of pumping main will be road and WTP at Barari water at the approximately 2.9 km. cross a design, year drainage canal 2041 through a pipe Intake well to bridge the proposed WTP Water Proposed new location Treat water from Design, supply, construction, New Treatment adjacent to existing WTP River Ganges testing & commissioning of 93 Plant (WTP) at Barari MLD capacity water new treatment plant including O&M for 5 years Existing Water Near existing water intake Treat water from The installed capacity in the Existing – Treatment site at Barari River Ganges works is of 3.8 mgd (17.27 mld). Renovation Plant There are basically 3 small WTPs Renovation to within the compound. be done after commissioning of new proposed WTP. Clear Water Barari near new as well as To deliver clear Reservoir – 40 Million Liters (ML) New pumping existing water to Pumps: Vertical Turbine – 6 nos. station overhead Average Discharge- 1200 m3/hr reservoirs for Average Head – 90m supply Clear Water Pump houses to OHTs convey water to DI K-9 pumping main of 600 m 27 New Pumping OHTs km and 400 mm 20 km = Total {alignment will Mains 47.0 km length be on government- owned right-of- way (ROW)} Overhead Zone I (4 nos.): Bhagalpur Water storage Total 27 ML- 18 nos. Staging New Tanks (OHTs) university, CTS north side, for distribution height – 25m Mahdeo Deodi in Champanagar, and Abir Mishra Lane in Nath nagar; Zone II (3 nos.): Uppertola goaltoli jogsar Chunihari- tola, Govt. Residential Company Bag High School,
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Component Location Function Description Remarks and Muslim high school; Zone III (3 nos.): Municipality office bldg., Rural development dept. premises in Adampur, Tripurapura Barahpura near defunct tube well of municipality; Zone IV (3 nos.): Balak Madhya School (Govt. school) at Barari, Medical dept. opposite to Sunderban, and near Durga Ashram; Zone V (5 nos.): Rajakiyakrit Prathamik Vidyalay, Kalabgaunj; Agriculture Market Complex, Baghbari; Aliganj Katghat; Maulana Chawk Maidan, and Mugholpara Kawali Maidan, Hussanabad TOTAL – 18 OHTs Distribution OHTs to Zone I (Nath Distribute water Total approx. 177 km. New System Nagar zone), Zone II to 5 zones in DI K-7 350 to 500 mm dia, and {alignment will (Ghanta Ghar zone), Zone town HDPE PN6 110 to 315 mm dia be on III (Tilak Maji zone), Zone government- IV (Barari zone), and Zone owned right-of- V (Sikanderpur zone) way (ROW)} Domestic Town areas Water New connections of approx. New meter for meters connections 52,000 existing metering connections DI- Ductile Iron, mgd- million gallon per day, MLD- Million liters per day, MS- Mild steel, OHT- Overhead tank, ROW- right of way, WTP- Water Treatment Plant
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Figure 3.6.8-1: Proposed location of Intake, WTP and Overhead Tank in Town Map
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Chapter 4: Description of the Environment
4.1 Physical Resources
4.1.1 Administrative Boundaries 122. The Bhagalpur town, one of the oldest towns of Bihar, is the administrative headquarters of Bhagalpur district. It is a class-I town. The town is situated at the banks of the holy Ganga River. It is one of the ancient and largest towns of Bihar. It is situated at a distance of about 225km from state capital city Patna. It is connected to different cities and towns of Bihar by broad gauge railway lines and roadways. Since this town is situated in the Gangetic plains, it is very fertile and is a major producer of silk. Mango, rice, barley and wheat are other major crops grown in this agrarian town. Bhagalpur derives its name from Bhagdattpuram, which means "City of good luck".
123. The Bhagalpur town forms a part of the Jagdishpur C.D. block (Bhagalpur Sadar sub division), which accommodates 19.45% of the total population of the Bhagalpur district. The area of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation is 30.17 sq.km with a population of 3, 40,767 persons as per Census 2001. According to Census of India 2001, the Bhagalpur town is divided into 37 wards. Subsequently the ward boundaries have been redrawn and currently the town is divided into 51 wards.
4.1.2 Topography, General features, Drainage, and Natural Hazards 124. Topography. The Bhagalpur district is divided into two parts by the river Ganga. The Alluvial plain is the dominated landform in both the parts. The drainage is from west to east. The land of north Bhagalpur is very fertile. The southern part has a generally level surface, except on the southern border, where the land is hilly. The town of Bhagalpur is situated on a raised belt of limestone, extending along the southern bank of the Ganga. According to the district gazetteer this forms a natural barrier against the incursion of the river.
125. Bhagalpur district is one of the oldest districts of Bihar located in the south-eastern part of the state. It is situated in the plains of Ganga basin at a height of 141 feet (approx 43 m) above sea level. It lies between 25°07 - 25°30'N Latitude and between 86°37 ' - 87°30 'E longitude. The district is surrounded by Munger, Khagaria, Madhepura, Purnea, Kathiar & Banka districts of Bihar and Godda & Sahebganj districts of Jharkhand.
126. The topography of Bhagalpur town is undulating in nature. The ground level varies from 34m to 52m msl. The general slope is towards the river at north. The town is situated between 25°15‘0‘‘ N Latitude and 87°15‘0‘‘ E longitude.
127. Relief and Slope map of Bhagalpur is shown in Figure 4.1.2-1.
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Figure 4.1.2 -1: Relief and slope map of Bhagalpur
(Source: Survey of India, Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
128. Drainage. The part of the district towards the south of the river Ganga falls in the Badua- Koa Sub-Basin and the area to north of Ganga falls in the Baghmati - Kosi sub-basin. These two sub-basins are parts of Mid-Ganga basin in Bihar. The district is principally drained by the river Ganga, which enters the district at Sultanganj. The northern boundary of the district is marked by the river Kosi (Ghugri) known to be heavily laden with silt and sand. The river Ganga has two major tributaries joining from south; Badua and Koa. Apart from these, a number of ephemeral streams such as Gahra, Chanan, Kadwa, Gerua and Bhena from Chotnagpur plateau join the mighty Ganga. Drainage map of Bhagalpur is shown in Figure 4.1.2-2.
Figure 4.1.2 -2: Drainage map of Bhagalpur
(Source: Central Ground Water Board)
129. Natural Hazards. The project area being close to seismically active Himalaya is prone to seismic hazard. As per the Seismic Zoning Map of India (IS: 1893-2002), Indian Sub-continent is divided into four zones named II, III, IV and V. The proposed project area falls under Zone-IV of the Seismic Zonation Map of India (see Figure 4.1.2-3 below) prepared by the Bureau of Indian
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Standards. With reference to the MSK intensity scale used for all engineering design purposes, the region lies in the high to moderate damages risk zone.
130. The GSHAP seismic hazard map of Bihar (Figure 4.1.2-4) reveals that the area lies in the high hazard zone.
131. Earthquake map of Bihar showing fault and thrust area is presented in Figure 4.1.2-5.
132. Bihar is vulnerable to different kinds of disaster such as flood, cyclone and earthquake due to its geographical and topographical location. Vulnerability of Bhagalpur district / Bhagalpur Municipal Area can be estimated form the following facts:
(i) The earthquake hazard map of Bihar shows that Bhagalpur district falls in Seismic Zone IV, which is a high damage risk zone and an earthquake up to a magnitude of 8.0 on Richter scale has the potential to hit the area. Thus Bhagalpur Municipal Area is an earthquake hazard prone area and falls in high damage risk zone. (ii) The wind hazard map (Figure 4.1.2-6) of Bihar, shows that Bhagalpur district falls in High damage risk zone with cyclonic wind velocities around 47m/s. Thus Bhagalpur Municipal Area is a wind hazard prone area and falls under High damage risk zone. (iii) The flood hazard map of Bihar (Figure 4.1.2 -7) shows that most of the parts of the Bhagalpur district are susceptible to flooding. The Bhagalpur Municipal Area falls almost entirely in flood susceptible risk zone.
133. It is evident that Bhagalpur town located in Bhagalpur district is susceptible to natural hazards with high risk or probability of occurrence of a high intensity earthquake, cyclone and also flooding. Natural calamities result in recurring losses and eats into the hard earned developmental gains. Since most of the natural disasters are barely predictable and almost non-preventable, a state of preparedness and ability to respond quickly to a natural calamity is probably the only way to mitigate loss of life and property and the human suffering.
Figure 4.1.2-3: Seismic Zonation Map of India
(Source: Website- www.mapsofindia.com)
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Figure 4.1.2-4: Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP)-Semi Map of Bihar
(Source: Website- asc-india.org/menu/hazard.htm)
Figure 4.1.2-5: Earthquake Fault Zonation of Bihar shows Bhagalpur
(Source: Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
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Figure 4.1.2 -6: Wind Hazard Map of Bihar shows Bhagalpur
(Source: Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
Figure 4.1.2-7: Flood Hazard Map of Bihar shows Bhagalpur
(Source: Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
4.1.3 Geology, Geomorphology, Mineral Resources, and Soils
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134. Geology. As per the district gazetteer, the north of the district is purely composed of the gangetic alluvial deposits. Four principal formations occur in the district namely Alluvium, new and old; the Rajmahal trappist formation; the Damuda series, the coal measures of India; and the Gneissic series. The alluvial formation occupies the greater part of the district, thinning out towards the southern side. Much of it is composed of deposits from the present rivers. There is also presence of old alluvial, which is stiff clay with presence of kankar. The Damuda rock formation, to which Indian coal measures belong is seen only in one place in the district, namely at Pathargatta hill. The gneissic rocks occupy a considerable area in the south of the district, in the Chandan, Kataura, and the Danra Sakhwara parganas, where they are contiguous with similar rock formations of Hazaribagh and with the whole east side of the peninsula down to Mysore. These are metamorphic rocks. 135. Geomorphology. Geomorphologically, the district Bhagalpur forms a part of the Mid- Ganga Foreland Basin. The north and central Bhagalpur towards the north and south of Ganga respectively forms a flat Indo-Gangetic alluvium tract (parts of the North Bihar Plains and Central Bihar Plains respectively). The southern part of the district forms a marginal alluvial tract. The general elevation of the alluvium tract remains within 45 m above mean sea level (amsl). The master slope of region at both north and south is towards the river Ganga. There are some detached hard rock bodies of pre-cambrian age, which stand out as prominent peaks (inliers) within the alluvial plains. Among these, the highest one is at Shahkund with a height of 143 m.
136. Mineral Resources. The principal mineral produced in the district is galena. Apart from galena, China clay, fire clay, mica, garnet, quartz, feldspar and antimony are also found in the district. 137. Figure 4.1.3-1 shows major rock types and minerals of Bhagalpur district.
Figure 4.1.3-1: Major Rock Types and Minerals in Bhagalpur District
(Source: Survey of India Map, Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027) 138. Soils. The soils in the district are mainly derived from the older and newer alluvium. These alluvial plain soils are light grey to dark grey in colour, rather heavy and texturally fine in nature. The pH values range from neutral to acidic and the acidity of the soil gradually increases from north to south. The hilly soils are acidic with low nitrogen, medium to high potash.
139. The soils derived from older alluvium are mainly loamy in character with moderate to heavy texture and well drained. In low lands these are poorly drained with heavy texture. These soils comprise an association of vertisols, entisols, alfisols, and ultisols. Black soils found in Shahkund, Sonhaulia, and Sultanganj belong to vertisols category. Sandy soils (Diara soils) derived from younger alluvium are light textured, well drained. These are moderate to highly fertile
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calcareous soils and found along the banks/course of the river Ganga. These comprise the soil association of inceptisols and entisols.
140. Major soil type of Bhagalpur is shown in Figure 4.1.3-2.
Figure 4.1.3 -2: Major soil type in Bhagalpur district
(Source: Survey of India Map, Master Plan Bhagalpur, 2007)
4.1.4. Climate 141. In general a warm and humid climate prevails in the district. Winter starts from November and extends up to February. Temperature usually does not drop below 150 C but during the coldest months (late December to early January) temperature even comes down to 80 C. During this period, wind blows from northwest and west. The summer period begins from March with the peak temperature of 40 – 450C in May. The month of March and April are the driest months of the year with the relative humidity of 50 – 55 % in the morning and 35 – 40 % in the afternoon.
Figure 4.1.4 -1: Temparature Variation Curve of Bhagalpur
(Source in data Format: http://www.tutiempo.net, Historical data on temperature at Bhagalpur, Bihar)
142. The humidity increases in May and June to 80 % or more. About 80 % of the rainfall is under the influence of southwest monsoon, which normally breaks in the second fortnight of June. The monsoon lasts till the later part of the September. Generally the eastern and north-eastern part of the district receives higher amount of rainfall. The annual normal rainfall in the district remains above 1100 mm. Table 4.1.4-1 shows rainfall data of Bhagalpur for the last 5 years. It is noted that in 2010 rainfall drastically reduced.
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Table 4.1.4 -1: Five years Rainfall Data of Bhagalpur Months Total Rainfall (in mm) at Bhagalpur town 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 January 0 - 45.3 2.0 0 February 0 15.5 0.6 2.7 4.2 March 4.9 24.8 0.3 2.5 4.0 April 28.2 3.6 9.7 0 2.2 May 63.7 117.5 87.6 202.8 65.7 June 204.1 115.6 377.8 65.0 105.8 July 249.8 543.7 216.0 326.2 234.3 August 151.3 202.8 226.3 500.9 195.6 September 528.8 383.5 110.7 220.0 127.5 October 66.8 92.5 35.8 172.1 19.9 November 6.1 0 0 2.8 5.3 December 2.0 0 0 0.8 0.7 Total 1305.7 1499.5 1110.1 1497.8 765.2 (Source: HYDROMET DIVISION, INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT) 143. Average climatic condition of Bhagalpur district is shown in the Figure 4.1.4-2 below.
Figure 4.1.4-2: Climatic condition of Bhagalpur District
(Source: Survey of India District map, Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
4.1.5 Air Quality 144. There are no data on ambient air quality of Bhagalpur Town, which is not subject to monitoring by the Bihar State Pollution Control Board as there are no major industries. The nearest station is located at capital city of Patna. Traffic is the only significant pollutant in Bhagalpur, so levels of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are likely to be well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Baseline data will be generate within the town before inmlementation of the project.
4.1.6 Noise Level 145. There is no ambient noise data at Bhagalpur. Measurements of ambient noise level have been carried out by PPTA team at proposed Intake location, WTP location and near existing intake pump at Barari. Results are shown in below. It is noted from the result that ambient noise level in
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and around the pump house is very high even more than the exposure limit of 85 dB(A). Ambient noise level near proposed intake and proposed and existing WTP are more or less within the standard (ref. CPCB standard Aneexure 1).
Table 4.1.6-1: Ambient noise level at project locations of Bhagalpur Date of measurement: 11.05.2011
S. No. Location Day Time dB(A) Leq Night Time dB(A) Leq 1 Proposed Intake location – near land 54.9 – 65.1 60.5 45.2 – 50.2 47.8 2 Proposed Intake location – just above 49.9 – 71.0 61.0 46.7 – 56.7 51.2 (0.5 m) the Ganges water 3 Existing Intake Structure pump house- 88.5 – 90.6 90.0 85.5 – 87.3 86.6 Inside, 2 m from pump 4 Existing Intake Structure pump house- 75.6 – 85.8 80.4 74.5 – 83.5 77.8 Inside, 5 m from pump 5 Existing Intake Structure pump house- 66.2 – 67.2 66.2 64.5 – 65.5 64.7 Outside, 10 m from pump 6 Inside Raw Water supply pump house 90.9 – 91.8 91.4 86.2 – 90.4 88.6 – inside within 3 m 7 Outside Raw Water supply pump 73.9 – 75.7 75.0 70.7 – 74.6 72.7 house – outside at 5 m 8 Existing WTP site at Barari 59.3 – 64.5 61.7 55.6 – 59.0 57.7 9 Proposed WTP site at Barari 54.5 – 57.8 56.2 47.0 – 54.5 50.5
4.1.7 Surface Water 146. The river system of the district consists of a reach of the Ganga about sixty miles in length on the north side; on the southern side there are a few hill streams, which are sandy narrow water courses for most part of the year, but are torrential during monsoons.
147. The main rivers include:
(i) The Ganga: The Ganges flows from west to east cutting the district in its northern side. In the middle, a great mass of granite divides the river into two great bends, one northward round of the town of Bhagalpur, the second southwards to Colgong, where it meets a range of hills and again moves northwards. At the edge of district it joins up with other tributaries. Ganga is navigable for the whole year. The average width of its bed is three miles. During summer, the watercourse is only half a mile wide, whereas during monsoons, it is five to ten miles wide. (ii) The Chandan: The Chandan is the largest of the hill streams in the south of the district. It originates from the hills of North Parganas, and joins the Ganga. It floods the plains of south Bhagalpur during the rainy season. 148. The surface land of Bhagalpur is plain and the river Ganges flows from west to east separating north and south Bhagalpur. Several streams meet the River Ganga in the southern parts which have their origin in the hills of Santhal Parganas. Chandan, the most important river of this region, gets divided in about fifteen smaller channels of which only two are able to touch the River Ganga. One of these streams, Jamania river channel, flows from Champanagar – Nathnagar onwards along the Bhagalpur town parallel to main Ganga and ultimately meets to River Ganga near Vikramshila Bridge at Barari. The main course of River Ganga has moved from south to north by about 3-4 km from Nathnagar – Bhagalpur area in recent past (in about last 20 years). Bhagalpur is a flood prone area in the middle Ganga plain. The flood situation aggravates when the river itself is in high spate in monsoon. As both longitudinal as well as lateral slopes in Bihar plains are too mild, the inundations spread over extensive areas. In monsoon, Jamania channel
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swells due to back flow of water from main Ganga. Active braided channels, meanders, and oxbow lakes, which result from dynamic hydrological processes occurring within a low gradient alluvial plain, characterize the geomorphology of the river Ganga in this area. Water levels rise as much as 10 m and the main channel widens to 2-4 km during the monsoon season (Choudhary et al., 2006). The river channels are not deeply incised in this area, and exposed bank sediments are those of the modern aggrading flood plain systems. Detached flood plains with sand/mud deposits, 10-15 m thick, have developed over years in between Jamania river channel and the main stem of the River Ganga. Presently these detached flood plains are being extensively used for agricultural purposes by local people. Farmers are using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides extensively in agriculture. Toxic substances of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides are drained from flood plain crop fields on both the banks through run-off directly into the river, and cause chemical pollution of the river. In addition, garbage, excreta and muck are being dumped into the river at numerous points at Bhagalpur. The sewage of the town and other urban wastes are also being channelized to the river (about 5 mega gallon or 22.8 million litre of sewage per day received by the river from Bhagalpur). To this is added the burden of other human activities like bathing, washing of clothes, excessive navigation, brick making, immersion of dead bodies etc. this cause considerable contamination of the river water and upsets the ecological balance of the river.
149. There is no official data available for the discharge of river Ganges at Bhagalpur. The nearest measurement station of Central Water Commission (CWC) for Bhagalpur is at a place called Hatidah, about 110 km upstream. The records of discharge at this station for 10 years (1999-2000 to 2008-2009) are presented in Table 4.1.7-1. The record shows (i) maximum average discharge in 10 years period as 2,946,240 mld occurring in monsoon months and (ii) minimum average discharge of the same period as 116,450 mld in summer months, while (iii) the average annual discharge in the same period is 745,744 mld. In addition there are discharges from the streams and other runoffs into the river within the 110 km between Hatidah and Bhagalpur for which there is however no record. Against the above mentioned discharge in the river, the total drawl of water will be in the tune of 156 mld (126 + 30 = 156) for demand of year 2041.
Table 4.1.7-1 Discharge in River Ganges (Cumec)
Month 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 JUN 2000 2150 1800 2800 2066 1653 1460 2150 2150 1294 JUL 7000 9500 10500 5050 5800 4800 2092 3100 3250 16450 AUG 39500 28700 41700 13400 20000 11500 19000 18700 2850 36700 SEP 38800 25800 30700 16600 34500 31400 29000 34800 31400 48000 OCT 26300 15700 9300 14550 39900 13300 20000 13200 28800 34400 NOV 7100 3700 5500 4850 9400 6150 8400 4925 6700 5375 DEC 3000 2450 3350 2950 4000 3550 4650 3150 3400 3275 JAN 1900 1750 1750 1850 2777 2185 2313 1850 2160 1679 FEB 1550 1700 3350 1481 2712 2155 1558 1700 1967 1525 MAR 1500 1500 2113 1864 1627 1670 1271 1725 1340 1283 APR 1400 1500 1561 1575 1383 1296 1155 1700 1090 1002 MAY 1550 1500 1500 1916 1354 1442 1325 1760 1168 1320 Annual Average 10967 7996 9427 5741 10460 6758 7685 7397 7190 12692 (Source: Executive Engineer, Central Water Commission, 2010) cumec- cubic meter per second 150. Nearest water quality monitoring station on river Ganges is located at Hathidah near Mokama about 110 km from Bhagalpur. The water quality data for 2007-08 and 2008-09 is shown in Table 4.1.7-2.
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Table 4.1.7-2: Water quality of River Ganges (Station Hathidah) Parameters Range- Concentration 2007-08 2008 -09 Colour Greyish Greyish to Brown Odour Odourless Odourless Temp (Degree C) 16.0 – 27.0 16.0 – 28.5 pH 8.1 – 8.65 8.13 – 8.67 Electrical Conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) 165 – 425 219 – 389 Calcium (mg/l) 17.6 – 43.3 19.2 – 46.5 Chloride(mg/l) 14.0 – 26.0 12.0 – 32.0 Carbonate(mg/l) 12.0 – 28.8 12.0 – 43.2 Bicarbonate (mg/l) 104.9 – 190.3 100.0 – 219.6 Potassium(mg/l) 15.4 – 44.3 23.1 – 31.1 Magnesium(mg/l) 9.7 – 27.2 3.89 – 40.8 Sodium(mg/l) 12.0 – 42.3 11.9 – 37.1 Dissolved Oxygen 7.8 – 8.8 8.4 -8.8 BOD (mg/l) 1.56 – 2.35 1.25 – 2.35 Calcium Hardness(mg/CaCO3/l) 44.0 – 108.0 56.0 – 124.0 Total Hardness (mg/CaCO3/l) 108.0 – 204.0 100.0 – 176.0 Source: Executive Engineer, Central Water Commission, 2010 151. It is noted that concentration level of all the parameters is within the standard of surface water quality (Referred Annexure 1 of CPCB and BIS standard).
152. Water quality near Intake location of Bhagalpur is measured by the PPTA Team during month of March- April 2011. The results are shown in Tables 4.1.7-3 and 4.1.7-4.
153. Water samples for analysis of different variables were collected from 15 sampling sites spread over 10 km upstream (5 km in the main channel and 5 km in the side channel) and 10 km downstream from the project site. From the results obtained on physico-chemical characteristics of Ganga water, it appears that the river in Bhagalpur stretch is under stressed condition due to impact of urban, industrial and agricultural wastes. From the perusal of Table 4.1.7-3, it is clear that the side channel (Jamania channel) is under severe stress.
154. Compared to the main channel the side channel registered low DO content and high contents of free - carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, total hardness, chloride and phosphate-phosphorus, and most of the values obtained for these water variables were above the permissible limit as per Standards prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 1992). COD and TSS values were much higher (COD = 226.56 mg/l, TSS = 7482-13528 mg/l) in Jamania channel compared to the main channel including the project site. Except project location site, the high values of COD at sites both in main and side channels suggest that the high inorganic matter is being discharged into the river. Higher values of COD restrict availability of dissolved oxygen to fish and other fauna and flora and thus may reduce the productivity of the river. The water was more turbid in the side channel (20.3- 85.3 NTU). pH value of Ganga water ranged from slightly acidic to moderately alkaline range and it has relationship with solubility and accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides in the river water as well as sediments. Though hardness of water is not a pollution indicator parameter but indicates about water quality. Water with less than 75 mg/l of CaCO3 is considered soft and above 75 mg/l of CaCO3 as hard (Sawyer, 1960). Total hardness values cross the WHO (1991) limit of 100 mg/l at all the sites indicating the waters at all sites as fairly hard which may affect the potability of water. Higher amount of TDS in Jamania channel indicates about lesser volume of water in the channel and greater degree of pollution. TDS values at all other sites including the project site
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were well within the permissible limit as per World Health Organization Standard (Robert, 1971). Chloride content of a water sample is often an important index of the pollution status. Livingstone (1963) while reviewing the chloride composition of the rivers of the world reported an average quantity of about 12 mg/l of chloride in the river. High chloride values registered both in main and side channels are obviously due to intense human activities and open defecation on the river bank. Transportation of soluble chloride salts from the catchment areas of the river may be the other important source. Phosphorus and nitrogen are the two minor dissolved inorganic constituents in natural waters which have very significant roles in the plant growth. Phosphate-phosphorus and Nitrate-nitrogen were in fair amount as recorded at all the sites. Phosphate-phosphorus mainly comes from sewage household effluents and detergents. In Jamania channel dye industry may be the other important source. Nitrate content of water is of great significance for algal growth.
155. Overall, investigation of physico-chemical variables of water both in side and main channels of River Ganga at Bhagalpur suggest that discharge of urban waste water and industrial effluents from silk and dying industries, particularly in Nathnagar, leather shoes and slipper factories, battery manufacturing units, automobile workshops, agro-chemicals discharge through run-off, discharge from hospitals and pathological laboratories, cremation and immersion of dead bodies and various other anthropogenic activities are the major sources of river water pollution in Bhagalpur. All produces cumulative water quality impact of River Ganges.
Table 4.1.7-3: Physico-chemical Analysis of Ganga River Water at Bhagalpur (March-April, 2011) - Upstream and Project location Sl. Parameters 5 km Up stream Project location- water No Main channel Side channel intake 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Ambient temp.(Co) 23.5 23 23 26 26.5 26 30 29 29 2 Water temp. (Co) 25.5 25 26 26.5 28 26.9 30 29 28 3 Turbidity (NTU) 46.9 18.3 21.7 85.3 39.5 20.3 15.9 17.3 10.7 4 TSS 13528.6 - - 7482.5 - - 8287.4 - - 5 TDS 251.4 280.1 280.1 717.5 814.5 670.2 252.6 251.5 250.7 6 Conductivity(µS/cm) 456.8 451.8 504.6 1.291 1.461 1.226 465.8 465.1 465.4 7 pH 7 7 7 8.5 8.5 8.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 8 DO 8.4 8.8 8 3.6 3.2 6.8 7.2 7.6 6.8
9 FCO2 86 84 84 500 520 300 100 170 162 ־־ 10 CO3 Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. ־ 11 HCO3 48 46 46 128 138 118 46 42 44 12 TH 190 182 178 446 486 400 190 190 178 21.99 19.99 21.99 101.96 101.96 104.96 19.99 19.99 18.99 ־Cl 13
P 0.042 0.039 0.042 0.061 0.078 0.05 0.043 0.04 0.044־PO4 14
N 0.046 0.038 0.039 0.039 0.044 0.059 0.011 0.059 0.059־NO3 15 16 COD 37.76 - - 226.56 - - 14.16 - - 17 As (ppb) 0.0 - - 10 - 10 0.0 - - 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.32 0.18 0.33 0.12 0.12 0.14 ־F 18 1 – Shore , 2 – 100m from shore , 3 – 200m from shore. Except pH all other variables expressed in ppm or mg/l or otherwise mentioned. ־־ ־ Abs. – Absent, As – Arsenic, Cl – Chloride, CO3 - Carbonate Alkalinity, COD – Chemical oxygen demand DO – Dissolved oxygen, ־ ־ – P – Phosphate־N – Nitrate – Nitrogen, PO4־F – Fluoride, FCO2 – Free carbon dioxide, HCO3 –Bicarbonate Alkalinity, NO3 Phosphorus, TDS – Total dissolved solid , TH – Total hardness, TSS – Total suspended solid
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Table 4.1.7-4: Physico-chemical Analysis of Ganga River Water at Bhagalpur (March-April, 2011)- Down stream of Project location
Sl.no Parameters Down stream 5 km 10 km 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Ambient temp. ( Co) 32 33 32 28 29 30.5 2 Water temp. (Co) 35 32 33.7 31 33.5 31 3 Turbidity (NTU) 33.1 15.7 10.1 9.9 15.6 16.2 4 TSS 6789.5 - - 12952.4 - - 5 TDS 250.5 249.6 248.4 247.6 248.4 240.3 6 Conductivity (µS/cm) 464.2 463.8 456.7 456.4 457.7 445.5 7 pH 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7 8 DO 6.4 7.6 7.6 7.2 7.6 7.6
9 FCO2 82 150 110 144 98 80 ־־ 10 CO3 Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. Abs. ־ 11 HCO3 44 42 42 42 42 42 12 TH 182 170 194 182 178 190 19.99 19.99 19.99 18.99 19.99 21.99 ־Cl 13
P 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.044 0.041 0.041־PO4 14
N 0.046 0.028 0.027 0.028 0.028 0.027־NO3 15 16 COD 54.56 - - 24.8 - - 17 As (ppb) 0.0 - - 0.0 - - 0.07 0.04 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.12 ־F 18 1 – Shore, 2 – 100m from shore, 3 – 200m from shore. Except pH all other variables expressed in ppm or mg/l or otherwise mentioned. ־־ ־ Abs. – Absent, As – Arsenic, Cl – Chloride, CO3 - Carbonate Alkalinity, COD – Chemical oxygen demand DO – Dissolved oxygen, ־ ־ – P – Phosphate־N – Nitrate – Nitrogen, PO4־F – Fluoride, FCO2 – Free carbon dioxide, HCO3 –Bicarbonate Alkalinity, NO3 Phosphorus, TDS – Total dissolved solid, TH – Total hardness, TSS – Total suspended solid
4.1.8 Groundwater 156. The sand layers in the Quaternary Alluvium (both newer and older) form the main source of ground water in the district. Based on the strata logs and hydro-geological properties, the aquifer system in the district can be divided into two categories;
The shallow aquifers within 50 m depth. The deep aquifers within 50 – 200 m depth. 157. In shallow aquifers, the ground water occurs under unconfined condition and in deeper aquifers under semi-confined to confined conditions. The shallow aquifers consisting of fine to medium sand with clay, silt and kankars are the main sources of ground water in the marginal alluvial tract in the south Bhagalpur. In general the thickness of these aquifers varies from 13 to 18 m, being more at central parts than the eastern and western parts of the marginal alluvium. The thickness of the aquifer is controlled by the geometry of the underlying basement rock. The deeper aquifers mainly consist of sand, gravel and calcareous nodules with alternating layers of clay. The exploration data reveals the presence of four to five major aquifers with cumulative thickness 20 to 85 m. These aquifers thin out towards Sultanganj in the western part since clay dominancy increase. The composition of the aquifer is not homogeneous at many places. These are very
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often mixed with silt and little clay, which impedes their water yielding capacity. The yield of these 3 3 zones varies between 14.30 m /hr at Rampur to 202.70 m /hr at Madarganj with reference draw down of 6 – 27m.
158. Hydro-geological map of Bhagalpur is shown in Figure 4.1.8-1.
Figure 4.1.8-1: Hydro-geological map of Bhagalpur, Bihar
(Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Central Ground Water Board, CGWB, 2009)
159. Ground water quality data of Bhagalpur district has been collected from Central Ground Water Board. They have developed the data base from the partial and complete analysis of water samples collected from the district. The study of this analytical data reveals that in general the quality of ground water in most of the areas is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Table 4.1.8-1: Concentration level of different parameters in ground water of Bhagalpur Sr. No. Parameters Concentration 0 1 Electrical conductance 450 to 1400 micromhos/cm at 25 C 2 pH 7.0 to 8.05 3 Total Dissolved Solids 145 to 826 ppm 4 Total Hardness as CaCO 70 to 488 ppm 3 5 Calcium 12 to 158 ppm 6 Magnesium 9.7 to 60 ppm 7 Sodium 14 to 189 ppm 8 Potassium 0.18 to 4.0 ppm 9 Chloride 10.6 to 200 ppm 10 Carbonate NIL 11 Bicarbonate 122 to 634 ppm
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Sr. No. Parameters Concentration 12 Sulphate : ppm Less than 2 to 40 13 Iron Less than 0.1 to 1.40 ppm 14 Fluoride 0.01 to 1.80 ppm 15 Nitrate Less than 1 to 50 ppm 16 Silica 12 to 40 ppm (Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, CGWB, 2009) 160. Bhagalpur is one of the districts in the state of Bihar, which are affected by arsenic contamination in ground water. The ground water in the blocks namely Sultanganj, Nathnagar and Jagdispur, has been reported to be containing arsenic more than the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l (as per WHO norm). PHED, Govt of Bihar has conducted a blanket testing for arsenic in the state. The hand pumps where arsenic concentration was found to be more than 0.05 mg/l during blanket testing were marked with red paint. Arsenic occurs sporadically in hand pumps and it largely depends on the depth of the hand pump and from which formation it taps water. A sudden surge in arsenic concentration in the tube wells is found between the depth range of 12 and 40 m. After 40 m there is a drastic decline in arsenic concentration. In dug wells arsenic concentration is reported as below detection limit (BDL). Figure 4.1.8-2 shows the Arsenic affected area of Bhagalpur.
Figure 4.1.8-2: Arsenic affected area of Bhagalpur, Bihar
(Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, CGWB, 2009)
4.2 Biological Resources
161. There are no wetlands, mangroves, or estuaries in or within the subproject sites.
4.2.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem 4.2.1.1 Terrestrial Flora
162. There are no dense woodlands in the area, but there are patches of low jungles. Major species of trees found here include Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Salai, Kasambar. The main fruit trees
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indigenous to the district include: mango (Mangifera indica), mahua (Bassia latifolia), jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), Banana (Musa Sapientum), date palm or khajur, and Tal tree, Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), plums, the Jamun (Eugenia Jambulina), custard apple, guava and lime.
163. The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town, trees and vegetation (mostly shrubs and grasses) are those commonly found in urban areas.
164. There is one forest area of 24 acre, Sundarban (ward no. 3 of Bhagalpur) is located within 100 m of proposed or existing water treatment plant. As per the state notification that area is protected for conservation of tree species only. No wildlife is present in Sundarban. Trees are mainly Teak, Mehagani, Mango, Litchi, Jamun, Arjun, Tamarind and Rubber. It is expected that there is no impact (tree cutting) on Sundarban during implementation of the project.
4.2.1.2 Terrestrial Fauna
165. In the north of the Ganges, the fauna is typical of the central plain of Bengal, while in the south, there are some more distinct species, such as Langur. The district is known for its variety of monkeys and bats. Two species of Indian bear are also found in the district. Other species includes hyena, wolf, several species of cats, mongoose, Indian fox, the wild dog, and Jackal. Deers such as Barakhamba, the spotted deer, the four horned antelope and the barking deer are also found in the district. However, many of these species are now found rarely in the district.
166. The subproject sites are in the built-up area of town therefore animals are those commonly found in urban areas. During survey few terrestrial fauna are noted which discussed in sub-section 4.2.3.
4.2.2 Aquatic Ecosystem 4.2.2.1 Aquatic Flora
4.2.2.1.1 Phytoplankton
167. Phytoplankton, mainly represented by the algae is the main primary producer and constitutes the base of food chain in aquatic ecosystems. They are ubiquitous in flowing waters, their distribution and periodicity largely depends on the environmental conditions. Some algae are good indicators of pollution and unhealthy water, and these can be employed as effective tools for biomonitoring (Vass et al., 1977; Siddiqui, 1980; Singh et al., 1983 Choudhary, 1987). Few reports are available on phytoplankton of the river segment within the Vikramshila sanctuary (Siddiqui, 1980; Singh et al., 1983; Bilgrami & Datta Munshi, 1979, 1983, 1985; Choudhary, 1987). Bilgrami & Datta Munshi (1979) recorded 140 algal species from River Ganga (Patna to Farakka stretch) and further recorded 35 additional forms in the survey conducted in 1985. Members of Chlorophyta dominated all the year round with maximum concentration of Chlorococcales and Conjugales. Blue greens or Cyanophyta occupied the next position, further followed by Bacillariophyta. The Euglenophytes were poorly represented. 14 species were usually confined to urban sewage discharge/ pollution sites (Patna & Bhagalpur). These included Oscillatoria chlorine, O. limosa, O. tenuis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Schizomeris leibleinii, Stigeoclonium tenue, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Synedra ulna, Navicula viridula, Euglena viridis, E. acus, Phacus caudatus and P. viridis. These species may be used as effective bioindicators. Choudhary (1990) calculated the species diversity index (following Shannon & Weaver‘s, 1963, and Wilhm & Dorris, 1968) based on phytoplankton studies of six sites, 3-each at Sultanganj and Bhagalpur. The diversity ranged from 1 – 3 at sewage outfall sites, and that suggested the river water at these sites as moderately polluted. Cremation Sites recorded the least species diversity (<1), thus falling under heavily polluted zone. The low species diversity at these sites may be attributed partly to the organic flux into the river and disturbed surface condition of water which never allowed the phytoplankton to stabilize, settle and multiply.
168. During recent survey (April 2011) by PPTA expert fifty three (53) freshwater algal species were recorded from collections made from 15 sampling sites in the river. These species belong to
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32 genera. The algal community at all the sites (15) was composed of four major groups Diatoms, Chlorophytes, Cyanophytes and Euglenophytes. In total, there were 20 diatom species, 19 Chlorophytes, 11 Cyanophytes and 3 Euglenophytes. Euglena, Phacus, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Lyngbya, Spirulina, Chlorella, Spirogyra, Closterium, Nitzschia, Navicula, Pinnularia, Gomphonema, Cymbella, Fragillaria sps. are the most pollution tolerant genera of algae recorded from the river in 10 km upstream and 10 km downstream from the project site. The presence of these species indicated organic pollution near the project site.
Table 4.2.2.1.1-1: Listing of Algal species from different sampling sites in River Ganga at Bhagalpur (April, 2011)
10km S.No. Algal Species 10km upstream Project site downstream Chlorophytes 1. Closterium acerosum + - - 2. Closterium arcuatum + - + 3. Cladophora holsatica + - - 4. Hyalotheca indica - - + 5. Cosmarium diplosprum + - - 6. Cosmarium coloratum + - - 7. Cosmarium pseudo-broomi - + - 8. Cosmarium depressum - + - 9. Cosmarium cambricum + - + 10. Cosmarium contractum + - + 11. Spirogyra submaxima + - + 12. Spirogyra decimina - + + 13. Spirogyra condensata - - + 14. Mougeotia sphaerocarpa + - - 15. Arthrodesmus curvatus + - - 16. Coelastrum indicum - + + 17. Scenedesmus flexuosus - + - 18. Pediastrum genuinum - + - 19. Chlorella vulgaris + + + Diatoms 20. Navicula disjuncta + - + 21. Navicula radiosa + - - 22. Navicula pupula - + + 23. Navicula cuspidata - - + 24. Cymbella gracilis + - + 25. Cymbella tumida + - - 26. Gomphonema parvulum + - - 27. Gomphonema lanceolatum + + -
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10km S.No. Algal Species 10km upstream Project site downstream 28. Eunotia lunaris + - - 29. Nitzschia capitellata - + + 30. Nitzschia sublinearis - - + 31. Nitzschia frustulum - - + 32. Fragillaria construens + - + 33. Fragillaria vucheriae - + + 34. Pinnularia acrosphaeria + - + 35. Pinnularia borealis - - + 36. Pinnularia gibba + - - 37. Tabellaria fenestrata + - - 38. Synedra ulna + - - 39. Synedra acus - + + Cyanophytes 40. Phormidium ambigum + - + 41. Oscillatoria curviceps + - + 42. Oscillatoria subbrevis + - - 43. Merismopedia minuta + - + 44. Anabaena variables - - + 45. Lyngbya contorta - - + 46. Nostoc commune - + + 47. Spirulina meneghiniana - - + 48. Microcystic flos-aquae + + + 49. Microcystic robusta + - + 50. Polycystis aeruginosa + - + Euglenophytes 51. Euglena gracilis + + + 52. Phacus orbicularis + - - 53. Phacus longicuada + - + + = Presence, - = Absence 4.2.2.1.2 Riparian vegetation
169. Macrophytes do not play any major role in primary production of riverine ecosystems. The marginal vegetation, however, comprises numerous macrophytes which are ecologically and economically of great value. Plants growing on vast stretches of sand beds are extensively employed as fodder, for house-hold purposes and for cottage industries. The vegetation pattern keeps on changing due to annual floods and high level of water in the rainy season. Water currents play a decisive role in dispersal of seeds and in influencing the pattern of marginal vegetation. The marginal plants also play important role in providing shelter to breeding animals and fishes. After floods new and more fertile land emerges on which sprouts extensive and varied
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herbaceous vegetation. Such fertile lands also become areas of brisk human activity in post- monsoon period. Such lands are referred to as ‗Diara lands‘ and are highly productive. Bilgrami and Datta Munshi (1985) recorded 77 species of dicots and 34 species of monocots from marginal areas of the river (Patna to Farakka). Ranunculus sceleratus, Murdannia nudiflora, Ipomoea aquatica, Scirpus articulatus, S. maritimus, Hygrorhiza aristata, Cyperus iria, C. rotundus, Fimbristylis dichotoma, Kyllinga brevifolia, K. triceps and Saccharum species preferred amphibious habitat. Among the aquatic macrophytes, Eichhornia crassipes, Trapa sp., Lemna sp., Pistia sp. were recorded in the free floating form. Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas sp. were completely submerged, while Vallisnaria sp., Aponogeton monostachyon, Potamogeton sp., Saggitaria saggittifolia were submerged rooted floating forms.
170. Riparian vegetation, 10 km Upstream and 10 km Downstream from Project Location near Barari, Bhagalpur have been recorded during April, 2011. It is noted that most of the Riparian vegetation are Marginal.
Table 4.2.2.1.2 -1: Riparian vegetation, 10 km Upstream and 10 km Downstream from Project Location near Barari, Bhagalpur (April, 2011)
Species/Scientific Name Local Name Habitat Status Angiosperms/Dicotyledons Family: CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea aquatica Kalmisag FloatingFloating Ipomoea fistulosa Behaya, Thethar Marginal Family: PAPAVERACEAE Argemone Mexicana Pila Kantaila Marginal Family: RUBIACEA Dentella repens NA Marginal Family: TAMARICACEAE Tamarix dioica Jhau Marginal Family: AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis Sirounchi Marginal Alternanthera paronychoides NA Amaranthus spinosus Kataiya sag Marginal Family: VERBENACEAE Phyla nodiflora NA Marginal Lippia alba NA Marginal Family: ASTERACEAE Eclipta alba Bhengraiya Marginal Garngea maderspatana NA Marginal Xanthium strumarium Chhota Gokhara Marginal Ageratum conyzoides Mahakaua Marginal Launaea procumbens NA Marginal Parthenium hysterophorus Gandhi grass Marginal Family: EUPHORBIACEAE Crozophora rottleri NA Marginal Croton sparsiflorus Mirchaiya Marginal Euphorbia hirta Dudhi Marginal
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Species/Scientific Name Local Name Habitat Status Family: LAMIACEAE Ocimum americanum Ban-Tulsi Marginal Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Marginal Family: POLYGONACEAE Polygonum barbatum Atlari Marginal Polygonum plebejum Raiiphul Marginal Rumex dentatus Jangli palak Marginal Family: MOLLUGINACEAE Glinus glotoides NA Marginal Family: RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus scleretus Jaldhania Marginal Family: SOLANACEAE Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Jangli Tainaku Marginal Solanum nigrum Makoi Marginal Solanum xanthocarpum Katrainganii, Katainla Marginal Datura alba Dhatura Marginal Physalis minima Ban phutka Marginal Family: LYTHRACEAE Ammania multiflora NA Marginal Family: SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia crustacea NA Marginal Lindernia procumbens NA Marginal Lindernia viscosa NA Marginal Scoparia dulcis Meetha patti Marginal Family: ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia hyssopifolia NA Marginal MONOCOTYLEDONS Family: CYPERACEAE Cyperus rotundus Common sedge, Motha Marginal Cyperus difformis NA Marginal Fimbristylis cimplanata NA Marginal Family: TYPHACEAE Typha angustata NA Marginal Saggitaria sagittifolia NA Marginal Family: HYDROCHARITACEAE Hydrilla verticillata Jhanji Floating Family: PONTEDERIACEAE Eichhornia crassipes Jalkumbhi Floating Family: LAMIACEAE Lemna minor NA Floating Family: POTAMOGETONACEAE
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Species/Scientific Name Local Name Habitat Status Potamogeton crispus NA Submerged Potamogeton pactinatus NA Submerged Family: POACEAE Sachharum spontaneum Kaansh Marginal Sachharum munja Munj Marginal Cynodon dactylon Doob Grass Marginal NA = Not Available
4.2.2.2 Aquatic Fauna
4.2.2.2.1 Zooplankton
171. Zooplanktons are the integral part of the lotic community and contribute significantly in the biological productivity of the freshwater ecosystems (Makarewicz & Likens, 1979). The abundance of some zooplankter as intermediates in the aquatic food web is supposed to be an indicator of gradual eutrophication. These organisms have also been used for ecotoxicological tests in aquatic environments (Gannon & Stremberger, 1979; Laal et al., 1982). The zooplanktons of the River Ganga are mainly represented by the protozoans, rotifers, cladocerans and copepods. Bilgrami and Datta Munshi (1985) recorded zooplankton density as 47-55 U/L, 11-17 U/L and 32-39 U/L at Bhagalpur in summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. Seasonal variations had a profound effect on zooplankton population and species composition. Bhowmick (1988) and Verma (1981) also recorded the same pattern. Keratella cochleraris and Brachionus calyciflorus were the most dominant forms. Filinia longiseta, Brachionus angularis, B. falcatus, B. calyciflorus, B. forficula, B. quadridentata, Keratella tropica and K. cochleraris were more frequent in the polluted waters.
172. PPTA expert through recent survey (April 2011) recorded forty (40) fresh water Zooplankton species from collections made from 15 sampling sites. These species belong to 18 genera. The zooplankton community belongs to Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. There were 20 Rotifers species, 10 Cladocera species and 10 Copepoda species.
173. Keratella sp., Brachionus sp. Which are known to be the indicator of mesotrophic and eutrophic water bodies were represented in quite good numbers and indicator of organic pollution. Some other rotifer species were also encountered like Asplanchna, Lecane, Hexarthra, Filinia and Monostyla sp.
174. Cladocerans were represented by Bosmina, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia, Leptodora, Alona and Moina sp. Copepoda group was represented by Diaptomus, Cyclops, Mesocyclops, Halicyclopps and Naupli larvae. Table 4.2.2.2.1-1 shows Zooplankton species from different sampling sites in River Ganges.
Table 4.2.2.2.1-1: List of Zooplankton species from different sampling sites in River Ganga at Bhagalpur (April, 2011)
S.No. Zooplankton Species 10km upstream Project site 10km downstream Rotifera 1. Keratella quadrata + - - 2. Keratella valga + + + 3. Keratella cochlearis + - + 4. Keratella serrulata curvicornis + + -
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S.No. Zooplankton Species 10km upstream Project site 10km downstream 5. Keratella crassa - + + 6. Kellicottia longispina - - + 7. Brachionus calyciflorus + + + 8. Brachionus angularis + - + 9. Brachionus quadridentatus - + + 10. Brachionus havanaensis - + + 11. Brachionus diversicornis - - + 12. Brachionus rubens - - + 13. Asplanchna priodonta + + + 14. Asplanchna sp. - - + 15. Lecane luna - + - 16. Hexarthra sp. - + - 17. Filinia longiseta - - + 18. Filinia opoliensis - - + 19. Filinia brachiata - - + 20. Monostyla sp. - - + Cladocera 21. Bosmina longirostris + + + 22. Bosmina sp. - - + 23. Daphnia magna + - - 24. Daphnia pulex - - + 25. Daphnia ambigua - - + 26. Ceriodaphnia sp. + - + 27. Leptodora sp. - - + 28. Alona sp. - - + 29. Moina brachiata + - + 30. Moina sp. - + - Copepoda 31. Diaptomus minutus + - + 32. Diaptomus forbesi - + - 33. Diaptomus sp. + + + 34. Cyclops viridis + - - 35. Cyclops scutifer + - - 36. Cyclops varicans rubellus - + + 37. Cyclops sp. + - + 38. Mesocyclops sp. + - -
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S.No. Zooplankton Species 10km upstream Project site 10km downstream 39. Halicyclops sp. + - - 40. Naupli larvae + + + + = Presence - = Absence 4.2.2.2.2 Aquatic Animal – Gangetic Dolphin
175. Protected area. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991 (the Notification copy is attached as Annexure 3), it is the only protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia. Once found in abundance, only a few hundred remain, of which half are found here. The Gangetic dolphins(Platanista gangetica gangetica) have been declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India. This decision was taken in the first meeting of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) chaired by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on, 5th October, 09. Major attractions are Gangetic Dolphins (known as Soons by Locals) Classified as Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species & included Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The Sanctuary also contains rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including the Indian smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata, gharial Gavialis gangeticus, a variety of freshwater turtles, and 135 species of waterfowl.
Figure 4.2.2.2.2-1: Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Source: Kelker et al. (2010)
176. Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica, or Susu, can only live in freshwater and is essentially blind. It is found in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Megna and Karnaphuli- Sangu river systems of India and Bangladesh (Mohan et al., 1997; Sinha et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001; Choudhary et al., 2006). However in recent years, its range has been reduced and abundance has declined in many areas (Reeves and Leatherwood, 1995). A few individuals
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survive in Nepal in the Karnali River and possibly the Sapta Kosi River. It is now threatened throughout its fast shrinking distribution range due to various development activities and indiscriminate and unsustainable fishing practices. It is listed in the Schedule-I of ‗The wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 of India‘, categorized as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation (IUCN, 1996) Red list, included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). There is no meaningful estimate of range-wide abundance, but at least 2500 – 3000 Ganges dolphins are assumed to survive across their entire range (Sinha et al., 2010).
177. Aquatic Biodiversity in Vikramshila Sanctuary. The biological spectrum of river Ganga is multidimensional and it is much richer than other lotic ecosystems in the country. The forms include a wide variety of both micro- and mega- flora and fauna, and those include phytoplankton (mainly represented by algae), zooplankton, other invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals.
178. Ganges River Dolphin- Literature Survey. Few reports are available for the population estimate of Ganges river dolphin in the Vikramshila sanctuary (Sinha et al., 2000; Choudhary et al., 2006; Kelkar et al., 2010). Sinha (1996) conducted an upstream and downstream survey between Sultanganj and Kahalgaon and observed at least 92 dolphins. Sinha, Sharma and Smith (1998) conducted upstream surveys and observed 63 groups for a total of 81-108 dolphins (overall best estimate = 95, mean group size = 1.5, SD = 1.5, range + 1-9, encounter rate = 1.6 dolphins/km). The same investigators conducted a downstream survey of the same area and observed 33 groups for a total of 47-56 dolphins (overall best estimate = 49, mean group size = 1.5, SD = 0.6, range + 1-12, encounter rate = 0.9 dolphins/km). The difference in the number of animals observed during upstream and downstream surveys was probably related to the faster average speed of the survey vessel while traveling downstream (9.6 km/h vs. 5.2 km/h). Kelkar et al. (2010) estimated dolphin abundance in Vikramshila Sanctuary (65 km rive stretch between Sultanganj and Bhagalpur) at 179 (SE 7, 95% CI 148-208) and 270 (SE 8 95% CI 240-304) in the mid and dry peak seasons, respectively. During these seasons, the average depth of the main channel declined over 1.5 m. An increase in dolphins since 2001 has been reported in VGDS (Choudhary et al., 2008) after initial baseline surveys in 1998 (Sinha et al., 2000).
179. Dolphin count: Survey Area. The primary survey consisted of sampling at proposed project site and sites at 10 km upstream and downstream of the project site. The project site (water intake site) is physically limited to 100 m East of Vikramshila Bridge (Setu) at Barari in Bhagalpur and 300 m West of Crematorium and 100 m from the southern bank of the river Ganga in the main stem of the river.
180. Methodology. A 10 m wooden rowing boat with a capacity of 10 persons (survey team +crew) was used for the survey. An actual length of 20 km of the River Ganga (10km upstream and 10 km downstream from the project site) was surveyed. The river stretch was divided into equal-length rectangular sampling units of 2 km each (n=20 km), for recording presence/absence of dolphins, otters, turtles and birds. Wherever possible, zigzag line transects (Dawson et al., 2008) were undertaken. A major constraint in carrying out zigzag design based survey throughout the stretch was the highly compromised river flows and shallow depths.
181. The apparatus and equipments used for the survey included: a fish finder for recording stream depth, GPS (Garmin Etrek) for recording coordinates of all significant survey events, binoculars 7x50; 8x80; 10x30 (image stabilizing), cameras/handy cams for photo/video- documentation, and the Nikon Laser Range finder.
182. Three trained observers surveyed each stretch for river dolphin surfacing (Reeves et al.(eds.), 2000). Sampling was undertaken in excellent sighting conditions. Observers recorded number of dolphins and estimated distance and angle of each dolphin encounter from the boat‘s GPS location at the time of survey, with a range finder and compass. Dolphin age-classes (calf, sub-adult, adult) were also estimated and recorded. Care was taken to avoid double counting of dolphins by maintaining close communication among the observers, and also by recording
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simultaneous resurfacings of more than one dolphin, and by correcting time interval between resurfacing of a single individual by adjusting the time taken by the boat to cover the distance.
183. Dolphin Census Survey. A total of 20 dolphins were observed in the upper 10 km stretch of the river from the project site with an encounter rate of 2 dolphins km-1 (SD = 2.2, CV= 88% ). The dolphin density was high (10 dolphins) between 8 – 10km segment of the river from the project site followed by 8 dolphins in the 6 – 8 km segment, and 2 dolphins in the 0 – 2km segment. No dolphins were detected between 4 – 6 km and 2 – 4 km segments. The average depth and width of the upper 10km river stretch was 6.2 m and 458.33 m respectively. Most part of the 10km stretch covered was wide (> 200 m) and meandering (66%), and the rest was wide (>200 m) and straight. The river channel was wide and straight up to 4 km from the project site. Different human activities like trap fishing, motorised ferry crossing (country boat), ore ferry crossing, bathing and cattle wallowing were also recorded during the upstream survey. There is a stone embankment on the northern bank of the river between 2 km - 10 km of river segment. The main channel meanders from this point.
184. A total of 10 dolphins were observed in the 10 km downstream segment of the river from the project site with and encounter rate of 1 dolphin km-1 ( SD = 1.22, CV= 61%). Dolphin counts were higher (5 dolphins) between 2 – 4 km segment from the project site, 2 each were detected in the 4 – 6 km and 8 – 10 km segments, and single dolphin was detected in the 6 – 8 km segment. No dolphin was observed in the 0 – 2 km river segment from the project site. The average depth of the lower stretch was 4.4 m and the average width was 541.66 m. Most of the stretch was wide and straight (83%) and the remaining stretch was wide and meandering. Human activities observed in the downstream survey included mostly cattle wallowing, bathing and scoop net fishing.
185. Tables 4.2.2.2.2-1 to 4.2.2.2.2- 3 shows Dolphin count of the project area.
Ganges river dolphin near Vikramshila Bridge, Bhagalpur
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Table 4.2.2.2.2-1: Summary of Dolphin survey effort and sightings for survey in 10 km upstream and 10 km downstream from project site in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary during April, 2011
10 km downstream from 10 km upstream from project site project site Total survey time (hrs) 1.54 1.50 Total survey distance (km) 10 10 Average survey speed (km/hr) 6.5 6.66 Number of sighting of dolphin groups 5 8 by primary observers Sum of best, high and low estimate of
dolphin group size Best 10 20 High 11 21 Low 10 20 Mean group size based on mean
estimate Mean 2 2.5 SD 1.22 2.2 CV 61% 88% Range 1 – 4 1 – 6 Dolphin encounter rate based on best
estimates Dolphin km-1 1 2 Dolphin hr-1 6.5 13.3 Size class Adult 3 9 Sub- adult 5 8 Calf 0 2 Unclassified 2 1 Dolphins observed by independent 0 0 observers Table 4.2.2.2.2-2: Dolphin sightings in 10 km upstream river stretch from Project site in VGDS, (April, 2011)
Number of dolphins Average Depth(ft) Distance from project Coordinates *Channel type observed within 2km segment site (km) 25 16‟ 932” 2 15.00 WSS 0 – 2 87 01‟ 497” - - 25.15 WSS 2 – 4 - - 34.90 WSM 4 – 6 25 19‟ 510” 86 59‟ 540”
25 19‟ 652” 86 59‟ 243” 8 18.25 WSM 6 – 8 25 19‟ 704” 86 59‟ 036”
25 19‟ 750” 86 58‟ 968”
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Number of dolphins Average Depth(ft) Distance from project Coordinates *Channel type observed within 2km segment site (km) 25 19‟ 783” 86 58‟ 824”
25 19‟ 783” 86 58‟ 764”
25 19‟ 741” 86 58‟ 642” 10 11.10 WSM 8 – 10 25 19‟ 670” 86 58‟ 548”
25 19‟ 576” 86 58‟ 408”
25 19‟ 480” 86 58‟ 241” *WSS= Wide Single Straight (>200 m); WSM= Wide Single meandering
Table 4.2.2.2.2-3: Dolphin sightings in 10 km downstream river stretch from Project site in VGDS (April, 2011)
Number of Average Depth(ft) Distance from project Coordinates *Channel type dolphins observed within 2km segment site (km) 26 16‟ 670” 2 12.00 WSS 8 -10 87 07‟ 073” 25 15‟ 700” 1 13.60 WSS 6 - 8 87 04‟ 893” 25 15‟ 597” 2 10.90 WSM 4 - 6 87 03‟ 338” 25 15‟ 920” 87 02‟ 342” 5 12.30 WSS 2 - 4 25 16‟ 029” 87 02‟ 043” - - 20.30 WSS 0 – 2 *WSS= Wide single straight (>200 m); WSM= Wide Single Meandering 4.2.2.2.3 Fish
186. The fresh water fishes found at Bhagalpur include the rohu, the katla, Jhinga, boari, tengra, Lilpa, bachwa, pothia etc.
187. Fishing by local fishermen as well as fishermen from neighbouring area/state is done in the river Ganges throughout the year at Bhagalpur. July to September (monsoon) is the lean period for fishing, when the water level is too high and the current too strong to do any kind of fishing in the river, and the maximum fishing is done in post-monsoon months of October and
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November when water recedes. Fishery survey has been carried out at project locations. Details are discussed below.
188. Fisheries of tropical lowland rivers are essential for the livelihoods and food security of millions of people around the world (Welcomme, 2008). River Ganga is the richest producer and supplier of fish protein in North India. Out of 90% riverine source of spawn in India, more than 70% spawn are collected from this river. Fish populations of the middle River Ganges in eastern India make major contributions to the nutrition needs of millions of people (Sinha & Khan, 2001) and are also critical for the conservation of the endangered Gangetic dolphin, Platanista gangetica gangetica (Roxburgh) (Chouldhary et al., 2006), yet few studies have addressed fisheries ecology in the region. The River Ganges supports a diverse fish fauna, with about 260 fish species reported for Indian waters (Sinha & Khan, 2001). Bilgrami and Datta Munshi (1985) made an extensive survey of the River Ganga from Patna to Farakka and its main tributaries, and recorded 88 teleostean species belonging to 22 families and single species of Elasmobranchii. About 35 species have been identified as having highest commercial value, including carps (Cyprinidae), snakeheads (Channidae), and catfishes (Siluriformes) (Islam et al., 2006). There are indications that catches of these high-value species (primarily major carps and shad) have declined for a variety of factors associated with human population growth and environmental impacts, including fishing pressure, dams and pollution (Jhingran & Ghosh, 1978; Payne & Temple, 1996; Payne et al., 2003). Choudhary et al. (2006) recorded 76 fish species belonging to 10 orders and 27 families from River Ganga at Bhagalpur during 2001 – 2003. Carmen et al. (2010) analyzed the fishery data from five important landing sites near Bhagalpur and observed that Cypriniformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes were the dominant orders both in terms of species richness and yields. The dominant fish species in the catch at Bhagalpur were Wallago attu, Gudusia chapra, Salmostoma bacalia, Pseudeutropius atherinoides, Ailia coila, Sperata aor, Johnius coitor, Cirrhinus mrigala, Setipinna brevifilis and Mystus cavasius. The species composition of fish catch landed at Bhagalpur, near the middle of the sanctuary, is believed to have changed dramatically in recent years, with low economic value catfishes and other miscellaneous species replacing high value carps (Jhingran & Ghosh, 1978; Natrajan, 1989). Choudhary et al. (2006) also observed that the fishing intensity was high throughout the year but with peak periods during the low-water season from October to February, and gill nets made of nylon threads were the most commonly used gear followed by long lines.
189. Fisheries survey method. Fish surveys was conducted by PPTA expert at two landing sites (one near project location) in early morning hours for 5-days and collected data on catch volumes, species caught and their corresponding weights. Identifications were made using Talwar & Jhingran (1991) and Srivastava (1994), again with modifications to nomenclature according to Fish base (2008). Fish catch is always landed during the morning hours as fishing is done during the night hours by fixing the nets in the water in afternoon or evening hours and pulled up early in the morning. Catches were sorted according to species. The catch weight of each species was visually estimated or at times measured on a balance. Fishermen were interviewed at landing sites to determine what type of gears were used to catch each species and how many fishermen were involved in fishing. During the interviews, the names of fishermen and the boats they operated from were recorded to count the total number of fishermen and boats operating in the area. 190. Active gill net Sampling. Active gill net sampling is a method where sampling of fish is done in the river by putting a net in selected spots under varied habitat types for a fixed time (standardized effort). Fish caught within the fixed time are removed then identified and measured in terms of length and weight.
191. Active single monofilament gill net sampling was done at seven locations around the project site and the bridge pillars which is one of the two hot spots for the dolphins. During the three days of gill net sampling an 85.34m long and 1.21m wide monofilament gill net with a mesh size of 24mm was used at seven different locations for sampling with a standardised effort of 2 hours at every location. The net was fixed in the river by the help of a local fisherman. After 2 hours, the net was pulled out of the water and the trapped fishes were removed and the numbers were counted specimen wise and species wise, then length of each specimen was measured and the weight of the total catch was also taken.
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192. Fish catch is landed in the early morning hours at the landing sites. Fishermen keep the nets in the water or float them in the main channel or fix them in the side channel during the night hours. The first site (S1) was selected near the bank of the project site (25 16′154″ N & 87º 01′ 702″E). The other sampling sites included Site 2 (S2) near the bank of the Gudara ghat (25º 16′ 190″ N & 87º 01′ 566″ E) which is closer to the confluence and is on the southern bank of the river. The sampling site 3 (S3) was on the northern side of the mouth of the side channel (25º 16′ 443″ N & 87º 01′ 594″ E). Site 4 (S4) was the sampling site at the confluence point (25º 16′ 477″ N & 87º 01′ 599″ E). The fifth sampling site (25º 16′ 634″ N & 87º 01′ 546″ E) was after the confluence point on the southern bank of the main channel just after the confluence and very close to this point. The sixth sampling site (S6) was selected on the northern bank of the main channel (25º 17′ 104″ N & 87º 01′ 620″ E) opposite to the southern point of sampling. The last sampling site near the northern bank, opposite to the project site (25º 16′ 311″ N & 87º 01′ 971″ E) was chosen as sampling site 7. Netting time for each location was 2 hours. All the fish trapped in the net were measured, identified up to the species level, and the total catch weighed.
193. Annexure 4 shows detail of the fish count in and around the project area. Tables below shows status of Pre-species of Ganges Dolphin.
Table 4.2.2.2.3-1: Fisheries particularly Pre species of Ganges River Dolphin between bridge and cremation site near the southern bank (March – April, 2011)
Order Family Pre species of Ganges river dolphin Total catch (kg) Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio cotio 2.85 Puntius sophore 0.35 Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus cavasius 4.20 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Setipinna brevifilis 2.85 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus pancalus 0.10
Table 4.2.2.2.3-2: Fisheries specifically Pre species of Ganges River Dolphin near the opposite bank (Northern bank) of the cremation site (Project location), March – April, 2011
Order Family Pre species of Ganges River Dolphin Total catch (kg)
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio cotio 0.10 Puntius sophore 0.50 Siluriformes Bagridae Mystus cavasius 4.05 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Setipinna brevifilis 3.72 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus pancalus 0.00 Mastacembelus armetus 0.25
Table 4.2.2.2.3 -3: Active gill net (24mm mesh size) sampling specifically Prey species of Ganges river Dolphin in the river Ganga near Project location, Bhagalpur (March – April, 2011) Location Species Numbers Length (mm) Project site Osteobrama cotio cotio 3 70 Gudara ghat Mystus cavasius 1 130 (Barari)* Osteobrama cotio cotio 1 80 Setipinna brevifilis 2 135,145 Southern bank of main channel Setipinna brevifilis 1 140 close to confluence point
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Location Species Numbers Length (mm) Northern bank near bridge Nil Opposite bank of crematorium Nil site * Side channel 194. Thirty five fish species were recorded at Bhagalpur including seven vulnerable species (Gonialosa manmina, Puntius sarana, Botia dario, Sperata aor, Ompok pabda, Rhinomugil corsula, Sicamugil cascasia) and two endangered species (Crossocheilus latius, Bagarius yarrelli) ( National Bureau of Fish and Genetic Resources, NBFGR, Lucknow) (Annexure 4). During the fishery surveys at the landing sites, a total quantity of 275.36 kg (total catch includes crustaceans also) of fish was recoded, out of which 37.7% consisted of the Dolphin‘s prey species, 20.4% trapped in the area near the southern and northern banks of the project site. 31.15% of the total catch was caught in the side channel and the rest was from the main channel. Of all the seven sampling sites, the least quantity of fish was recorded from the first site that is near the project location. Only three specimen of a single species Osteobrama cotio cotio was recorded from this site and the maximum quantity of fish was trapped from Site 3 (S3) i.e. the total catch was 0.65kg and catch composed eight species at this site.
195. In the present fishery investigations, nine species of Dolphin prey were recorded .e. Osteobrama cotio cotio, Mystus cavasius, Puntius sophore, Setipinna brevifilis, Macrognatus pancalus, Macrognathus armatus, Parambassis ranga, Sperata seenghala and Crossocheilus latius. Choudhary et al. (2006) reported 12 Dolphin prey species from the Vikramshila sanctuary earlier. Sinha et al. (1993) has earlier reported Parambassis ranga by its junior synonym Chanda ranga.
4.2.3 Other Important Terrestrial Aquatic Wildlife near project sites 196. The Vikramshila sanctuary supports a rich diversity of other wildlife, many of which are threatened with extinction. These species include the gharial Gavialis gangeticus, Indian smooth- coated otter Lutragale perspicillata, several species of hard- and soft-shell turtles, and an astounding variety of migratory and resident migratory birds. VBREC team has documented a rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife in Vikramshila Sanctuary (Choudhary et al., 2006).
Table 4.2.3-1: Aquatic and terrestrial wildlife recorded during dolphin surveys and field trips in 2001–2003, with observation dates, number of individuals seen, IUCN Red List status (IUCN, 2004) and any extra information recorded Species Dates observed No. Individuals ¹Red List status Remarks Indian smooth-coated 12/2/2001 2 NT First two records, presence otter 22/6/2001 4 recorded from fresh scat and Lutragale perspicillata 30/12/2003 4 tracks. Third record, all adults sleeping & 4 huddled in the open. Indian water monitor 26/3/2001 2 DD Observed exploring holes in steep Varanus bengalensis mud bank Indian wild boar 23/5/2001 3-4 Presence recorded from track on Sus scrofa same island where small pratincoles were nesting Unidentified hard-shell 27/12/2001 50+ Basking on a sand island 16 km turtle upstream from Bhagalpur Indian Soft-shell Turtle 24/05/2001 5 VU Basking on a sand island 33 km Aspideretes upstream from Bhagalpur gangeticus Indian Peacock Soft- 20/05/2002 2 VU Recovered from poachers near shell Kahalgaon
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Species Dates observed No. Individuals ¹Red List status Remarks Turtle Aspideratus hurum Gharial 26/2/2002 1 EN Juvenile <2 m , Basking on a Gavialis gangeticus sand island upstream from Bhagalpur Jackal 29/12/2003 1 DD On rock island at Kahalgaon Canis aureus ¹ DD -Data Deficient, EN- Endangered, NT- Near Threatened, VU- Vulnerable. Source: Choudhary et al., 2006; Appendix 2 197. Otters. The survey team observed 5 – smooth-coated otters near the Vikramshila Bridge. Smooth – coated otters are categorized as Vulnerable under IUCN Red List (1994). In one of the fishery surveys, one dead adult otter was found on the island close to northern bank of the river. There was no injury mark on the body of the dead animal. It was reported to the officials of Bhagalpur Forest Circle for needful actions.
4.2.4 Avifauna 198. The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) gained recognition as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because of the high bird diversity here (Islam & Rahmani, 2004; Choudhary & Mishra, 2008). However, a checklist of the avifauna of VGDS is still unavailable. The Vikramshila Biodiversity Research and Education Centre (VBREC) in Bhagalpur has conducted extensive conservation and biomonitoring work in the Vikramshila Sanctuary over the last decade (Choudhary et al., 2006). Choudhary et al. (2004) observed the greater adjutant
199. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary stork Liptoptilos dubius, an endangered species (IUCN, 1994) that had never before been recorded in the Ganges basin. The VBREC has prepared a comprehensive annotated checklist of about 190 bird species recorded from the river stretch (within river habitats from Sultanganj to Bhagalpur) and the precinct areas of the floodplain stretching on the Ganga‘s banks. Table 4.2.4-1: Red Data Threatened Bird Species sighted in VGDS
Sl. Common Name Biological Name * ** Threat category No. 1 Greater Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos dubius EN 2 Lesser Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos javanicus VU 3 Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis VU 4 Black Necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus DD Source: VBREC *Birdlife International 2001, **IUCN 2004 Red List DD- Data Deficient, EN- Endangered, VU- Vulnerable Table 4.2.4-2: Threshold for some bird species (1% of global population) in VGDS Common Name Biological name Threshold No. No. in VGDS Greater Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos dubius 7 42 Lesser Adjutant Stork Liptoptilos javanicus 50 45 Small Indian Pratincole Glareola lacteal 250 >3000 Black necked Stork 4 6 Common crane Grus grus 60 42 Source: VBREC (Vikramshila Biodiversity Research & Education Center) VGDS= Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
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Table 4.2.4-3: Bird species breeding in VGDS
Small Indian Pratincole Glareola lacteal Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis Little Tern Sterna albifrons Indian River Tern Sterna aurantia Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus River Lapwing Vanellus spinosus Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Source: VBREC 200. A total of 21 species were recorded during the current survey by PPTA expert (March – April, 2011), out of which 4 have been found breeding within the sanctuary limits during the summer months. They include Small Pratincole Glareola lactea, Little Tern Sterna albifrons, River lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii and Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus.Two nests of the Small Pratincole with 2 eggs in each were found on a floodplain at exactly 10km from the project site during the dolphin survey.
Table 4.2.4 - 4: - Listing of Birds in 20 km segment of River Ganga near Bhagalpur (April, 2011)
S.No. Species Scientific name Residence status Conservation status IUCN 1. GREATER ADJUTANT STORK Leptoptilos dubius R EN 2 LESSERADJUTANT STORK Leptoptilos javanicus R VU 3 ASIAN OPENBILL Anastomus oscitans R 4 SMALL PRATINCOLE Glareola lactea LM 5 RIVER LAPWING Vanellus gregarious R 6 LITTLE TERN Sterna albifrons LM 7 BLACK BELLIED TERN Sterna melanogaster LM VU 8 BANK MYNA Acridotheres ginginiaus R 9 BLUETAILED BEE EATER Merops philippinus R 10 LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta R 11 CATTLE EGRET Bubulcus ibis R 12 INTERMEDIAT EGRET Egretta intermedia R 13 BLACK IBIS Pseudibis papillosa R 14 LARGE CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus M 15 LITTLE GREBE Tachybaptus ruficollis LM 16 BRONZE WINGED JACANA Metopidius indicus LM 17 LITTLE CORMORENT Phalacrocorax niger R 18 PIED KINGFISHER Ceryle rudis R
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S.No. Species Scientific name Residence status Conservation status IUCN 19 LESSER WHISLING TEAL Dendrocygna javanica LM 20 COMMON RED SHANK Tringa totanus M 21 OSPREY Pandion haliaetus M LM - Local migrant, M - Migrant, R - Resident IUCN 1994 Red List: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable
4.3 Economic Development
201. Economic base of a town reflects its prosperity. Bhagalpur being district headquarter, has been functioning as administrative town with sustained growth in tertiary economic activities. The major economic activities are trade and commerce, thus it offers a number of wholesale and retail markets which act as a distribution center for nearby towns and villages.
4.3.1 Land use 202. The existing landuse distribution of Bhagalpur Municipal Area based on the primary survey is tabulated in Table 4.3.1-1.
Table 4.3.1-1: Existing Land Use Distribution of Bhagalpur Municipal Area, 2007
Sl. No. Landuse Category ExistingLanduse Range as per Urban Development Plan Formulation & Implementation (UDPFI) Area in Ha Land use in % guidelines in %
1 Residential 1129 37.42 40-45 2 Commercial 127 4.22 3-4 3 Industrial 214 7.10 8-10 4 Public & Semi-public 436 14.44 10-12 5 Recreational 128 4.24 18-20 6 Transport 533 17.64 12-14 7 Open land &Water bodies 449 14.88 8 Special area 1 0.04 Total 3018 100 Note – The above table is taken from „Town of Bhagalpur – Draft master Plan Vision 2027‟ - Prepared by Department of Urban Development, Government of Bihar, May 2009.
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Figure 4.3.1: Land Use Map of Bhagalpur Town
(Source: Master Plan for Bhagalpur 2027)
203. The residential land use at 37.42% is slightly below the standard guideline of 40-45%. Of the total residential land use around 2% is under mixed use. Commercial is 4.22%, which is fractionally higher than the standard guideline of 3-4%.
204. The percentage of land under industrial use is 7.1%, lower than the norm of 8-10% given by UDPFI. However it is interesting to note that the industrial use within the town is confined to household industries and thus land under industrial use has a mixed character. This indicates that the town is significantly lacking in proper industrial infrastructure and major thrust is required for the development of the industrial sector. Diversification and broadening of economic base is imperative in order to help generation of greater employment opportunities for the local community at large.
205. The public and semi public land use at 14.44 % is more than sufficient in comparison to the standard guidelines, the main intervention that is required is in providing enough schools and quality educational, health, recreational and socio-cultural facilities to the inhabitants.
206. Recreational land use at 4.24% is grossly inadequate against the standard guideline of 18- 20% showing that there is an ample scope and need for accommodating more recreational facilities. Land use under transportation at 17.64% shows a higher level of traffic and transportation infrastructure existing in the town in comparison to the standard guidelines. This is mainly because of the airport landing ground within the town, which accounts for almost 17% of the total land use under the category of transport and 2.98% of the total land use. However, there is an urgent need for improving the existing roads, creation of more transport terminals and parking areas to cater to the increasing demand for the same by the local population in the town.
4.3.2 Commerce, Industry and Agriculture 207. Commerce. The nature and volume of trade and commerce that any town supports gives a fair measure of its economic prosperity. The economy of Bhagalpur town is to a large extent dependent on agriculture and silk. Bhagalpur is famous worldwide for its silk production. The silk
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industry in this town is hundreds of years old. The town also has rice and sugar mills, and silk and wool weaving factories. The town also boasts of a famous Silk Institute, which is reminiscent of the glorious past of its silk industry. The town has flourishing commercial activity in areas mostly concentrated in the central region, along the National highways and major roads within the town. Most of the developments in the older town parts are highly organic and haphazard in nature. However the development and the commercial activity in the newly developed areas are mostly planned and organized.
208. The commercial activities present in the town may be broadly divided into retail and wholesale shopping, service and repairing shops, cold storage facilities, godowns and warehouse, breweries and distilleries, restaurants, hotels and dharamshalas and a sizable informal sector. The nature of commercial establishments on local streets mostly comprises of general stores, STD booths, dhabas etc. The informal sector is mostly in the form of small shops on footpath or roadside and thelas. In the town of Bhagalpur a significant part of the population is engaged in service sector and is self employed. Thus trade and commerce is providing employment to a large section of the population in the town. The present area under commercial use is 137 ha. This includes the area under the commercial use along the major roads, the agriculture marketing board land, and other commercial uses in the town. The godowns are also calculated under the commercial use.
209. Centralised and uncontrolled commercial development has caused a lot of chaos and congestion in wards no 34, 35,36,37,38, which is the Central Business Development (CBD) area, especially along the major roads. The Sujanagar Bazaar area is the most congested area that requires immediate improvement. Overall, the growth of commercial activities needs to be controlled and new developments channelized to newer areas to reduce congestion in the existing areas.
210. Industrials Development. According to the district gazetteer, the district of Bhagalpur has been industrially active since long. It was famous for its Tussar Silk, Dyeing, Salt, Indigo, and Glassware industries in earlier times. Apart from that small-scale industry such as basket weaving, distilleries making Taari from Mahua flowers were also prevalent.
211. The Bhagalpur town has had a strong weaving tradition since long in the State and is known as the leading silk city. There are traditional handloom clusters in the town. Handloom silk industry in Nath Nagar, Hussainabad and Mirzanhat area are the existing industrial areas in the town. It may be noted that most of the households within the ward number 1 to 10 around the Nath Nagar area have looms and could be categorized under small-scale household industries.
212. The major Industries and Industrial Zones in the town of Bhagalpur are mostly confined to areas like Barari and Bahadurpur, which are just outside the present town boundary. The Industrial Estate at Barari is on the left side of the road leading to Vikramshila Setu, spread over an area of approximately 51 acres. The Bahadurpur area spread around an area of 15 acres along Bhagalpur-Savore road, which houses the Bihar Spun Silk Mill.
213. Agriculture. The economy of Bhagalpur district is dependent mainly on agriculture and silk. The Gangetic plains are very fertile and the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, barley, sugarcane and oilseeds.
4.3.3 Infrastructure 214. Water supply. Present supply of water in Bhagalpur is in the tune of 15.75 MLD at the rate of 38 lpcd. There are 2 intake wells for the existing water treatment plant. Water is being extracted from the confluence of Jamunia nala and river Ganga. The installed capacity in the works is 17.27 MLD. The actual treatment capacity goes down to even 2 mgd (9 MLD) in some cases. A total of 57 tube wells exist in the town of which 26 are in working condition, water yield is about 600 liter/minute with 10 hours of operation. There are 7 Overhead tanks (OHT), ranging from 0.4-1 lac gallon capacity, only 5 are functional at present. The distribution system in the town has a total pipe length of about 55 Km which about 1/4th of the total road length of the town.
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Sewerage and Sanitation: There is no organised sewerage system in the town. Absence of a proper wastewater disposal system has resulted in the wastes, covering both effluents from septic tanks and sullage, getting discharged into the storm water drains which are mostly open at present. There are 25 major drains that carry wastewater of the town. 15 drains are in the northern part of the town and 10 are in the southern part, the railway line in between being the ridge. Under a Ganga Action Plan scheme wastewater of only 7 drains in the northern part are tapped and conveyed by a 12 km long sewer to a 11 MLD capacity aerated lagoon for treatment before diposing to river Ganga. Absence of a sewerage system is also linked to the poor water supply conditions in the town. The per capita supply is too low to affect a sewerage system in the town. Influent and effluent quality of wastewater treated in the existing lagoon are shown in Table 4.3.3- 1.
Table 4.3.3-1: Influent and Effluent Quality of Bhagalpur STP, Bihar Parameters July 2009 January 2010 Raw Influent Treated Effluent Raw Influent Treated Effluent pH 7.1 7.8 7.8 8.1 BOD (mg/l) 80 20 105 26 COD (mg/l) 208 120 320 108 Total solids(mg/l) 1292 862 1588 910 Total suspended Solids (mg/l) 214 118 214 156 Chloride (mg/l) 70 60 72 66 (Source: Bihar State Pollution Control Board Laboratory, 2010) 215. Storm Water Drainage. In all, there are 25 major drains in the town. This covers north of the railway line which flows towards north into the Ganges and on the west into Yamunia Nala. This includes the Barari Railway drain, Barari, Mayaganj, Mayaganj Bari Khanjarpur, Maharajghat, Khirnighat, Koilaghat, Adampur, Manik Sarkar, Mansoorganj, Sakhichand, Naya bazaar, University (Sahebganj), Champanagar Mehraw and Tanti Bazaar. On the south of the railway line, there are 10 major drains that follow the slope towards south and south east discharging into the low lying areas as well as few water bodies. These drains act as sewer lines for all practical purposes during dry weather season.
216. Solid Waste. The generation of solid waste in Bhagalpur is estimated to be of the order of about 132 tonnes per day. There are a total of 108 dustbins placed in various locations within the municipal corporation area. There are 24 big containers, 100 drums in various corners, 12 five tonner trolleys, 2 loader machines, one swiping machine and 2 jet machines, 2 compacters, 45 hand trolleys which are used for transportation of the solid waste. For transporting the wastes, there are 12 trailers and 19 bullock carts. Presently, there is no organized solid waste management method being adopted. There are no organized places of solid waste disposal, and a random dumping is attempted by the municipal team. The wastes are dumped in low lying areas, along the road sides and also along the open drains too. The drainage lines are the worst affected which have turned almost solid waste dumping channels, resulting in the silting, obstruction and over flow of the sewerage and drainage at many places. There are 8 locations in which such ad- hoc dumping is undertaken at present. Segregation at source is not practiced and the (collection is made from the cement bins) placed at various locations within the town. The transporting vehicles are also open, and as such during transportation as well, the waste is scattered throughout the town roads.
217. Transportation. In Bhagalpur, the east-west axis of the town running parallel to the River Ganges is the most important and active transport corridor. Bhagalpur being an important node in the region (the district headquarters) and being a commercial town attracts a lot of traffic, of which intercity through traffic forms a sizable portion. There are seven major roads in the town, out of which three are most important. The first and foremost is the National Highway-80 (Zero mile to Champa nala via Tilkamanjhi, Bhagalpur Railway station and Kabirpur chowk), next is the PWD road stretch from Barari More to Champa nala and third being the Bhagalpur Alternative bye pass
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(Zero mile to Kabirpur Chowk) passing through the southern side. The other major roads are Baunsi Road from Railway station towards Maheshpur and Mirjanhat Road from Bholanath pul to Krishi Bazar.
4.3.4 Development Activity in and around Project Influence area 218. There are few projects are under implementation/proposed in and around Bhagalpur Town these are discussed below.
219. Currently Public Health Engineering Dept. (PHED) Bhagalpur is undertaken physical investment towards achieving the target for development of water supply system Bhagalpur through state fund. The output of the investment works are summarised below.
Table 4.3.4-1: Output Coordination Matrix for Physical Investment – Ongoing Water Supply Scheme - Year of Sanction – 2009 S.no. Item Unit Total 2010 2011 2012 1 Rehabilitation of WTP Number 1 0.5 0.5 0 2 Construction/Rehabilitation of tube wells Number 28 7 21 0 3 Construction / Rehabilitation of OHT Number 6 3 3 0 4 Laying of pipes Km 74 30 44 0 OHT- Overhead Tank, WTP-Water Treatment Plant
Table 4.3.4-2: Funding Coordination Matrix for Physical Investment – Ongoing Water Supply Scheme - Year of Sanction – 2009 (in Rs Million) S.no. Item Total 2010 2011 2012 1 Rehabilitation of WTP 19 9.5 9.5 0 2 Construction/Rehabilitation of tube wells 34 8.5 25.5 0 3 Construction/Rehabilitation of OHT 30 15.0 15.0 0 4 Laying of pipes 160 64.9 95.1 0 OHT- Overhead Tank, WTP-Water Treatment Plant 220. Sewerage and sanitation system for the entire Bhagalpur town is proposed to be constructed under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) funded schemes. Proposals for preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) have already been invited under SPUR. The project will be implemented very soon. DPR should cover the projected population upto 2041.
221. In drainage sector there is an ongoing / committed project at Bhagalpur funded under XIIth Finance Commission for an amount of Rs. 690 million for construction of 61.35 kms of drains which will drain out both wastewater and storm-water.
222. Under IHSDP (Indian Health System Development Project) one project is under implementation. The details are given in Table 4.3.4-3.
Table 4.3.4-3: Construction of Dwelling units under IHSDP
Town Brief Description of Cost (Rs Source of finance Outcomes IA Project and Scope Million) (Financing Plan) Bhagalpur Construction of 3.6 Indian Health System 238 units Hindustan Pre Fab dwelling units - poor Development Project (IHSDP) Limited (HPFL)
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4.4 Social and Cultural Resources
4.4.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Profile 223. This Section presents a brief description of the demographic and socio-economic profile of Bhagalpur district, followed by a more detailed description of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, using a combination of secondary (Census 2001 and National Sample Survey Organization, NSSO 2010 data) and primary data (surveys and Focus Group Discussions conducted with residents).
4.4.1.1 Socio-economic profile of Bhagalpur District
224. Bhagalpur district comprises 2.93% of Bihar‘s total population. The district is largely rural in character, having only 19% urban population. Child sex ratio in Bhagalpur district (966) is favourable, though the overall sex ratio (876) is low in comparison with the state average (921), primarily indicating male migration from the district for employment. Only 19% of the district‘s population is urban; Bhagalpur town accounts for 75% of the district‘s urban population.
Table 4.4.1.1-1: Bhagalpur District – Demographic and Social Profile Parameters Details Population in million 2.4 Rural Population (%) 81 Urban Population (%) 19 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 876 Child sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 966 SC Population (%) 9 ST Population (%) 6 Minority population (%) 42.5 Maha dalit population (%) 10.42 Source: Census of India, 2001 quoted in Economic Survey, GoB, 2010-11.
Note: Among the total SC population, 61% comprises Maha Dalit, which includes Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Bhumij, Chamar, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dhobi, Dom, Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari, Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Mushahar, Nat, Pan, Pasi, Rajwar and Turi. The only Scheduled Caste, which is not a mahadalit is Dusadh which comprises 30.94% of total SC population. 4.4.1.2 Demographic and Socio-economic Profile of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation
225. As per Census 2001, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation housed a population of 340,767 persons. Decadal population growth rate in Bhagalpur has shown a fluctuating trend, being ~31% in 1971-81, dipping to 12.5% between 1981-91 and increasing to 34.5% between 1991-01 (Town Directory, Census, 2001). The average household size as per Census 2001 (6.5) is fairly high; the sex ratio (864) is lower than the average sex ratio in urban areas in Bihar (868); in case of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe households, it is 856 and 638 respectively. Overall literacy rate of 63% is higher than the total literacy rate in urban Bihar (60.27%), but significantly lower than the all-India average (69.49%). The gender gap in literacy in Bhagalpur is to the tune of 22%, with female literacy at 56% (higher than the average for urban Bihar at 52.10% and lower than the national urban average of 63.32%), while male literacy in the town is 78% (again, higher than the average for urban Bihar of 67.36% and comparable to the national average of 75.04%) (Census 2001). A primary survey was conducted during project preparation (2010); the below compares Census data with the results of the primary survey. Sample households in Bhagalpur have an average household size of 6.9 and ~27% of the population comprises Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes (SC/ST and OBC). Refer Table 4.4.1.2-1 for details.
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Table 4.4.1.2-1: Demographic Profile of Bhagalpur Town
Indicator Census 2001 Primary Survey Population 340767 2510 Population (0-6Years) 51054 (15%) 262 (10%) No. of Households 52071 362 Average household size 6.5 6.9 SC, ST, OBC Population 28100 672 (27%) Sex Ratio 864 814 Sex Ratio (0-6 Years) 944 819 Sex Ratio (SC) 856 918 Sex Ratio (ST) 638 853 Literacy (%) 62.82 - Female Literacy (%) 56.36 - Workforce Participation Rate (%) 26% 21% Dependency Ratio 2.85 3.72 Source: Census, 2001 and Primary Survey. Note: NA=Not available/Not applicable. 226. Workforce participation rate in Bhagalpur as per Census is 26%. It is quite low in comparison with statistics (>30 percent) for urban areas in other parts of the country (Census 2001). The proportion of female workers in main worker and marginal worker categories in the total workforce in Bhagalpur MC area is extremely low at 13 percent. Within the group of marginal workers, female workers comprise 34 percent. (Census 2001). Table 4.4.1.2-2 presents a profile of the workforce in Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation area.
Table 4.4.1.2-2 Worker Profile: Bhagalpur
Details No. Details % Total Workers 88445 Work Participation Rate 26% Main Workers 74222 Proportion of Main Workers 22% Marginal Workers 14223 Proportion of Marginal Workers 4% Non Workers 252322 Proportion of non Workers 74% Cultivators - CL (Main +Marginal) 1433 Proportion of CL (%) 0% Agricultural Labourers - AL (Main +Marginal) 4152 Proportion of AL (%) 1% Household Industries - HHI (Main +Marginal) 13890 Proportion of HHI (%) 4% Other Workers (Main +Marginal) 68970 Proportion of Other Workers (%) 20% Source: Census, 2001 227. The primary survey of a sample of 362 households conducted in Bhagalpur using the multi-stage stratified random sampling method helped understand the economic profile of the population in the town. Table 4.4.1.2-3 presents the distribution of sample households by consumption quintiles.
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Table 4.4.1.2-3: Bhagalpur - Distribution of Sample HHs by Consumption Quintiles
No. of Household Expenditure range Mean Monthly Per Monthly Per Capita (N=362) HHs (Rs. Per month) Capita Expenditure Expenditure (Median) First Quintile 72 1500 3500 436 409 Second Quintile 74 3500 6000 900 758 Third Quintile 73 6000 8500 1286 1150 Fourth Quintile 72 8500 12000 1773 1575 Fifth Quintile 71 12000 12000 3582 2720 Source: Primary Survey.
228. Table 4.4.1.2-4 presents the demographic and socio-economic profile of sample households, using primary survey results and comparing the same with NSSO data where applicable. It is evident that disparities between the first quintile and the fifth quintile are glaring:
(i) While 35% of Chief Wage Earners (CWE) are illiterate, while none in the fifth quintile are so. Similar disparities are observed in the proportion of CWEs who have completed primary and higher education; (ii) While 57% of CWEs in the first quintile comprise casual labour/daily wage earners, none in the fifth quintile are; (iii) Business / private sector / government jobs place households in the higher consumption quintile; (iv) There is a wide gap in the Monthly Per Capita Expenditure of households in the first quintile (Rs. 409) versus those in the fifth quintile (Rs. 2720); NSSO data25 provides the average monthly per capita expenditure for urban households in Bihar as Rs. 1080 – this is comparable with the MPCE for the overall sample at Rs. 1325; (v) The mean monthly household expenditure for sample households in Bhagalpur is Rs. 8790. Expenditure on food is as high as 66% for the first quintile, while it is about a half of that for the fifth quintile; expenses on addiction/entertainment (which are often taken as a proxy for surplus available with households that has the potential to be used for payment for services) are 2% for households in the first quintile, while they are 4% for those in the fifth quintile; and health expenses as a proportion of income are half for those in the fifth quintile. The mean monthly savings of sample households is Rs. 2640. (vi) The disparity is marked in housing typology as well: only 18% of the households in the first quintile have pucca houses, while 89% of those in the fifth quintile have pucca houses.
Table 4.4.1.2-4: Bhagalpur Town - Socio-economic Profile of Sample HHs
Socio-economic Characteristics First Quintile (N=72) Fifth Quintile (N=71) Overall (N=362)
CWE Education % illiterate 35 0 11 % completed primary education 17 2 7
25 NSSO (2010), Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2007-08, NSS 64th Round (2007-08), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, GoI, New Delhi.
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Socio-economic Characteristics First Quintile (N=72) Fifth Quintile (N=71) Overall (N=362)
% completed higher education 0 29 7 % with girls attending educational institutions 41 52 51 CWE Occupation % Casual labour (primary occupation) 57 0 16 % Government jobs (primary occupation) 7 0 5 % Business (primary occupation) 12 27 29 % Private Sector (primary occupation) 30 42 39 % Agriculturists (secondary occupation) Monthly per capita consumption in Rs. (MPCE)* 409 2720 1325 % Food Expenditure 66 36 47 % Expenditure on addiction/entertainment 2 4 4 % Expenditure on health 8 11 9 Housing % pucca 18 89 64 % semi pucca 19 11 18 % kutcha 63 0 19 Source: Primary Survey CWE- Chief Wage Earner, NSSO- National Sample Survey Organization The “Median” statistic is presented in the above Table. NSSO results (64th round) indicate MPCE of 1080 in urban Bihar.
4.4.2 Health and Educational Facilities 229. In terms of the number of educational institutions as per Town Directory, Census of India, 2001 Bhagalpur has an appreciable status. It is not deficient in any level of educational facilities from primary to college level as per UDPFI norms. There are 5 major colleges (including one medical college) and 2 universities (agriculture and general) are located in Bhagalpur.
230. Planning for health is very important since it has direct bearing on the human resource development and as an indicator of quality of life. As per the data provided by the Town Directory, Census of India, 2001 Bhagalpur is deficient in higher order hospital facilities although it has enough number of nursing homes to cater to the future projected population.
4.4.3 History, Culture, and Tourism 231. The history of Bhagalpur is connected to the history of the larger areas of which Bhagalpur forms a part. Bhagalpur district is named after its chief city, and corresponds to some portions of the ancient kingdoms of Anga and Mithila. References to Bhagalpur can be found in Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where Bhagalpur has been described as the kingdom of Anga. Mandar Hill, situated 52 km south from Bhagalpur, is believed to have been used as Churner during Samudra-Manthan by God and Danav according to Hindu mythology. Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period still exists. The tomb of Suja, brother of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb, in the heart of the town is reminiscent of the city's association with the Mughal period. Ruins of ancient Vikramshila University are located 44 km east of Bhagalpur. It was the medieval centre to the conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal at the end of the 8th century.
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232. Chhath Puja ,Laxmi Puja, Kali Puja and Dussehra are the major festivals in Bhagalpur. Bihula & Bishahari puja is specially celebrated in Bhagalpur.
233. Within the town one can visit Karngarh and the four hillocks, attractive Jain temples, a Christ Church near the city tower and an old symmetry in a very ruined shape, Bhagalpur museum besides Burh Nath temple on the riverside in Jogsar Mohallah. Bhagalpur is equally famous for Visharhi Asthan, the venue for the Bihula or the Mansa Puja held every July when the snakes are worshipped. A little distance from the Visharhi Asthan temple lies the colourful Durga Asthan. Next door is the Mahashay Deori-a typical Thakur Bari. Mahashay was the honorific hereditary title given by Akbar in 1664 to Sri Ram Ghosh, the collector. The Mahashay deori is worth a visit. It revives the memory of a typical Mughal Zamindar‘s residence of deori replete with open court yard, a temple with a strange deity called Batuk Bhairab (Possibly a Buddhist image) which was discovered by the early Mahashays at Tilhakothi where they used to live during the Mughal days.
234. Of the total 51,52906 tourists who visited the non-Buddhist destinations in 2005 in Bihar, about 7% was accounted by Bhagalpur/ Sultanganj, and this accounted for about 6.32% of the entire tourist traffic in both Buddhist and Non-Buddhist destinations (58,44209) in Bihar.
235. The subproject sites are not located within any sensitive historical, archaeological area.
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Chapter 5: Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
236. This section of the EIA reviews possible subproject-related impacts, in order to identify issues requiring further attention and screen out issues of no relevance. ADB‘s SPS (2009) require that impacts and risks will be analyzed during pre-construction, construction, and operational stages in the context of the subproject‘s area of influence. As defined previously, the primary impact areas are (i) the sites for intake well, WTPs, pumping houses, water storage reservoirs, transmission mains, and pipe network alignments; (ii) main routes/intersections which will be traversed by construction vehicles; and (ii) quarries and borrow pits as sources of construction materials. The secondary impact areas are: (i) entire Bhagalpur town area outside of the delineated primary impact area; and (ii) entire Bhagalpur district in terms of over-all environmental improvement.
237. The ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for Water Supply was prepared during preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) to screen the subproject for environmental impacts and categorization of the project. All the proposed subproject components will interact physically with the environment.
238. In the case of this subproject (i) most of the individual elements are relatively small except impact on critical habitation like Gangetic Dolphin or other important habitation and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and moderately significant (subject to long term impact study); (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because that process is invasive, involving excavation, obstruction at specific construction location ( intake within water body) and earth movements; and (iii) being located mainly in the built-up area of Bhagalpur, will not cause direct impact on terrestrial biodiversity values but produce moderate impact on aquatic biodiversity. The subproject will be in properties held by the local government and access to the subproject area is thru public rights-of-way and existing roads hence, land acquisition and encroachment on private property will not occur.
239. Critical issues of the sub-project are,
(i) Assessment of design impact and mitigation through selection of alternatives due to presence of protected wildlife sanctuary within the project influence area (ii) Protection of aquatic biodiversity through application of acceptable mitigation measures (iii) Safety of worker at the time of work within the river (iv) Post construction clean- up operation within and adjacent to river (v) Intensive monitoring during construction and post construction phase
5.1 Cumulative impact
IIdentification of threats to aquatic life within 10 km upstream and downstream of the proposed intake location
5.1.1 Threat to Dolphins/fisheries 240. The Ganges river dolphins face many threats within 10 km upstream and downstream of the proposed location, and those include:
a) Destructive fishing activities using detrimental fishing nets and gears like monofilament gill nets of different mesh size (size range: 10-145 mm), drag nets, which results in high mortality from by-catch (accidental entanglement in fishing gears).
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b) Occasionally deliberate killing for Dolphin products such as oil. The Dolphin oil is used as liniment, as an aphrodisiac and as bait for catfishes. The Dolphin oil is used as fish bait for catching two economically important fish, Eutropiichthys vacha and Clupisoma garua. Dolphin meat is not preferred in this area. c) Depletion of prey base: Excessive exploitation of small size fishes using the mosquito nets and large nets near Vikramshila Bridge (10 km upstream, both in Jamania channel and the main channel; and 1.5 km downstream in the main channel) are affecting the prey base of Dolphins. d) Competition with fishermen for food and water resources e) Physical alteration, degradation and loss of habitats: Presently, the geo- morphology of the river near Bhagalpur has changed. The river has shifted northwards by 3-4 km over a period of last 20 years. Sand islands have come up near Barari (upstream of the Vikramshila bridge, and the river has become shallow. Vikramshila bridge area, once a hotspot for Dolphins, now is not the preferred habitat for Dolphins. Dolphins have migrated to 8 km upstream of the bridge (near Lodipur) where the river meanders and is deep. f) River traffic: The stretch of River Ganga from Haldia to Allahabad is designated as Inland Waterways No.1 by the Federal Government. Presently two cargo vessels pass through the Sanctuary area per month. Recently, the Government of Bihar is promoting River tourism and Vikramshila Sanctuary is one of the tourist nodes. In last two years, big vessels like Padava and others are operating from Kolkata to Varanasi with tourists and making at least 3-trips every month except the lean period. No protocol for river tourism is available till yet. Collisions with powered vessels, and the effects of noise they generate, are a serious concern for the Dolphins. g) Pollution of the river: Agro-practices are common on both the banks of the river. Farmers are using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides extensively. The residues of these agro-chemicals are channelized to the river directly with run-off resulting into the chemical pollution of the river. The raw sewage right from Nathnagar to Barari is being dumped into the Jamania channel (southern bank), and the Jamania channel with enormous pollution load ultimately meets to the Main channel. Silk and dying industries are also discharging effluents directly into the Jamania channel. In addition to these, various human activities like bathing, washing of clothes using hard detergents, burning of dead bodies at the cremation ghat at Barari and dumping the remains (unburnt wood, ash and bones) into the river, navigation by motorized boat, immersion of idols and cattle wallowing, further pollute the river water.Pollution loads are threat to critical habitant like Dolphin.
5.1.2 Threats to other aquatic wildlife 241. In addition to Dolphins, the megafauna of the river like Smooth-coated otters and migratory birds have severely marginalized by human domination of the open-access systems. The area is under high human pressure due to fishing, boat traffic and pollution. Birds are hunted mainly for food, and this constitutes mainly migratory waterfowl and wagtails. Huge nets, snares and poisoned grains (laced with cheap pesticides like Thiamate) are used by hunters to kill birds. The existing human disturbance and movement, particularly on banks and on mid-channel islands severely disturbs breeding birds like pratincoles, terns and Indian skimmers.
5.1.3 Threat of violence 242. Antisocial elements have taken control over the river segment within the Sanctuary. Local fishermen are now under threat from criminals involved in monopolizing and robbing the already- scarce fish resource.
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5.2 Pre Construction – Design phase Impact
5.2.1 Design of the proposed components
243. The subproject has been designed for 30-years life. Accordingly, it is proposed that the subproject be commissioned by the year 2011 and the plan horizon year shall be 2041. The population forecast and demand calculations have also been done for the mid period, year 2026. The distribution system, rising mains and water storage reservoirs have been designed keeping in mind the plan horizon year. But pumping machinery, and the reservoirs where phasing is possible, have been proposed for the demand of the year 2026. The rate of supply has been taken as 135 lpcd for 100% of population.
5.2.2 Location of Water Sources 244. Availability of ground water in near vicinity of town was discussed with Central Ground water Board. The main constrain for withdrawal of ground water is presence of arsenic beyond the maximum permissible limit.
245. There is a plan to intake water for the town from River Ganges. Presence of Dolphin Sanctuary near intake point is one of the risks of the sub-project. Although permission from Ministry of Environment & Forest/ National Wildlife Board is necessary before implementation of the project at the same time detail study for quantificatopn of possible impact on aquatic habitation and their mitigation measures is necessary.
246. Alternative analyses have been carried out to minimize the impact in respect to selection of the location of water source (Ref. chapter 6) before designing of the project. Though the alternative location at Sultanganj is outside of sanctuary but techno-ecomic study does not support that location and ultimately intake site fixed at Bhagalpur within the VGDS.
5.2.3 Distribution Network
247. The town has been subdivided in 5 distribution zones (Ref Chapter 3). The designs considered the demands for the year 2011, 2026, and 2041 and available production for the zones. The capacity of water tank required in each zone has been worked out by the mass flow curve specified in the Indian Manual on Water Supply and Treatment. Some of the existing OHTs, though may be of very small capacity have been utilized in the system. A schematic diagram showing flow of water from intake to water treatment plant and then to water storage tanks will be finalized in Detailed Project Report.
5.2.4 Water Treatment plant & Transmission main route
248. Through alternative analyses (Ref. Chapter 6) location of water treatment plant and transmission main route are selected for minimization of the impact.
5.2.5 Sustainability of water source after intake of water under present scheme
249. Hydrological study is done for assessment of impact on environment due to abstraction of water from river, with respect to river flow. This study is done on the basis of secondary data from Central Water Commission (CWC), Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) and Bihar Road Construction Department, Ganga Bridge Project Wing. The study is attempted with two different approaches by two hydrologists, (i) with discharge data of CWC‘s measuring station at Hatidah (about 100 km upstream of project location) computed on river cross section at project location through hydraulic models; and (ii) with discharge data of IWAI at Bateswarsthan (about 30 km downstream of project location) and water level data at Munger (about 80 km upstream of project location), Bateswarsthan (about 30 km downstream of project location) and at the project location in different years computed through river hydrographs.
250. Conclusion and recommendation, as revealed from the studies, are presented a follows:
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(i) There will be negligible effect on the water level on river Ganges at Bhagalpur location due to abstraction of 156mld (2041 projection) of water. At lowest water level condition, water level will reduce by 3.6 mm. This effect of reduction in water level will be within a downstream length of 25m along the river. (ii) Abstraction of water will reduce the flow by 0.2% only even in lowest discharge period. This has a negligible effect on the river. (iii) Inlet gate level of the intake will be at 23.22m msl. (iv) From the sketch below it shows that the proposed intake location is on the main stream of the river. For pin pointing the intake location, hydraulic model based on 100 years return flood period, is proposed to be done during detail engineering stage.
Figure 5.2.5.1 Proposed Intake Location
251. The reports of the studies by two different hydrologists are Annexued in Annexure 5. In both the report conclusions are drawn from the worst case situation.
5.2.6 Consideration of earthquake protection for zone IV
252. Structure in seismic zone IV- Design impact & mitigation: While a structure is designed all possible load combination are considered those may come into structure. This includes seismic load also. In zone IV like Bhagalpur the ground vibration is maximum. Corresponding to this the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is provided in the relevant code for seismic design (Indian Standard, IS 1893: 2002). As per this PGA and the seismic acceleration response curve is given in the code and other factors like Response Reduction Factor and Importance Factor as per the same code the seismic analysis is done and structures are designed accordingly. As the ground acceleration is maximum in zone IV & V, the cost of the structure also becomes high for provision of higher reinforcement etc. As per the seismic design philosophy laid in IS: 1893, 2002, the structure are designed such a way that it can withstand all Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) which are basically minor and medium ground slaking and it should not collapse but have cracks which are reparable during Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) which are basically major slaking. Thus as per the provision of the seismic code the structure are designed in such a way that in no case it will collapse. The present structures are also designed in line with the above provision of the IS 1893.
5.2.7 Utilities
253. Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water and sewer lines within the existing right- of-way (ROW) may be damaged. The mitigate the adverse impacts due to relocation of the utilities, DSC/PIU will (i) identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of services during construction phase; and (ii)
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require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services.
5.2.8 Water Supply
254. A different but no less significant impact is the effect on people and communities if water supplies are closed down for extended periods when work is conducted on the network. This would be inconvenient in the short term, and there could be health risks if the water supply was unavailable for several successive days or longer. It will therefore be important to take the necessary measures to avoid such a situation. This will require PIU to:
(i) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration); (ii) In coordination with ULB, provide alternative potable water to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down; and (iii) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply. (iv) To minimize the impact on existing water supply system renovation of existing WTP and intake structure should be planned after commissioning of new intake and water treatment plant. 5.2.9 Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
255. An additional, particularly acute health risk presented by this subproject derives from the fact that, the existing water supply system may comprises partially AC pipes, so there is a risk of contact with carcinogenic material if these pipes are uncovered in the course of the work. Precautions have already been introduced into the design of the project to avoid this, of which the most important are that:
(i) No work is proposed on those parts of the existing system that contains AC pipes (ring, carrier, and distribution mains), and these will be left in-situ undisturbed, so there will be no deliberate excavation of AC pipes; and (ii) The locations of the new network has been planned to avoid all locations of existing AC pipes so these pipes will not be discovered accidentally. 256. However unlikely, the design consultant will develop a protocol to be applied in any instance that AC pipes are found, to ensure that appropriate action is taken. This should be based on the approach recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),26 and amongst other things, should involve:
(i) Develop reporting procedures to inform management immediately if AC pipes are encountered; and (ii) Require construction consultants to develop and apply an AC Management Plan, as part of the over-all health and safety (H and S) plan, to protect both workers and citizens in case accidental uncovering of AC pipes. This AC Management Plan should also contain national and international standards for safe removal and long- term disposal of all asbestos-containing material encountered.
26 In the USA, standards and approaches for handling asbestos are prescribed by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OHSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and can be found at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos
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5.2.10 Social and Cultural Resources
257. Bhagalpur can be found in Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where Bhagalpur has been described as the kingdom of Anga. There are few tomb and historic remnants of Mugal period are present near Bhagalpur. Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period still exists. Conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal at the end of the 8th century is located at Vikramshila (44 km east of Bhagalpur). Moreover numbers of temples and other religious sites are located in Bhagalpur town. There is a risk that any work involving ground disturbance can uncover and damage archaeological and historical remains. For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing ROWs and specified government land, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless during preparation of Detail project report and implementation of the project, contractor and PIU/DSC will:
(i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the site; (ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and (iv) Develop a protocol for use by the construction contractors in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are protected and conserved. 5.2.11 Site selection of construction work camps, stockpile areas, storage areas, and disposal areas
258. Priority is to locate these near the project area. However, if it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, sites to be considered will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Residential areas will not be considered to protect the human environment (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime). Extreme care will be taken to avoid disposals near the sensitive area like sanctuary zone which will inconvenience the community and impact on aquatic biodiversity. All locations would be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. For disposal of construction waste particularly in case of generated waste during renovation, permission needs to be taken from the concerned authority like district collector or urban local bodies.
5.2.12 Site selection of sources of materials
259. Extraction of materials can disrupt natural land contours and vegetation resulting in accelerated erosion, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, ponding and water logging, and water pollution. To mitigate the potential environmental impacts, locations of quarry site/s, borrow pit/s (for loose material other than stones) would be included in the design specifications and on plan drawings. Priority of sites will be investigated in detail project stage. If other sites are necessary, these would to be located away from population centers, drinking water intakes and streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems; and in structurally stable areas even if some distance from construction activities. It will be the construction contractor‘s responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to obtain the approval of Urban Local Body. If additional quarries will be required after construction is started, then the construction contractor shall use the mentioned criteria to select new quarry sites, with written approval of Bhagalpur Municipality.
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5.2.13 Impact on River Biodiversity, particularly on Endangered Ganges river dolphin due to abstraction of water from the river
260. Globally, natural flow regimes of large rivers have been modified considerably for human use. The diversion of the flow in the Ganga has been ongoing since the early 1850s and riverine ecosystems have gradually adjusted to such diversions with certain losses. In fact, Riverine biodiversity is adapted to the natural variability of river flow regimes, depth profile and channel morphology.
261. Dolphins are known to prefer deeper pools, mid-channel depths between 5-13 m, muddy- rocky substrates and meandering channels with hydraulic scouring (Smith et al.1998, McGuire & Winemiller 1998; Kelkar et al. 2010). Large-scale alterations to hydrogeological characteristics of riverine habitats can thus significantly affect the foraging, migration, acoustic communication, and even reproduction of Dolphins, as calving takes place in the peak dry-season. Event like abstraction of water leads to increased stress on the ecosystem, especially on species like Dolphin that need deep pools of water and high flow velocities (Behera, 1995). Das et al. (2005) has analyzed the impacts of irregular water flow from barrages on river dolphin population and found that reduced Dolphin numbers correlate with reduced downstream flow in the study stretch. Other scientists have identified reduced river flows as one of the primary threats to the populations of dolphins, Mahseer, crocodiles and turtles (Ra, 1995), but no quantitative data on this exists. Dolphins are known to usually occupy small, circumscribed areas in the river channel in the dry- season (Smith et al. 1998). The Dolphin calving period peaks in the dry-season and beginning of floods (Mcguire & Winemiller 1998). Reduced dry-season flows may critically affect pregnant females that seek areas with shallower depths through the dry season. Choudhary et al., (2011, in press) also suggested that maintenance of dry-season flows is critical for persistence of river dolphin populations. Despite increasing concerns, there are few studies linking distribution patterns of river dolphins to threats from modifications of natural flows. Sensitivity of aquatic ecosystem to flow reduction is very difficult, it impossible to evaluate in the absence of direct relationships between ecosystem and flow changes.
262. Hydrological study has been conducted to understand change in water level due to present project. Complete report is attached in Annexure 5 and summary of Interpretation is depicted in para above under ―Sustainability of water source‖.
263. The above hydrological analyses refer that due to insignificant effect of water level change the impact on river biodiversity including river Dolphins at Bhagalpur is also insignificant.
5.2.14 Impact of noise/vibration on the behavior of Dolphins.
264. Noise will be generated by compressors, pumps, movement of boats/ vessels, vehicles and miscellaneous equipment during construction and operation phase. Noise levels close to the source, particularly where more than one source occurs, are likely to be around 90 dB (A). How this will impact or interfere with the behavior of river dolphins is not well studied and documented. However, some reports are available on bio-sonar characteristics and underwater behaviors of dolphins in wild environment are available.
265. Freshwater cetaceans possess highly evolved echo-location abilities that allow to inhabit turbid environments where vision is of little use (Ganges river dolphin is practically blind). All three obligate river Dolphin species produce ultrasonic (>20 kHz) echo-location clicks and burst pulses, and some produce lower-frequency whistles. Passive acoustic techniques take advantage of these vocalizations to detect and locate animals.
266. Past studies of anatomical features and underwater behavior of the Ganges river Dolphin in captivity by Herald et al. (1969) and Pilleri (1973) in 1960 – 70s described its special characteristics such as ―mostly blind, i.e. no lens in its eyes‖, ―emit high frequency clicks for echolocation‖ and ―side swimming behavior except when it surfaces‖. Recently developed software algorithms have been used to determine bearings to dolphin clicks and whistles from a towed array (Thode et al., 2000). Ura et al. (2007) recorded bio-sonar clicks from a free-ranging Ganges river
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dolphin in Budhabalanga River in Orissa, India. They developed a high frequency multi- hydrophone 3.2 m long array for small Odontoceti (toothed dolphins) acoustic survey and tested it in 2005 and 2006. They recorded dolphin‘s on-axis click on a short pulse of about 40 micro- seconds and major frequency was 65 kHz. Sugimatsu et al. (2009) used integrated observation system with multiple acoustic arrays for long-term real-time monitoring of the Ganges river dolphin in the Upper Ganga reach from Karnavas to Narora (Uttar Pradesh). Their observations confirm the results of earlier observations of Ura et al. (2007) that the Ganges river dolphin swims up and down the river around the observation spot, where the river width is over 150 m. The Irrawady Dolphin click is a very short pulse of about 20 micro-seconds duration and typically occupies the band between 30 to 130 kHz. However such studies have not been conducted in Vikramshila Sanctuary, hence data on vocalizations of Vikramshila dolphins are not available.
267. In absence of bio-sonar data including the Dolphin click range frequency, it is not possible to predict negative impact of noise/ vibrations due to pumps, vehicles and miscellaneous equipment during construction and operation phase on behavior of dolphins near project site.
5.2.15 Design and maintenance of pump at intake
268. Generally roto-dynamic equipment like pump and motor are manufactured restricting vibration limit to 50 micron (peak to peak vibration) and noise level of 85 dbA. at a distance of 1.86 m. Velocity of vibrations are restricted to guidelines of Hydraulic Institute Standards throughout the operating range of pumps.
269. It can be stated that the vibration of the pump motor set, generally measured at the base plate level of the motor stool of the vertical pump and the bearings do not propagate through water, but is dispersed in the foundation. It is thus important to control the vibration limit as per standard by continuous monitoring throughout the life span of the equipment (15 – 20 yrs.) thereby restricting the noise level also. By selection of a pump motor set with a lower RPM, the vibration limit can also be further reduced. It is imperative that the pump is fitted with spares of original equipment manufacturer to ensure higher longevity of the pump set.
270. Continuous vibration monitoring and attending to the trouble shooting after proper fault diagnosis is a must. Terms and conditions of the contract should be framed so that proper operation and maintenance of the device and driven equipment is ensured.
271. Procurement procedures of pumps and device should be so framed that equipment is ensured from proven and reputed manufacturers.
5.2.16 Design of mesh size of the travelling water screens at the mouth of the intake channels
272. There is chance of entry of fish through normal bar screen of intake. With that consideration alternative study has been taken up for selection of right screen for protection of prey fish of Dolphin. During primary survey it is noted that size of Dolphin‘s prey fish varied from 70-145 mm. In design of intake instead of bar screen travelling water screen shall be installed at the forebay of the pump intake of both the options. The travelling water screen shall be having a mesh of only 10 mm X 10 mm size which will restrict flow of aquatic fish (even small fish) and other creatures to the pumping stations. Since small fish unable to enter into intake the food chain of Dolphin is not affected.
5.2.17 Social Impact- Impact on Indigenous Peoples
273. Background. Indigenous peoples have a social and cultural identity distinct from ‗mainstream‘ society that renders them vulnerable to being overlooked or marginalized in the development process. In the context of the Project, Scheduled Tribes (ST) who have no modern means of subsistence with distinctive culture and are characterized by social and economic backwardness are identified as Indigenous Peoples.
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274. The state of Bihar has only 0.91 percent of ST population (758,351 of a population of 82,998,509 based on Census of India, 2001). In Urban Bihar, only 0.47 percent of the total urban population of the State is classified as ST. The presence of tribal population in Bhagalpur town is negligible at 0.48% as per Census 2001. There are no scheduled areas in Bhagalpur district.
275. Impacts. Screening of the Bhagalpur water supply subproject showed no impacts on Scheduled Tribes (STs). None of the proposed subproject facilities are located on land belonging to STs; moreover, STs in Bhagalpur speak the same language as the majority of the population, do not have traditional rights/access to land resources and do not follow any distinct cultural practices and therefore cannot be called indigenous peoples. Hence, the subproject was classified as a Category C (No IP Impacts) project.27 Since IPs was not found in Bhagalpur28, Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) was not prepared.
276. IP Safeguards Framework. Though IP impacts are not anticipated, BUDIP Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (refer Volume 4) delineates safeguards measures for IP impacts if any, identified at a later stage. The IPPF is essentially BUDIP‘s policy and procedural framework on IPs, which draws upon Government of India and ADB SPS 2009.The IPPF delineates the steps / procedures to be followed in identification and mitigation of IP impacts, if any and the assistance / compensation to be provided to affected IP communities and households.
277. In addition, ST households (even those in mainstream society in Bhagalpur, as mentioned in the section above) are recognized as vulnerable; this entitles all ST households to additional assistance/ compensation/ benefits (e.g. skill training, assistance for purchase of income generating assets, opportunity to attend literacy/numeracy classes, priority in project employment etc.) as delineated in the Entitlement Matrix of the Resettlement Framework, BUDIP (refer Volume 4). Identification of vulnerable households (including STs) and impacts on such households is to be undertaken by the implementing NGO.
5.2.18 Social Impact - Involuntary Resettlement (IR)
278. Background. BUDIP is designed to avoid / minimize involuntary resettlement impacts. The Resettlement Framework (RF) for BUDIP is prepared, drawing upon government and ADB policy (Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (LAA, amended in 1984), National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 (NRRP); Bihar Land Acquisition and Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (BLARRP), 2007, ADB‘s Safeguards Policy Statement, 2009) and the agreed RF for BUDIP. Measures to avoid and minimize involuntary resettlement impacts included consideration of viable alternative sites/locations for sub-project components, in accordance with the RF. Screening of tranche 1 subproject, Bhagalpur Water Supply was undertaken; only temporary IR impacts are envisaged, rendering it a Category B project (IR categorization as per ADB SPS 2009). Overall impacts are to be further minimized through careful alignment selection (for pipelines) during detailed design and sub-project implementation. A Resettlement Plan (RP) for the subproject is prepared in accordance with the RF, BUDIP. The resettlement cost for the sub-project is estimated at Rs. 6.7 million. The RP was prepared in a consultative manner and a safeguards disclosure workshop held at Bhagalpur, wherein Hindi versions of project summary and RF summary were circulated to APs, municipal officials and citizens of Bhagalpur.
279. Entitlements. The RF, BUDIP provides an entitlement matrix (EM) (refer RF, BUDIP in Volume 4) recognizes three categories of entitled persons – those with formal legal title, those without formal legal title whose claims are recognized/recognizable under national laws e.g communities with traditional land tenure systems having collective usufruct, tenants and
27 Discussions with officials of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Welfare Department, GoB revealed that Scheduled Tribes have been assimilated into the society in Bihar as they all speak the mainstream language and/or dialect (Hindi/Bhojpuri), do not observe any distinct social/cultural practices and ancestral land over which they maintain traditional user rights are not present in Bihar. 28 IPs were not identified during transect walks or household surveys in Bhagalpur.
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leaseholders, and sharecroppers, wage labour, encroachers and squatters. It summarizes the main types of losses and the corresponding entitlements for each type of AP in accordance with Government and ADB policies. Vulnerable households (defined as woman-headed households, disabled-headed household, scheduled tribe households, elderly-headed households and Below Poverty Line households) will be provided additional assistance, priority in employment for sub- project activities, skills and livelihood training, and assistance for income generating assets. APs will be provided 30 days‘ advance notice to ensure none or minimal disruption in livelihood; should there be unavoidable livelihood disruption, compensation for lost income or a transitional allowance for the period of disruption, whichever is greater, will be provided. Compensation and assistance to APs must be made prior to possession of land/assets and prior to the award of civil works contracts.
280. Impacts. All land required for sub-project components in Bhagalpur has been identified - no land acquisition/population displacement is envisaged. Subproject components are proposed on vacant Government land, where available. One OHSR is proposed on vacant land belonging to a private school trust; a lease agreement with the Municipal Corporation, Bhagalpur will be required. Three government schools shall be similarly affected. Temporary impacts on 3970 non- titled persons (vendors with push carts, baskets and tables, those with bamboo and tarpaulin repair stands and ~4 kutcha houses) are envisaged during construction of distribution pipelines and transmission mains. Transect walks reveal that ~20% of temporarily affected persons are vulnerable APs including women, children and BPL. Temporary relocation of ~4 non-titled APs due to construction of raw water transmission mains is envisaged; this will be undertaken in accordance with the Entitlement Matrix (EM); vulnerable households, if any will be entitled to additional compensation as detailed in the EM. Based on transect walks and confirmation of project engineers, limited impacts are anticipated on two permanent common structures on government school sites.
281. Compensation and Mitigation Measures. Transect walks revealed the presence of vulnerable APs such as child labour, woman-headed households and BPL APs among temporarily affected hawkers and vendors. The RP provides for a demand survey of all such APs for literacy and numeracy classes (to be conducted by the implementing NGO); should there be demand, such classes shall be organized for vulnerable APs.
282. Since transect walks revealed that all affected persons (hawkers and vendors) can be assisted to shift to nearby locations and are willing to do so, no economic impact is anticipated. The Contractor shall be required to provide assistance to all such persons to shift to nearby locations. The ~4 non-titled households likely to be temporarily affected during construction of raw water transmission mains shall be compensated for loss of non-land assets, if any.
283. For affected schools (government and private) that stand to lose land for OHSR construction, the RP provides for construction of toilets and provision of water supply connections (without levy of connection charge) under the Project. The two affected one-room structures at government school sites shall be rebuilt, post construction of OHSRs. The cost of these items is included in the resettlement cost estimated for the project. (Refer Resettlement Plan, Bhagalpur Water Supply subproject for details).
284. Fishing community will be involved in dolphin conservation activities and will be given preference in project-related employment.
5.2.19 Social Impact - Gender
285. Introduction. Gender disparities are increasingly understood as a major hurdle to ensuring distributional equity of development interventions. Gender development indicators (presented in subsequent sections) for Bihar / urban Bihar reveal that the status of women in the state is considerably low.
286. Women-headed households (WHH) comprise ~5 percent of sample households Bhagalpur. A much larger proportion of Chief Wage Earners in woman-headed households
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(26.8%) are illiterate, rendering them vulnerable, compared to the overall sample (11.3%). About 28% of woman-headed households fall in the 287. Impacts and Safeguards. Transect walks revealed the presence of ~5% women (198 APs) among temporarily affected persons (hawkers and vendors), who are likely to be affected during implementation phase. Woman-headed households are identified as vulnerable households, who are entitled to special assistance (refer Entitlement Matrix, RF, BUDIP). Literacy and numeracy classes are proposed for affected women and other vulnerable groups, based on a demand survey by the implementing NGO. 288. Women and girl children, especially from poor households are expected to benefit greatly in terms of productive time saved in water collection and in activities related to their role as care- givers, as they are primarily responsible for water collection and for care of ailing family members. 289. The Gender Action Plan (GAP) for BUDIP provides for involvement of women in various stages of the project cycle: in awareness generation and consultation, training and recruitment of poor women for project related unskilled jobs/O&M of water supply and sewerage assets. It also provides for construction of gender-sensitive and pro-poor schedule of tariffs for water supply and sanitation services; and inclusion in user charge plans, lifeline user rates to benefit the poor, vulnerable, and women-headed households. It specifies that ward level committees shall be organized, which will be responsible for identifying poor, vulnerable, women-headed households who can be the community‘s monitor/watchdog of the proper implementation of the project. It also provides for recruitment and training of women staff in the PMU and PIU, gender orientation to all PMU and PIU staff, concerned ULB officials and staff, and project contractors, highlighting gender and other social inclusion issues related to water supply. The GAP also provides for incorporation of gender items in the Project Information format for regular reporting and inclusion of gender indicators in the PPMS. 5.3 Construction phase Impact 5.3.1 Screening of No Significant Impacts 290. The construction work is expected not to cause major negative impacts, mainly because: (i) Most of the activities will be on the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town thus could be constructed without causing impacts to biodiversity; (ii) The site is located on an government-owned land which is not occupied or used for any other purpose; (iii) Overall construction program will be relatively short and is expected to be completed in 48 months with activities to conducted by small teams working on short lengths at a time so most impacts will be localized and short in duration; and (iv) Most of the predicted impacts associated with the construction process are produced because the process is invasive, such as involving earth-moving and excavation. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated and the impacts are clearly a result of the construction process rather than the design or location, as impacts will not occur if excavation or other ground disturbance is not involved. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 86 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 291. As a result, there are several aspects of the environment which are not expected to be affected by the construction process and these can be screened out of the assessment at this stage as required by ADB procedure. These are shown in Table 5.3.1-1. These environmental factors are screened out presently but will be assessed again before preparation of Detailed Project Report and starting of the construction activities. Table 5.3.1-1: Fields in which construction is not expected to have significant impacts Field Rationale Topography, Drainage, and Natural Hazards Activities are not large enough to affect these features. Geology, Geomorphology, Mineral Activities are not large enough to affect these features. No mineral Resources, and Soils resources in the subproject sites. Climate Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Air Quality Short-term production of dust is the only effect on atmosphere Geo-hydrology and Groundwater Activities will not be large enough to affect these features. Ground water will not utilize as new water source Terrestrial Flora No rare or endangered land species. Terrestrial Fauna No rare or endangered species within or nearby the town. Land Use No change in major land use. Socio-economic Subproject site is located entirely on government-owned land so there is no need to acquire land from private owners. Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture Activities are not large enough to affect these features Population Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Health and education facilities Activities are not large enough to affect this feature. Historical, Archaeological, Paleontological, or No scheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or Architectural sites architectural sites at project influence area 5.3.2 Construction method 292. Construction of Intake – Jack Well structure through Caisson methods. The details of the method along with pictorial presentation shows below and also discussed in chapter 6 (Alternative Analyses). (i) Use of Floating Caisson - If the depth of water is more than 6 m, floating caisson method to be used. The cutting edge and well curb is fabricated on land, i.e bank of the river. The composite unit is floated on water and stationed on the pinpoint location of the proposed well center. (ii) Layout – Accurate layout of the well centre point is to be done. It is cross checked at least two independent survey before start of work. Permanent survey station points with the base line are established on the bank with marked reference points. (iii) Fabrication and positioning of Caisson – The caisson is of steel structure with outer and inner plate braced and reinforcement bars placed for the well curb. The caisson is fabricated and placed on a pontoon. The pontoon with the caisson is towed into the well position. A specially fabricated gantry is made of 100-150 t capacity resting on two barges clearing the pontoon. The caisson is lifted by the gantry with chain pulley blocks and the pontoon is removed. Then the caisson is lowered in the water in position. Further height of caisson is fabricated with reinforcement bars for the well steining in location and concrete is poured till it reaches the bed level. (iv) Sinking of well – Sinking is carried on by grabbing the earth from inside the well and building additional heights of steining by concreting till the cutting edge reached the design founding level. The earth inside the well is excavated by grabs of dredgers. It is hoisted from the crane. The well is sunk by automatically by its own weight. The EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 87 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program excavation is done uniformly throughout the well inside. Normally dewatering is not required to be done. The submerged weight of well is balanced by the skin friction acting of the outer surface of the well and reaction of the soil. (v) Bottom plugging, sand filling and casting of Top Cap – When the well in sunk upto the desired level, the bottom of the well is required to plug. Plugging is done by concreting under water. This can be done either by skip bucket or by tremie. Sand filling inside the well is done upto bottom cap level of the well. It does not add any structural strength of the well. It is only to increase the weight to provide stability. Top plug is done below the designed level of pump suction. (vi) Construction of pump floor and pump house – A floor on the top of the well is cast at a level above the high water level of river. This is normally termed as Pump floor level. In case of centrifugal pumps, pumps are installed on this floor. In case of Vertical turbine pumps, motors are installed on this floor. A room is constructed to house these mechanical and also electrical units. Fabrication for Floating Caisson Curb well on River Grab 293. Laying of pipeline - Distribution mains will be buried in trenches adjacent to roads un-used ROWs. In some areas occupied by drains or edges of shops and houses, trenches may be dug into the edge of the road to avoid damage to utilities and properties. 294. Trenches will be dug using a backhoe digger, supplemented by manual digging where necessary. Excavated soil will be placed alongside, and the pipes (brought to site on trucks and EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 88 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program stored on unused land nearby) will be placed in the trench by hand or using a small rig for the larger Ductile Iron (DI) pipes. Pipes will be joined by hand, after which sand from local quarries will be shovelled into the trench beneath and around the pipe for support and protection. Soil will then be replaced manually on top of the pipe and compacted by a vibrating compressor. Where trenches are dug into an existing roadway, the bitumen or concrete surface will be broken by hand- held pneumatic drills, after which the trench will be excavated by backhoe, and the appropriate surface will be reapplied on completion. 295. Pipes are normally covered by 1.0 m of soil, and a clearance of 100 mm is left between the pipe and each side of the trench to allow backfilling. Trenches will be smaller for the distribution main (minimum of 1.5 m deep and 0.8 m wide). 296. New pipes and connections to the distribution main will be provided to house connections, and these will run to individual dwellings in small hand-dug trenches, or on the surface. New consumer meters will be located outside houses, attached to a wall or set onto the ground. In slum areas water will be provided via communal taps from where people will collect their water. 297. Construction of OHT- Overhead water tank will be built on government land at various locations in the town. The cavity for the ground reservoirs and foundations for the overhead reservoirs will be excavated by backhoe, with soil being loaded onto trucks for disposal. Aggregate and concrete will be tipped into each void to create the foundations and floor, after which metal reinforcing rods will be added to create the outline of the walls of the ground reservoir and the vertical supporting pillars of the overhead reservoir. Sections of reinforcing will then be encased in wooden shuttering and concrete will be poured in, and this process will be repeated to gradually create each structure from reinforce cement concrete (RCC), including the tank of the overhead reservoir and the above-ground portion of the ground reservoir. Surfaces will be smoothed and finished where necessary by hand. 298. Construction of Water Treatment Plant – Standard construction method like excavation, brick work and concrete work will be done in sequence. The different units of WTP are, pre-settling tank, Installation of Cascade Aerator, unit of Flash Mixer, Clarifier- plate Settler, Filtration Unit, Clear water reservoir cum pump houses. 299. Small brick rooms will be built alongside WTPs to house the chlorination plant. The foundation will be dug and aggregate and concrete poured in to create the floors, after which the brick walls and roof materials will be added by hand. Chlorine cylinders and other equipment (including flow-meters) will be brought in on trucks and offloaded and attached by hand. A small cavity for the chlorination sump and trenches for pipe-work will also be dug, and the sump will constructed from concrete and brick. 5.3.3 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures 300. Although construction of the subproject components involves quite simple techniques, the invasive nature of excavation, and in this case the relatively large size and length of the pipes, means that there will be quite a lot of physical disturbance in the built-up areas of Bhagalpur town where there are a variety of human activities. 301. Physical impacts will be reduced by the method of working, whereby the trenches will be (i) constructed by small teams working on short lengths at a time; (ii) refilled and compacted after pipes are installed; and (iii) if trenching done on roads, repaired to pre-construction conditions. 302. Out of the total working components moderate impact will be resulted during construction of intake structure within River Ganges. Detail impact and mitigation will be covered in respect to, (i) Impact on aquatic ecosystem due to construction of intake, pipe bridge for transmission of water EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 89 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) Impact on water quality- temporary turbidity during construction of pipe bridge (maxmimum 3 pillars) (iii) Impact on river bed sediment- removal of part of sediment within intake structure 303. Other impacts are discussed below. 5.3.3.1 Sources of Materials 304. Significant amount of gravel, sand, and cement will be required for this subproject. Approximately 8000 m3 of sand, 15000 m3 of stone chips and 3000 MT of cement will be brought to site during construction. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of Program Management Unit (PMU); (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials. 5.3.3.2 Air Quality 305. Emissions from construction vehicles, equipment, and machinery used for excavation and construction will induce impacts on the air quality in the construction sites. Anticipated impacts include dusts and increase in concentration of vehicle-related pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, and hydrocarbons) but temporary and during construction activities only. To mitigate the impacts, construction contractors will be required to: (i) Consult with PIU/DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; and (iii) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly. 5.3.3.3 Surface Water Quality 306. Construction activities will be conducted throughout the town even near the drains flowing to nallahs and water bodies has generate significant amount of silt materials. Mobilization of settled silt materials, run-off from stockpiled materials, and chemical contamination from fuels and lubricants during construction works can contaminate surface water quality. These potential impacts are temporary and short-term duration only and to ensure these are mitigated, construction contractor will be required to: (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas; (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 90 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 307. During construction of intake well there may be temporary deterioration of water quality (only increase of turbidity) during piling work (for construction of 3 pillars within 100 m streach from bank) for construction of Pipe Bridge. 308. Since there will be slow sinking process of intake structure through Caisson method there is practically no chance of increase in turbidity. Only slight turbidity will be increase for a short period during construction of pipe bridge pillar. 5.3.3.4 Noise Levels 309. There are no health facilities, religious sites (temples and churches), scheduled or unscheduled historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural sites near the construction sites. However, construction works will be on settlements, along schools, and areas with small- scale businesses. The sensitive receptors are the general population in these areas. Increase in noise level may be caused by earth-moving and excavation equipment, and the transportation of equipment, materials, and people. Impact is negative, short-term, and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance; (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle‘s approach; (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s. 5.3.3.5 Aquatic Fauna and Animal resource 310. There is one protected area Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is the only protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia. Since the proposed location is selected within the sanctuary there is some impact on aquatic wildlife and fishes which are discussed below. 311. River habitat disturbance due to various construction activities including installation of intake well. Project construction activities will interfere with the river habitat conditions near the project location. The installation of intake well and construction of pillar for pipe bridge will require transportation of construction materials, operation of machines and movement of project personnel into the river at the project site. These activities will continue for longer duration and are likely to disturb the river habitat conditions in 100 m perimeter of the project site. This area, 2-3 years back, had good number of dolphins. The area is also high fishing zone as evidenced by the presence of fishermen extensively fishing in the area. The Smooth-coated otters, 5 in numbers, were sighted recently by Biodiversity Assessment team of near a column of Vikramshila Bridge adjacent to southern bank. Any major disturbance may impact the behaviour of aquatic wildlife available in the river segment of this area. However, most of the impacts will be temporary till the completion of the construction phase. 312. Impact on dispersal/migration of dolphins/fishes near project location area. Intake structure and pipe bridge pillar (maximum 400 mm dia. and 3 in numbers) will act as a barrier to dolphins and fishes, and will restrict their free movement and dispersal. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 91 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 313. Noise from works, vehicles and machines. Additional noise and movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipments may disturb the normal movement pattern of aquatic wildlife in the river stretch near project site. However, no quantified data exists on this. 314. Though it is being discussed under design phase impact that there is no as such data to establish impact of noise vibration on Gangetic Dolphin but some mitigation measures may consider to minimize impact on aquatic habitant. 315. Prior to commencement of construction, designated worker for intake and pipe bridge structure will be trained as River Fauna Observers (RFO), and trained to observe for river animal including Dolphin, record sightings and the actions to be taken in event of sightings, injury or mortality. The others mitigation measures are discussed below. (i) A trained RFO will be responsible for observing aquatic animal during active piling (pipe bridge work) at the piling site (ii) Vessel crew during placement of intake structure through Caisson method will undergo site inductions and clear briefings covering procedures to be undertaken to minimise disturbance to river fauna provided by appropriately qualified personnel (iii) Existing acoustic controls on noise-generating equipment (including vessel engine, material transport boat and piling equipment) will be implemented to reduce noise at source. (iv) Noise-generating equipment will be routinely maintained and inspected to reduce unnecessary increases in noise levels from the equipment. All equipment engines will operate in accordance with appropriate equipment & engine noise standards. (v) Regular monitoring will be conducted to assess compliance with noise and vibration levels (vi) Before commencing piling, carry-out ‗soft-start‘ for pile driving, slowly increasing intensity of the driving hammer power (vii) If river animals are sighted in the monitoring area, project vessel/ boat operating in the area will be notified. 316. The sound levels from pilling operations are not expected to harm river fauna/ animal, even at close range. If any species identified in the assessment are close to the pile at the commencement of pilling they would be startled and move to the immediate area. This type of response can be avoided through simple observation before commencement of pilling or by using soft start of pilling. Since there is no boundary within wildlife sanctuary the Dolphin and other aquatic animal will temporarily move from the working area. 317. Boat strike. During the construction stage there will be an increase in river traffic associated with support vessel/ material carrying boat. The potential for collisions between Dolphin and boat is considered low as: (i) Cetaceans have strong auditory sense allowing them to detect and avoid vessels/boats, especially where the vessels/boats are travelling at lower speeds; (ii) During the migration season the greatest proportion of the population will be in deep waters (≥20 m), there is a low density of Dolphin in the working area. It is noted during Dolphin census suvey that most of the Dolphins are recorded with 3.5 to 12 m depth; and (iii) The larger, less manoeuvrable construction boats will be moving at low speeds (iv) The Vessel Master/ Boat Man will be advised of environmental matters from on-site environmental staff, including trained vessel crew, as applicable. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 92 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 318. Generation of Spoil/ river bed sediment and disposal. It is estimated that approx. 4100 m3 of intake well inside earth will be generated after sinking of intake through Caisson method. In case of disposal of the earth within the river turbidity will be increased. The following measures can be taken up, (i) Not to dispose any construction materials in river which may pollute the river water and aquatic fauna (ii) Spoil Disposal Management Plan (SDMP) will be prepared and implemented to minimise the potential effects of sediment plumes on aquatic habitats. (iii) Immediate collection and disposal of excess river earth material at low laying area or use for bank protection (iv) Details of the proposed Water Quality Monitoring Program will be included in this management plan 5.3.3.6 Avifauna 319. It is reported that two nests of the Small Pratincole with 2 eggs in each were found on a floodplain at exactly 10km from the project site during the Dolphin survey. Since the activity will be carried out mostly within the water there will be no major impact on avifauna. Only during construction time they will shift from activity site to nearby safe location. 5.3.3.7 Fishes 320. Similar to aquatic animal behavioural pattern of fish will be change at project location for a short duration. Fish will be migrated to safer place. In design it is discussed that travelling water screen will be placed in intake, therefore chances of entry of fish with the intake pump by suction is negligible. 5.3.3.8 Terrestrial and Aquatic Floral resources 321. There are small numbers of trees (6-8 nos.) on the large plot of government land on which the water treatment plant will be located, and raise concerns regarding the loss of trees. Mature specimens will not be removed unnecessarily. Potential impacts are negative and long-term but reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractors will be required to: (i) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (ii) If tree-removal will be required, obtain tree-cutting permit from Bhagalpur Municipality, , and transplant to DSC-approved areas; (iii) Require to plant three (3) native trees for every one (1) that is removed; and (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife, bird hunting, and cutting of trees for firewood. 322. During construction of intake and placement of intake structure by Caisson method (floating through vessel and placement within the river) minimum phytoplankton and riparian vegetation will be affected. All impact is temporary. Since most of the riparian vegetations are marginal / non-floating the impact is very less. 5.3.3.9 Existing Infrastructure and Facilities 323. Excavation works can damage existing infrastructure located alongside roads, in particular water supply pipes. It will be particularly important to avoid damaging existing water pipes as these are mainly manufactured from Asbestos Cement (AC), which can be carcinogenic if inhaled, so there are serious health risks for both workers and the public. It is therefore important that construction contractors will be required to: EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 93 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (i) Obtain from PIU and/or DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services. and (iii) Develop and implement an AC Pipes Management Plan 5.3.3.10 Landscape and Aesthetics 324. The construction works will produce 160,000 m3 of excess excavated soils (excluding quantities from OHTs and WTP excavations), excess construction materials, and solid waste such as removed concrete, wood, trees and plants, packaging materials, empty containers, spoils, oils, lubricants, and other similar items. These impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; (iii) Coordinate with Bhagalpur Municipality for beneficial uses of excess excavated soils or immediately dispose to designated areas; (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; (vii) Not to dispouse any waste material in river body; and (viii) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work. 5.3.3.11 Surface and Groundwater Quality 325. Another physical impact that is often associated with large-scale excavation is the effect on drainage and the local water table if groundwater and surface water collect in the voids. To ensure that water will not pond in pits and voids near subproject sites, the construction contractor will be required to conduct excavation works on non-monsoon season. 5.3.3.12 Accessibility 326. Hauling of construction materials and operation of equipment on-site can cause traffic problems and conflicts in ROW. Potential impact is negative but short term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles (like crane) do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided durng peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 94 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 327. Since one of the project location is within sensitive/ restricted area special attention is needed for minimum use of equipment within sanctuary zone. 5.3.3.13 Socio-Economic – Income 328. The subproject components will be located on government lands and ROWs, so there will be no need to acquire land, and thus there will be no impacts on the asset or landowners or tenants. However construction works will impede the access of residents and customers to nearby shops. The potential impacts are negative and moderate but short-term and temporary. 329. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. 330. During construction phase there may be some impact on fishing community. Since the construction of intake is planned within the river there is some disturbance for a short period for fish catch at that zone. Consultation has been carried out with fishing community and discloses the matter in Chapter 7 of the report. 5.3.3.14 Socio-Economic – Employment 331. Manpower will be required during the 36 months construction stage. This can result to generation of contractual employment and increase in local revenue. Thus potential impact is positive and long-term. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market. 5.3.3.15 Occupational Health and Safety 332. Workers need to be mindful of the occupational hazards which can arise from working in trenches and excavation works. Potential impacts are negative and long-term but reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Develop and implement site-specific Health and Safety (H and S) Plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H and S Training29 for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; 29 Some of the key areas that may be covered during training as they relate to the primary causes of accidents include (i) slips, trips and falls; (ii) personal protective equipment; (iii) ergonomics, repetitive motion, and manual handling; (iv) workplace transport; and (v) legislation and responsibilities. Training can provide the foundations of competence but it does not necessarily result in a competent worker. Therefore, it is essential to assess staff competence to ensure that the training provided is relevant and EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 95 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) Provide H and S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. 333. Since during construction of intake worker should have to work within River, special precaution particularly using safety equipment and training on swimming and mitigation under emergency situation is necessary. 334. A particular acute health risk presented by this subproject the risk of contact with carcinogenic material if the AC pipes are uncovered in the course of work. Precautions have already been introduced into the design of the subproject to avoid uncovering of these AC pipes. However unlikely, the construction contractor will be required to: (i) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to understand the dangers of AC pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ; (ii) Report to management immediately if AC pipes are encountered; (iii) Develop and apply AC Management Plan. 5.3.3.16 Community Health and Safety 335. Hazards posed to the public, specifically in high-pedestrian areas may include traffic accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. Potential impact is negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. effective. Supervision and monitoring arrangements shall be in place to ensure that training has been effective and the worker is competent at their job. The level of supervision and monitoring required is a management decision that shall be based on the risks associated with the job, the level of competence required, the experience of the individual and whether the worker works as part of a team or is a lone worker. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 96 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) Liaise with PIU/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. 5.3.3.17 Work Camps 336. Operation of work camps can cause temporary air and noise pollution from machine operation, water pollution from storage and use of fuels, oils, solvents, and lubricants. Potential impacts are negative but short-term and reversible by mitigation measures. The construction contractor will be required to: (i) Consult with PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants; (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. 5.3.3.18 Social and Cultural Resources 337. For this subproject, excavation will occur in and around existing ROWs, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless, the construction contractor will be required to: (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/DSC or any authorized person with archaeological field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PIU/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ. 5.4 Operation and Maintenance 5.4.1 Screening out areas of no significant impact 338. Because a water supply system should operate without the need for major repair and maintenance (see below), there are several environmental sectors which should be unaffected once the system begins to function. These are identified in Table 5.4.1-1 below, with an explanation of the reasoning in each case. These factors are thus screened out of the impact assessment and will not be mentioned further. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 97 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 5.4.1-1: Fields in which O&M of the Completed Water Supply System is not expected to have Significant Impacts Field Rationale Climate Extraction and use of water from river will not affect climate Coastal resources Bhagalpur is not located in a coastal area. Industries The water supplied by the new system will not be for industrial use 5.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of the Improved Water Supply System 339. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the water supply system will be the responsibility of the O&M contractor for 5 yrs after construction and later by Municipal Corporation. A small number of people will be employed to operate and maintain the WTPs, intakes, and water storage tank sites. BMC will employ local contractors to conduct network repairs, and contractors should be required to operate the same kinds of H and S procedures as used in the construction phase to protect workers and the public. This should include application of the asbestos protocol if any AC pipes are encountered, and prohibition of the use of AC pipes for any repair or maintenance work. 340. The system have a design life of 30 years, during which shall not require major repairs or refurbishments and should operate with little maintenance beyond routine actions required to keep the pumps and other equipment in working order. The stability and integrity of the system will be monitored periodically to detect any problems and allow remedial action if required. Any repairs will be small-scale involving manual, temporary, and short-term works involving regular checking and recording of performance for signs of deterioration, servicing and replacement of parts. 341. The main requirement for maintenance of the transmission main and distribution system will be for the detection and repair of leaks. The generally flat topography and the usage of good quality DI and HDPE pipes should mean that pipeline breaks are very rare, and that leaks are mainly limited to joints between pipes. The repair of household connections and the provision of new connections to slums and developing areas to increase the number of people supplied should reduce the incidence of illegal connections, which are often a major source of leaks. 342. Sludge Handling. During operation of water treatment plant large volume of physical and chemical sludge will be generated. 343. There will be 3 sludge/waste producing units. A part of existing settling tank/pond is proposed to be used as sludge settling/disposal tank from Pre-settling tank, both for existing and proposed WTPs. Sludge cake, produced from both WTPs, is proposed to dump/stack in the areas south and south-west of existing WTP campus. The possible management plan is shown below Table 5.4.2-1: Generation & Management of sludge from different units of WTP / site Size Size Final Units major sludge sludge sludge sludge Type of Type of disposal Remarks required Nature of treatment disposal / clearance from WTP producing generation Duration of Pre-settling Physical Muddy Settlement in 35mx70mx1m 1. Low Once in Only tank water tanks/ponds, depth – 2 nos. lying 4 days – 2041 mother/parent presently area. No 5 days – 2026 material of acting as pre- liner is river 6 days – 2015 settling tank of required. existing WTP. 2. To Supernatant brick to be disposed fields to river by overflow EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 98 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program / site Size Size Final Units major sludge sludge sludge sludge Type of Type of disposal Remarks required Nature of treatment disposal / clearance from WTP producing generation Duration of arrangement from the tank. Plate/Tube Chemical Sludge Dumping the 30mx30mx3m// 1. Low Once in Due to settler (or cake from sludge cake Generation of lying 11 days – addition of Clariflocculator) Centrifuge. inside sludge cake area 2041 Lime, alum, followed by Liquid available area 86000 m3/ yr - after 15 days – polyelectrolyte Thickener and portion will within existing 2041 proper 2026 (non-toxic) then Centrifuge WTP, over a clay be 63744 m3/yr - 19 days – layer of clay lining. recycled to 2026 2015 the lining. 51030 m3/yr- following 2015 2. To /next unit brick of Pre- fields settling tank Filter back Physical Dirty water pH control for Channel for River/ During Solids in the wash (mainly) disposal to disposal to be reuse backwashing filter back river. designed wash shall not during detailed be more than design 100 ppm 5.4.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 5.4.3.1 General 344. If trenches are dug to locate and repair leaks or remove and replace lengths of pipe or illegal connections, the work will follow the same procedures during the construction stage. Municipal Corporation needs to require its O&M contractor to: (i) Refill and re-compact trenches soil and backfilled sand will be removed to expose the leaking junction or pipe; (ii) Conduct work during non-monsoon period; and (iii) Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dusts. 345. Environmental issues associated with the WTP include: (i) solid waste; (ii)wastewater; (iii) hazardous chemicals; and (iv) air emissions 346. Solid Waste. Solid waste residuals which may be generated by the WTP include process residuals, used filtration membranes, spent media and miscellaneous wastes. Process residuals primarily consist of settled suspended solids from source water and chemicals added in the treatment process, such as lime and coagulants/ polyelectrolite. Pre-sedimentation, coagulation (e.g. with aluminum hydroxide [alum] or ferric hydroxide), and iron will produce sludge. Composition of the sludge depends on the treatment process and the characteristics of the source water, lime, and other organic compounds, microorganisms, etc. BMC needs to require its O and M contractor to: (i) Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process through optimizing coagulation processes; EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 99 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) Dispose of lime sludge by land application if allowed, limiting application rates to about 20 dry metric tons per hectare (9 dry tons per acre) to minimize the potential for mobilization of metals into plant tissue and groundwater30; (iii) Dispose of ferric and alum sludge by land application, if allowed and if such application can be shown through modeling and sampling to have no adverse impacts on groundwater or surface water (e.g. from nutrient runoff); and (iv) Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water, in the context of protection, conservation and long term sustainability of water and land resources, should be assessed when land is used as part of any waste or wastewater treatment system; 347. Wastewater. Wastewater from water treatment projects include filter backwash. These waste streams may contain suspended solids and organics from the raw water, dissolved solids, high or low pH, heavy metals, etc. BMC needs to require its O&M contractor to: (i) Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations is generally preferred over discharge to surface water subject to an evaluation of potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water resulting from such application; (ii) Recycle filter backwash into the process if possible; and (iii) Treat and dispose of reject streams, consistent with CPHEEO requirements. 348. Annexure 1 shows the Indian standard for discharge of effluent in environment. 349. Hazardous Chemicals. Water treatment may involve the use of chemicals for coagulation, disinfection and water conditioning. For WTP that will use chlorine gas, BMC needs to require its O and M contractor to: (i) Store chlorine gas cylinder in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more than one month, and use equipment constructed of corrosion-resistant materials; (ii) Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site while maintaining a sufficient inventory to cover intermittent disruptions in supply; (iii) Develop and implement a prevention program that includes identification of potential hazards, written operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures; and (iv) Develop and implement a plan for responding to accidental releases. 350. Air Emissions. Air emissions from water treatment operations may include gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine). Measures related to hazardous chemicals discussed above will mitigate risks of chlorine release. 5.4.3.2 Ecological Resources 351. During operation of new water supply system for protection of aquatic fauna particularly Dolphin, measures considered during design and implementation will be continued even during operation phase. Particularly non- disposal of waste material in river and planning of intake of water during dry period is necessary after consideration of Conservation Plan of the Ganges river Dolphin. Also cleaning of travel water screen should be done in regular basis. 30 Management of Water Treatment Plant Residuals, Technology Transfer Handbook,” EPA/625/R-95/008, April 1996. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 100 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 352. Operation phase impact is already minimized through development of design based on maximum protection of aquatic habitant. The summary of impact and mitigation are discussed below. 353. Drop in Water level and reduction in water flow (discharge) due to abstraction of water from the river. Maximum of 156 mld of water will be abstracted from the river for the Bhagalpur Supply project. The adverse impact of abstraction of water on river biota, particularly on river dolphin, has been discussed in detail in earlier para (design impact). The summer abstraction of water is more detrimental to the river habitat and aquatic wildlife of the river. 156 mld abstraction of water may result into reduction in water level and discharge threatening the sustainability of the river habitats and river‘s biological community. However, recent hydrological study under PPTA team at Bhagalpur including the project site reveals that the reduction in discharge by 1.81 cumecs i.e. 156 MLD through the proposed intake well shall reduce water level by 0.36 cm i.e. 3.6 mm in the river. The percentage variation in the water level due to change in discharge by 0.02% is negligible. This implies that 156 mld discharge extraction from the river will have no any change in the river water level. If it is so, there will be low/minimum impact on river habitat or river biodiversity near project site. 354. Noise/Vibration due to operation of pump. Noise/vibrations will be generated due to pump operation. This sound may be transmitted into the surface water and may impact the behaviour of Ganges river dolphins, fishes and other river biota. But there is no sufficient information on these aspects. In absence of sufficient knowledge, no prediction about the impact of noise/vibration can be made. The mitigation measures for reduction and transmission of pump noise is explained under design impact section of this chapter. 355. Water pollution and impact on habitation. The direct disposal of liquid wastes and leakage of oil and lubricants may affect the downstream river water quality, particularly, during dry season. 356. Proper training to the work force is required for scientific disposal of liquid wastes. At the same time moitoring will be required to minimize the impact. 357. Other than Dolphin issues there are no significant ecological resources in or around the town, so any repairs or maintenance work can be conducted without ecological impacts. As there is no significant flora and fauna in or around project site (except dolphin), there should also not be any ecological impacts from the increase in abstraction. 5.4.3.3 Economic Development 358. Although network repairs could result in shops losing some business if the work means that access is difficult for customers, any losses will be small and short-lived and will probably be at the level of normal business fluctuations. It should therefore not be necessary to compensate for such losses. Nevertheless BMC needs to require its O & M contractor to: (i) Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of any work well in advance so that they can make preparations if necessary; (ii) Conduct these works to provide wooden walkways across trenches for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and (iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary. 359. The provision of an improved and expanded water supply system is not expected to have direct economic benefits for business or industry, as connections will only be provided to domestic users. However businesses will almost certainly benefit from the expected improvement in the health and wellbeing of their workforce as this should result in fewer days lost through illness, and overall increased productivity. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 101 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 5.4.3.4 Social and Cultural Resources 360. Although there is a high risk of excavation in the town discovering material of historical or archaeological importance, there will be no need to take precautions to protect such material when areas are excavated to repair leaks in the network, as all work will be conducted in trenches that have already been disturbed when the infrastructure was installed. 361. Repair works could cause some temporary disruption of activities at locations of social and cultural importance such as schools, hospitals, temples, tourist sites etc, so the same precautions as employed during the construction period should be adopted. BMC needs to require its O and M contractor to: (i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy vehicles in the vicinity; (ii) Complete work in these areas quickly; (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals. 362. The citizens of the town will be the major beneficiaries of the improved water supply, as they will be provided with a constant supply of better quality water, piped into their homes. In addition to improved environmental conditions, the subproject will improve the over-all health condition of the town as diseases of poor sanitation (such as diarrhoea and dysentery) will be reduced. Moreover for maintaining the quality of drinking water testing will be done by the operation agency and accordingly correction will be planned as per requirement. 5.5 Post Implementation Impact 5.5.1 Generation of Waste water 363. The waste water is comprised of human excreta mixed with spent water from toilet, bathroom, kitchen utensil washing , laundry , animal bathing, floor washing, vehicle washing, etc. As a result of increased quantity of water supply there will be increase in the waste water generation in Bhagalpur town as a whole. 5.5.2 Quantity of Wastewater Generation 364. As per article 3.2.4 of CPHEEO‘s manual per capita generation of wastewater is about 80 percent of the per capita water supply. The water supply scheme of Bhagalpur is designed for the supply rate of 135 liter per capita per day (lpcd) and therefore the wastewater generation rate is expected to be 108 lpcd. Accordingly the total generation of domestic wastewater in Bhagalpur at different period is estimated to be as shown in Table 5.5.2-1: Table 5.5.2-1: Generation of Wastewater Statas 2010 2015 2026 2041 Current On commissioning Intermediate design Ultimate design Population („000) 419 469 590 795 Water supply (MLD) 57 63 80 107 Wastewater (MLD) 45 50 64 86 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 102 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 5.5.3 Characteristics of Wastewater 365. The domestic wastewater generally contains substances like hydrogen ion, nitrogen, phosphorous, chlorides and toxic metals and compounds. It contains about 1% solid and rest is in liquid form (10.5.4 of CPHEEO manual). In management of wastewater its characteristics are generally guided by three important characteristics namely the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solids (SS) and presence of coliform. The BOD and SS of raw excreta are generally in the tune of 300-400 mg/l and about 650 mg/l respectively. It is assumed that 40% of the BOD and SS are degraded in the sewers after mixing with spent water (Refer Research of IIT Roorkee). The content of BOD and SS in he wastewater that finally flow in the sewer or open drains before treatment can be assumed as 250 mg/l and 400 mg/l respectively. Based on a research by the IIT Roorkee, the fecal coliform concentration in wastewater is generally in the tune of 5 x 106 MPN/100 ml, 366. In Bhagalpur town, about 70% of the households are having septic tanks. The septic tank can remove the BOD by not more than 70% while the SS is deposited within the tank. The effluent overflowing the septic tank therefore contains BOD of about 210-280 mg/l. There is insignificant reduction in the coliform in the overflow. 5.5.4 Existing Wastewater Management System in Bhagalpur 367. There is no underground sewerage network in Bhagalpur town. About 70% of the households use septic tanks while around 20% use pit latrines. The balance 10% resorts to open defecation. The partly treated effluent of septic tanks and open pit latrine along with other spent water including raw excreta flow through the open drains. 368. The Railway line divides Bhagalpur town broadly in 2 drainage slopes; one being north of the railway line slopping towards north to river Ganga and the other being south of the railway line slopping towards south to river Godhai or open fields. It is reported by the service provider (BRJP) that about 60% of the wastewater generated in Bhagalpur town is in the northern part and remaing 40 % is generated in the southern part. The wastewater generated in the northern side of the railway line is carried by 15 major drains discharging to river Ganga while the same generated in the southern side of the railway line is carried through 10 major drains to discharge in river Godhai or to open field. All these drains carry storm water also during monsoon. 369. Of the 15 major drains of northern side, the wastewater of 7 drains is intercepted at the respective outfalls and transmitted by a 12 km long sewer and biologically treated in an aerated lagoon of 11 mld installed capacity built under Ganga Action Plan (GAP) before discharging to Ganga. The treatment plant is however working in undercapacity as the service providers estimates the present flow of wastewater to the treatment plant as about 8.25 MLD. 370. The above 7 intercepted outfalls are (i) Maharaja Ghat discharging about 0.84 mld, (ii) Koila Ghat- 0.9 mld, (iii) Adampur- 1.8 mld, (iv) Sakhichand - 0.74 mld, (v) Jogser - 0.4 mld, (vi) Naya Bazaar - 0.63 mld and (vii) University (Hathia Nala outfall) - 2.95 mld of wastewater into the trunk sewer. 371. There are 2 pumping stations (PS) located at Adampur and Naya Bazar outfall each. The discharges of Maharaja Ghat and Koila Ghat outfalls are conveyed to the Adampur PS from where the wastewater is pumped to Naya Bazar PS. The discharges from Jogser and Sakhichand outfalls are also conveyed to the Naya Bazar PS directly. From Naya Bazar PS the total receipt along with its own receipt is conveyed to the sump at the plant location. The sump simultaneously receives the wastewater from the University outfall. 372. The total wastewater flow thus received at the sump undergoes primary treatment in a grit chamber for removal of grit and then conveyed to 2 aerated lagoons for secondary treatment. After the secondary treatment the wastewater from the lagoons is taken to a fish pond for maturation before discharging to the river Ganga. There is no reuse of the treated effluent. A schematic diagram of the existing wastewater management process is shown below. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 103 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 373. The remaining 8 drains carry the wastewater of eastern and western part which is directly discharged to the river Ganga untreated. There is no survey carried out on the wastewater flow in the above un-intercepted drains. However it is gathered from the service provider (BRJP) that the un-intercepted drains carry about 40% of the total wastewater generated in the northern part of the town and directly flows to Ganga untreated. 374. The wastewater carried by 10 major drains in the south of Railway line and discharged in river Godhai or to open field is also untreated. 375. Figure 5.5.4-1 shows the schematic diagram of existing wastewater management system of Bhagalpur. Figure 5.5.4-1 Existing wastewater management system of Bhagalpur GANGA ACTION PLAN Flow Chart for 11 mld Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant in Bhagalpur 1 Maharaja Ghat Outfall (0.84 mld) 2 Koila Ghat Outfall (0.90 mld) 3 11 12 13 Adampur PS 1 No. Lagoon 2 No. Lagoon 3 No. Lagoon (1.8 mld) Treatted 4 water in Jogser Outfall Ganga (0.4 mld) 10 Grit Chamber 5 Sakhichand 9 Outfall Inlet Channel (0.74 mld) 800 mm dia 6 Naya Bazar PS 8 (0.63 mld) SUMP 7 University Outfall (2.95 mld) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 104 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 5.5.5 Existing Drainage System in Bhagalpur Town 376. The Bhagalpur town has about 227 km of major roads (Width 3 m and above) and about 100 km of narrow roads (Width < 3 m). The road side drains mostly exist in some of the major roads to the extent of about 168 km. The drains carry wastewater all the times when these also carry storm water during monsoon. The total discharge capacity of the existing drains is estimated to be around 28 m3/sec (or 24%) against requirement of 115 m3/sec (Refer Sector Report Volume 3B). Further the drains are mostly unlined and broken in several places causing restriction in flow. The total requirement of drains in the towns to cater efficient discharge of storm water cum wastewater flow is about 506 km (Refer Sector Report Volume 3B). 5.5.6 Anticipated Environmental Hazards and Mitigation Measures 5.5.6.1 Disposal of Wastewater 377. Disposal of the waste water is a prime need when a water supply scheme is in operation. In accordance with the Environment Protection Act 1986 and its subsequent amendments followed by the Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment & Forests no wastewater is allowed to be disposed in a water body or open land without adequate treatment. The quality of treated wastewater effluent for discharge to water bodies is specified by the Pollution Control Board and also recommended by NGRBA is for a value of BOD3 at 270 C as 30 mg/l and SS as 100 mg/l. Although the maximum permissible limit of Faecal Coliform in the treated wastewater to be disposed is 10000 MPN/ml, it is desirable to maintain its presence to the tune of 1000 MPN/ml. Also, at present there is no stipulated standard for discharge of treated effluent regarding nutrient (like nitrate NO3 nitrogen and phosphorus) content. 378. As there are inadequate drains in and around the residential and commercial areas of the town, with the increased waste water flow there is ample chances of flooding of the raod and living premises. The flood water will be contaminated with pollutants of high degree of BOD, SS and Coliform, which may spread disease. Further during monsoon with additional storm water run off most of the town‘s living areas may remain water logged causing degradation of the environment as a whole. 379. The quantity of wastewater on commissioning of the water supply subproject in 2015 is estimated to be 50 MLD, which will go on increasing. Based on the topography about 60% or 30 MLD will be flowing in the 7 existing major outfall drains prior to tapping for treatment in the existing STP. While these drains are of inadequate capacity to hold the increased flow of 30 MLD the pumping capactity at the tapping points are also inadequate to take the additional load, which will result in overflowing of the sumps at pumping stations. 380. Even if the capacity of 7 outfall drains are improved along with the pumping capacity the capacity of the existing STP (11 MLD) is inadequate to treat 30 MLD of wastewater. There is no space in the existing plant area for expansion to accommodate additional flow. Under the circumstances the additional wastewater may get discharged in the river Ganga untreated which will objected by the Pollution Control Board. 381. Further considering improvement of remaining drains of the town the remaining 40% of the wastewater flow (20 MLD) will get directly discharged to other water bodies and low lying areas untreated, which is objectionable to the pollution Control Board. 382. In view of above uncontrolled waste water generation is a potential environmental hazard for a water supply sceme in the urban areas. 5.5.6.2 Wastewater Management Plan 383. There should be a wastewater management plan (WMP) for the town. The WMP shall generally cover the following: EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 105 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (i) A city sanitation plan, which guides the sanitation activities to be taken up by the municipality in order to keep the town free of any environmental hazourds out of poor sanitation. (ii) A comprehensive sewerage system including sewage treatment is the only answer to avoid the potential environmental hazard from excess wastewater generation out of increase in the level of water supply. (iii) A review of existing septic tanks with respect to its design adequacy, treatment efficiency and sludge disposal and enforce strict compliance of the requirements as per Pollution Control Act. The plan should address gradual discontinuation of septic tanks as and when the sewerage service is made available to the households. (iv) A review of existing drainage system with respect to its design adequacy in sizes, slopes and lengths and actions required to improve the carrying capacity matching with the long term requirement. The plan should address gradual discontinuation of wastewater flow in the drains and allow it for storm water flow only as and when the sewerage service is made available to the households. 5.5.6.3 Sewerage and sewage treatment 384. As the concentration of water supply vis-à-vis wastewater generation will be more in high density area sewerage system may be planned in such part of the town only to have its financial viability. The high density area may be assumed to be about 70% of the total town area where the sewerage system may be planned. 385. The government of Bihar is already in the process of preparing a sewerage scheme for Bhagalpur town under the funding of NGRBA, Government of India. The government should however establish a time schedule for preparation of the detailed project report (DPR) for the scheme and implementation matching with the implemention of the water supply scheme. 386. According to the concept scheme prepared by the PPTA team a sewage treatment plant (STP) of total 47 MLD capacity (in 3 different plants) and about 429 km of sewer lines along with 12 intermediate pumping stations (IPS) is proposed for Bhagalpur town. The wastewater generated in the high and medium density area (assumed to be 70% of the total town area) of the town will be collected and transmitted to the respective zonal pumping stations by gravity. The wastewater thus collected in the IPSs will be pumped to the STP for treatment. Various process of treatment of wastewater are examined for the parameters like (i) land requirement, (ii) energy consumption, (iii) ease in operation and maintenance, (iv) effluent quality, etc. when the extended aeration process is foumd to be most appropriate solution. In this process of treatment it would be possible to bring down the BOD of the treated effliuent to 30 mg/l, SS to 100 mg/l and the Colliform to 1000 MPN/ml as permissible by the Pollution Control Board for discharging into the water body. 387. The exiting aerated lagoon shall be integrated with the new proposals. 388. In anticipation of timely completion of the proposed sewerage scheme under NGBRA the potential effects in area flooding and losses in business will get eliminated. In case the sewerage subproject is not commissioned before water supply subproject the water supply rate shall be limited to the quantity that generates manageable quantity of wastewater which can be disposed of through improved surface drains without causing flooding of the town areas and accommodated within the existing sewage treatment capacity. 5.5.6.4 Septic Tank 389. There are about 44847 households in Bhagalpur having septic tanks (Refer Sector Report Vol-3B). As stated earilier it is proposed to have sewerage system in high and medium density area only, assumed to be about 70% of the total town area. On commissioning of the sewerage scheme the septic tanks in this area shall be discontinued. An awareness campaign shall be launched by the municipal corporation to persue the residents to switch over from septic tank to sewerage. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 106 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 390. In the remaining area of low density where sewerage is not proposed being uneconomical, septic tanks shall be allowed to stay. However to stop flowing of the overflow freely to open drains a secondary treatment to this effluent needs to be done in community soak pits, dispersion trenches, upflow filter or in a polishing pond. The city sanitation plan being prepared by GoB should address the suitable option as the most appropriate mitigation measure. 391. The septic tank sludge shall be collected by mobile suction tankers and buried in dug pit and covered by earth. 5.5.6.5 Pit Latrines 392. There are about 12000 households in Bhagalpur having pit latrines (Source: Municipal corporation). These are generally in remote areas. These pits mostly receive human excreta rather than other spent water, which contains low BOD and SS and flows to the drains. Thus with the increase in water supply vis-à-vis wastewater the pit latrins are not affected. However, as a mitigation measure it should be ascertained that the households using pit latrins must have twin pits, so that these can be used and cleaned alternately. This will avoid overflow and flooding around the pit. The sludge from the pit should be buried in another dug pit elsewhere and covered with earthe on top. 5.5.6.6 Drainage System 393. A drainage master plan of the town should be prepared taking into account of anticipated discharge requirement of the storm water. Till such time sewerage scheme is not commissioned secondary and tertiary drains which are mostly by the side of the road should be improved to take care of the increased wastewater flow to avoid flooding. 394. The spare capacity of the existing STP (2.75 MLD) should be utilized. While wastewater of 7 drains in the northern part of the railway line is presently being tapped and conveyed to the treatment plant, the remaing 8 untapped drains in the same part of the town are to be integrated in the system. 5.5.7 Cumulative Impact Assessment 395. A cumulative impact assessment is conducted to identify the remaining effects after carrying out the mitigation measures and those associated with past, present and probable future activities. 396. The potential cumulative effects of Bhagalpur water supply subproject are considered with respect to components as air quality, noise, surface water quality, traffic management, area flooding, social-economic and socio-community, and human health. The cumulative impacts were assessed in following areas: (i) Of any potential residual project effects that may occur incrementally over time; (ii) Consideration of other known relevant projects or activities within the specified study area boundaries, even if not directly related to the subproject; (iii) Potential overlapping impacts that may occur due to other developments, even if not directly related to the proposed project; and (iv) Future developments that is reasonably foreseeable and sufficiently certain to proceed. 397. Air quality effects will occur during construction. Consequently, although emissions of common air contaminants (CAC) and fugitive dust may be elevated in proximity to active work EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 107 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program sites, this impact will be short-term and localized to the immediate vicinity of the alignment. Greenhouse gas emissions may increase as a result of project activities (i.e., vehicle and equipment operation, concrete production, disposal of excavated material, landfilling of residual wastes). Given the subproject‗s relatively minor contribution to CAC and greenhouse gas emissions during construction, the overall significance rating of both these potential residual effects is considered to be negligible during construction. 398. Noise levels in the immediate proximity of most work sites are expected to increase during construction. The duration of this exposure will be relatively brief. This exposure represents temporary, localized, adverse residual effect of low to moderate significance for affected receptors. While building damage due to ground vibrations is unlikely, there may annoyance to spatially located receptors during construction. Noise levels associated with the subproject operations will be largely imperceptible as the WTP, pumping stations, reservoirs and OHTs are located in relatively small sites within the city proper. 399. Since the subproject will be built in existing WTP and undeveloped land earmarked for the water supply system, it will not conflict with existing or planned land use. However, traffic management concerns will occur spatially during construction. Site-specific mitigation measures will be implemented during construction to address temporary disruptions to land use, limitations on access to roads, sidewalk closures, traffic delays and detours, parking modifications, and increased volumes of construction–related traffic. There should be improved traffic movement along the alignment once construction is completed. During operations of the improved infrastructures and services, added residential developments, commercial and business facilities and increased densities are expected to develop and enhance the subproject area. This can be considered a long-term cumulative benefit of the subproject. 400. Adverse impacts such as localized disruption of vehicle traffic and pedestrian movements in areas along the alignment, and elevated CAC and fugitive dust emissions in proximity to work sites, elevated noise and vibration levels and visual impacts will occur during construction. These short-term effects will be mitigated by providing alternate travel routes or alternating traffic movements and, where possible, access to businesses, schools and residences. However, upon completion of construction the socio-community will benefit from improved water supply system. This is considered a long-term cumulative benefit. 401. Water supply is presently met from a surface water source, which is considered adequate. However due to increasing demand, source augmentation will be considered in the future. Analysis of alternatives reveals one option is to construct another intake at the Ganges River. However, a 50-km stretch of the river has been declared as the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary. Considering the cumulative impacts to the dolphin sanctuary, minimum flows and levels have been established for Ganges River at several locations. Based on the established minimum flows and levels, it appears that significant quantities of water could be additionally developed from the river system. In addition, the executing agency has undertaken an evaluation of potential cumulative effects of the additional withdrawals on the biological and water resources of the river. The evaluation used the best available science and information and recognized that subproject-specific efforts will follow as part of regulatory programs (discharge permits, consumptive use permits, biodiversity monitoring, etc.). The evaluation identified insignificant adverse effects to the river‗s resource values from the cumulative withdrawal of 156 mld (30 mld output capacity for the existing and additional 126 mld for the additional intake) because: (i) a proposed additional 126 mld will be implemented in 2 stages, initially at 110 mld output capacity for stage 1 then to be increased to 126 mld output capacity in stage 2; (ii) environmental considerations, mitigation measures, and monitoring program were considered during the selection of the location for the additional intake; (iii) in addition to international design standards, noise and vibration impacts on sensitive species EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 108 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program were also considered in the selection of the design of the additional intake; (iv) time duration and impact on aquatic environment were considered in the selection of construction methodology; and (v) biodiversity monitoring will be conducted to evaluate effect of hydrological and water quality changes on sensitive species and biological communities. 402. Further, while water quality impacts have the ability to compound when taking into account regional water basins into consideration, the subproject will be required to adhere to the mandatory state and local laws, ordinances, regulations, and water quality standards. Regional geologic impacts do not generally compound, and are limited to the site at which they occur. 403. With the increase in water supply delivery rate there will be increase in the wastewater flow. The increased wastewater will be conveyed, treated and disposed under a proposed sewerage subproject to be implemented simultaneously with the water supply subproject. With the underground drainage system built through the sewerage subproject all the wastewater generated in the town core area will be conveyed to treatment plant and discharged in the river in accordance with the quality prescribed by the Pollution Control Board. The government of Bihar has already proposed to undertake the sewerage subproject of Bhagalpur through NGRBA funding. In anticipation of timely completion of the sewerage scheme the potential effects in area flooding and losses in business will get eliminated. In case the sewerage subproject is not commissioned before water supply subproject the water supply rate shall be limited to the quantity that generates manageable quantity of wastewater which can be disposed of through improved surface drains without causing flooding of the town areas. 404. The subproject, when considered with other projects in the same watershed, may result in cumulative impacts to surface and groundwater quality from increased surface impermeability and resultant runoff. Construction projects could result in increased erosion from exposed soil areas, which could contribute sediments into local drainage courses and other waterways. However, it is reasonably assumed that new construction associated with future projects will be required to meet national, state, and local construction and operation standards at least as rigorous as those required at present. Therefore, the potential for cumulative impacts to water quality and soils is deemed to be less than significant. 405. No adverse residual effects to human health will occur as a result of subproject construction or operation. While exposure to elevated noise levels and fugitive dust and CAC emissions will occur in proximity to subproject work sites during construction, due to their short- term, localized nature, these effects are expected to be minor and insignificant with no measurable effects on human health. The subproject operations will benefit the general public by contributing to the long-term improvement of water supply system and community livability in Bhagalpur. 406. Conduct of an environmental assessment will be required for the future water intake to examine potential cumulative impacts such as (i) spatial and temporal changes in the water regime; (ii) changes in residence time; (iii) change to severity, frequency and duration of algal blooms; (iv) changes to biogeochemical cycling in floodplain soils; (v) fate of river and channel habitats; (vi) habitat effects on aquatic communities; (vii) changes in nutrient and pollutant loading; (viii) effects on temperature, DO, TSS, TDS, metals and other chemical and physical parameters; (ix) effects on submerged aquatic vegetation; (x) food web impacts of impingement and entrainment; (xi) effects on listed/protected species; and (xii) effects on commercial species. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 109 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Chapter 6: Analysis of Alternatives 408. In the preceding paragraph/section a detailed discussion was done on existing environment scenario of the proposed ―Project Influenced Areas‖ of Bhagalpur. It is assessed from the impact study that majority of the impacts will be caused during construction phase of the project and are temporary in nature. Only some positive impacts on socio-economic status is being revealed during operation phase. All these negative impacts can be mitigated through adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, and adopting sound engineering designs. 6.1 Alternatives- Locations, Technical and Design 409. Since the scope of the project consist of construction of intake structure, construction of water treatment plant, laying of raw water transmission mains, construction of water storage reservoirs, laying of pipes for distribution and inter connection through rising main, the impact is moderate. Practically in all the isolated project location government land is considered, therefore displacement of any community not arises. Laying of pipeline will be done within Right of Way (ROW) and which results no encroachment of agricultural land and eviction of squatters. Site feasibility of all working components assessed in detail. In the screening exercise, areas of concern- congested market place on the sides of the road, existence of sensitive area, extent of physical displacement if any, etc. was studied. The findings have been used as inputs for engineering design to change the alignment of pipeline within the technical requirements and cost effectiveness. 410. Alternatives of project components in respect to location, technology and design are discussed below. 6.1.1 Alternative Analysis for water source location and Intake structure 6.1.1.1 Alternatives of source water location 411. The proposed location of source of water is selected from River Ganges at the east of Vikramshila Bridge. The location is at the middle of the existing Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS), which stretching over a length of about 50 km from Sultangaqnj to Kahelgaon. For withdrawal of water from the river in this stretch proper environmental protection and mitigation measures are required. Location of water intakes for Bhagalpur town is shown in Figure below (Figure 6.1.1.1). Figure 6.1.1.1: Location of water source at Bhagalpur EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 110 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 412. Due to presence of protected zone (Dolphin Sanctuary) within the location of proposed intake structure at Bhagalpur an additional study on surface water intake source from River Ganges at Sultanganj (25 km upstream of Bhagalpur) was undertaken and feasibility is presented in table below. Table 6.1.1.1-1: Study on water intake sites at Sultanganj and Bhagalpur Sl. No. Parameters Intake site at Bhagalpur Intake site at Sultanganj 1 Demand For Bhagalpur For Bhagalpur and major towns enroute (Sultanganj, Pain and Akbarpur). It will be 20-30% more 2 WTP site Well identified and defined at To be proposed 2 km upstream of Bhagalpur Sultanganj at Masdi. Land is not identified 3 Master Balancing Not required Required at Bhagalpur Reservoir 4 Booster pumping station Not required Required at Bhagalpur 5 Operation point of view Easy Not easy At same location of a town – At discrete towns – Existing at existing and proposed Bhagalpur and Proposed at Sultanganj 6 Clear water TRUNK Not required. 25km TRUNK main is required pumping main (from Sultanganj to Bhagalpur) 7 Project Base Cost „X‟ (Approx. 3285 Million Indian 1.5-1.6 times of „X‟ Rupees, INR) 8 Clear water Pumping cost „Y‟ ( Approx. 993 Million INR) 2.5-3 times of „Y‟ 9 Social adverse impact NIL Small impact during implementation – passing through village 10 Environmental Impact In the region of Dolphin Sanctuary Just beyond dolphin sanctuary limit- – sensitive/ critical area though Dolphin are present beyond the sanctuary since there is no fencing in aquatic system. 11 Nature of Water supply Independent Water Supply Regional Water Supply Scheme scheme Scheme 413. Recommendation: Constructing Intake and WTP at Sultanganj to meet the Bhagalpur demand seems not rational when there is abundant surface water is available at Bhagalpur. The water shall however be extracted from the bank (within 100m) of the river where the river width is 2000 m approx near the Vikramshila Bridge by proper intake structure. Further, the Chapter 4 of the Conservation Action Plan for the Ganges river dolphins (2010-2020) of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India suggests that as the socio political conditions make it impractical to halt water development activities especially in the Ganga basin the goal must be to manage such activities in ways that will minimise the harm to dolphins and other aquatic species. Therefore with proper environmental protection and mitigation measures (screens, velocity cap, etc.) supported by sound engineering solution intake site at Bhagalpur is recommended. 6.1.1.2 Alternative study for Pin-pointing Intake location 414. Through alternative analysis location of intake structure is selected at Barari, Bhagalpur. Alternative analysis for selection of pin point location of intake structure is elaborated in Table EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 111 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 6.1.1.2-1. This study is important for selection of site for minimization of impact and mitigation measures during designing of the intake structure. Table 6.1.1.2-1 Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure S. No. Parameter Option 1 Option 2 1 Schematic Fig Option -1 Fig Option -2 2 Intake well 1 no. 2 nos. (1 no. Dry well for housing pump + 1 no. Wet well for Gate and de-siltation arrangement)- more impact zone (aquatic environment) 3 Well shape Circular Circular for Wet well Rectangular/ Circular for Dry well 4 Pipe Bridge Required, From bank to Required, Length marginally less well 5 Screen Travelling water screen for Travelling water screen for restriction of entry restriction of entry of fish of fish within intake pump within intake pump 6 Gates Gates on steining wall Gates on steining wall 7 Pump type Vertical Turbine Horizontal Centrifugal 8 De-siltation pump Required Required at wet well 9 Suction pipe Not required Required 10 Pumping main From well to bank From Dry well to bank Marginally less length 11 Obstruction to flow in Less (due to 1 well). Less More (due to 2 wells). More impact on monsoon impact on aquatic fauna/ aquatic fauna/ animal animal 12 Accessibility to pumping units Pump assembly has to be Can be attended at the pump floor level lifted to the motor floor 13 O&M of pump Low with respect to spare High with respect to spares requirement 14 Pump cost Marginally more - 15 Maintenance of suction main - Not possible 16 Flooding aspect Question does not arise Drywell prone to accumulation by seepage water – flooding risk 17 Control on floating matters Interception by screen Interception by screen 18 Construction of anti vortex Easy Difficult arrangement 19 Future expansion of pumping Easy Difficult due to accumulation of silt in the units suction pipe (earmarked for future units) 20 Area requirement for pumps Less More – i.e. additional land to be acquired 21 Vibration effect on river water Negligible Negligible 22 Overall Capital cost Less More (due to additional well and Longer bay of pump house) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 112 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure 6.1.1.2.1: Option-1-Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure Figure 6.1.1.2.1: Option-2-Study on selection of pin-point location of intake structure 415. Recommendation: It is noted that in both the cases vibration during operation of pumps will be negligible and impact on aquatic animal like Dolphin is also insignificant. 416. The option-2 proposing construction of one wet well in the river with travelling water screen and gate installation and one dry well for housing horizontal centrifugal pump sets in the bank connected by about a 150 m long underground pipeline. The major disadvantages of Option- 2 compared to Option-1 (single well vertical pump installation) as observed by the team has been indicated in above. In most of the points option 2 is disadvantageous to Option 1. However, apart from the exorbitant cost of Option-2 (about 2.5 times of Option-1) and status of land for housing the dry well yet to be confirmed by the Municipality, the factors which do not support the Option-2 are : (i) The suction pipe will be laid 2 m below the low water level (LWL) of the river i.e. at 18.2 m which will need an excavation from the dry well site by about 10+ m, cutting the embankment. As the embankment is for flood protection, the Irrigation department most probably may not allow cutting of the embankment and one may have to go for pipe pushing or some other specialized technology. . EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 113 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) The 150 m long suction pipe needs to be secured in the river bed with series of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) piles driven in the river bed to the extent 2-3 m below the scouring level, which is about 32 m below the LWL of the river. (iii) Siltation of the suction pipe will be a common phenomenon and it is very difficult proposition to clear off the silt from the suction pipe once such silt deposition occurs. (iv) The dry well for housing the pump set with drive units are prone to flooding (by seepage/ leakage water) since the pump sets are installed at a level below the water level to ensure positive suction. 417. Among the four major points mentioned above siltation in the suction pipe and wet well is a critical issue which do not support for Option 2, even if it incurs more expense. Considering these factors, Option for construction of single well with vertical pumps (Option-1) is only technical feasible option. 418. For supporting Option 1 the model study on propagation of noise and vibration through structure and water is needed. The model will call for construction of a prototype well with facility of a pumping arrangement. It will also require generating larger amount of data at location to know the characteristics of the river at location. This study shall be time consuming and incur cost. 419. It was explained that the noise will be generated at the motor floor level. That means the noise will be propagated by air medium. Suitable usage of acoustic material, which can dampen the acoustic level, may be thought of. The vibration from the motor (if pump motor set not properly aligned) will be transmitted from the motor floor to the earth through reinforced concrete wall. It may transfer just a portion to water body, depending upon thickness and material of wall. This portion of the total noise & vibration will be the issue for dolphins. 420. Mitigation measures are suggested during designing and operation of the pumps discussed in chapter 5 and 9. 6.1.1.3 Alternative Study on Intake Design and Type 421. For selection of design and type of intake structure alternative analysis has been carried out and presented in Table 6.1.1.3-1 below. There are 3 types of design, gravity dam, Jack well and Floating Barge is being considered. Table 6.1.1.3-1: Intake structure design and alternatives S. No. Parameter Gravity dam Jack well Floating barge 1 Area requirement in land Required Nil Nil 2 Suitability with respect to Very large Moderate to large Less (upto 20 capacity million liter per day, mld) 3 Suitability with respect to Irrigation and Domestic water supply Domestic water purpose Domestic water supply supply 4 Suitability with respect to Less Moderate High water level fluctuation 5 Requirement of Must In most cases it is not required. In Not required channel/inlet pipe some cases depending upon the location of well and low water level channel/inlet pipe is provided 6 Cost Very high High-moderate Low EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 114 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 422. Recommendation – Though in case of Floating Barge type intake cost is less and area requirement in land is low or nil but Jack well intake is selected, as it is suitable for domestic water supply from river with water level fluctuation not very high and no land requirement. Practically Floating Barge type intake is suitable only for small requirement upto 20 mld. 6.1.1.4 Alternative Study on Intake construction technology 423. Jack well type of intake structure has been selected. There are 2 alternative construction technologies for Jack well type of intake structure. Feasibility of the both is discussed below. Table 6.1.1.4-1: Construction technology of intake structure S. Parameter of Construction of Island method Floating Caisson method technology No. construction technology technology 1 Brief description of A temporary island is constructed at the If the depth of water is more than 6 m, technology location with steel sheet piles driven to the floating caisson method to be used. The bed along the periphery of the island. caisson is of steel structure with outer and Diameter of the island is normally 3 times of inner plate braced and reinforcement bars well dia. An annular layer of silt/sand gunny placed for the well curb. The caisson is bags is laid along the periphery. Inside is fabricated and placed on a pontoon. The filled up with silt/sand/clay of the river itself, pontoon with the caisson is towed into the being deposited elsewhere nearby bank. A well position. A specially fabricated gantry is temporary pathway is made from the bank made of 100-150 t capacity resting on two to the island as an extension to the island to barges clearing the pontoon. The caisson is facilitate concreting and other construction lifted by the gantry with chain pulley blocks activities. Well curb with cutting edge below and the pontoon is removed. Then the and reinforcement bars in place is placed caisson is lowered in the water in position. on the dry surface of the island and Further height of caisson is fabricated with concreted. Sinking is carried on by grabbing reinforcement bars for the well steining in earth from inside the well and subsequent location and concrete is poured till it height of steining is built in location till the reaches the bed level. Sinking is carried on well curb reaches the design founding level. by grabbing the earth from inside the well and building additional heights of steining by concreting till the cutting edge reached the design founding level. 2 Suitability For lesser water depth (upto 6 m) For larger water depth (above 6 m) 3 Sinking From dry land From floating barges 4 Accuracy in driving More accurate Accurate 5 Crane Crane with less boom length With longer boom length or by the gantry EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 115 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S. Parameter of Construction of Island method Floating Caisson method technology No. construction technology technology resting over the barges 6 Construction waste Natural disposal to river during next flash No issue (for temporary flood. Gunny bag will be decomposed. bund) 7 Dumping of Easy, as it can be dumped on the bank of Difficult, as it has to be transported to the excavated earth the river bank 8 Risk in Less Extra precautionary measures required construction Much stable method 9 Impact on aquatic Yes – localized short period Yes – localized short period, less in environment compare to Island method 10 Channel May require depend on actual survey No requirement 11 Construction Standard practice More specialised process 12 Cost Less More 424. Recommendation – In both the cases impact on the aquatic environment is for short duration. During construction and operation of the intake mitigation measures will be applied. As the depth of water at the proposed location will be above 6 m construction by floating caisson method is the only solution. Moreover there is no requirement of development of island for Caissan method and impact on aquatic environment is less. More cost will be involved for construction of Jack Well type intake by Caisson method. 6.1.1.5 Alternative Study on Intake structure component like screen 425. Initially Bar Screens and Velocity Caps are proposed at the mouth of the intake well, which will restrict the Dolphins and larger size fishes to enter the well. Provision for lifting and cleaning the bar screens is proposed. Guiding channels for the screens will be made of stainless steel with MS bar screens treated with anticorrosive measures. Mechanical arrangements shall be provided for cleaning and lifting of the bar screens. Spacing of bars may be kept generally as 50-80mm, depending on size of dolphins. But one of the problems may arise due to fixed bar screen. The size of the gap between bars is generally 50 m by 80 m, which is too large to limit the movement of small fishes; those are used as a food for Dolphin. 426. Later through mechanical option study it is decided to use Travelling Water Screen instead of fixed Bar Screen. The advantage for using Travelling water screen is discussed below. 427. Travelling water screen shall be installed at the forebay of the pump intake of both the options. The travelling water screen shall be having a mesh of only 10mm X 10 mm size which will restrict flow of aquatic fish (even small fish) and other creatures to the pumping stations. The forebay/approach shall be so designed to restrict the inlet flow velocity of 0.3 m/sec and the same shall ensure vortex free operation of the pump sets thereby increasing the longevity of the pump sets. Floating or suspended matter of bigger sizes shall be retained on the screening basket and such deposition of debris shall be removed by flushing of the basket by spray of water. Since small fish unable to enter into intake the food chain of Dolphin is not affected. Pictorial view of ―Travelling Water Screen‖ is shown below. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 116 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure 6.1.1.5: Demonstration of Travelling Screen 428. From alternative analysis of intake water source location, technology and design the following options are finalized, (i) Location of Intake Structure –At Barari, Bhagalpur (ii) Type of Intake structure – Jack well type (iii) Construction technology of Intake structure - Construction of Jack Well through Caisson technology (iv) Selection of screen - Travelling water screen 6.1.2 Alternative study for location and design of Water Treatment Plant 6.1.2.1 Alternative analysis for selection of location of Water Treatment Plant 429. Alternative study for selection of WTP location is presented in table below (6.1.2.1-1). Pictorial views of WTP site I and II, taken from Google Map, are shown below. The pictures are at different scale. Figure 6.1.2.1: Proposed alternative location of Water Treatment Plant EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 117 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 6.1.2.1-1: Comparative Study for Selection of WTP Site Location S.No. Parameters WTP Site – I WTP Site – II 1 Location of WTP site Adjacent to Intake. About 1.8 km aerial distance Proposed Intake west of Intake, south of existing WTP at Barari. 2 Raw water pumping main 0.3 km, Pumping cost will be less. 2.9 km, more cost 3 Clear Water pumping More Marginally less main 4 Discharge of WTP Being the location on the bank of the The site is 0.6 km from river. process waste water (filter river, wastage from filter back wash may Additional cost is involved. wash ) be directly discharge to river by gravity without any additional energy consumption. 5 Discharge point of waste Can be designed to discharge Discharge point will be on the water downstream of Intake point upstream side of intake point, 1.5km along the bank 6 Cost of WTP Less Marginally more 7 Land owner Partly government departments. but Govt. Health department (as mostly private property- need to be reported by BMC). Only land acquired transfer is required 8 Nature of land Major portion covered by trees and Except a small part of vegetation cultivation, major portion is barren type with few palm trees 9 Existing WTP location About 2.8 km from existing WTP Adjacent to existing WTP. It will facilitate in O&M 10 Sensitive issue Very near to crematoria and religious No issues place (Muslim Darga) BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, WTP- Water Treatment Plant 430. Site-I is near to Intake raw water pumping station. So power cost is usually cheaper than Site-II. Capital cost will also be cheaper (marginally). Site-I requires land acquisition from the private ownership and may cause delay of the entire implementation. Site-II is adjacent to existing WTP. In future, it may be administratively united, considering operation, control and monitoring point of view. If required in case of emergency, raw water from proposed WTP can also be diverted to the existing WTP. WTP Site-II is therefore recommended under the present scheme. 6.1.2.2 Alternative analysis on WTP Design/ Technology 431. Factor on which water treatment technology depend is the water quality. Surface water from river Ganga has got high fluctuation of turbidity (500-10000 ppm, as per Draft Master Plan Bhagalpur Vision 2027). Ground water has got arsenic content above permissible limit (more than 50 microgram/lit, as per Ground Water Information Booklet 2009 by CGCB). 432. Quantum of ground water availability is not sufficient to meet up the demand. Surface water source is a reliable source. Hence, there is no alternative other than selecting surface water treatment. 433. For surface water treatment among the different common technology, applied in India on large scale basis, are as follows: (i) Conventional treatment method with Clariflcculator EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 118 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (ii) Tube settler or Plate Settler (iii) Static sludge blanket clarifier (iv) Pulsating sludge blanket clarifier (v) Solid recirculation type clarifier 434. Among those, Conventional treatment method with Clariflcculator, Treatment with Pulsator Clarifier and Treatment with Tube/Plate Settler are common. Alternative design technology for the water treatment plant is elaborated in Table 6.1.2.2-1. Table 6.1.2.2-1: Comparison between different Water Treatment Technologies S No. Parameter Treatment with Treatment with Pulsator Treatment with Clariflocculator Clarifier Tube/Plate Settler 1 Area requirement More Less Least 2 Power requirement More Less Least 3 Hydraulics Radial flow, Most Non-Radial flow, Less Non-Radial flow, Less effective effective effective 4 Head loss Least More Less 5 Construction method Easy Most complicated Normal 6 Mechanical arrangement Required (for Required (for creating pulse) Not required for clarification removing bridge) 7 Operation method Easy Not easy Easy 8 Maintenance Least More Less 9 Vulnerability with respect to No issue Breakage of tranquilisation Breakage of O&M plate Plats/tubes 10 Efficiency in Suspended Efficient Most efficient Efficient Solid removal 11 Sludge extraction Least effective Most effective Effective 12 Application of Least applicable Must be applied (for Less applicable instrumentation regulation of pulsation, and (during sludge controlling sludge extraction) extraction) 435. Recommendation – Considering area requirement, quality fluctuation, power requirement and operation and maintenance point of view, Plate/Tube settler is recommended. 6.1.3 Alternative study on raw water transmission main alignment 436. There are 2 alternative routes selected for raw water transmission from intake to water treatment plant one along the river bank and other by the side of the existing road. Preferred route is being selected after alternative feasibility analysis. Figure 6.1.3 shows the 2 alignment options and Table 6.1.3-1 shows alternative analyses for selection of preferred alignment. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 119 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure 6.1.3: Alternative alignment routes for raw water transmission Table 6.1.3-1: Alternatives of raw water transmission main alignment Sl. No. Parameter Alignment 2 Alignment 1 1 Route Along river bank Along Road 2 Length Less (1.8-2.1 km) More (2.9 km) 3 Route type Not well defined Well defined along existing road 4 Encounter of sensitive places By the side of bathing ghat No issue 5 Requirement of pipe bridge 1 Nil 6 Requirement of pipe support and Required (Will be detailed out at Nil anchorage the time of detailed engineering) 7 Pipe cost Less More 8 Overall cost More (due to additional pipe Less support) 9 Construction Difficult- along the river, bathing Easy ghat located 10 Accessibility Difficult Easy 437. Recommendation – Alignment 1 is preferred since no sensitive issue is being encountered and route is defined. Though the length of the pipe line is more for alignment 1 but overall cost is more for alignment 2. 6.1.4 Alternative Study on pipe material selection 438. Table 6.1.4-1 shows characteristics of DI, MI and HDPE pipes against selection factors along with preference of pipe use. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 120 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 6.1.4-1: Alternatives of pipe material Factors for selection of DI MS HDPE pipes Hydraulic Smoothness 140 130 150 (C value) Structural strength for Very good Very good Good in resisting external loads external loads Ease in handling, Pipes are heavy & hence Lighter than DI Light & easy to handle in hilly area. transportation and difficult to handle pipes. But still lighter equipment are used in storage heavy to handle jointing & installation. Resistance Internally protected by Anti corrosive Does not rust, rot or corrode to internal corrosion cement mortar lining painting is necessary Economy Very costly Costly Much cheaper than DI or MS pipes at lower dia. Availability of specials and To be imported To be imported To be imported but cost will be less replacements as it is light & can be brought in large consignment Availability of skilled Skilled personnel are Available This can be used with little training personnel for installation & available in Bhutan as to the novice workers even. maintenance such pipes were laid before Capacity to withstand Damage to internal CML Better than DI pipes Very good in withstanding damage damage in handling and is possible during due to handling maintenance handling Reliability and effective Reliable Welded joints are Fusion joints or butt joints are very joints reliable reliable Capability to absorb surge Capable Capable These has excellent water hammer pressure characteristics & effective in withstanding surge pressure Ease in maintenance and Handling of heavy Lighter than DI Materials are light & very easy to repair materials is required pipes & specials handle Durability (Sustainable Durable if external Durable if external Durable. Very resistant to breaking trouble free maintenance) corrosion protection is corrosion protection made is made. Resistance to tampering by Fairly good Fairly good Not good. anti-social elements CML- Cement Mortar Lining, DI - Ductile Iron, HDPE - High Density Polyethylene, MS - Mild Steel 439. Recommendation: On the basis of pipe strength, protection, HDPE pipe is recommended for diameter 300mm or less (Internal diameter). DI is recommended for more than 300mm internal diameter upto 600mm. For pipe 600mm and above, MS pipe is recommended. 6.1.5 Alternative study on OHT locations 440. Alternative locations for 7 Over Head Tanks out of 18 have been carried out for selection of most feasible one. Table 6.1.5-1 indicates the different alternatives and most feasible recommendation. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 121 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 6.1.5-1: Proposed and alternative locations for Overhead Water Tanks S. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location 1 OHT – 4/4-2- On the open land, about 150m opposite Sunderban; Anandgarh Colony near Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) Tank Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation (BMC) BMC Ground level Average Average Sensitive area Not adjacent to forest Adjacent to forest Nearby commercial/ Nil Near entrance of school institutional area Location with respect Near middle Near edge to zone/subzone Public demand - - Main reason of recommendation – Non Sensitive area, non commercial/ institutional area 2 OHT – 4/4-3- On the open space corner of Durga Ashram Area availability Sufficient Not Sufficient Land owner BMC Govt. School Ground level Average Less by 3m Sensitive area Near Durga Ashram Nil Nearby commercial/ Market Within campus of school institutional area Location with respect Near edge of zone Near middle to zone/subzone EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 122 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location Public demand Demand No demand Main reason of recommendation – Area availability, non-institutional area, local demand 3 OHT – 5/5-1- Rajakiyakrit Prathamik Vidyalay, Kalabganj Area availability Not Sufficient - (Shortfall of area will be Sufficient adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, i.e 5/5-2, 5/5-5) Land owner BMC- Govt. Ownership Railways- difficult to get procession Ground level Average Marginally less by 1m Sensitive area Nil Adjacent to railway line Nearby commercial/ Within campus of school Nil institutional area Location with respect Near edge of zone Near middle to zone/subzone Public demand No demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land 4 OHT – 5/5-3- Aliganj Katghat Area availability Not Sufficient - (Shortfall of area will be Sufficient adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, i.e 5/5-2, 5/5-5) Land owner Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation (BMC) Private Ground level Average Average EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 123 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ Nil Nil institutional area Location with respect Near edge Near middle to zone/subzone Public demand Demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land, more demand 5 OHT – 1/1-2- Central Training School, North side land Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner BMC University Ground level Hilly Less by 12m Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ Nearby school university institutional area Location with respect Near edge Near middle to zone/subzone Public demand - - Main reason of recommendation – Ground level – high land- water pressure increase, land availability 6 OHT – 2/2-1- Uppertola goaltoli jogsar Chunihari- tola Area availability Not Sufficient - (Shortfall of area will be Sufficient adjusted with other OHTs within the zone, EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 124 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S. No. Parameter Proposed Selected Location Alternative Location i.e 2/2-2, 2/2-3) Land owner BMC School Ground level More by 7 m Average Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ Nil Within school campus institutional area Location with respect Near middle Near edge to zone/subzone Public demand Strong demand No demand Main reason of recommendation – Higher ground level, demand, no school area etc. 7 OHT – 2/2-3- Muslim High School premises Area availability Sufficient Sufficient Land owner Muslim High school board Private Ground level Average Average Sensitive area Nil Nil Nearby commercial/ Within school Near school institutional area Location with respect - - to zone/subzone Public demand Demand - Main reason of recommendation – Ownership of land- agreed by Muslim school board, demand 441. From the table above it is clear that selection of OHT location mostly related to availability and ownership of land. Through alternative analyses for best possible site have been selected in 7 cases. In rest of the 11 locations no alternatives are available and not required too. 442. Proposed shape of the OHT is selected after screening of the 7 parameters. Table 6.1.5-2 shows alternative study for selection of OHT shape. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 125 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 6.1.5-2: Alternative study on OHT shape S. No. Parameter Circular Non-circular 1 Size and shape Circular Rectangular to Trapezium Size as per Mass balance diagram Size as per Mass balance diagram 2 Strength More Less 3 Wall thickness Less More 4 Suitable for land Sufficient land Land area restriction 5 Repair and cleaning Comparatively easier - 6 Adaptability to public More adaptable Less adaptable 7 Construction Easy Tough 8 Cost Less Marginally more 443. Recommendation – Circular shape of the Overhead Tank is preferable, where land is not constrained. In other case Non-circular type is being selected where land area is restricted. In most of the location circular shape of the OHT will be constructed. 6.2 Alternative study on „With-Project‟ and „No-Project‟ Scenario 444. Under the proposed program water supply system of the Bhagalpur will be improved alike to modern Asian town. In case of non selection of sub-project at Bhagalpur socio-economic development will be halted. Table 6.2-1 analysed the situation in case of ―with project‖ and ―no project‖ scenario. Table 6.2-1: Alternative for “With Project” and “No-project” Scenario for Bhagalpur WS S. No. Parameter ‘With-Project’ Scenario ‘No-Project’ scenario Services 1 Water source Surface water from river Ganges Partly from surface water (river Ganges) and partly from ground water (by tube well) 2 Per capita supply 135 lpcd 57 lpcd 3 Water quality Potable as per CPHEEO Turbid water ( in monsoon) 4 Duration of supply 24 hours 10 hours 5 UFW 15% 40% Environment 6 Effect on endanger species Minor effect No effect 7 Tree cutting Minor (maximum 10 nos.) No issue 8 Effect on ground water No ground water abstraction. Deterioration of ground water Improvement of ground water status. status with abstraction of ground water Social 9 Requirement of land Additional land required (5.88 ha) No land issue EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 126 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S. No. Parameter ‘With-Project’ Scenario ‘No-Project’ scenario 10 Disturbances of people During construction phase No issue 11 Effect of business Both positive and negative. Positive - due No issue to introduction of construction activities sell will increase. Negative - where the access to the shops will be disturbed due to construction activities- short period impact. 12 Status of living Improve No change. Negative with increase of population Economic 13 Economic development Greater rate of economic development Slow development expected 14 Business Invite more business due to improved No change scenario CPHEEO- Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, mld- million liters per day lpcd- liters per capita per day, UFW- Un-accounted For Water 445. Present level of water supply status will improve after implementation of the project. No permanent impact on environmental parameters envisage in case of ―with project‖ scenario, only short term negative impact and long term positive impact may result. Hence ―With Project‖ scenario is much more preferable than ―No-Project‖ scenario. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 127 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Chapter 7: Information Dislosure, Consultation & Participation 446. Consultation, participation and disclosure will ensure that information is provided and feedback on proposed subproject design is sought early, right from the project preparation phase, so that the views/preferences of stakeholders including potential beneficiaries and affected people can be adequately considered in project design, and continue at each stage of project preparation, processing, and implementation. Affected persons will be consulted at various stages in the project cycle to ensure: (i) incorporation of views/concerns of APs on compensation/resettlement assistance and environmental mitigation measures; (ii) inclusion of vulnerable in project benefits; (iii) identification of help required by APs during rehabilitation, if any; and (iv) avoidance of potential conflicts/smooth project implementation. It will also provide adequate opportunities for consultation/participation to all stakeholders and inclusion of the poor/vulnerable/marginalized and project-affected persons in the project process. Relevant information about any major changes to project scope shall be shared with beneficiaries, affected persons, vulnerable groups, and other stakeholders. 7.1 Objective of Consultation 447. The consultation process was carried out with the following objective in forefront: (i) To promote public awareness about the proposed project especially amongst the potentially impacted communities/ individuals; (ii) To familiarize the people with technical, environmental, social and economic issues of the project for better understanding; (iii) To educate the potentially impacted communities/ individuals about the proposed course of action and the project alternatives; (iv) To solicit the views of affected communities/ individuals on environmental and social problems; (v) To gather inputs from the affected communities/ individuals in crucial decisions regarding mitigation of the identified environmental and social issues;To stimulate community self evaluation and analysis; (vi) To foster co-operation among officers, communities and the stakeholders to achieve a cordial working relationship for smooth implementation of the project; (vii) To identify the environmental issues relating to project components; (viii) To secure people‘s inputs in respect of project design, selection of mitigation measures and monitoring strategies viz. incorporating the suggestions made during consultations into project design as found feasible; (ix) To inform (Project affected people) about the framework and rehabilitation Action Plan) and to settle their problems with mutual consent and to assist them during relocation and resettlement and (x) To assess the views of the beneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project planning and decision making process. 7.2 Methodology adopted for Public Consultations 7.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders 448. Stakeholders contributed to subproject selection and prioritization and their contribution will be continuously solicited detailed design, and planning, implementation, and post- implementation phases. By addressing stakeholder needs, there is greater awareness of the EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 128 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program benefits, and ‗ownership‘ of the Project among stakeholders, which in turn contributes to project sustainability. The consultation process so far has solicited inputs from a wide range of stakeholders; including state and ULB level government officials, experts and researchers31 including gender specialists32, NGOs, elected representatives, residents of sample towns, marginalized/vulnerable beneficiary groups, and project affected persons33. 449. Stakeholders were identified to ensure coverage of all the key stakeholders of the project area for the preliminary consultations, as follows: 450. The primary stakeholders are: (i) Local residents, shopkeepers and businesspeople who live and work alongside the roads where pipeline will be lay and facilities will be provided; (ii) Custodians and users of socially and culturally important buildings in affected areas; (iii) State and local authorities responsible for the protection and conservation of archaeological relics, historical sites and artefacts; and (iv) State and local tourism authorities. 451. The secondary stakeholders are: (i) UDHD as the Executing Agency; (ii) BUIDCO as Implementation Agency; (iii) Local government and relevant government agency representatives, including state and local authorities responsible for land acquisition, protection and conservation of forests and environment (State Forest and Wildlife Dept., State Environment Dept., State Pollution Control Board), archaeological sites, religious sites, and other relevant government departments; (iv) Non-government organizations (NGOs), University professor, and community- based organizations (CBOs) working in the affected communities; (v) Other community representatives (prominent citizens, religious leaders, elders, women‘s groups); (vi) The beneficiary community in general; and (vii) ADB, GoI, and Ministry of Finance. 7.2.2 Stages and Levels of Consultation 452. As per ADB Policy, for Environment Category A project like Bhagalpur Water Supply the consultation needs to be carried out at early stage of the EIA field work and when the draft EIA report is ready and before project appraisal by ADB. 453. Accordingly during early stage and preparation of Draft EIA Public Consultation was conducted to involve the people into dialogue and to obtain an overview of likely impacts and concerns of the community. During project preparation stage consultation was held at various 31 For example, consultations were held with academicians and researchers in Bhagalpur University, involved in research on environmental issues and Gengetic dolphin conservation, on potential impacts of the proposed Bhagalpur water supply sub-project on the ecology, river ecosystem and endangered species found in the same. Refer EIA for Bhagalpur Water Supply sub-project for details. 32 A Focus Group Discussion on integration of gender issues in project design was held in Patna with 4 local NGOs, namely, Taru Mitra, Asian Development Research Institute, Participatory Research in Asia and Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti on April 9, 2011, and with the Women‟s Development Corporation, Bihar on April 11, 2011. The discussions helped understand gender issues in the context of Bihar better; practical suggestions received from the NGOs have been incorporated into the Gender Action Plan for BUIDP 33 For example, discussions with potential APs during transect walks in Bhagalpur helped understand their concerns related to disruption of economic activities during festival seasons, when they have their highest sales. This has been incorporated in the RP for Bhagalpur Water Supply sub-project. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 129 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program locations along the pipe line corridors where public activity was intense and closes to proposed project locations. 454. Public consultations have been held at two levels as follows: (i) Community / local level i.e. consultations with communities like residential, commercial, school teachers / health workers at project influence area (ii) Institutional level comprising key government departments / agencies, university/ educational institute and district administration. 7.3 Consultation and Disclosure to date 7.3.1 Community level consultation on date 455. These consultations were held at major settlement areas along the Project i.e. pipeline corridor to inform people about the objectives of the project. Such consultations provided a means to get the opinion of the people and their issues of concern. The focused group discussion and interview survey methods were adopted as tools for community level consultations. In each of the consultation, participants were encouraged to view their observations, suggestions and share experiences on various environmental and safety issues and suitable mitigation and enhancement measures. Subsequently, they were asked about their opinion and suggestions on any other environmental issues listed in the questionnaire but not mentioned by the participants initially. The issues rose by participants and responses of the issues asked were recorded. 456. Records of public consultations on environmental and social impacts and safeguard plan to mitigate any potential significant impacts were held during 20th to 22nd December, 2010 and 11th- 12th May are attached as Annexure 6. 457. Discussion was held with the local people during site visit. Issues discussed are: (i) Awareness and extent of the project and development components; (ii) Benefits of Project for the economic and social upliftment of community; (iii) Labour availability in the Project area or requirement of outside labour involvement; (iv) Local disturbances- dust, noise generation due to Project Construction Work; (v) Necessity of tree felling etc. at project sites; (vi) Water logging and drainage problem if any; (vii) Drinking water problem; (viii) Forest and sensitive area nearby the project site 458. The following assurance has been given during consultation (i) Proposed water supply project should ensure enough supply of drinking water in all wards of town; (ii) Executive agency should give preference to engage internationally reputed contractor, etc as people do not faith about the local contractors in respect of quality of works as well as timely completion of work; (iii) Efforts should be made by government to supply drinking water round the clock; (iv) Livelihood affected households (if any) should be given assistance in the mode of cash compensation; (v) Local people should be employed by the contractor during construction work; (vi) Adequate safety measures should be taken during construction work; (vii) Mobile kiosks/vendors/hawkers have shown willingness to shift in nearby places without taking any compensation and assistance from the Executing Agency EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 130 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 459. Local people have appreciated the water supply proposal of the government and they have ensured that they will cooperate with the Executing Agency during project implementation. 7.3.2 Institutional Level Consultation 460. The institutional level consultations were held with following key government agencies / departments/ institutes: Table 7.3.2-1: Details of Institutional Level Public Consultations Date Place/ Issue Participants Issues Immerged Department 28.05.2010 Patna/ UDHD Project Dr. D. K. Shukla, Project development & selection of 10.12.2010 Administration Special project components on the basis of 04.03.2011 and Execution Secretary, UDHD need assessment Requirement of Institutional development for implementation of the project Project execution UDHD will work in consultation with strearring committee and necessary clearance(e.g. wildlife) will be done as per govt. procedure 23.09.2010 Patna/ BUIDCO Project Mr. A. K. Since there is no Safeguard person in Administration Sharma, Chief BUIDCO during implementation of the and General project Environment and Social Expert Implementation Manager is required to co-ordinate safeguard issue. As per Mr. Sharma proper training will be required for functioning the safeguard system 02.09.2010 Bhagalpur/ Patna/ Project Mr. Birendra As per the ULB, they are owner of this 10.12.2010 Bhagalpur Implementation, Kumar, Municipal project but during operation of the 21.12.2010 Municipal site selection, and Commissioner project for implementation of mitigation Corporation land availability BMC Engineer/ Supervisior have to monitor 11.05.2011 and alternative Mr. Ajay Kumar, the Environmental Management Plan locations Addl. Municipal application. Training will be required for Commissioner safeguard issue BMC During construction of project Mr. Sashi Kumar components PIU engineer will supervise Choudhary, mitigation measures along with project Executive consultant Engineer BMC Required permission (say for tree Mr. Hariram cutting) will be issued by Municipal Choudhury, Commissioner (within the municipal Municipal limit) at earliest Engineer Water Supply, BMC 03.06.2010 Patna/ Bihar Applicable Mr. M. K. Singh, Requirement of Consent for Water State Pollution statutory and Member treatment plant Control Board legal Secretary, Bihar Monitoring of water, air and noise during requirements, key State Pollution implementation of the project environmental Control Board Suggested collection of No objection issues certificate from wildlife department 10.12.2010 Patna/ SPUR & Views on project Mr. Satish Suggested requirement of permission BRJP concept and Agarwal, from Central Water Commission implementation Environmental Study on sustainability of water source EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 131 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Date Place/ Issue Participants Issues Immerged Department Engineer, IPE, Integration of other projects with SPUR proposed project Bimal Kumar Singh, Executive Engineer, BRJP 04.03.2011 Patna/ State Applicable legal Mr. Ram Avtar Department of Environment will be Environment and and Ram, Special involved only if environmental clearance Forest administrative Secretary, and public hearing required as per EIA Department issues for Environment and Notification (there is no requirement of effective Forest Dept., environmental clearance) environmental Govt. of Bihar Suggested consultation with Wildlife management Department for clearance process 19.12.2010 Patna/ Ministry of Sensitive Issue at Mr. Mithilesh Expressed need for wildlife clearance 04.03.2011 Environment and project location Kumar, Chief and explained procedure Forest Wildlife and Wildlife Wildlife Warden Pointed out requirement of hydrological Dept. Govt. of clearance Mr. B. A. Khan, study for establishing change in water Bihar process Chief level within the sanctuary Conservator of Forest 21.12.2010 Bhagalpur/ Presence of Mr. R. R. Singh, Explained procedure for getting NOC 03.03.2011 Conservator of forest area in and Chief from Wildlife department Forest office around Bhagalpur Conservator of Suggested consideration of Sanctuary and forest Forest issue in propsed water supply scheme clearance / Mr. A. K. Singh, The need of separate moniring system wildlife clearance Asst. for VGDS process Conservator of Forest, Banka Forest Division of Bhagalpur 22.12.2010 Bhagalpur/ T. M. Conservation of Prof. Sunil Suggested requirement of complete 03.03.2011 University Dolphin with Kumar conservation plan for Dolphin protection 10.04.2011 Bhagalpur VGDS Choudhary, Requirement of study – (i) relationship Dept. of Botany, between water level depletion and In-charge impact on aquatic habitation. (ii) Impact VBREC of noise & vibration on aquatic animal 04.03.2011 Patna/ Central Conservation of Prof. R. K. Sinha, Suggested requirement of mitigation University of Dolphin with Professor of measures for protection of biodiversity Bihar VGDS Environmental due to proposed intake structure within Science the sanctuary 02.09.2010 Bhagalpur/ Circle Identification and Mr. S. P. Verma, The land selected for water treatment Office, procession of Circle Officer, plant is Government land under public Jagadishpur land Jagadishpur health (medical department) Block, Bhagalpur Requested selection of transmission and distribution main alignment within the Govt. ROW 22.12.2010 Vikramshila, Occurrence of In-charge ASI Suggested in case of any chance find, Bhagalpur / Archaeological Vikramshila project implementation agency will Vikramshila remnants in and Budhha Stupha informed ASI at earliest Ancient University around Bhagalpur Training will be given to the construction and Baudhha contractor for maintain the Stupha Archeological chance find protocol EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 132 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, BUIDCO- Bihar Urban Infrastructure development Corporation Ltd., BRJP- Bihar Rajya Jal Parshad, SPUR – Support Program on Urban Renewal , UDHD – Urban Development & Housing Department, ULB- Urban Local Body, VBREC- Vikramshila Biodiversity Research & Education Center, & VGDS – Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary 7.3.3 Consultation with Fishing Community 461. Discussions/consultations were made with fishermen living along the banks of the river in Barari, Bhagalpur (near project location) and the fishermen found fishing near Barari. The discussion included questions on the number of persons in each household, and their education, property, sources of drinking water and income. They were also asked whether they have any knowledge about the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply project, and if implemented, what will be the effect on their livelihood. Although a strict social science protocol was not necessarily followed, interviews with fishermen were conducted by members of the VBREC research team, who have maintained a long-term supportive presence in local riverine communities, and in a manner that was respectful of local values, perceptions and traditions. 462. The majority of fishermen owned their own boats and nets. Literacy rates were low with less than 20% of the people living in fishing communities with access to primary education. The 50% of households at Barari depended on the river for drinking water. Less than 30% fishermen at Barari have any knowledge of the proposed Bhagalpur Supply Project. When explained the details of the project to the fishermen, they are of the opinion that the project itself may not impact their livelihood; But if they are not allowed for fishing in Barari in the name of the project, then they will have problem in earning their livelihood. They are also suspicious about the possible impact of abstraction of water from the river on fish population. At the same time, they are also hopeful of getting some employment in the project, and believe that the agency implementing the project will also take some welfare measures for them. List of participant for opinion survey is attached as Annexure 7. 7.3.4 Stakeholder Consultation and Disclosure Workshop at Project town 463. Consultation and disclosure workshop of the project has been conducted at Bhagalpur on 12th May 2010 after advertising in newspaper. Outcome of all consultations are attached as Annexure 8. 7.4 Future Consultation and Disclosure 464. UDHD will be extended the consultation and disclosure process significantly during implementation of BUDIP. They will appoint an experienced NGO to handle this key aspect of the programme. The NGO continuously (i) conducts a wide range of activities in relation to all subprojects in each town; and (ii) ensures the needs and concerns of stakeholders are registered and are addressed in subproject design. 465. For this subproject, the NGO consultant will develop, in close coordination with PIU and DSC, a public consultation and disclosure program which is likely to include the following: (i) Consultation during detailed design: (a) Focus-group discussions with affected persons and other stakeholders (including women‘s groups, NGOs and CBOs) to hear their views and concerns, so that these can be addressed in subproject design where necessary; and (b) Structured consultation meetings with the institutional stakeholders (government bodies and NGOs) to discuss and approve key aspects of the project. (ii) Consultation during construction: EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 133 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (a) Public meetings with affected communities to discuss and plan work programmes and allow issues to be raised and addressed once construction has started; and (b) Smaller-scale meetings to discuss and plan construction work with individual communities to reduce disturbance and other impacts, and provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can participate in subproject monitoring and evaluation; (ii) Project disclosure: (a) Public information campaigns (via newspaper, TV and radio) to explain the project to the wider town population and prepare them for disruption they may experience once the construction programme is underway; (b) Public disclosure meetings at key project stages to inform the public of progress and future plans, and to provide copies of summary documents in Hindi; and (c) Formal disclosure of completed project reports by making copies available at convenient locations in the study towns, informing the public of their availability, and providing a mechanism through which comments can be made. 466. Information is disclosed through public consultation and making relevant documents public locations. UDHD/BUIDCO will submit to ADB the following documents for disclosure on ADB‘s website: (i) For category A sub-projects a draft EIA (including the draft EMP), as applicable and RP/IPP including the draft Entitlement Matrix, at least 120 days prior to ADB Board consideration, and/or environmental assessment and review frameworks before project appraisal, where applicable; (ii) the final EIA/IEE and RP/IPP; (iv) a new or updated EIA and RP/IPP and corrective action plan prepared during project implementation, if any; and (v) the environmental and social monitoring reports. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 134 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Chapter 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism 467. Common Grievance Redress Mechanism: A common grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be in place for social, environmental or any other Project/sub-project related grievances; each RP, IPP, and IEE/EIA will follow the grievance redress mechanism described below, which is developed in consultation with stakeholders, including affected persons and NGOs34. 468. Goals for the GRM: The GRM will provide an accessible platform for receiving and facilitating resolution of affected persons‘ grievances related to the Project. 469. Grievance Redress Process: Grievances/suggestions of APs can be dropped in suggestion boxes or conveyed through phone or mail.35 The Community Liaison Officer of the implementing NGO36 will be responsible for conducting periodic community meetings with affected communities to understand their concerns and help them through the process of grievance redressal (including translation from local dialect/language, recording and registering grievances of non-literate APs and explaining the process of grievance redressal). 470. Grievances will first be registered at the Complaints Cell37 of the implementing NGO/PIU, who will resolve smaller issues and in case of larger issues, consult/seek the assistance of the Environment and Social Management Coordinator (ESMC of the PMU). Grievances not redressed through this process within one month of registration will be brought to the notice of the City Level Committees (CLC) set up to monitor project implementation in each town. As a Grievance Redressal Committee, the CLC will meet every month (if there are pending, registered grievances), determine the merit of each grievance, and resolve grievances within a month of receiving the complaint—failing which the grievance will be addressed by the state-level Program Steering Committee (PSC)38. Further grievances will be referred by APs to the appropriate courts of law. The grievance redress process is shown in Figure 8-1. The GRCs will continue to function throughout the project duration. 34 The Draft Grievance Redress Process has been circulated and discussed with the following Bihar-based NGOs and research institutes working on environment, social and gender issues, for comments: Asian Development Research Institute, Participatory Research in Asia, Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti and Taru Mitra. It will be discussed with town-level stakeholders at the disclosure workshop proposed in Bhagalpur. 35 The Grievance Registration/Suggestion Form shall be downloadable from the GoB, PMU and PIU website and will be available at the respective Complaints Cells. Refer Appendix 12 for a Sample Grievance Registration Form. 36 The Community Liaison Officer of the implementing NGO shall be trained by the project consultants. It will be important to ensure appointment of an approachable, reliable and responsible person with an understanding of perspectives of different stakeholders. 37 Affected Persons will be able to register grievances - social, environmental or other, at Complaints Cells to be established at the ULB/PIU office and the panchayat office of the affected village, if any, or, in a location easily accessible to affected communities (e.g. fishing community / riverbank communities). The Community Liaison Officer in the implementing NGO should be able to correctly interpret/record verbal grievances of non-literate persons and those received over telephone. The Complaints Cells shall also serve as Public Information Centres, where, apart from grievance registration, information on the project, sub-projects, social and environmental safeguards shall be provided. 38 Grievances pertaining to broader concerns related to the program/sub-project, i.e., those not necessarily confined to the city/district shall be directly forwarded to the PSC if received at the city-level Complaints Cell. There will be a Grievance Registration/Complaints Cell at PMU office (state-level) as well, which will evaluate the area of jurisdiction of a particular grievance and either advise the NGO/PIU on resolution or forward it to GRC/PAC for resolution. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 135 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure 8-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism Process Affected Persons Minor Grievances Grievance NGO/ESMC addressed Major Grievances Not Addressed GRC/CLC Grievance addressed Not Addressed PSC Grievance addressed Not addressed Court of Law CLC- City Level Committee, ESMC-Environment and Social Management Coordinator, GRC- Grievance Redress Mechanism, NGO- Non Government Organization, PSC-Project Steering Committee 471. Composition of GRC and PSC: The CLC, acting as a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will have District Magistrate (Chairperson), Mayor, Municipal Commissioner, Head, Project Implementation Unit (Convener), and City Level Heads of relevant departments (such as BRJP, Road Construction Department, PHED, Electricity Board, State Pollution Control Board, Police, etc. and departments such as Forest Department, Railways etc.)39; Chairpersons of the concerned Municipal Corporation‘s Standing Committee; ULB officials including Municipal Engineer, Town Planning Officer, Medical and Health Officer; representatives from the affected village panchayat/community, if any, eminent citizens, CBOs and NGOs. The GRC/CLC must have a minimum of two women members. In case of any IP impacts in future sub-projects (not envisaged in case of Bhagalpur (Tranche 1) and Muzaffarpur (Tranche 2), the GRC/CLC must have representation of the affected IP community, including at least one woman IP, the chief of the tribe or a member of the tribal council as traditional arbitrator (to ensure that traditional grievance redress systems are integrated) and an NGO working with IP groups. 39 All departmental representatives will not be required to attend every GRC meeting; only those required for specific grievances need be present in relevant meetings. The District Magistrate shall decide which departmental heads would be invited for specific meetings. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 136 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 472. The PSC shall include Development Commissioner; Principal Secretary, Finance; Principal Secretary, Planning and Development; and Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Housing. 473. Areas of Jurisdiction: The areas of jurisdiction of the GRC–headed by the District Magistrate, will be (a) all locations/sites within the district where sub-project facilities are proposed, or (b) their areas of influence within the District. The PSC shall have jurisdictional authority across the State (i.e., areas of influence of sub-project facilities beyond district boundaries, if any). 474. Consultation Arrangements: This will include (a) group meetings and discussions with APs, to be announced in advance and conducted at the time of day agreed on with APs (based on their availability) and conducted by the Community Liaison Officer (CLO) of the implementing NGO and PIU, at least twice during RP preparation, quarterly in the first year and half-yearly in subsequent years of RP implementation to address general/common grievances; and (b) availability of CLO Implementing NGO and Environment and Social Management Coordinator of PMU on a fixed day of every week/fortnight (as required, based on the number of grievances) for one-to-one consultations. The Implementing NGO will be responsible for ensuring that non-literate APs/ vulnerable APs are assisted to understand the grievance redress process, to register complaints and with follow-up actions at different stages in the process. 475. Record-keeping: Records will be kept by the PIU of all grievances received including contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome. 476. Information Dissemination Methods of the GRM: The Implementing NGO shall be responsible for information dissemination to APs on grievance redressal procedure, who to contact and when, where/how to register grievance, various stages of grievance redress process, time likely to be taken for redressal of minor and major grievances etc. Grievances received and responses provided will be documented and reported back to the affected persons, at the time of grievance registration (Annexure 9 has the Sample Grievance Registration Form). The number of grievances recorded and resolved and the outcomes will be displayed/disclosed in the offices of the concerned local panchayat, ULB notice board and web40. 477. Periodic Review and Documentation of Lessons Learned: The Implementing NGO/PIU shall periodically review the functioning of the GRM and record information on the effectiveness of the mechanism, especially on the project‘s ability to prevent and address grievances. 478. Costs: All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the PMU. 40 This will also serve as an indicator for PPMS. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 137 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Institutional Arrangements 479. The main agencies involved in managing and implementing the subproject are: (i) UDHD is responsible for management, coordination, and execution of all activities funded under the loan. UDHD will receive strategic directions from a state-level Steering Committee; (ii) The Program Management Unit (PMU) within UDHD will have an Environment and Social Management Coordinator (ESMC). (iii) Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation (BUIDCO), a company fully owned by GOB, which specializes in implementation of investment programs, will house the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at state-level (Patna). (iv) The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) like Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation and BUIDCO will enter into agreements, which authorize BUIDCO to manage the subprojects on behalf of the ULBs. (v) The PMU, with support from PIU/PIU field offices (and implementing NGOs in case of resettlement and/or IP issues) will ensure mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts due to the subproject, if any. (vi) PMC assists PMU in managing the program and assures technical quality of design and construction; (vii) DSCs design the infrastructure, manage tendering of Contractors and supervise the construction process; (viii) PIUs appoint and manage Construction Contractors to build elements of the infrastructure in a particular town. (ix) An inter-ministerial Empowered Committee41 (EC) assists UDHD in providing policy guidance and coordination across all towns and subprojects.; and (x) City Level Committees will be set up in each project town to periodically review subproject progress, facilitate smooth implementation and finalize proposals for any legal, operational and financial changes required, in discussion with the PMU and UDHD. 480. Figure 9-1 shows institutional responsibility for implementation of environmental safeguard at different level. 41 The EC is chaired by the Minister of Urban Development and Housing Department and members include Ministers, Directors and/or representatives of other relevant Government Ministries and Departments. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 138 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure 9-1: Institutional Responsibility for Implementation of Environmental Safeguard under BUDIP Urban Development & Housing Department (UDHD) – EA ADB (National Level) Government of Bihar Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (BUDIP) BUIDCO Management & Implementation Project Management (State Level) Consultant (PMC) Appointed by BUDP Implementing Agency Project Management Unit (IA - PMU) Environment Specialist of PMC Safeguard Cell Environment Officer- ESMC (EO) Several Construction Packages for Design and Supervision Consultant- different tranche under PIU Supervisor Engineer Bhagalpur (DSC) Construction Contractors (CC) Independent Environmental Testing & Monitoring Agency IMPLEMENTATION OF EMAP (On need basis) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 139 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 9.1.1 Responsible for carrying out mitigation measures 481. The PMU, with support from PIU/PIU field offices (and implementing NGOs in case of resettlement and/or IP issues) will ensure mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts due to the subproject, if any. The PMU will be assisted by Project Management Consultants (PMC) who will provide project management support, assure the technical quality of design and construction, revision of EIA/ IEE reports and provide advice on policy reforms. 482. Responsibilities of Environment and Social Management coordinator (ESMC) of Program Management Unit (PMU): Environment and Social Management Coordinator within UDHD as PMU to address environmental and social safeguards issues. The ESMC will be assisted by the PMC on environmental and social issues. The ESMC will oversee implementation the EARF/RF/IPF by the PIU/implementing NGO. The PMU will endorse subproject IEEs/EIAs and RPs/IPPs prepared by the Project Management Consultants and will have financing and monitoring responsibilities. It will co-ordinate with national and state agencies to resolve inter- departmental issues, if any. It will also monitor physical and non-physical activities under the investment plan and will monitor implementation of safeguards plans and guide PIU as and when necessary. 483. Project Management Consultants (PMC). The Project Management Consultants (PMC) will have an Environment Specialist and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist who will be responsible for monitoring of mitigation measures with the help of DSC and PIU. The Environment Specialist and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist of PMC will review and finalize all reports in consultation with the ESMC of PMU. 484. During construction stage, implementation of mitigation measures is the construction contractor‘s responsibility while during operation stage, Bhagalpur Municipality will be responsible for the conduct of maintenance or repair works. 485. To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during the construction period, contract clauses (Annexure 10) for environmental provisions will be part of the civil works contracts. Contractors‘ conformity with contract procedures and specifications during construction will be carefully monitored by PIU. 9.1.2 Responsible for carrying out monitoring measures 486. During construction, PMC‘s Environment Specialist and the designated representative engineer of PIU will monitor the construction contractor‘s environmental performance. 487. For projects likely to have moderate to significant adverse environmental impacts (like Bhagalpur water supply), the EA will retain qualified and experienced external experts to verify its monitoring information. The EA will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. 488. During the operation stage, monitoring will be the responsibility of Bhagalpur Municipality. 9.1.3 Responsible for reporting 489. The Environment Specialist (ES) and Resettlement/Social Development Specialist of PMC will submit periodic monitoring and implementation reports to ESMC of PMU, who will take follow-up actions, if necessary. UDHD (EA)/BUIDCO(PMU- IA) will submit to ADB quarterly reports on implementation of the EMP and will permit ADB to field annual environmental review missions which will review in detail the environmental aspects of the Project. The monitoring report will focus on the progress of implementation of the EMP of EIA and EARF, RP/RF and IPP/IPF, issues encountered and measures adopted, follow-up actions required, if any, as well as the status of compliance with subproject selection criteria, and relevant loan covenants. The PMU will seek GoB EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 140 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program clearance for submission and disclosure of the environmental and social monitoring report to ADB. Any major accidents having serious environmental consequences will be reported immediately. 9.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan 490. Tables 9.2-1 to 9.2-3 shows the potential adverse environmental impacts, proposed mitigation measures, responsible parties, and estimated cost of implementation. This EMP will be included in the bid documents and will be further reviewed and updated during implementation. 9.3 Environmental Monitoring Program 491. Tables 9.3-1 to 9.3-3 show the proposed environmental monitoring program for this subproject. It includes all relevant environmental parameters, description of sampling stations, frequency of monitoring, applicable standards, responsible parties, and estimated cost. Monitoring activities during the detailed engineering design stage will from part of the baseline conditions of the subproject sites and will be used as the reference for acceptance of restoration works by the construction contractors. 492. Table 9.3-4 shows monitoring parameters and frequency along with responsibility for conservation of biodiversity during and post construction stages. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 141 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 9.2-1: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Pre-construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Utilities Telephone lines, electric poles (i) Identify and include locations and operators of these utilities in the DSC/PMC (i) List of affected utilities and and wires, water pipe (old) detailed design documents to prevent unnecessary disruption of operators; (ii) bid document to existing within right-of-way services during construction phase; and include requirement for a (ROW) may be damaged. (ii) Require construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to contingency plan for service include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of interruptions services. Structure stability in Affect during earthquake Design and analysis as per the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Design (i) Checking of design report – seismic zone IV the seismic acceleration response curve and other factors like Consultant/ PIU consideration of design measures Response Reduction Factor (RRF) and Importance Factor (IF) as per to minimize earth quake risk the Indian Standard code Water Supply Health risk due to closure of (i) Plan the construction program to keep the cessation of water PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) delivery water supply supplies to the minimum possible (in both area and duration); of Municipality of potable water to (ii) In coordination with Municipal Corporation, provide alternative affected people potable water to affected households and businesses for the duration of the shut-down; and (iii) Liaise with affected persons to inform them of any cessation in advance, and to ensure that they are provided with an alternative supply. Asbestos Cement Risk of contact with carcinogenic (i) Require DSC to develop AC Protocol; PIU and DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Protocol; (ii) Pipes materials (ii) Develop reporting procedures to inform management immediately requirement for AC Management if AC pipes are encountered; and included in bid documents (ii) Require construction consultants to develop and apply an AC Management Plan, as part of the over-all health and safety (H and S) plan, to protect both workers and citizens in case accidental uncovering of AC pipes. This AC Management Plan should also contain national and international standards for safe removal and long-term disposal of all Asbestos-containing material encountered. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 142 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Social and Cultural Ground disturbance can uncover (i) Consult Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to obtain an expert PIU and DSC Chance Finds Protocol Resources and damage archaeological and assessment of the archaeological potential of the site; historical remains (ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of medium or high risk; (iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise can be made available; and (iv) Develop a protocol for use by the construction contractors in conducting any excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognised and measures are taken to ensure they are protected and conserved. Construction work Disruption to traffic flow and (i) Prioritize areas within or nearest possible vacant space in the PIU and DSC to List of selected sites for camps, hot mix plants, sensitive receptors subproject sites; determine construction work camps, hot mix stockpile areas, (ii) If it is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, consider sites that locations prior to plants, stockpile areas, storage storage areas, and will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, award of areas, and disposal areas. disposal areas. vegetation, and drinking water supply systems; construction (iii) Do not consider residential areas; contracts. (iv) Take extreme care in selecting sites to avoid direct disposal to water bodies or in areas which will inconvenience the community. (v)Avoid setting up of labour camp near river (restricted sanctuary area) Sources of Materials Extraction of materials can (i) Prioritize sites already permitted by the Mining or concerned PIU and DSC to (i) List of approved quarry sites and disrupt natural land contours and Department; prepare list of sources of materials; (ii) bid vegetation resulting in (ii) If other sites are necessary, inform construction contractor that it is approved quarry document to include requirement accelerated erosion, disturbance their responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to sites and sources for verification of suitability of in natural drainage patterns, obtain the approval of PIU; and of materials sources and permit for additional ponding and water logging, and (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction is started, quarry sites if necessary. water pollution. inform construction contractor to obtain a written approval from PMU. Aquatic Ecosystem- Lowering of water level – (i) Insignificant impact due to reduce of 0.2% flow of Ganges water Design (i) Checking of design features as Aquatic Animal and change in behavioural pattern after water intake. In absence of quantified data long term research Consultant/ PIU per recommendation of expert and Fauna Impact on aquatic animal like will be required to finalize mitigation measures after research study EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 143 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Dolphin due to generation of (ii) Generation of bio-sonar data including the dolphin click range noise and vibration frequency through research activity Impact of water quality due to (iii) Development of monitoring plan for continous monitoring of noise improper disposal of spoil and vibration at project site Impact on prey fish of Dolphin (iv) Training for the worker and supervisor on aplication of protection i.e. food chain impact due to measures for river animal construction of intake structure (v) Selection of low frequency (noise/ vibration) pump to minimize impact (vi)Development of spoil/ waste disposal plan (vii)Selection of proper mesh screen (10 mm x 10 mm) in design at intake to restrict entry of food chain fish within intake pump Social and economic Impact of tariff increase on Water tariff to be affordable at less than 5% of household income and ULB EA through PMU resources - tariff household affordability to be gradually increased over time; social tariff for minimum consumption to protect interests of poor and higher block tariffs for higher consumption to cross-subsidise the poor proposed. AC- Asbestos Cement, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit, ULB- Urban Local Body Table 9.2-2: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Construction Environmental Mitigation Plan Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Sources of Materials Extraction of rocks and material (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; Construction Construction Contractor may cause ground instability (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of PIU; Contractor documentation (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials. Air Quality Emissions from construction (i) Consult with PIU/DSC on the designated areas for stockpiling of Construction (i) Location of stockpiles; (ii) vehicles, equipment, and clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; Contractor complaints from sensitive EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 144 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation machinery used for excavation (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying receptors; (iii) heavy equipment and construction resulting to with water when necessary during dry weather; and machinery with air pollution dusts and increase in (iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when control devices (iv) ambient air for concentration of vehicle-related transported by trucks; and respirable particulate matter (RPM) pollutants such as carbon (iv) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control and suspended particulate matter monoxide, sulfur oxides, devices which are operating correctly. (SPM); (v) vehicular emissions particulate matter, nitrous such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides, and hydrocarbons nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons Surface water quality Mobilization of settled silt (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season Construction (i) Areas for stockpiles, storage of materials, run-off from stockpiled unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; Contractor fuels and lubricants and waste materials, and chemical (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction materials; (ii) records of surface contamination from fuels and works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated water quality inspection; (iii) lubricants during construction disposal areas; effectiveness of water management works can contaminate (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the measures; (iv) for inland water: downstream surface water drainage leading to the water bodies; suspended solids, oil and grease, quality. biological oxygen demand (BOD), (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any and coliforms drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Noise Levels Increase in noise level due to (i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive earth-moving and excavation the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods Contractor receptors; (ii) use of silencers in equipment, and the of the day which will result in least disturbance; noise-producing equipment and transportation of equipment, (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other sound barriers; (iii) Equivalent day materials, and people road users or animals of the vehicle‟s approach; and night time noise levels (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise-reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 145 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s. Ecological resources – Felling of the trees – affect (i) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (ii) If Construction (i)Complaints from sensitive Terrestrial terrestrial ecological balance tree-removal will be required, obtain tree-cutting permit from Municipal Contractor receptors; (ii) checking of Corporation, (iii) Require to plant three (3) native trees for every one conservation management plan for (1) that is removed; and (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching tree species and aquatic fauna/ wildlife, bird hunting, and cutting of trees for firewood. animal Ecological resources – Impact on aquatic fauna like (i)Not to dispose any construction materials in river which may pollute Construction (i)Checking of conservation Aquatic Dolphin due to, the river water and aquatic fauna, , (ii)Spoil Disposal Management Contractor/ management plan for aquatic (i) Due to construction activity for Plan (SDMP) will be prepared and implemented to minimise the Ecological fauna/ animal intake structure, pipe bridge for potential effects of sediment plumes on aquatic habitats, Expert/ DSC/ (ii) site observation to see the transmission of water (iii) Consultation of Dolphin expert/ River Faunal Officer during PMC arrangement and checking of (ii)Impact on water quality- implementation stage is absolutely required for the protection of training component temporary turbidity during endangered species, (iii) complain from local river bank construction of pipe bridge (iv) Monitoring of shifting/ migratory pattern of fish and aquatic animal community (maximum 3 pillars)- impact on (v) Use of slow speed boat/ vessel during transportation of materials Dolphin behaviour (vi) Most of the construction should be carried out wet period, since in (iii)Impact on river bed sediment- wet period aquatic animal/ fish density will be less in particular point removal of part of sediment due to dilution effect within intake structure- local (vii)Before commencing piling, carry-out „soft-start‟ for pile driving, disturbance for Dolphin slowly increasing intensity of the driving hammer power (iv) Impact due to generated (viii) Implementation of acoustic controls on noise-generating noise and vibration – equipment (including vessel engine, material transport boat and piling transporation of man and equipment) to reduce noise at source materials and use of (ix)Quick removal of river earth ~ 4100 m3, generated during intake construction equipments construction before increase in river turbidity Existing Infrastructure Disruption of service and (i) Obtain from PIU and/or DSC the list of affected utilities and Construction (i) Existing Utilities Contingency and Facilities damage to existing infrastructure operators; Contractor Plan; (ii) Asbestos Cement Pipes located alongside roads, in (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case Management Plan particular water supply pipes of unintentional interruption of services; and (iii) Develop and implement an AC Pipes Management Plan Landscape and Solid wastes as well as excess (i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; Construction (i) Waste Management Plan; (ii) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 146 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Aesthetics construction materials (ii) Avoid stockpiling of excess excavated soils; Contractor complaints from sensitive (ii) Coordinate with Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation for beneficial receptors; (iii) PIU/DSC to report in uses of excess excavated soils or immediately dispose to designated writing that the necessary areas; environmental restoration work has (iv) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the been adequately performed before sites; acceptance of work. (v) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (vi) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (vii) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restorations work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work. Accessibility (i)Traffic problems and conflicts (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow Construction (i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) in right-of-way (ROW) local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Contractor/ complaints from sensitive (ii) Impact on aquatic habitation (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; Ecological receptors; (iii) number of signages – animal (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential Expert/ DSC/ placed at subproject sites and (iv) for traffic congestion; PMC maintenance of safety protocol and aquatic conservation plan (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police Dept. for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. (viii)Movement of less number of equipment/ machinery within sanctuary (ix)Close observation on river fauna/ animal during movement of boats or vessels Socio-Economic – Impede the access of residents (i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 147 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Income. and customers to nearby shops (ii) Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain Contractor receptors; (ii) number of walkways, access across trenches for people and vehicles; signages, and metal sheets placed (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, at subproject sites. place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. Socio-Economic - Generation of contractual (i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, Construction (i) Employment records; (ii) records Employment employment and increase in local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is Contractor of sources of materials local revenue available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market. Social and economic Temporary impacts on ~3966 Assistance to hawkers and vendors to shift to nearby locations; Construction Monthly, quarterly, annual RP resources hawkers and vendors (including Opportunity to vulnerable APs to attend literacy and numeracy contractor monitoring reports based on: ~198 women, ~198 children and classes based on demand survey; Baseline AP database (Census, ~396 BPL APs) during Compensation for non-land assets lost to non-titled households; PIU/Implementing asset and socio-economic survey construction of pipelines; Rebuilding affected common structures NGO data) temporary relocation of ~4 non- Construction of toilets and provision of water connections without levy Complaints received/redressed by titled households during laying of of connection charge to affected schools PIU/Implementing GRC transmission mains; Fishermen to be given preference (along with other vulnerable APs) in NGO Impacts on 2 common structures project related employment Construction (one room sheds) at OHT sites contractor (5-1 and 2-2) on government school land; Construction contractor Loss of land in schools for OHT construction Impacts on fishermen‟s PIU/implementing livelihoods NGO Occupational Health occupational hazards which can (i) Develop and implement site-specific Health and Safety (H and S) Construction (i) Site-specific Health and Safety and Safety arise from working in Plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from Contractor (H and S) Plan; infrastructures like roads and the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal (ii) Equipped first-aid stations; bridges Protective Equipment; (c) H and S Training for all site personnel; (d) EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 148 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) (iii) Medical insurance coverage for documentation of work-related accidents; workers; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. (iv) Number of accidents; Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the (v) Supplies of potable drinking site; water; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (vi) Clean eating areas where (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident workers are not exposed to risks; hazardous or noxious substances; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vii) record of H and S orientation (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to trainings hazardous or noxious substances; (viii) use of personal protective (vii) Provide H and S orientation training to all new workers to ensure equipments; that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, (ix) % of moving equipment personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow outfitted with audible back-up workers; alarms; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to (xi) sign boards for hazardous areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. areas such as energized electrical Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; devices and lines, service rooms (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility housing high voltage equipment, vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating and areas for storage and disposal. areas; (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. (xiii) During work within the river special precaution particularly using EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 149 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation safety equipment/ belt and training on swimming and mitigation under emergency situation is necessary. Asbestos Cement Health risk (i) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to Construction (i) Records of trainings; (ii) AC Pipes understand the dangers of AC pipes and to be able to recognise them Contractor Management Plan approved by in situ; PIU/DSC (ii) Report to management immediately if AC pipes are encountered; (iii) Develop and apply AC Management Plan. Community Health and Traffic accidents and vehicle (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. Construction (i) Traffic Management Plan; (ii) Safety. collision with pedestrians (ii) Liaise with PIU/DSC in identifying high-risk areas on route Contractor complaints from sensitive receptors cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. Work Camps Temporary air and noise (i) Consult with PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive pollution from machine construction plants; Contractor receptors; (ii) water and sanitation operation, water pollution from (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; facilities for employees; and (iii) storage and use of fuels, oils, (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; PIU/DSC report in writing that the solvents, and lubricants camp has been vacated and (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for restored to pre-project conditions firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 150 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Responsible for Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation work. Social and Cultural Risk of archaeological chance (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work; Construction (i)Records of chance finds Resources finds (ii) Request PIU/DSC or any authorized person with archaeological Contractor field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv) Inform PIU/DSC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ. AC- Asbestos Cement, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, NGO- Non government organisation, OHT- Overhead Tank, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit Table 9.2-3: Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Operation and Maintenance Environmental Mitigation Plan Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Occupational Health Adverse impacts on the (i) Ensure persons employed will be provided with suitable equipment Bhagalpur (i) Records of training; (ii) H and S and Safety appearance of surrounding (such as shovels and wheelbarrows); and Municipal Plan and AC Management Plan environment and exposure of (ii) Ensure all removed material will be deposited in the municipal Corporation/ O approved by BMC workers to hazardous debris waste storage bins. and M (iii) Train all personnel (including manual labourers) to enable them to Contractors understand the dangers of AC pipes and to be able to recognise them in situ; (iv) Report to management immediately if AC pipes are encountered; and (v) Develop and apply AC Management Plan. (vi) Safety of workforce particularly during working within river General General impact (i) Refill and re-compact trenches soil and backfilled sand will be Bhagalpur Complaints from sensitive receptors removed to expose the leaking junction or pipe; Municipal (ii) Conduct work during non-monsoon period; and Corporation/ O (iii)Cover or wet excavated material to prevent dusts. and M EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 151 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation Contractors Solid Wastes Environmental pollution - (i)Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment Bhagalpur (i)Complaints from sensitive Potential impact on soil, process, Municipal receptors groundwater, and surface (ii)Dispose of lime sludge by land application, Corporation/ O (ii) Field checking water nearby the disposal site (iii)limiting application rates of sludge to minimize the potential for and M (iii) Testing of soil, surface and mobilization of metals into plant tissue and groundwater, Contractors ground water nearby (iv)Dispose of ferric and alum sludge by controlled land application not near water body, (v)Assessment of soil, ground water and surface water nearby solid waste disposal Wastewater Discharge into water causing (i) Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations BMC and O and (i)Complaints from sensitive water pollution (ii) Recycle filter backwash into the process M Contractors receptors (iii) Treat and dispose of reject streams as per CPHEEO norm (ii) Field checking (iii) Testing of soil, surface and ground water Hazardous Chemicals Release to nature causing air, (i)Store of chlorine gas in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more BMC and O and (i)Complaints from sensitive water and soil pollution than one month, M Contractors receptors (ii)Use equipment constructed of corrosion-resistant materials, (ii) Site checking (iii)Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site, (iii) Checking of awareness and (iv)Develop and implement a prevention program that includes emergency training document identification of potential hazards, written operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures; (v)Develop emergency plan for responding to accidental releases Air Emissions Air pollution from gaseous or Proper storage and scientific utilization of chemicals utilized in BMC and O and Complaints from sensitive receptors volatile chemicals used for treatment process M Contractors disinfection processes Economic Impediments to residents and (i)Inform all residents and businesses about the nature and duration of Bhagalpur Complaints from sensitive receptors Development businesses any work well in advance so that they can make preparations if Municipal necessary; Corporation/ O (ii) Conduct these works to provide wooden walkways across trenches and M EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 152 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation for pedestrians and metal sheets where vehicle access is required; and Contractors (iii) Consult the local police regarding any such work so that it can be planned to avoid traffic disruption as far as possible, and road diversions can be organised if necessary. Social and Cultural Temporary disruption of (i) Consult the town authorities to identify any buildings at risk from Bhagalpur Complaints from sensitive receptors Resources activities vibration damage and avoiding any use of pneumatic drills or heavy Municipal vehicles in the vicinity; Corporation/ O (ii) Complete work in these areas quickly; and M (iii) Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for Contractors vehicles to allow access across open trenches where required; and (iv) Consult municipal authorities, custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals. Social and economic Positive impacts to households Involvement of fishing community in dolphin conservation activities / PIU/implementing Baseline socio-economic survey resources including vulnerable and income generation NGO data women-headed households Health Records (morbidity data on (productive time savings, water and vector borne disease) reduction of disease incidence) Potential livelihood impacts on Monthly, quarterly, annual RP fishing community due to monitoring reports dolphin conservation Ecological Resources Affect on aquatic biodiversity – (i)Continued protection plan application during any repairing job as per Bhagalpur (i) Records of complain from particularly aquatic animal due design mitigation Municipal sensitive receptors; (ii) Conservation to production of noise, Corporation/ O plan for terrestrial flora and aquatic movement of boat for repairing (ii)Non allow of direct disposal of liquid wastes and leakage of oil and and M animal job, disposal of waste lubricants may affect the downstream river water quality, particularly, Contractors during dry season (iii)Proper training to the work force for scientific disposal of solid and liquid wastes (iv)Regular maintenance of pumping machinery EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 153 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Field Anticipated Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Mitigation (v)Monitoring of aquatic habitation during repairing work AC- Asbestos Cement, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, BPL- Below poverty level, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, NGO- Non government organisation, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit, RP- Resettlement plan Table 9.3-1: Pre-construction Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Location Responsible Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible Measures for Mitigation Monitoring for Monitoring Baseline Subproject sites DSC/ PMC Establish baseline values of (i) Air sample collection GOI Ambient Air Quality Once prior to PMU Environmental Respirable particulate matter (RPM) and analyses by in- Standards start of Condition – Ambient and (ii) Suspended particulate house laboratory or construction Air Quality matter (SPM), (iii) Sulphur dioxide, accredited 3rd party (iv) Nitrogen oxides and (v) Carbon laboratory monoxide Baseline Subproject sites DSC/ PMC Establish baseline values of Water sample GOI Water Quality Standards Once prior to PMU Environmental suspended solids (TSS), collection and start of Condition - Water pH, chemical oxygen (COD), analyses by in-house construction Quality biological oxygen demand (BOD), laboratory or dissolved oxygen, oil and grease, accredited 3rd party feacal coliform laboratory Utilities shifting Affected sites DSC/ PMC (i)List of affected utilities and Checking of records (i) List of affected utilities and Once PMU operators; (ii) BID document to operators prepared; (ii) include requirement for a requirement for a contingency contingency plan for service plan for service interruptions interruptions included in BID documents Water Supply Area concerned PIU (i) Schedule of closure; (ii) Delivery Checking of records (i) tentative schedule of Once PMU/PMC Cessation of potable water by BMC to affected closure made known to people affective people 2 weeks prior to cessation of water supply; (ii) coordination with BMC for supply of potable water to EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 154 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible Measures for Mitigation Monitoring for Monitoring 100% affected people Asbestos Cement Specified area PIU /DSC (i) Asbestos Cement Protocol; (ii) Checking of records (i) AC Protocol prepared; Once PMU Pipes protocol requirement for AC Management (ii) BID documents include included in bid documents requirements for AC Management Plan Social and Cultural Affected area PIU/ DSC Chance Finds Protocol Checking of records Chance Finds Protocol Once PMU/PMC Heritage provided to construction contractors prior to commencement of activities Construction work Concerned PIU and DSC List of selected sites for construction Checking of records List of selected sites for Once PMU camps, hot mix place to determine work camps, hot mix plants, construction work camps, hot plants, stockpile locations prior stockpile areas, storage areas, and mix plants, stockpile areas, areas, storage to award of disposal areas. storage areas, and disposal areas, and disposal construction areas provided to construction areas. contracts. contractors prior to commencement of works. Sources of Materials Concerned sites PIU and DSC (i)List of approved quarry sites and Checking of records (i) List of approved quarry once PMU to prepare list sources of materials; (ii) BID sites and sources of materials of approved document to include requirement for provided to construction quarry sites verification of suitability of sources contractors and sources and permit for additional quarry sites (ii) BID document included of materials if necessary. requirement for verification of suitability of sources and permit for additional quarry sites if necessary. Protection of aquatic Intake location – Design Checking of design features as per Checking of records/ BID document contact clause Once prior to PMU/ PMC habitation like Ganges river consultant/ recommendation of expert and after reports Research publication commencemen Dolphin PIU research study Visual observation Training document t and continued throughout project implementation EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 155 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible Measures for Mitigation Monitoring for Monitoring Census and socio- All roads where PMC - Checking of records/ - During RP PMU economic survey of pipelines are to reports updation at APs as per RF/RP be laid and sites Visual observation / DPR stage where facilities consultations proposed AC- Asbestos Cement, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DPR- Detailed Project Report, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, H & S- Health and safety, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit, RF- Resettlement Framework, RP- Resettlement Plan Table 9.3-2: Construction Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Sources of Materials Quarries and sources Construction Construction Contractor (i) Checking of (i) sites are permitted; Monthly DSC/ PMC of materials Contractor documentation records; (ii) (ii) report submitted by submission for visual inspection construction contractor construction of sites monthly (until such time contractor there is excavation work) As needed for DSC Air Quality Construction sites and Construction (i) Location of stockpiles; (ii) (i) Checking of (i) stockpiles on designated Monthly for DSC/ PMC in areas designated for Contractor complaints from sensitive records; (ii) areas only; checking coordination with stockpiling of materials receptors; (iii) heavy visual inspection (ii) complaints from records pollution control and water treatment equipment and machinery of sites sensitive receptors board plant with air pollution control satisfactorily addressed; devices (iii) ambient air for (iii) air pollution control respirable particulate matter devices working properly; (RPM) and suspended (iv) GOI Ambient Quality particulate matter (SPM); (iv) Standards for ambient air vehicular emissions such as quality; sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon (iv) GOI Vehicular Emission monoxide (CO), and Standards for SO2, NOx, hydrocarbons (HC) CO and HC. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 156 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Surface Water (i) construction sites Construction (i) Areas for stockpiles, Visual (i) designated areas only; Monthly DSC/ PMC in Quality (including including ganges Contractor storage of fuels and inspection and (ii) silt traps installed and coordination with biological water; lubricants and waste testing results functioning; pollution control parameters) (ii) areas for stockpiles, materials; (ii) number of silt (iii) no noticeable increase board and storage of fuels and traps installed along in suspended solids and silt biological lubricants and waste drainages leading to water from construction activities monitoring expert materials; bodies; (iii) records of (iv) GOI Standards for surface water quality Water Discharges to Inland inspection; (iv) effectiveness Waters and Land for of water management Irrigation measures; (v) for inland water: suspended solids, oil and grease, biological oxygen demand (BOD), COD, DO and coliforms.(vi) bio-indicator test Noise Levels (i) construction sites, Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive (i) Checking of (i) complaints from sensitive Monthly DSC/PMC in (ii)areas for stockpiles, Contractor receptors; (ii) use of records; (ii) receptors satisfactorily coordination with storage of fuels and silencers in noise-producing visual inspection addressed; and (ii) pollution control lubricants and waste equipment and sound of sites silencers in noise-producing board materials; barriers; (iii) Equivalent day equipment functioning as (iii) work camps and night time noise levels design; and (iv) Near river ganges (iii) sound barriers installed where necessary Existing Utilities and (i) construction sites; Construction (i) Existing Utilities (i) Checking of implementation according As needed DSC/ PMC Infrastructure (ii) alignment of Contractor Contingency Plan; (ii) records; to Utilities Contingency affected utilities Asbestos Cement Pipes (ii) Visual Plan and Asbestos Cement Management Plan inspection Plan Landscape and (i) construction sites; Construction (i) Waste Management Plan; (i) Checking of (i) no accumulation of solid Monthly DSC/PMC Aesthetics (ii) areas for stockpiles, Contractor (ii) complaints from sensitive records; wastes on-site; storage of fuels and receptors; (iii) PIU/DSC to (ii) Visual (ii) Implementation of lubricants and waste report in writing that the inspection Waste Management Plan; necessary environmental EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 157 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring materials; restoration work has been (iii) complaints from (iii) work camps adequately performed before sensitive receptors acceptance of work. satisfactorily addressed. Ecological balance - (i) construction sites Construction (i) Implementation of (i) Checking of (i) Conservation Action Plan Monthly DSC/ PMC Aquatic Floral and Contractor conservation plan records; for aquatic animal and faunal habitation (ii) Visual terrestrial flora, (ii) mitigation inspection complaints from sensitive receptors/ authority Accessibility (i) construction sites; Construction (i) Traffic Management Plan; Visual (i) implementation of Traffic Monthly DSC/PMC (ii) traffic routes Contractor (ii) complaints from sensitive inspection Management Plan; receptors; (iii) number of (ii) complaints from signages placed at sensitive receptors subproject sites. satisfactorily addressed; (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas Socio-Economic - construction sites Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive Visual (i) Complaints from Quarterly DSC/PMC Income Contractor receptors; (ii) number of inspection sensitive receptors walkways, signages, and satisfactorily addressed; metal sheets placed at (ii) Walkways, ramps, and subproject sites. metal sheets provided (iii) signages visible and located in designated areas Asbestos Cement construction sites Construction (i) Records of trainings; (ii) Checking of no exposure to AC pipes As needed PIU and DSC Pipes Contractors AC Management Plan records approved by PIU/DSC Socio-Economic - construction sites Construction (i) Employment records; (ii) Checking of number of employees from Quarterly DSC/PMC Income Contractor records of sources of records Bhagalpur equal or greater materials than 50% of total workforce Occupational Health construction sites Construction (i) Site-specific Health and (i) Checking of (i) implementation of H and Quarterly DSC/PMC and Safety Contractor Safety (H and S) Plan; records; S plan; EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 158 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring (ii) Equipped first-aid (ii) visual (ii) number of work-related stations; inspection accidents; (iii) Medical insurance (iii) % usage of personal coverage for workers; protective equipment; (iv) Number of accidents; (iv) number of first-aid (v) Supplies of potable stations, frequency of drinking water; potable water delivery, (vi) Clean eating areas provision of clean eating where workers are not area, and number of sign exposed to hazardous or boards are according to noxious substances; approved plan; (vii) record of H and S (v) % of moving equipment orientation trainings outfitted with audible back- up alarms (viii) personal protective equipments (particularly for worker during working within the river); (ix) % of moving equipment outfitted with audible back- up alarms; (xi) sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Community Health construction sites Construction (i) Traffic Management Plan; Visual (i) implementation of Traffic Quarterly DSC/PMC and Safety Contractor (ii) complaints from sensitive inspection Management Plan; receptors (ii) complaints from sensitive receptors satisfactorily addressed EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 159 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Location Responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation Method of Indicators/ Standards Frequency Responsible for Measures Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Social and economic Construction sites Construction Internal monitoring reports of Visual (i) APs Monthly, PMU resources contractor PIU inspection compensated/assisted; (ii) quarterly and PIU/implementing Consultation No. of APs trained; (iii) No. annual NGO Monitoring of vulnerable APs provided surveys access to literacy/numeracy classes, if undertaken; (iv) Grievance compensation for non-land redressal assets paid to non-titled records persons etc. Work Camps work camps Construction (i) Complaints from sensitive Visual (i) designated areas only; Quarterly DSC/PMC Contractor receptors; (ii) water and inspection (ii) complaints from sanitation facilities for sensitive receptors employees; and (iii) satisfactorily addressed PIU/DSC report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre- project conditions Chance Finds construction sites Construction records of chance finds checking of Implementation of Chance as needed DSC/PMC Contractor records Finds Protocol AC- Asbestos Cement, AP- Affected Person, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, H & S- Health and safety, NGO- Non government organisation, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 160 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 9.3-3: Operation and Maintenance Environmental Monitoring Program Mitigation Responsible for Monitoring of Method of Responsible for Location Indicators/ Standards Frequency Measures Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Occupational subproject sites Municipal complaints from (i) records of training; (i) complaints from sensitive as needed PMU Health and Safety Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors (ii) H and S Plan and receptors satisfactorily M Contractors AC Management Plan addressed; (ii) no exposure to AC pipes General subproject sites Municipal complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU Maintenance work Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily (pipe cleaning, M Contractors addressed declogging, pipe replacement, final sludge disposal) Community Health subproject sites Municipal complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU and Safety Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily M Contractors addressed Accessibility subproject sites Municipal complaints from checking of records complaints from sensitive as needed PMU Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors receptors satisfactorily M Contractors addressed Water Quality At WTP, intake Municipal Drinking water quality Sample collection and GOI Drinking Water As needed PMU location and few Corporation/ O and parameter: pH, total laboratory analyses Standards supply points M Contractors metals, chloride, fluoride, coliform, BOD Solid Wastes Near treatment Municipal Complaints from Sample collection and Complaints from sensitive Quarterly PMU plant Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors laboratory analyses receptors satisfactorily Disposal location M Contractors addressed Effluent quality Treatment plant Municipal Complaints from Sample collection and Complaints from sensitive Quarterly PMU Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors laboratory analyses receptors satisfactorily M Contractors addressed Hazardous Wastes Treatment plant Municipal Complaints from (ii) Site checking Complaints from sensitive Quarterly PMU Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors (iii) Checking of receptors satisfactorily M Contractors document addressedAwareness and emergency training document EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 161 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Mitigation Responsible for Monitoring of Method of Responsible for Location Indicators/ Standards Frequency Measures Mitigation Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Air Emissions Treatment plant Municipal Complaints from Air sample collection GOI air quality standard Quarterly PMU location Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors and laboratory testing M Contractors Biodiversity At Intake location Municipal complaints from checking of records, complaints from sensitive as needed PMU protection in River Ganges Corporation/ O and sensitive receptors checking through receptors satisfactorily M Contractors visual observation addressed AC- Asbestos Cement, ASI- Archaeological Survey of India, BMC- Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, DSC- Design and Supervision Consultant, H & S- Health and safety, O & M – Operation and Maintenance, PIU- Project Implementation Unit, PMU- Program Management Unit EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 162 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Table 9.3-4: Biodiversity and related project components monitoring Impact/Project Activities Monitoring Plan Parameter to be Environmental Impact Indicators Location Responsibility Frequency monitored Design Phase 1. Change in hydrology & Abstraction of 156 mld Water level Project site & River Hydrologist Expert Once morphology of the river water from the river Discharge, flow velocity 25 km upstream & downstream of the project site 2. River Integrity River biodiversity Dolphin population & behavior, Project site & River Biologist Expert, once fish & fisheries, plankton, Riparian 5 km upstream & downstream preferably based in the city vegetation, of the project site of project site Other aquatic wildlife River Water Quality Physico-chemical variables i.e. Project site & Expert (Water analysis), once Temperature, pH, conductivity, 5 km upstream & downstream preferably based in the city turbidity, TH, dissolved oxygen, of the project site of project site PO4-P, NO3-N, BOD & COD Disturbance in the river Riparian vegetation Floodplain 10 km upstream & River Biologist Expert Once floodplain downstream of the project site 3. Noise Level & vibration Baseline noise level Below 70dBA Project site, pumps Project design engineer To be incorporated in project design 4. Vocalizations of dolphins Frequency range of river Not studied & documented Project site & 10 km upstream Cetacean expert trained in Literature review dolphin clicks and downstream bio-acoustics of dolphins 5. Entrainment of juveniles, Spacing of bars in the 10 mm X 10 m spacing in intake Project site – Intake well – Project design engineer To be incorporated in larval fishes & dolphin screen mouth mouth of the sluice gates project design neonate in pump intakes Construction Phase 1. Loss/Degradation of River Dolphin population Numbers of dolphins Project site & 10 km upstream Cetacean expert Fortnightly Habitat and downstream EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 163 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Prey base of dolphin Composition & yield •Project site & 10 km upstream River Biologist Fortnightly and downstream •Landing site nearest to the project site 2. Noise Level & Vibration Baseline Noise Level Below 70 dBA Project site- near Ganges Consultant with noise meter Weekly 3. Water Quality • water quality during • Measurement of water quality • 10 km upstream & Laboratory analysis Once in a month construction work and downstream of project site comparison with baseline water • Project site • Water quality at the quality measured before project site commencement of construction activity Operation Phase 1. River Biodiversity Dolphin population Numbers of dolphins Project site & 10 km upstream Cetacean expert Quarterly and downstream Prey base of Dolphin Composition & yield •Project site & 10 km upstream River Biologist Monthly and downstream •Landing site nearest to the project site Other aquatic wildlife Presence/Absence Project site & 10 km upstream Wildlife Expert Quarterly and downstream Water & floodplains, 2.5 km on • Winter migratory birds Presence/Absence northern bank, in 10 km upstream & downstream stretch from the project site 2. Dolphin behavior • Migration & Dispersal • Count of Dolphins at • Project site & 15 km upstream Cetacean Expert well trained Quarterly characteristic habitats in the & downstream well trained in dolphin channel i.e. meandering, mid- census count channel island etc. • High dolphin density site •Dolphin clicks • Cetacean Expert well trained in recording & Quarterly analyzing dolphin EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 164 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program • Vocalizations • Surfacing interval vocalizations • High dolphin density site • Cetacean Expert • Breathing Quarterly 3. Water Quality • Water quality at the • Measurement of water quality Project site Laboratory Analysis Monthly project site and comparison with baseline water quality measured before commencement of construction activity • Water quality at the • Measurement of water quality 10 km upstream & downstream Laboratory Analysis Monthly Sites 1o km upstream S& and of the project site downstream comparison with baseline water quality measured before commencement of construction activity EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 165 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 9.4 Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan (EMMP) Costs 493. Most of the mitigation measures require the Construction Contractors to adopt good site practice, which should be part of their normal procedures already, so there are unlikely to be major costs associated with compliance. Regardless of this, any costs of mitigation by the construction contractors or DSC/PMC are included in the budgets for the civil works and do not need to be estimated separately here. Mitigation that is the responsibility of BUIDCO will be provided as part of their management of the project, so this also does not need to be duplicated here. 494. The remaining actions in the EMP are the various environmental monitoring activities to be conducted by the Environmental Specialist. These have not been budgeted elsewhere, and their costs are shown in Table 9.4-1. The biodiversity monitoring cost is presented separately in 9.4-2. The figures show that the total cost of environmental management and monitoring for the subproject as a whole (covering design, construction and the two years of operation) is INR 6.367 million, ie US$1,41,490. Table 9.4-1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Costs (INR) Item Quantity Unit Total Sub-total Source of Cost Cost Funds 1. Implementation of EMP Environmental Specialist - ES 1 x 6 month 200,00042 12,00,000 Consultant Survey and Monitoring Expenses- Air, Lump sum 200,000 200,000 14,00,000 Contractor/ Water and Noise at WTP, pump house Construction and site, pipelaying area O&M 2. Environmental mitigation measures Lump sum 100,000 100,000 100,000 Contractor including buffer zone development at pumping station and water treatment plant 3. Biodiversity Study cost Ref. 9.4-2 48,67,000 48,67,000 Project cost TOTAL 63,67,000 EMP = Environmental Management Plan. Table 9.4-2 : Biodiversity Monitoring Cost- External Monitoring Expert/ Agency Activity Frequency Rate Cost (INR) Design & Construction Phase 1. Dolphin count survey Monthly @Rs.15000/ monthly survey X 12 4, 50,000 months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2.5 yrs 2. Survey for Fishery & prey base Monthly @Rs.7500/each month X 12 months = 2, 25,000 of dolphin Rs.90,000 X 2.5 yrs. 3. Other aquatic wildlife survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarter a 70,000 year = Rs.28, 000 X 2.5 yrs. 4. Riparian vegetation survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarters a 70,000 year = Rs.28, 000 X 2.5 yrs 5. Measurement of noise Weekly Lump sum throughout construction 1,00,000 level/vibration near intake site 42 Unit costs of domestic consultants include fee, travel, accommodation and subsistence EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 166 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Activity Frequency Rate Cost (INR) 6. Water quality analysis at river Monthly @Rs.15000/ monthly survey X 12 4, 50,000 Ganges months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2.5 yrs 7. Manpower- supervisor/ observer Monthly @ Rs. 25,000/ per month X 12 7,50,000 cost months= Rs 3,00,000 X 2.5 yrs Total 21,15,000 Operation Phase 1. Dolphin count survey Quarterly @Rs.15000/ quarterly survey X 4 1,20,000 quarters = Rs.60, 000 X 2 yrs. 2. Dolphin behavior study including Quarterly Lump sum for each quarter – @ Rs 4,80,000 recording of vocalizations, 60,000/ X 8 quarters (2 yrs)* migration & dispersal and breathing behavior 2. Survey for Fishery & prey base Monthly @Rs.7500/each month X 12 months = 1,80,000 of dolphin Rs.90,000 X 2 yrs. 3. Other aquatic wildlife survey Quarterly @Rs.7000/each quarter X 4 quarters a 56,000 year = Rs.28, 000 X 2 yrs. 4. Riparian vegetation survey Quarterly Rs.7000/each quarter X 4-quarters a 56,000 year = Rs.28, 000 X 2 yrs. 5. Water quality analysis Monthly @Rs @Rs.15000/ monthly survey X 3,60,000 12 months = Rs.1, 80,000 X 2-yrs Total 12,52,000 Cetacean Expert Cost Monthly for @ Rs 50,000/ per month for 2.5 yrs. 15,00,000 report i.e. 30 months out of 54 months generation Grand Total – Rupees forty eight lakh sixty seven thousand only 48,67,000 *It will need collaboration between local consultant team & cetacean expert 9.5 Environmental Training 495. The purpose of the training and monitoring programme is to ensure that the envisaged purpose of the project is achieved and results in desired benefits to the target population. To ensure the effective implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), it is essential that an effective monitoring program should be designed and carried out. The environmental monitoring programme provides such information based on which management decision may be taken during construction and operational phases. It provides basis for evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures and suggest further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired effect. 496. The EO (designated) attached to the PIU and ESMC attached with PMU should be very qualified, experienced and competent officer and he should be able to developed and impart training to contractors and supervision consultants staff. The EO will coordinate the safety components of the proposed institutional development plan and issues related to the effect on project environment. 497. A comprehensive training programme must be planned for the project intended to address all components of the project. Training of staff will be undertaken at a number of levels. The programme should be intended for all contractors, consultants and the engineers. Immediate short EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 167 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program term training will be essential for Project Consultant (PC‘s) and other staff of PIU and the Contractor‘s staff to raise their level of environmental awareness. 498. A list of appropriate training module and tentative time frame is given in Table 9.5-1 below. Table 9.5-1: Training Module Training Type Target Group Time Items Orientation Training Engineers/Contractors Pre Construction Environmental Issues in EMP Stage Environmental Consultants Pre Construction All measures included in EMP (including Management /Contractors/PIU Stage conservation of critical habitation) and site implementation Engineers selection for Plants, Camps & Stores Training Safety and mitigation Construction Construction Road and construction site safety, traffic measures application Staff/Supervisor of Stage management, accident management, Training BMC, Police biodiversity management Maintenance Training PIU staff, PMU, Local After Construction Road and construction site safety, traffic Bodies management, accident management, maintenance of infrasturce related to safeguard application EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 168 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Chapter 10: Recommendations and Conclusion 499. The process described in this document has assessed the environmental impacts of all elements of the infrastructure proposed under the Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject. Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to both construction and operation of the improved infrastructure. Since intake point is considered within the protected Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary area of Bhagalpur moderate impact is expected due to project location. During inception stage of the project permission (No Objection Certificate, NOC) from concerned authority (Ministry of Environment & Forest, National/ State Wildlife Board) and followed by application of adequate mitigation measures is required during implementation of the project for maintaining the biodiversity. Mitigation measures have been developed in generic way to reduce all negative impacts to acceptable levels. These were discussed with specialists responsible for the engineering aspects, and as a result some measures have already been included in the outline designs for the infrastructure. This means that the number of impacts and their significance has already been reduced by amending the design. 500. Regardless of these and various other actions taken during the EIA process and in developing the project, there will still be impacts on the environment when the infrastructure is built and when it is operating. This is mainly because of the invasive nature of trenching and other excavation; because the distribution network is located in an ancient town where there are moderately populated areas and protection sites. 501. During the construction phase, impacts mainly arise from the need to dispose of large quantities of waste soil, dried sludge and import a similar amount of sand to support the pipes in the trenches; and from the disturbance of residents, businesses, traffic and important buildings by the construction work. These are common impacts of construction in urban areas, and there are well developed methods for their mitigation. 502. In the proposed project the most critical issue is the presence of Dolphin sanctuary with the project area. Conservation of aquatic wildlife as a part of the project implement should be taken in forefront. Particularly impact on their habitaion during design, construction and operation and followed by application of specific mitigation is also important and analysed in detail. 503. One field in which impacts are much less routine is archaeology, and here a series of specific measures have been developed to avoid damaging important remains. 504. The use of AC pipes in the existing water distribution network presents a particular problem, as workers and the public will need to be protected from inhalation of asbestos dust, which can be carcinogenic. This has been addressed in the EMP. 505. There were limited opportunities to provide environmental enhancements, but certain measures were included. For example it is proposed that the project will employ in the workforce people who live in the vicinity of construction sites to provide them with a short-term economic gain; and ensure that people employed in the longer term to maintain and operate the new facilities are residents of nearby communities. 506. Once the system is operating, most facilities (OHTs. WTP, pump house) will operate with routine maintenance, which should not affect the environment. Leaks in the distribution network will need to be repaired from time to time, but environmental impacts will be much less than those of the construction period as the work will be infrequent, affecting small areas only. It will also be conducted in areas that have already been excavated, so there will be no need to protect archaeological material. 507. The main impacts of the operating water supply system will be beneficial as the citizens of Bhagalpur will be provided with a constant supply of water, which will serve a greater proportion of the population, including slum-dwellers. This will improve the quality of life of people as well as benefiting both individual and public health as the improvements in hygiene should reduce the EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 169 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program incidence of disease associated with poor sanitation. This should lead to economic gains as people will be away from work less and will spend less on healthcare, so their incomes should increase. 508. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental monitoring conducted during construction and operation to ensure that all measures are implemented, and to determine whether the environment is protected as intended. This will include observations on- and off-site, document checks, and interviews with workers and beneficiaries, and any requirements for remedial action will be reported to the PMU. There will also be longer-term surveys to monitor the expected improvements in the quality of domestic water and the health of the population. 509. Finally, stakeholders were involved in developing the EIA through intensive discussions on site and a large public meeting/ workshop held in the town, after which views expressed were incorporated into the EIA and the planning and development of the project. The EIA will be made available at public locations in the town and will be disclosed to a wider audience via the ADB website. The consultation process will be continued and expanded during project implementation, when a nationally-recognised NGO will be appointed to handle this key element to ensure that stakeholders are fully engaged in the project and have the opportunity to participate in its development and implementation. 510. The subproject is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse impacts that are associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures. 511. Though at present the project is categorized as A and accordingly EIA is prepared, but during detail design stage in case of change of sites and technology EIA and associated EMP will be revised. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 170 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 1: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) APPLICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS 1. General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants: Effluents SL.no Parameter Standards Inland surface Public Land of Marine/coastal areas water sewers irrigation (a) (b) (c) (d) 1. Colour and odour remove as far as practicable 2. Suspended solids 100 600 200 (a) For process waste mg/l. max. water100 (b) For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent. 3. Particle size of shall pass 850 (a)Floatable solids, max. suspended solids micron IS Sieve 3mm. (b)Settable solids (max 850 micron) 4. pH value 5.5. to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5. Temperature shall not exceed shall not exceed 50C above 50C above the the receiving water receiving water temperature temperature 6. Oil and grease, mg./l, 10 20 10 20 max. 7. Total residual 1.0 1.0 chlorine, mg/l. max. 8. Ammonical nitrogen 50 50 50 (as N.) mg/l max 9. Total Kjeldahl 100 100 Nitrogen (as NH3)mg/l. max 10. Free ammonia (as 5.0 5.0 NH3), mg/l.max 11. Biochemical oxygen 30 350 100 100 demand (3 days at 270C), mg/l. max. 12. Chemical oxygen 250 250 demand, mg/l, max. 13. Arsenic (as As) mg/l, 0.2 0.2 0.2 max. 0.2 14. Mercury (As Hg), 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/l, max. 15. Lead (as Pb) mg/l, 0.1 1.0 2.0 max 16. Cadmium (as Cd) 2.0 1.0 2.0 mg/l. max 17. Hexavalent chro- 0.1 2.0 1.0 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 171 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program SL.no Parameter Standards Inland surface Public Land of Marine/coastal areas water sewers irrigation mium (as Cr. +6). mg/l, max 18. Total Chromium (as 2.0 2.0 2.0 Cr) mg/l, max 19. Copper (as Cu) mg/l, 3.0 3.0 3.0 max 20. Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, 5.0 15 15 max 21. Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/l, max 22. Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, 3.0 3.0 5.0 max 23. Cyanide (as CN) 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 mg/l, max 24. Fluoride (as F) mg/l, 2.0 15 15 max 25. Dissolved 5.0 phosphates (as P) mg/l, max 26. Sulfide (as S) mg/l, 2.0 5.0 max 27. Phenolic compounds 1.0 5.0 5.0 (as C6H5OH) mg/l, max 28. Radioactive materials: (a)Alfa emitters 10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7 microcurie/ml, max. (b)Beta emitters 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6 micro curie/ml,max. 29. Bio-assay test 90% Survival of 90% survival 90% survival 90% survival of fish after 96 fish after 96 of fish after of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent hours in 100% 96 hours in hours in 100% effluent 100% effluent effluent 30. Manganese (as Mn) 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 2 mg/l 31. Iron (as Fe) 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 32. Vanadium (as V) 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 33. Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l 20 mg/l These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or process other than those industries operations or process for which standards have been specified in schedule of the Environment Protection Rules, 1989 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 172 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program 2. CPCB Primary Water Quality Criteria Designated-Best-Use Class of Criteria Water Drinking Water Source A Total Coliform Organisms: MPN 50 per 100Ml without conventional 6.5 pH 8.5 treatment but after Dissolved Oxygen: 6 mg/L disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days @ 20oC): 2 mg/L Outdoor bathing (organized) B Total Coliform Organisms: MPN 500 per 100mL 6.5 pH 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen: 5 mg/L Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days @ 20oC): 3 mg/L Drinking water sources after C Total Coliform Organisms: MPN 5000 per 100mL conventional treatment and 6 pH 9 disinfection Dissolved Oxygen: 4 mg/L Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days @ 20oC): 3 mg/L Propagation of wildlife and D 6.5 pH 8.5 fisheries Dissolved Oxygen: 4 mg/L Free ammonia (as N): 1.2 mg/L Irrigation, industrial cooling, E pH 8.5 controlled waste disposal Electrical conductivity at 25oC: 2250 micro mhos/cm Sodium absorption ratio: Max 26 Boron: Max 2 mg/L 3. Indian Standards for Drinking Water - Specification (BIS 10500: 1991) Sl.No Substance or Characteristic Requirement (Desirable Permissible Limit in the Limit) absence of Alternate source Essential characteristics 1. Colour, ( Hazen units, Max ) 5 25 2. Odour Unobjectonable Unobjectionable 3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable 4. Turbidity ( NTU, Max) 5 10 5. pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No Relaxation 6. Total Hardness (as CaCo3) mg/lit.,Max 300 600 7. Iron (as Fe) mg/lit,Max 0.3 1.0 8. Chlorides (as Cl) mg/lit,Max. 250 1000 9. Residual, free chlorine, mg/lit, Min 0.2 -- Desirable Characteristics 10. Dissolved solids mg/lit, Max 500 2000 11. Calcium (as Ca) mg/lit, Max 75 200 12. Magnesium (as Mg)mg/lit, Max. 30 100 13. Copper (as Cu) mg/lit, Max 0.05 1.5 14. Manganese (as Mn)mg/lit ,Max 0.10 0.3 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 173 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Sl.No Substance or Characteristic Requirement (Desirable Permissible Limit in the Limit) absence of Alternate source 15. Sulfate (as SO4) mg/lit, Max 200 400 16. Nitrate (as NO3) mg/lit, Max 45 100 17. Fluoride (as F) mg/lit, Max 1.0 1.5 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C 6 H5OH) 0.001 0.002 mg/lit, Max. 19. Mercury (as Hg)mg/lit, Max 0.001 No relaxation 20. Cadmiun (as Cd)mg/lit, Max 0.01 No relaxation 21. Selenium (as Se)mg/lit,Max 0.01 No relaxation 22. Arsenic (as As) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 23. Cyanide (as CN) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 24. Lead (as Pb) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 25. Zinc (as Zn) mg/lit, Max 5 15 26. Anionic detergents (as MBAS) mg/lit, Max 0.2 1.0 27. Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/lit, Max 0.05 No relaxation 28. Polynuclear aromatic hydro carbons -- -- (as PAH) g/lit, Max 29. Mineral Oil mg/lit, Max 0.01 0.03 30. Pesticides mg/l, Max Absent 0.001 31 Radioactive Materials i. Alpha emitters Bq/l, Max -- 0.1 ii. Beta emitters pci/l,Max -- 1.0 32 Alkalinity mg/lit. Max 200 600 33 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l,Max 0.03 0.2 34 Boron mg/lit, Max 1 5 4. Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutant Time Weighted Industrial, Sensitive Area Method of Measurement Average Residential, (Notified by Rural and Central Govt.) Other Areas Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) Annual Average * 50 µg / m3 80 20 µg / m3 80 Improved West & Gaeke method 24 hours Average** µg/m3 µg/m3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence Oxides of Nitrogen Annual Average *24 40 µg / m3 80 30 µg / m3 80 Jacobs & Hochheiser modified (NOX) hours Average** µg/m3 µg/m3 (NaoH – NaAsO2) method Gas Chemiluminiscence Particulate Matter Annual Average * 24 60 µg / m3 60 µg / m3 Gravimetric (PM10) hours Average** TOEM (Size <10 µm) 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 Beta Attenuation Particulate Matter (PM Annual Average * 24 40 µg / m3 40 µg / m3 Gravimetric 2.5) (Size <2.5 µm) hours Average** TOEM 60 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Beta Attenuation Ozone (O3) 8 hours average **1 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 UV photometric EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 174 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Pollutant Time Weighted Industrial, Sensitive Area Method of Measurement Average Residential, (Notified by Rural and Central Govt.) Other Areas hour ** 180 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 Chemiluminiscence Chemical method Lead (Pb) Annual Average * 0.5 µg / 0.5 µg/m3 AAS method after sampling using 24 hours Average** m3 EPM 2000 or equivalent filter 1.0 µg/m3 paper 1.0 µg / m3 Carbon Monoxide 8 hours Average** 2.0 mg/ m3 2.0 mg/ Non Dispersive Infrared (CO) 1 hour ** 4.0 mg/ m3 m3 Spectroscopy 4.0 mg/ m3 Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average *24 100 µg / m3 100 µg / m3 Chemiluminiscence hours Average** Indophenol blue method 400 µg / m3 400 µg / m3 Benzene (C6H6) Annual Average 5 ng/ m3 5 ng/ m3 Gas Chromatography continuous * analyzer Adsorption & desorption followed by GC analysis Benzo(o)pyrene Annual Average 1 ng/ m3 1 ng/ m3 Solvent extraction followed by particulate phase only * GC/HPLC analysis Arsenic Annual Average 6 ng/ m3 6 ng/ m3 AAS/ICP method after sampling (As) * using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Nickel (Ni) Annual Average 20 ng/ m3 20 ng/ m3 AAS/ICP method after sampling * using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper (Source: Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, Notification dated 18th November 2009) Notes: * Indicate Annual Arithmetic Mean of Minimum 104 measurement in a year measured twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals ** 24 hourly / 8 hourly/1 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed by not on two consecutive days 5. Noise Standards Noise limits for domestic appliances and construction equipments at the manufacturing stage in dB(A). Window air conditioners of 1 -1.5 tonne 68 Air coolers 60 Refrigerators 46 Diesel generator for domestic purposes 85 Compactors (rollers), front loaders, concentrate mixers, 75 cranes (movable), vibrators and saws EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 175 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program National Ambient Noise Standards The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 Area Code Category of Area Limit in dB(A) Leq* Day Time Night Time A. Industrial area 75 70 B. Commercial area 65 55 C. Residential area 55 45 D. Silence zone 50 40 Note-1 Day time is reckoned in between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Note-2 Night time is reckoned in between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Note-3 Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 m around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority Note-4 Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A “decibel” is a unit in which noise is measured. “A”, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 176 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 2: Photo Illustration Photo 1: Location of Intake in River Ganges Photo 2 : Proposed location of Intake near Vikramshila Bridge Photo 3: Proposed location of WTP at Barari Photo 4: Existing Intake structure at Barari Bhagalpur Photo 5: Existing WTP at Barari Photo 6: Public consultation near OHSR site EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 177 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Photo 7: Public consultation near OHSR site Photo 8: Public consultation at OHSR site Market area residential area - Photo 10: Area of distribution network near Photo 9: Area of Distribution network at market at Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Photo 12: Proposed location of OHSR near Photo 11: Proposed location of OHSR near Anandgarh Colony near PHED Tank Durga Ashram EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 178 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Photo 13: Proposed location of OHSR Within Photo 14: Proposed location of OHSR corner Rural development dept. Premises in Adampur of the university Photo 15: Proposed location of OHSR within Photo 16: Proposed location of OHSR at school premises of Govt. Residential Company Aliganj Kathghat Bagh High School Photo 17: Proposed location of OHSR at Maulana Photo 18: Proposed location of OHSR Abir Chowk Maidan Mishra Lane in Nath nagar EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 179 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Photo 20: Water sampling and analysis Photo 19: Avifauna noted near the River Photo 22: Measurement of fish size Photo 21: Crematorium near proposed intake Location Photo 23: Pollution of Ganges Photo 24: Dolphin noted near Project location EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 180 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 3: Notification of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 181 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 182 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 183 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 4: Fishing Survey Data at River Ganges in Bhagalpur List of Fish species recorded during fishery survey at landing sites at Bhagalpur (March – April, 2011) S.No Scientific Name Local Name *Conservation status 1 Gudusia chapra Chapri Unknown 2 Gonialosa manmina Khaira VU 3 Setipinna brevifilis Phasia Unknown 4 Cirrhinus mrigala Mirka Unknown 5 Labeo calbasu Kalbouns Unknown 6 Labeo bata Bata Unknown 7 Osteobrama cotio cotio Pithari Unknown 8 Puntius sophore Potia Unknown 9 Puntius sarana Darhi VU 10 Salmophasia bacaila Chelwha Unknown 11 Aspidoparia morar Pihora Unknown 12 Crossocheilus latius Gahuma EN 13 Botia dario Baghi VU 14 Sperata aor Natta aria VU 15 Sperata seenghala Tagwa aria Unknown 16 Mystus cavasius Palwa Unknown 17 Mystus tengra Hadda palwa Unknown 18 Mystus vittatus Soni palwa Unknown 19 Ompok pabda Popta VU 20 Wallago attu Buari Unknown 21 Ailia coila Sutri Unknown 22 Clupisoma garua Bachua Unknown 23 Eutropiichthys vacha Sugwa Unknown 24 Pseudeutropius atherinoides Tinkatia,Patasi Unknown 25 Bagarius yarrelli Baghar EN 26 Gangra viridescens Hadda Unknown 27 Parambassis ranga Chanda Unknown 28 Johnius coitor Bholwa Unknown 29 Rhinomugil corsula Arwari VU 30 Sicamugil cascasia Khaksi VU 31 Glossogobius giuris Bulla Unknown EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 184 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program S.No Scientific Name Local Name *Conservation status 32 Macrognathus pancalus Gainchi Unknown 33 Mastacembelus armetus Bami Unknown 34 Monopterus cuchia Bamsar Unknown * National Bureau of Fish and Genetic Resources, NBFGR, Lucknow: Threat category: VU= Vulnerable; EN= Endangered Fish species recorded between Vikramshila bridge and cremation site near the southern bank, Barari, Bhagalpur (March – April, 2011) Order Family Species Total catch (kg) Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio cotio * 2.85 Puntius sophore * 0.35 Siluriformes Schilbeidae Ailia coila 11.20 Clupisoma garua 0.50 Eutropiichthys vacha 0.35 Pseudeutropius atherinoides 0.15 Bagridae Mystus cavasius * 4.20 Sisoridae Gangra viridescens 7.15 Perciformes Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris 0.60 Sciaenidae Johnius coitor 0.60 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Gudusia chapra 1.30 Gonialosa manmina 0.10 Setipinna brevifilis * 2.85 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus pancalus * 0.10 Total catch 32.30 * prey species of dolphin Fish species opposite to cremation site (Northern bank) at Barari, Bhagalpur (March – April, 2011) Order Family Species Total catch (kg) Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio cotio * 0.10 Puntius sophore * 0.50 Salmophasia bacaila 0.25 Siluriformes Schilbeidae Ailia coila 9.00 Clupisoma garua 0.40 Eutropiichthys vacha 0.10 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 185 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Order Family Species Total catch (kg) Pseudeutropius atherinoides 0.25 Bagridae Mystus cavasius * 4.05 Sisoridae Gangra viridescens 3.05 Perciformes Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris 0.15 Sciaenidae Johnius coitor 0.30 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Gudusia chapra 0.20 Gonialosa manmina 0.95 Botia dario 0.60 Setipinna brevifilis * 3.72 Synbranchiformes Mastacembelidae Macrognathus pancalus * 0.00 Mastacembelus armetus * 0.25 Total catch 23.87 EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 186 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Active gill net sampling with 24 mm mesh size fishing net in the River Ganges near Bhagalpur (March – April, 2011) Date Coordinates Location Soak hours Species Numbers Size range (mm) Total catch (kg) 06-04-2011 25 16‟ 154” Project site 10:20 – 12:20 Osteobrama cotio cotio 3 70 < 0.05 87 01‟ 702” 25 16‟ 190” Gudara ghat 12:55 – 14:55 Mystus cavasius 1 130 0.05 87 01‟ 566” (Barari)* Mystus vittetus 1 125 Osteobrama cotio cotio 1 80 07-04-2011 25 16‟ 443” Opposite bank of 9:30 – 11:30 Botia dario 2 95,105 0.65 87 01‟ 594” Gudara ghat Johnius coitor 1 142 Setipinna brevifilis 2 135,145 Aspidoparia morar 1 120 Labeo bata 8 110 - 130 Gudusia chapra 3 80 -95 Ailia coila 1 110 Gangra viridescens 8 50 - 90 25 16‟ 477” Confluence point 12:30 – 14:30 Labeo bata 4 110 - 120 87 01‟ 599” Gudusia chapra 1 110 Glossogobius giuris 1 115 Gangra viridescens 1 45 08-04-2011 25 16‟ 634” Southern bank of main 9:30 – 11:30 Setipinna brevifilis 1 140 < 0.05 87 01‟ 546” channel close to EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 187 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Date Coordinates Location Soak hours Species Numbers Size range (mm) Total catch (kg) confluence point 25 17‟ 104” Northern bank near 12:15 – 14:15 Labeo bata 13 115 - 125 0.2 87 01‟ 620” bridge Gonialosa manmina 1 90 Glossogobius guris 1 117 25 16‟ 311” Opposite bank of 15:00 – 17:00 Ailia coila 1 130 0.1 87 01‟ 971” crematorium site Glossogobius guris 1 110 Johnius coitor 1 120 Mystus cavasius 1 130 Chanda nama 1 50 Gangra viridescens 8 - 85 * Side channel EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 188 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 5: Hydrological Study Assessment of Effects on the Water Level and Discharge due to the Installation of Intake Structure at 100m downstream of Vikramshila Bridge across River Ganga at Bhagalpur, Bihar Hydrologist -1 Interpretation Introduction Bhagalpur district in the state of Bihar has deficiencies in the existing water supply system. To augment the same, it is proposed to install a new water supply system. The intake structure of the new system will withdraw water from river Ganga at a section about 100m downstream of the Vikramshila Bridge (Figure A5.1). Estimated daily withdrawal will be about 126 mld and the projected withdrawal in the year 2041 will be about 156 mld. It is required to assess the possible effect of this withdrawal on the water level at the intake section. Figure A5.1: The Vikramshila Bridge and the Proposed Intake Hydrologic Analysis Runoff To assess the existing state of flow near the proposed site, past records of runoff data is required. However, no record of discharge data at the proposed site is available. The nearest discharge measurement station is at Hatidah, which is about 110 km upstream. In absence of any other relevant data, records of discharge recorded at Hatidah are used here. As such, this will not induce major deviations, since there are no withdrawals from the river in this reach of 108km. Also, the tributary immediately upstream of the bridge contributes to the discharge at the site, which may cover the transit losses incurred in the said reach. Plot of minimum, maximum and average flow in each month based on 10 years‘ record (1999 – 2009) is shown in Figure A5.2. The minimum recorded flow is 1002 m3/s in the month of April, 2009. However, minimum of the average flow is about 1366 m3/s. The maximum recorded flow is 48000 m3/s as observed in the month of September 2008. For analysis, 1002 m3/s is selected as the critical flow, although that will yield a conservative estimate. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 189 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Figure A5.2: Statistics of Monthly Discharge at Hatidah Rainfall Analysis of past five years‘ record of monthly average rainfall at Bhagalpur indicated an average of 3.5mm of rainfall in the month of April. Similarly, negligible amounts of rainfall recorded in the months of November to March. Hence, it is reasonable to neglect the contributions of rainfall to the discharges in these months. Bed Profile In absence of relevant data for the cross section along the proposed intake location, bed profile of Ganga bridge is considered. Hydraulic Analysis To estimate the changes in the water surface profile, a hydraulic model of the river reach is required to be developed. Usually such analysis requires at least three cross sections in the reach, including the section under consideration. Presence of the bridge, a tributary on the upstream and the highly irregular cross section of the river require more number of sections for detailed analysis. However, only one section near the bridge location is available. But, as the section under consideration is very near to the bridge location (only 100m downstream), it would be reasonable to use this available section for the purpose. This section is shown in Figure A5.3, along with the low water level observed on 30.04.2011. Figure A5.3: Cross Section of the River near the Location of the Intake EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 190 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Records of observed water levels at the bridge section indicated that the site experiences lowest levels in the months of March and April, ranging between 25.5m to 24.2m. Hydraulic Model Development HEC-RAS software, developed by Hydrologic Engineering Centre, US Army Corps of Engineers, is the de-facto standard for estimating the water surface profiles in natural rivers and channels. The same is used here to develop the hydraulic model for the river reach under considerations. The river section as shown in Fig.3 is used in the model. A steady flow condition is considered and following two runs are performed: Run 1: Estimating the water surface elevation for the critical minimum discharge, Q = 1002 m3/s. (Without the intake structure). Run 2: Estimating the water surface elevation for a discharge of Q = (1002 - 2) = 1000 m3/s. (With the proposed intake structure). [The proposed projected intake is 156 mld = 1.805 m3/s ≈ 2 m3/s. This will reduce the discharge to 1000 m3/s.] Run 1 Result of this run is shown in Figure A5.4. It indicates the water level at the intake section as 23.22m, for a discharge of Q = 1002 m3/s. River = Ganga Reach = Ganga Intake Section Q = 1002 m3/s, LWL = 23.22m 50 Legend 45 EG PF 1 WS PF 1 40 Ground Bank Sta 35 30 Elevation(m) 25 20 15 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Chainage (m) Figure A5.4: Water Surface Elevation at the Intake Section for Discharge of 1002 m3/s Run 2 Result of this run is shown in Figure A5. It can be seen that the water level at the intake section remains almost same at 23.22m. There is negligible effect of the withdrawal of 2 m3/s. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 191 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program River = Ganga Reach = Ganga Intake Section Q = 1000 m3/s, LWL = 23.22m 50 Legend 45 EG PF 2 WS PF 2 40 Ground Bank Sta 35 30 Elevation(m) 25 20 15 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Chainage (m) Summary and Conclusion It was desired to assess the possible change in the water surface elevation at the proposed intake section due a withdrawal of 156 mld (or 1.8 m3/s). A HEC-RAS hydraulic model of the reach including the intake section was developed using the available cross sections. Minimum of the 10 years‘ observed discharge (1002 m3/s) was used as the critical flow, and the corresponding water surface elevation at the intake section was found to be 23.22m. The discharge was then reduced to 1000 m3/s to take into effect of the withdrawal. The corresponding water surface elevation at the intake section was found to be 23.22m only, indicating insignificant effect of withdrawal. This is acceptable from the point of view of the very little amount of withdrawal compared to the inflow discharge. Although there were assumptions involved in the study due to the scarcity of available records and data, it is reasonable to conclude that since the relative difference between the discharge and the withdrawal is very large, the resulting effect would be the same as observed here, had there been sufficient data and records. Discharge in River Ganges (Cumec) at Hatidaha Month 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 JUN 2000 2150 1800 2800 2066 1653 1460 2150 2150 1294 JUL 7000 9500 10500 5050 5800 4800 2092 3100 3250 16450 AUG 39500 28700 41700 13400 20000 11500 19000 18700 2850 36700 SEP 38800 25800 30700 16600 34500 31400 29000 34800 31400 48000 OCT 26300 15700 9300 14550 39900 13300 20000 13200 28800 34400 NOV 7100 3700 5500 4850 9400 6150 8400 4925 6700 5375 DEC 3000 2450 3350 2950 4000 3550 4650 3150 3400 3275 JAN 1900 1750 1750 1850 2777 2185 2313 1850 2160 1679 FEB 1550 1700 3350 1481 2712 2155 1558 1700 1967 1525 MAR 1500 1500 2113 1864 1627 1670 1271 1725 1340 1283 APR 1400 1500 1561 1575 1383 1296 1155 1700 1090 1002 MAY 1550 1500 1500 1916 1354 1442 1325 1760 1168 1320 Annual 10967 7996 9427 5741 10460 6758 7685 7397 7190 12692 Average (Source: Executive Engineer, Central Water Commission, 2010) cumec- cubic meter per second EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 192 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Hydrologist -2 Interpretation Introduction To assess the environmental impact in terms of change in the hydrology of the river due to design of 156 MLD Water Supply Project under the name of Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (BUDIP) by Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the project, a study is proposed mainly to work out the change in the water level of the river in the vicinity of the 156 MLD intake well. This project is consist of construction of intake wells having intake discharge capacity of 156 MLD at the location 100 mtrs east of Vikramshilla Bridge (Setu) and 300 mtrs west of Crematorium and 100 mtrs from the southern bank of river Ganga (in the main source of the river). In this regard, in order to do Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study in respect of change in the Hydrology of the river and other interrelated effects within the provided short span of time frame stipulated in the proposal with the available river data i.e. water level, discharge, water depth etc. it was tried to confirm the output by way of successive data regression. Here, the hydrological data utilized for doing the study and analysis of the same were at the following locations: - 1. Water level data at Bhagalpur for the year 1992-93, 1993-94 & 2010-11 2. Munger (about 80 kms U/s of Vikramshilla Setu)– Water level data from July 2010 to April 2011 3. Bhagalpur (Vikramshilla Setu) – Water level data from July 2010 to April 2011 and water depth data of about 15 kms u/s of Vikramshilla Setu and 8 kms D/s of Vikramshilla Setu. 4. Bateswarsthan (about 30 kms D/s Vikramshilla Setu) – Water level and discharge data from July 2010 to April 2011. Scope of Work The study for assessment of hydrological impact on river due to the proposed water supply project was confined to the followings: - Flow measurement and water level survey report nearby the intake – within sanctuary area - historical data. Analysis of data to prove that water level will not change due to intake of 156 MLD water considered under present scheme. Cumulative and Synergistic impact of multiple developments 25 km U/s and 25 km D/s of intake which may affect water level. Certification – Water level within sanctuary not change due to intake of water. To analyze the available hydrological data and conclude the findings within the scope of work & prescribed time frame, as above, the data were presented in best possible graphical shapes. It was also tried to justify the output in extent possible transparent manner. Discussion of Data The observation of past river data reveals that the flood Ganga river discharge duration at Bhagalpur is 2.0 – 2.5 months only i.e. August to mid October, however it remained for about 4.0 - 5.0 months 20 – 25 years back. The occurrences of peak discharge were of the order of 40,000 cumecs only. At the same time though the span of lean period (dry EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 193 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program season) has increased considerably, the observed lowest water level at the Bhagalpur did not reached recorded LWL with 100 year return period (PLOT – ―B‖). Accordingly, the available hydrologic data were utilized to arrive a acceptable conclusion, which satisfies the required Hydrological aspects of project. The available data were utilized to plot the following charts. i) Comparative water level variation with time (July 10 to April 11) at the Ganga locations Munger (80 kms U/s), Bhagalpur & Bateshwarsthan (3 kms D/s) this cover the complete salutary area (PLOT – ―A‖). ii) Discharge Vs Water level hydrograph at the location Bateshwarsthan for the period July‘10 to April‘11 i.e. completes flood & leanest (dry) period of the year (PLOT – ―B‖). iii) With the available discharge & water level data at Bateshwarsthan a non dimensional plot of % change in Water Level Vs % change in Discharge (PLOT – ―C‖). iv) Data was plotted for change in water level & depth at Bhagalpur with respect to observed discharge at Bateshwarsthan (Discharge data not available at Bhagalpur) (PLOT – ―D‖). v) A comparative water level plot for the observed water level at Bhagalpur for the years 1992-93, 1993-94 & 2010 -11, to check the change in the water profile with pass of time (PLOT – ―E‖). A data sheet has also been attached of the above plotting for ready reference (SHEET- ―1‖). Further to above, it may be pertinent to mention here the details of hydraulic data of the Vikramshilla Setu constructed about 100 m upstream of the proposed site of the intake well for 156 MLD water supply project, are as under: Length of the bridge – 4366 mt. Width of the bridge – 7.5 mt. Design discharge (100 year return period) - 94,000 cumecs Maximum velocity of the current – 4.5 m/s Highest Flood Level (H.F.L.) – RL. 35.46 m Lowest Water Level (L.W.L.) – RL. 24.20 m Analysis of data a) Comparative change in the water level from July‘10 to April‘11 at Munger, Bhagalpur & Bateshwarsthan (PLOT – ―A‖): - The similarity in the trend of water level at the respectively three gauge locations i.e. Munger, Bhagalpur & Bateshwarsthan of the stretch depict that during the lean (dry) period of November to April/May the average differences in water level between Munger & Bhagalpur is about 5 m and between Bateshwarsthan (Kahalgaon) & Bhagalpur is about 1 m. This water level difference is mostly constant during the complete flood and dry season. This indicates that there is no any considerable discharge adding to the river either during the flood season or in lean season in the stretch of study (Munger to Bateshwarsthan) in Ganga river. The flood period was from August to October, the observed rise in the water level during flood at all the above three gauge stations against the lean season was about 7 – 8 mt. It is also to mention here that between Munger, Bhagalpur & Bateshwar sthan only one seasonal river i.e. Budi Gandak (E 86-34.00 and N 25-22.00) joins the main Ganga EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 194 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program carrying nominal % of discharge to Ganga River. The hydrograph itself prove that it has no effect at all. During the lean season this channel had negligible discharge. Besides this, no any river discharge was joining to Ganga upto Bateshwarsthan from Munger. Discharge Vs Water Level data at Bateshwarsthan (PLOT – ―B‖):- The plotted chart and data analysis implies that during the lean (dry) season, when consistent change in the discharge & water level was there with pass of time from during Feb‘11 to April‘11, the reduction in Discharge by 200 cumecs affecting the reduction in the water level by 0.40 m only. With this chart analysis it was achieved that in the river stretch under consideration the reduction in discharge by 100 comers shall have effect on change in river water level by 20 cm only. b) % Change in Water level Vs. Discharge (PLOT – ―C‖): - In order to arrive a mathematical conclusion towards the quantitative change in Water level with respect to change in Discharge a non dimensional plot on % Water level change Vs % Discharge change was done to the available data at Bateshwarsthan for the period of 2010-11. This plot reveals that the dry (lean) season has less fluctuation or % variation / consistent variation in Water level with respect to Discharge, the mean variation of this portion with respect to Discharge & Water level implies that 1% variation in Discharge had the effect on water level by 0.09% variation. This analysis confirms the observation of finding of Para –b) above. c) Plotting for water level & depth near the proposed Intake well area against the discharge (at Bateshwarsthan) (PLOT – ―D‖):- Through this plotting it was confirmed that the change in the depth of the channel was not always proportional to change in water level. With this a latest chart showing the soundings of water depth in the main deep channel covering about 24 km upstream and 10 km downstream to the proposed water supply project site has been enclosed for reference (MAP – ―A‖). In this respect the PLOT –―D‖ implies that reduction in the discharge & water level during the lean period i.e. when consistent reduction occurs, had considerable rise in the depth of the water in the deep channel near the project site. Though this may be location and river bed soil property dependent factor only, but this trend was observed near the proposed Intake well area. This phenomenon could be technically explained in terms of conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy and further balancing to the gained energy by way of scour to the deep channel bed, since with the reduction in discharge as well water level the spilled over water starts collecting into the main channel. This further increases the quantity of the suspended silt in the water. d) Water level plot at Bhagalpur in different years (PLOT – ―E‖):- The water level data at Bhagalpur for the years 1992-93, 1993-94 & 2010-11 were plotted to verify the trend of change (if any) during the pass of time i.e. year. The similar trend for all the years proves the sanctity of data used and analysis done as above based on these data. 5.0 Discussion: - Calculation to assess the effect on the water level of the river due to the proposed 156 MLD Intake well of Bhagalpur Water Supply Project : Here 156 MLD = (156 x 106 x 10-3 Cum) / (24 X 60 X 60 Sec) = 1.81 Cumecs Now as per the findings of analysis of the hydrologic data discussed above in Clause - 4.0.b) , the reduction in river discharge by 100 Cumecs reduces water level in the river by 20 cm only. Hence reduction in discharge by 1.81 Cumecs i.e. 156 MLD EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 195 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program through the proposed intake well shall reduce water level by 0.36 cm i.e. 3.6 mm in the river. Further on relating with the finding of Clause – 4.0.c) above, i.e. 1 % variation in the Discharge of the river will have 0.09 % variation in the water level of river. By this finding, the discharge , water level variation could be calculated as under; 1.81 Cumecs i.e. 156 MLD discharge of 920 Cumecs (the minimum observed discharge during the year 2010 - 11) discharge = 0.20 % Now as per the finding of Clause – 4.0.c), the % variation in the water level due to change in discharge by 0.20% = 0.09 X 0.20 % = 0.018 % (i.e. negligible) k) This implies that 156 MLD discharge extraction from the river will have no any change in the river water level. Conclusion 1) The graphical presentation of different hydrographs nearby the Intake Well within the sanctuary area represents the historical data in respect of flow measurement and water level survey. 2) On the basis of discussions above i.e. Clause – 5.0, it is to conclude that with the construction of the 156 MLD capacity of Intake Well at Bhagalpur under the water supply project there will be negligible change in water level. The maximum reduction will be of the order of 3.6 mm only and the effect of this drop in the water level shall be maximum within the perimeter of 20 – 25 mtrs only. 3) Based on the detailed analysis of the hydrologic data and the discussion of the result it is to confirm that no any cumulative and synergistic impact in the upstream and downstream will be there due to intake well. 4) As mentioned in Para – ii) above, it is to certify that there will no any change in water level within sanctuary due to 156 MLD of intake well EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 196 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 197 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 198 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 199 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 6: Public Consultation- Environment Subproject-: Water Supply (Bhagalpur) Issues discussed Awareness and extent of the project and development components Benefits of Project for the economic and social Upliftment of Community Labour availability in the Project area or requirement of outside labour involvement Local disturbances due to Project Construction Work Necessity of tree felling etc. at project sites Water logging and drainage problem if any Drinking water problem Forest and sensitive area nearby the project site Movement of wild animal if any Other problems, encountered, if any Area: WTP site and different water reservoir sites Date: 21st and 22nd December, 2010 Issues of the Public Consultation Sr. Key Issues/Demands Perception of community Action to be Taken No. 1 Awareness of the project including No people of nearby area are not aware of the new coverage area project as water intake point and treatment plant is already working at Barari 2 In what way they may associate At the construction phase some people can work as with the project labourers 3 Presence of any forest, wild life or It was reported by local people that there is existence Issue on presence of any sensitive / unique of Dolphin area in River Ganges particularly near Dolphin will be environmental components proposed intake site beside Vikramshila Setu. addressed in nearby the project area They requested for protection of Dolphin during Environment Report construction 4 Presence of historical/ cultural/ No any, only some temples are located in nearby religious sites nearby village 5 Unfavourable climatic condition Summer is very hot - difficult to work during summer 6 Occurrence of flood No such case is reported 7 Drainage and sewerage problem There is drainage problem during heavy rainfall. facing 8 Present drinking water problem – Sufficient quantity of water is available in few of the quantity and quality areas. At rest of the area water supply systems not exist. Presence of Arsenic is reported in Bhagalpur 9 Present solid waste collection and Frequency for collection of solid waste is not sufficient disposal problem EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 200 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Sr. Key Issues/Demands Perception of community Action to be Taken No. 10 Availability of labour during Yes, labours are easily available in the nearby villages construction time 11 Access road to project Site Yes. Bitumen road existing near project site 12 Perception of locals on tree felling Not required for the project. If required in WTP site Plantation of 3 trees and afforestation proper compensation is needed against each cut will be considered as per EMP 13 Dust and noise pollutionand Request for arresting of dust and protection of Protection will be disturbances during construction habitation from noise pollution considered as per work project EMP 14 Setting up worker camp site within Project area is having sufficient space for workers the village/ project locality camp. Local residents will help to find out suitable location 15 Safety of residents during No habitation near the project area particularly intake Health and safety construction phase and plying of site and water treatment plant. But near overhead issues will be take into vehicle for construction activities storage reservoir sites habitation exist consideration during construction 16 Conflict among beneficiaries down River water is sufficient for intake no conflict arise stream users – water supply project using of river water 17 Requirement of enhancement of Requirement of improvement of drainage and other facilities sewerage project at Bhagalpur town NAME AND POSITION OF PERSONS CONSULTED: Councillors and eminent citizens, Municipal Engineer and municipal staff were consulted for identification of suitable sites for WTP and OHSRs. Discussions were held with the following residents of Bhagalpur regarding suitability of selected sites for OHSRs and getting their views on environmental issues related to the project. Mr. Deepak Chowdhary, Ms. Savitri Devi, Mr. Shyam Prasad, Mohammad Iqram Ansari, Mohammad Iqbal Khaleel, Mohammad Soin Ansari, Ms. Krishna Devi, Mr. Lal Bahadur Singh, Ms. Beena Devi, Ms. Neelam Maithrani, Mr. Bulu Singh, Mr. Tilak, Ms. Anita Devi, Mr. Ajit Prasad Gupta, Mr. Shekhar Kumar Gupta. Summary of outcome: There are 2 intake points exist at Barari ghat. In addition to these 2 new intake structures will be constructed near Vikramshila Setu. Dolphins are reported in the River Ganges. In overall people are facing problem in terms of quality and quantity of water. People expect much more from this project for future supply of good quality water from this project. No Environmental issue may arise here for the project except existence of Dolphin sanctuary. People wish to work in the project and cooperate in all aspects. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 201 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 7: Opinion of fishermen fishing between 10 km upstream and 10 km downstream from project site at Barari Name of Area of Opinion about Impact on S.No. Address Occupation respondent fishing the project fisheries 1 Bhagat Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS + Don‟t know 2 Rajendar Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS + None 3 Jogindar Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS + None 4 Gore Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS + None 5 Nage Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS,SC + None 6 Ashok Mahaldar Barari Fishing MS + None 7 Manoj Nisad Naugachia Fishing SC - None 8 Laxman Nisad Naugachia Fishing SC + None 9 Sakichand Nisad Naugachia Fishing SC + Don‟t know 10 Raju Mahaldar Chhoti Sahibganj Fishing SC + None 11 Shankar Mahaldar Barari Fishing SC,MS + None 12 Ashok shani Ganaol Fishing SC,MS - Don‟t know 13 Vijay Mandal Lailak Fishing SC + None 14 Sahdeo Sahni Barari Fishing SC + None 15 Mukesh Mahato Dildarpur bind toli Fishing SC + Don‟t know 16 Paltoo Mahato Dildarpur bind toli Fishing SC + None 17 Bihari Mahato Dildarpur bind toli Fishing SC + None 18 Radhe Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 19 Sanjay Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS - None 20 Pankaj Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 21 Dharmendar Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 22 Babloo Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + Don‟t know 23 Dilip Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 24 Moti Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 25 Raja Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 26 Birjoo Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS - None 27 Pappu Sahni Kahalgaon Fishing MS + None 28 Jaldhar Nisad Lailak Fishing SC + Don‟t know MS = Main stream, SC = Side channel, + = Positive, - = Negative EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 202 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 8: Stakeholder Workshop & Safeguards Disclosure Workshop The workshop began with a welcome address by the Municipal Commissioner, Bhagalpur, who welcomed all participants and explained the purpose of the workshop. The Vice-Chancellor, Bhagalpur University, Dr. K N Dubey welcomed everybody and Government of Bihar, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation and ADB‘s initiative. The Mayor of Bhagalpur, Mrs. Bina Yadav addressed the house and highlighted the need for the project. This was followed by a presentation on the Bhagalpur Water Supply Project by the PPTA Team. Mr. S. Bhattacharya, Team Leader introduced BUDIP and the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply project. Mr. Parthajit Patra, Water Supply Specialist, PPTA Team explained the features of the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply Project. Ms. Saswati Belliappa, Social Development Specialist, PPTA Team presented the findings of the social survey and BUDIP social safeguards framework, impacts and social protection and mitigation measures. Dr. Ardhendu Mitra, Environmental Specialist, PPTA Team explained the BUDIP environmental safeguards framework, envisaged impacts and mitigation measures. Mr. Debashis Banerjee, citizen of Bhagalpur highlighted the need for dedicated power supply to achieve project objectives. He suggested that a study on sustainability of water source (river Ganges) needs to be conducted prior to investments being made. He also recommended a two- pipe system, one for drinking water and another for other domestic purposes, to ensure less use of treated water. Rainwater harvesting and recharge into river Ganges was also recommended. Mr. Lalan, who represented a local NGO raised the issue of water as a public good and whether it would be correct to tax it. He suggested that the environmental impacts need to be carefully estimated and mitigated, citing the example of Farakka Barrage. Water harvesting system was recommended along with recycling and reuse of toilet flush water. Mr. Hariram Chowdhury, Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation suggested that wind or solar energy should be utilized for power generation required for the scheme. Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Sinha, researcher at Bhagalpur University said that interception of sewage and not allowing untreated sewage into river Ganges would be important to ensure that there will be no pollution at the water intake point. He also said that the distribution system would need to be properly designed, considering undulating topography of the town. Mr. RK Mishra, citizen of Bhagalpur suggested that individual buildings would be given the responsibility for water harvesting, recycling and reuse. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks by Mr. S. Bhattacharya, Team Leader, PPTA Team. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 203 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Appendix A: List of Participants Name Designation/Organisation/Profession Category Dr. K N Dubey Vice Chancellor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Ms. Bina Yadav Mayor, Bhagalpur Community leader/representative Mr. Virendra Kumar Commissioner, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Municipal official Mr. S. Bhattacharya Team Leader, PPTA Team Consultant Mr. J C Chowdhary Dean, Student Welfare, TM Bhagalpur University Academician R .K.Mishra Researcher General public M. Shuhal Councillor Elected representative Depak Rao Prabhat Khabar (Hindi daily) Media Rahul Ranjan Navbharat (Hindi daily) Media Maruti Kumari Researcher General public Amit Kumar Rashtriya Sahara Media Mary Subhasini Hansda Researcher General public Santosh Jha Saubhagya Mithila TV Channel, Bhopal Media Babu Lal Mahaldar Councillor Elected representative M. Shakil Councillor Elected representative Gita Devi Councillor Elected representative Jeevan Das Councillor Elected representative Sanjay Kumar Trader General public Ashok Dainik Jagran Media Dilip Jha Unian Andolan Samiti Bihar-Jharkhand NGO Tarun Kumar Hindustan Media Anil Biswas Hindustan Times Media F. Yasmeen Councillor Elected representative Md. Soeen Ansari Councillor Elected representative Gazala Parveen Councilor Elected representative Sadanand Chorasiya Councillor Elected representative Ramashish Manda Councillor Elected representative Devashis Banerji Ex. Ward Councillor General Public Krishna Chandra Mishra Professor, TMB College, Bhagalpur Academician Hari Ram Choudhury Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Mun. Corp Municipal official Uday Paridhi, Bhagalpur NGO Rafat Banoo Councillor Elected representative Md. Nayazi NA General public Nand Sharma Councillor Elected representative Md. Maraaj Councillor Elected representative EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 204 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Md. Ibrar Councillor Elected representative Usha Sinha Gram didi, Sikandarpur NGO Nushrat Jahan Hast Samagik Karyali NGO Rakesh Kumar Sinha Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Municipal Official Dr. A. K. Roy Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Preety Shekhar NA General public Anju Devi Councillor Elected representative Mukesh Prashad Singh Councillor Elected representative Md. Fakhar Alam Councillor Elected representative Md. Iftakhar Ansari NA General public Santosh Kumar Thakur Lecturer, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Rakesh Kumar TM Bhagalpur University Researcher Sanjay Kumar Councillor Elected representative Haridham NA General public Manohar Rajvansi NA General public Shabnam Councillor Elected representative Zafar Councillor Elected representative Sanjay Kumar Hindustan Media Rupa Devi Student General public Gopal Sharma Councillor Elected representative A Ghosh NA General public Tapan Kumar Pal Councillor Elected representative Dr. Md. Shahab Ali Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. B. K. Singh Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. Arun K. Singh Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. Leela Chand Saha Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. K. K. Sinha Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Dr. V. B.Lal Professor, TM Bhagalpur University Academician Lalan Councillor Elected representative Parthajit Patra Water Supply Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant Dr. Ardhendu Mitra Environmental Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant Saswati Ghosh Belliappa Social Development Specialist, PPTA Team Consultant PN Bhattacharjee Municipal Engineer, PPTA Team Consultant EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 205 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Appendix B: Glimpses of Stakeholder Workshop, Bhagalpur EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 206 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program SAFEGUARDS DISCLOSURE WORKSHOP HELD AT BHAGALPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ON MAY 12, 2011 The workshop began with a speech in Hindi by Dr. Ardhendu Mitra, Environmental Specialist and Ms. Saswati Belliappa, Social Development Specialist. An overview of BUDIP, the proposed Bhagalpur Water Supply Subproject, Government and ADB policies, environmental and social safeguards frameworks of BUDIP, potential environmental and social impacts, process of environmental impact assessment and resettlement plan preparation was given. Further, participants were briefed on how BUDIP is designed to minimize adverse environmental and social impacts and the measures taken so far in screening of alternative sites and selection of those with least/no environmental and social issues. Hindi versions of summary EARF and RF were handed out to participants. Participants included municipal officials, affected persons, general public and NGOs (refer Annex A for list of participants). Ms. Naseem Banu, a vegetable vendor (who uses a basket) and Mr. Nirmal Kumar, hawker of ceramic ware (who uses a push-cart) who operate on DN Singh Road, Bhagalpur expressed the need to lay pipelines only during non-peak seasons (i.e. avoiding the festival seasons for construction as maximum sales are during such periods). This was taken note of by the PPTA Team for incorporation in the RP. Municipal officials present expressed their willingness to adopt BUDIP environmental and social frameworks for the project. However, they expressed the need for support from the Consultants‘ team in obtaining formal consent from APs in the format required by ADB. It was advised by the PPTA Team that while for the time being, they could take a NOC from APs, ultimately, they would need to enter into formal agreements with each affected entity. Municipal officials also expressed the need for training on safeguards issues. It was explained that the projects consultants at implementation stage would undertake such training and that it was a defined part of their work. The affected schools wanted to further discuss impacts, implications and mitigation measures. The process of project planning and resettlement planning with reference to specific impacts on the schools were explained. It was also explained that the school/its parent Department would need to formally transfer the required land to Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation to construct the OHSR. Ms. Nilima Kumari who represented the affected Government Primary School, Kalabganj explained that while the school had no objection to construction of an OHSR in its compound, the management was concerned about its exact location. She expressed that the school had a view/preference regarding its exact location. The PPTA Team took note of this suggestion; adequacy (in terms of size) of the proposed/preferred location would need to be confirmed during survey of the site (at DPR stage). The PPTA Team also explained that a one-room kutcha structure in the school compound may need to be taken down and rebuilt post OHSR construction. Ms. Sarita Kumari who represented the Rajakiya Balak Madhya Vidyalaya, Barari expressed her apprehension about loss of playground space for the students. The footprint of the OHSR was discussed and Ms. Sarita expressed the management‘s view that the school had no objection to construction of the OHSR within its compound. The schools welcomed the mitigation measures proposed: The representative of the Primary School, Kalabganj explained that there are two existing toilets in not very good state of repair and that funds for construction of two additional toilets have been received from Government of Bihar. There is a need to provide water connections to the toilets and repair the old toilets. Ms. Sarita Kumari of the boys‘ school in Barari explained that the school needs toilet facilities urgently. Though there are two toilets, these are used by the teachers, while the children use the open fields around the school. There is an urgent need for toilet facilities for the children. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 207 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Stakeholders arrived at a broad consensus on the proposed Bhagalpur water supply project; welcomed the project and expressed willingness to participate in the same. The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to all participants. Appendix A: List of Participants at Safeguards Disclosure Workshop S.K. Pandey General public Sanjeev Kumar Sinha General public Virendra Kumar Municipal Commissioner, Bhagalpur Hari Ram Chowdhary Water Supply Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Ravi Shankar Nav Manas Kalyan Samiti (NGO) Shashi Kumar Chowdhary Executive Engineer, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Praveer Paridhi - NGO Ms. Sarita Kumari Identified AP (Rajakiya Balak Madhya Vidyalaya, Barari) Ms. Nilima Kumari Identified AP (Primary School, Kalabganj) Mr. Naseem Banu Hawker Mr. Nirmal Kumar Hawker B.N. Kumar General public Ms. Alona Kumari General public Mr. Suniel K. Choudhary General public Ms. Shahida General public Mr. Shakil Ahmed General public Parthajit Patra Water Supply Specialist, PPTA Team Dr. Ardhendu Mitra Environmental Specialist, PPTA Team Saswati Ghosh Belliappa Social Development Specialist, PPTA Team EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 208 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 9: Sample Grievance Registration Form (To be available in Hindi, Urdu and Other Local Language, if any) The ______Project welcomes complaints, suggestions, queries and comments regarding project implementation. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback. Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing *(CONFIDENTIAL)* above your name. Thank you. Date Place of registration Contact Information/Personal Details Name Gender Male Age Female Home Address Village / Town District Phone no. E-mail Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where and how) of your grievance below: If included as attachment/note/letter, please tick here: How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance? FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Registered by: (Name of Official registering grievance) If ver: Note/Letter E-mail Verbal/Telephonic Reviewed by: (Names/Positions of Official(s) reviewing grievance) Action Taken: Whether Action Taken Disclosed: Yes No Means of Disclosure: EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 209 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Annexure 10: Recommended Contract Clauses A. Sources of Materials (i) Use quarry sites and sources permitted by government; (ii) Verify suitability of all material sources and obtain approval of PMU and DSC; (iii) If additional quarries will be required after construction has started, obtain written approval from PMU; and; (iv) Submit to DSC/PMC on a monthly basis documentation of sources of materials. B. Air Quality (i) Consult with DSC/PMC on the designated areas for stockpiling of clay, soils, gravel, and other construction materials; (ii) Damp down exposed soil and any stockpiled on site by spraying with water when necessary during dry weather; (iii) Use tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose material when transported by trucks; (iv) Carry out air quality monitoring as per EMP; and (v) Fit all heavy equipment and machinery with air pollution control devices which are operating correctly. C. Surface Water Quality (i) Avoid stockpiling of earth fill especially during the monsoon season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets; (ii) Prioritize re-use of excess spoils and materials in the construction works. If spoils will be disposed, consult with PIU/DSC on designated disposal areas; (iii) Install temporary silt traps or sedimentation basins along the drainage leading to the water bodies; (iv) Place storage areas for fuels and lubricants away from any drainage leading to water bodies; (v) Dispose any wastes generated by construction activities in designated sites not in river; and (vi) Conduct surface quality inspection according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). D. Noise Levels (i) Plan activities in consultation with PIU/DSC so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are conducted during periods of the day which will result in least disturbance; (ii) Require horns not be used unless it is necessary to warn other road users or animals of the vehicle‟s approach; (iii) Minimize noise from construction equipment by using vehicle silencers, fitting jackhammers with noise- reducing mufflers, and portable street barriers the sound impact to surrounding sensitive receptor; (iv) Measurement of noise level at construction site as per EMP, and (iv) Maintain maximum sound levels not exceeding 80 decibels (dbA) when measured at a distance of 10 m or more from the vehicle/s. E. Existing Infrastructure and Facilities (i) Obtain from PIU/DSC the list of affected utilities and operators; (ii) Prepare a contingency plan to include actions to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services F. Accessibility (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (ii) Schedule transport and hauling activities during non-peak hours; (iii) Locate entry and exit points in areas where there is low potential for traffic congestion; EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 210 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (iv) Keep the site free from all unnecessary obstructions; (v) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner; (vi) Coordinate with Traffic Police/ concerned department for temporary road diversions and with for provision of traffic aids if transportation activities cannot be avoided during peak hours; and (vii) Notify affected sensitive receptors by providing sign boards informing nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. G. Landscape and Aesthetics (i) Prepare and implement Waste Management Plan; (ii) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the sites; (iii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (iv) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (v) Request PMU/DSC/PMC to report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work. H. Socio-Economic – Income (i) Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (ii)Provide walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access for people and vehicles; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (iv) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules; and (v) Provide sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. I. Socio-Economic – Employment (i) Employ at least 50% of the labour force, or to the maximum extent, local persons within the 2-km immediate area if manpower is available; and (ii) Secure construction materials from local market. J. Occupational Health and Safety (i) Develop and implement site-specific Health and Safety (H and S) Plan which will include measures such as: (a) excluding public from the site; (b) ensuring all workers are provided with and use Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H and S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (ii) Ensure that qualified first-aid can be provided at all times. Equipped first-aid stations shall be easily accessible throughout the site; (iii) Provide medical insurance coverage for workers; (iv) Secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks; (v) Provide supplies of potable drinking water; (vi) Provide clean eating areas where workers are not exposed to hazardous or noxious substances; (vii) Provide H and S orientation training to all new workers to ensure that they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at the site, personal protective protection, and preventing injuring to fellow workers; (viii) Provide visitor orientation if visitors to the site can gain access to areas where hazardous conditions or substances may be present. Ensure also that visitor/s do not enter hazard areas unescorted; (ix) Ensure the visibility of workers through their use of high visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy equipment operating areas; EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 211 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program (x) Ensure moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up alarms; (xi) Mark and provide sign boards for hazardous areas such as energized electrical devices and lines, service rooms housing high voltage equipment, and areas for storage and disposal. Signage shall be in accordance with international standards and be well known to, and easily understood by workers, visitors, and the general public as appropriate; and (xii) Disallow worker exposure to noise level greater than 85 dBA for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without hearing protection. The use of hearing protection shall be enforced actively. K. Community Health and Safety (i) Plan routes to avoid times of peak-pedestrian activities. (ii) Liaise with PIC/DSC/PMC in identifying high-risk areas on route cards/maps. (iii) Maintain regularly the vehicles and use of manufacturer-approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. (iv) Provide road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. L. Work Camps (i) Consult with PIU/DSC before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plants; (ii) Minimize removal of vegetation and disallow cutting of trees; (iii) Provide water and sanitation facilities for employees; (iv) Prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting of trees for firewood; (v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially cause soil contamination; (vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site; (vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse, recycling and disposal to designated areas; (viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and (ix) Request PIU/DSC to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work. M. Social and Cultural Resources (i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds of any historical remnants in any excavation work; (ii) Request PIU/DSC or any authorized person with field training to observe excavation; (iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected; and (iv)Inform PMU/PMC if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring its removal or protection in situ. EIA: Bhagalpur Water Supply (Tranche 1) Page 212 Bihar Urban Development Investment Program Bibliography Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1978-80) Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan (10 volumes). Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India. Ali, S. (1979) The Book of Indian Birds. Oxford University Press, Bombay, India. APHA (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (20th edn.). American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C. Bahl, R, Ura, T,Sugimatsu, H, Inoue, T, Sakamaki, T, Kojima, J, Akamatsu, T,& Behera, S (2006). 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