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LEAD, FOLLOW OR GET OUT OF THE WAY.

Defiant, brilliant and unstoppable, the “Iron Jawed Angels” were a group of activists who fought for—and ultimately won—the right to vote for women in America. Their courage inspired a nation and changed it forever. Now their story is being told in a powerful new film.

SUNDAY, FEB. 15, 9:30PM/8:30C ON

inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels

2 There will never “be a new world order until women are a part of it. — ” C M Y LIBRARY OF CONGRESS OF LIBRARY

4 K TIME Imaging TIME

3 CORBIS

most picturesque figure in the parade. Leaders of the women suffragists were much in- FIGHTING FOR censed because the police did not make sufficient DEMOCRACY: provision for holding in 5 The “” restraint the great throng outside the White which hemmed in the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS paraders. At a meeting held House in 1917 quoted at Memorial Continental President Woodrow Hall the police of the Dis- Wilson, who had vowed trict were denounced. A resolution was adopted that America would calling for a Congressional fight for democracy in investigation and asking Mr. Wilson to look into Europe. The suffragists what the suffragists called urged Wilson to extend “a disgraceful affair.” … democracy at home The procession, it was charged, had not gone a by supporting block before it had to halt. rights for women. Insults and jibes were shout- ed at women marchers, and for more than an hour con- fusion reigned. The police, the women say, did practi- cally nothing, and finally sol- diers and marines formed

a voluntary escort to clear BRYN MAWR COLLEGE LIBRARY the way. Mrs. Genevieve Stone, POLITICAL PRISONERS: wife of Representative Stone The women who picketed the White of Illinois, said that a police- House in 1917 argued they had been man had insulted her. This policeman, she said, shout- arrested not for any criminal acts, ed: “If my wife were where but because of their political beliefs. you are I’d break her head.” BETTMANN/CORBIS d t s 1830s , 1842 Rhode Island 1848 The first women’s 1866 Elizabeth Cady A E Connecticut and Pennsyl- excludes Catholics and rights convention is held Stanton presents a petition vania enact new state urban males from voting. in Seneca Falls, New York, to Congress demanding 1791–1856 The 13 origi- constitutions that make it in July. the vote for women. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS nal and new states eliminate difficult or impossible for LIBRARY OF CONGRESS OF LIBRARY property ownership as a free African-American men 1861 Kansas enters voting requirement. to vote. the Union; the new state grants women 1820 Susan B. Anthony 1837 Kentucky grants the right to vote is born on February 15 in some women in in local school Adams, Massachusetts. school . elections. 1848 1866 ★3 inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels

ALICE PAUL 1885–1977 A brilliant organizer and activist, Alice Paul believed that women would never be given the vote; they had to demand it. Born to a Quaker family After two weeks of solitary TIME Imaging in New Jersey, she graduated from Swarthmore College and earned a

K “ social-work degree in New York. In 1907, she traveled to England, where she confinement…we decided upon

Y worked closely with the militant British suffragists Emmeline, Christobel and

M Pankhurst. Arrested several times the , as the ultimate

C in London, Paul went on hunger strikes, was force-fed and learned the value of form of protest left us. —ALICE PAUL nonviolent civil disobedience to garner ” publicity for her cause. Back in the U.S., suffrage pioneers Susan B. Anthony and . A key she joined the National American organizer for the National Woman’s Party, Burns was educated at Vassar Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1910 and Yale. After teaching English at Erasmus High School, she went to Eng- and was allowed to run their campaign in land to study at Oxford but soon abandoned a promising academic career Washington, D.C. As of 1916, 4 million in linguistics in favor of political activism. Involved with the Pankhursts and women in 12 states had the right to vote; militant British suffragists, Burns was a paid organizer in Edinburgh

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY HISTORICAL JERSEY NEW Paul wanted these women to “hold the from 1910 to 1912. In 1913 she worked closely with Alice Paul to organize party in power responsible” by voting the Woman Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., on the day before

against Democrat in Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration. BETTMANN/CORBIS the of 1916. This strategy brought From 1915 to 1916 she edited The Paul into intense conflict with NAWSA Suffragist, a newspaper devoted President , who to women’s voting issues; in 1917, supported Wilson. In 1916, Paul founded along with Paul and numerous the National Woman’s Party, a radical other suffragists, she was sentenced new suffrage group devoted to winning a universal to the Occoquan Workhouse for suffrage amendment to the Constitution instead of picketing the White House. Burns working state by state. With the U.S. on the verge of embarked on a 19-day hunger entering in 1917, Paul set up a picket line at the White House— strike in ; like Paul, the first in U.S. history—with signs that said 20 Million American Women she was force-fed. In all, Burns Are Not Self-Governed. Arrested on the trumped-up charge of was arrested six times and spent “obstructing traffic,” Paul was sent to the Occoquan Workhouse, where she more time in jail than any other demanded to be treated as a political prisoner arrested for her beliefs, not American suffragist. for committing a crime. When news of Paul’s brutal force-feeding during a 22-day hunger strike reached the public, the White HISTORY PICTURE 1886–1916 House bowed to public pressure, and she was A native of Brooklyn, New York, Inez Milholland was sus- released. Instrumental in bringing about ratification pended from after organizing a women’s of the 19th Amendment in 1920, Paul later went to law suffrage meeting in a cemetery to protest the college’s school and wrote the first version of the Equal Rights refusal to allow suffrage speakers on campus. By the time Amendment, presented to Congress in 1923. She she graduated, Milholland had persuaded more than two- lobbied for women’s rights until her death in 1977. thirds of her fellow students to support suffrage. She went on to get a law degree at New York University after being 1879–1966 denied entrance on the basis of her gender by Harvard Alice Paul called her good friend Lucy Burns “a and Columbia. On March 3, 1913—the day before Woodrow thousand times more valiant than I.” The two were Wilson’s inauguration—Milholland, draped in flowing white considered the next-generation incarnation of robes and riding on a white horse, led a parade of an

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1868 Elizabeth Cady 1869 Wyoming territory 1872 Susan B. Stanton and Susan B. grants suffrage to women. Anthony is arrested Anthony launch the for trying to vote in feminist newspaper The 1869 Elizabeth Cady Rochester, NY. Revolution. Stanton and Susan B.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS OF LIBRARY Anthony form the National 1874 In Minor v. Woman Happersett, the Suffrage U.S. Supreme Court Association affirms that states (NWSA), whose have the jurisdic- mission is to ASSOCIATED PRESS tion to decide secure voting 1870 Utah territory grants whether women are rights for women. full suffrage to women. allowed to vote. ★4 1869 inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels

estimated 5,000 suffragists carrying a banner that read Out of Darkness, Forward Into Light, later the motto of the and authored one of the first accounts of a C National Woman’s Party. This image became emblematic of the lynching, publicizing the issue and running M

fight for women’s rights in America. The marchers were attacked anti-lynching campaigns throughout the Y

verbally and physically but refused to give up. Milholland 1890s. In 1913 she founded the first black K

became one of the leaders of the suffrage movement, speaking women’s suffrage group, the Alpha Suffrage Imaging TIME across the country despite doctors’ warnings to stop in light of her Club of Chicago. That same year, she chal- pernicious anemia. In 1916 she collapsed in the middle of a speech lenged NAWSA’s leaders—who had failed in Los Angeles and died 10 weeks later at age 30. Some 10,000 to take a stand against racial segregation—by people attended her memorial service, the first ever held for a marching with the Illinois delegation, rather woman in the nation’s capital. Milholland’s last public words than at the back, of the Washington, D.C., were, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?” suffrage parade. Her autobiography, Cru- sade for Justice, was published in 1928. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT 1859–1947 Born in Wisconsin, Carrie Chapman Catt worked tirelessly on be- SUSAN B. ANTHONY half of suffrage for women. She became a high school principal in Iowa in 1881 and was appointed one of the 1820–1906 first female superintendents in the country Referred to as “the Napoleon of the Women’s in 1883. When she married engineer Failure is impossible Rights Movement” and the “Moses of her George W. Catt in 1890, the couple had an sex,” Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer in the “ —SUSAN B. ANTHONY” unusual prenuptial agreement, stipulating that Catt would have four suffrage movement. Raised in a Quaker months per year to pursue suffrage. In 1902 she founded the International abolitionist family, Anthony taught in upstate New York; she became Woman Suffrage Association and served as its honorary president until 1923. involved in the and worked for the American She headed the New York suffrage movement, organizing two campaigns Anti-Slavery Association. After 1852, she teamed up with her friend Eliz- that won the state vote for women in 1917. During that time, she reorgan- abeth Cady Stanton and worked on behalf of women’s rights, later publishing ized NAWSA and became its president in 1915. Catt’s strategy involved work- the weekly Revolution, a radical women’s paper calling for suffrage, ing at both the federal and state levels; she equal education and employment oppor- developed a membership system, study tunities, and trade unions for women. Never courses and organizing manuals for married, she had a keen awareness of the NAWSA. On good terms with President need for women to be financially inde- Wilson, Catt clashed with Alice Paul, who pendent and lobbied for equal pay for urged women to vote against Wilson in 1916 women. In 1869, Anthony and Stanton because he had failed to support suffrage. founded the National Woman Suffrage After the 19th Amendment was adopted, Association. Anthony was arrested in Catt reconstituted NAWSA as the League of 1872 for taking women to the polls in her Women voters, with 2 million members. hometown of Rochester, New York, and UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO She appeared on the cover of Time in 1926. again in 1873, when she tried to vote herself. As president of NWSA from 1892 to 1900, she IDA WELLS-BARNETT 1862–1931 led the crusade for a federal women’s suffrage Ida Wells-Barnett was a crusading journalist, women’s advocate and co- amendment. In 1979, the U.S. Treasury founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People honored her many achievements by issuing (NAACP). The daughter of slaves, she taught in Mississippi and Tennessee a one-dollar coin in her name. BETTMANN/CORBIS

1876 At the United States 1882 The Senate and 1890–1910 Southern 1890 The National

centennial celebration in House establish committees states enact voter CONGRESS OF LIBRARY American Woman Suffrage Philadelphia, Susan B. to study women’s suffrage. restrictions, upheld by Association (NAWSA) Anthony and the NWSA the United States forms from the present a declaration of 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood Supreme Court, that merger of other women’s rights. runs for President on the deny voting rights suffrage groups. National Equal Rights Party to approximately 90% 1878 The first ticket; she wins 4,149 votes of all African-American women’s suffrage in six states. voters. amendment is 1890 Wyoming enters the presented in the To learn more about suffrage history, log on to Union; it becomes the first United States www.timeclassroom.com/voting. For more on the making of state in which women have Senate. Iron Jawed Angels, visit www..com/films/ironjawedangels. the right to vote. 1890 1876 ★5 inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels

hen they set out to tell the story of Alice Paul and her TIME Imaging

colleagues, the filmmakers who created Iron Jawed Angels CONGRESS OF LIBRARY K knew that many Americans weren’t aware of this chapter Y W in U.S. history. Determined to capture both the power and drama M of the suffrage movement, the film’s writers interviewed historians, C delved into newspapers and studied archival photographs. The images on this page show how the writers, costume designers and actors brought suffrage history to life. DEMMIE TODD/HBO

RIDING FOR LIBERTY: Inez Milholland, known as the “woman on the horse,” led the 1913 suffrage parade (above), in which thou- sands of women marched through the streets of Washington, D.C., to dramatize their desire to vote. In Iron Jawed Angels, Inez Milholland (played by , left) rides a white horse and wears wings. The wings are a reference to the angel figure that suffragists often incorporated in their imagery, representing an idealized vision of Justice and Liberty. DEMMIE TODD/HBO DEMMIE

RADICAL TACTICS: In 1917, suffragists set up a daily picket line outside the White House—a first in American history. They continued even after the nation entered World War I and, as a result, were accused of being trai- tors. In one of their most radical statements, the women referred to President Wilson as “Kaiser.” The “Kaiser Wilson” banner (right) was recreated word for word in Iron Jawed Angels (far right).

NATIONAL ARCHIVES

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1912 Theodore 1916 of CONGRESS OF LIBRARY Roosevelt's Progressive Montana becomes the first Party becomes the first woman elected to the U.S. 1908 National Women’s national political party to House of Representatives. Day is celebrated in the support suffrage for She serves until 1919 and is U.S. for the first time; women. re-elected in 1940. the celebration goes international in 1910. 1913 An estimated 5,000 1917 National women stage a parade in Woman’s Party 1911 The National Associ- Washington, D.C., to lobby stations daily pickets ation Opposed to Woman for suffrage; riots break 1916 Alice Paul and Lucy at the White House Suffrage is founded. out when police fail to Burns found the National in civil disobedi- control crowds. Woman’s Party (NWP). ence campaign. ★6 1916 inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels

What aspects of Alice Paul do you admire most? She was someone who believed very strongly in the right of all H ★human beings, of all citizens, to have a voice. She found some- C thing that she believed in, and she followed it with every cell of her M body and every cell of her brain. Everyone in this world knows what it’s like to have a passion or to have a dream, and to face tremendous Y K odds against realizing that dream. Alice Paul’s diligence and her

unyielding determination were a real inspiration to me. Imaging TIME Can you talk about the sacrifices that Alice Paul made? I don’t know if I could sacrifice as much as she did. She sacri- H ★ficed having a husband, and having children, because she felt that every piece of her had to be devoted to this cause. The sacrifices that Alice Paul made were huge. I don’t know if I could do that. DEMMIE TODD/HBO What are your thoughts on the film’s style, and in particular est known for her Academy Award-winning performance in on the mix of historical and contemporary elements? Boys Don’t Cry, 29-year-old (above right) plays All along, , our director, was very intent on B H Alice Paul in Iron Jawed Angels. A native of Washington State, ★staying true to the historical facts. She felt the importance of Swank appeared in her first play when she was nine. As a teenager, that; this is, after all, a true story. But it was also Katja’s intent to make she swam competitively in the Junior Olympics and Washington a movie where you weren’t sitting back and watching a history lesson. State championships; she ranked fifth in the state in all-around She wanted viewers to feel, “Wow. That could have been me.” Even gymnastics. Swank spoke with inTIME about though these women were living in the early Alice Paul, the suffrage movement and the The sacrifices 1900s, they had the same desires and passions making of Iron Jawed Angels, which premieres and needs as we do now. So she took the liberty Sunday, February 15, 2004 on HBO. “that Alice Paul of using contemporary music, including songs by Sarah McLachlan. It’s really fresh, really How much did you know about Alice Paul made were huge. entertaining. This is a movie about history, but before you got involved in this project? there’s nothing dry about it. Sadly, I didn’t know much about Alice I don’t know if I H ★Paul. I knew that there was a suffrage What message do you hope high school movement, but I didn’t really understand what could do that. students take away from this film? the women who were part of it had gone through. —HILARY SWANK” No matter how old you are or how H When I read the script, I was riveted. Here ★young you are, there will be obsta- was a true story about a group of remark- cles all the way along in life. We all have able women who paved the way for me our doubts; there were times when Alice and for all women living in 21st-century Paul doubted herself. And there were America. For a very long time—as the film certainly times during the filming when I makes clear—women were third-class said, “Oh, God, this is so hard.” But I think citizens in this country. I can’t imagine not if people really believe in themselves, they being able to have a voice within my gov- can bring about change. I hope students ernment. But 100 years ago, women did will be inspired to listen to themselves, not have the right to vote in America. and to believe that every one of us has the That is absolutely amazing to me. power to make a difference. DEMMIE TODD/HBO

BRUCE DAVIDSON/MAGNUM PHOTOS 1918 Reversing his posi- 1919 The House votes 304 1972 tion, President Woodrow to 90 to pass the 19th Amend- becomes the first African- Wilson endorses women’s ment; the Senate approves it American woman to seek suffrage as a war measure. 56 to 25. It is sent to the states. the Democratic nomina- tion for President. 1918 Suffrage Amend- 1920 Tennessee becomes ment passes the 36th state to ratify the 1965 The Voting Rights 1984 Geraldine United States 19th Amendment when Act, designed to counter Ferraro, a Demo- House by exactly State Senator Harry Burn, 24, racially discriminatory voting crat from New a two-thirds vote; casts the deciding vote. The practices, becomes law. York, becomes it loses by two Amendment becomes law the first woman votes in the on August 26, guaranteeing 1971 The 26th Amendment to run for Vice

1918 Senate. all U.S. women the vote. lowers the to 18. President. 1972 ★7 inTIME/Iron Jawed Angels THE CLEVELAND LEADER CLEVELAND THE TIME Imaging K Y M C

CONFRONTING A PRESIDENT: To p ro te s t Woodrow Wilson’s refusal to push for a Constitutional amendment backing suffrage, suffragists staged a daily picket line at the White House beginning in Jan- uary 1917. Wilson was initially bemused by the “silent sentinels”; as this 1917 cartoon illustrates, he often walked past them and even invited them in for coffee ■ No suffrage for women (they declined). Once the U.S. entered World War I, until ratification of the though, the White House came to view the protesters 19th Amendment in 1920 as a serious embarrassment and had them arrested on the trumped-up charge of “obstructing traffic.” ■ Partial women’s suffrage before 1920 ■ Full women’s suffrage before 1920, with date granted VerbAtim Before the 19th Amendment was ratified in the U.S. in 1920, women already had the right to vote in these countries: “We are being imprisoned not because we obstructed traffic, but because we pointed New Zealand ....1893 Mexico...... 1917 Scotland ...... 1918 out to the President the fact that he was Australia...... 1902 Russia ...... 1917 Germany...... 1918 obstructing the cause of democracy at home, Finland...... 1906 England ...... 1918 Hungary ...... 1918 while Americans were fighting for it Denmark ...... 1915 Ireland...... 1918 Canada...... 1918 abroad.” —ALICE PAUL, 1917 “They cannot be regarded as women.” —PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER, in a 1917 editorial gE t Inv OLv Ed! denouncing the women who picketed the White House “I’ve just had the most revolting experience possible. I’ve been forcibly fed, and I feel that n 2000, 8.6 million eligible 18- to 24-year-olds voted—but 15 every atom of American self-respect within I million didn’t. If you’re 18 or older, you can help keep the spirit of me has been outraged…Dr. Ladd appeared Alice Paul alive by making your vote count in the 2004 election! And with a tube that looked like a hose, and a pint if you’re under 18, there are still plenty of ways to get involved in the of milk in which two eggs had been stirred up. political process. One great resource is Rock the Vote, the nonpartisan Without any heart exam, he put the tube in my group that joins entertainment and politics to register and mobilize mouth and…poured the liquid rapidly down young people to vote. With the help of musicians, actors and athletes, the tube…I gagged and choked terribly.” Rock the Vote Street Team members make politics hip for the new gen- —ELIZABETH McSHANE, eration of voters. Another resource to check out is Youth Vote Coalition, Philadelphia businesswoman and one of 168 women a national nonpartisan coalition of diverse organizations dedicated to imprisoned after being arrested in suffrage protests increasing political and civic participation among young people. To held between 1917 and 1919 learn more and register to vote online, visit www.rockthevote.com or www.youthvote.org “The way to reform has always led through prison.” —, British suffragist, 1914 “The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by Copyright ©2003 Time Inc. inTime is a trademark of Time Inc. Published in association the United States or by any state on account with HBO. Printed in the U.S.A. Iron Jawed Angels artwork ©2003 Home Box Office, Inc. All rights reserved. HBO® is a service mark of Home Box Office, Inc. of sex.” —TEXT OF 19th AMENDMENT, 1920 ★8

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