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NEONAZISTISCHE Mobilmachung Im Zuge Der Krise

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NEONAZISTISCHE Mobilmachung Im Zuge Der Krise AnAlysen GesellschAft neOnAZISTISCHE MObIlmachunG im ZuGe der KrIse Der aufstieg Der NaziPartei golDeNe morgeNröte iN griecheNlaND Dimitris Psarras Inhalt Vorwort 2 Einleitung 3 DasGespenstdergriechischenextremenRechten 3 DerWandelinden1990erJahren 5 LAOS–VölkischeOrthodoxeSammlungsbewegung 8 DieEntstehungvonChrysiAvgi 11 DiePraktikenderOrganisationunddieRollederGewalt 15 DienationalsozialistischeIdeologie 17 Der«altgriechische»Nationalsozialismus 19 DasVerhältniszurorthodoxenKirche 21 ÜberbordenderAntisemitismus 23 InternationaleVerbindungen 25 DieVisionvoneiner«BraunenInternationalen» 27 DerexplosionsartigeStimmenzuwachs 30 WerwähltChrysiAvgi? 32 DieweitereEntwicklungvonChrysiAvgi.WaskommtnachdenWahlen? 34 DieHilflosigkeitdesdemokratischenSystems 36 Anhang 39 Literatur 40 Register 41 2 Vorwort DerAbschlussberichtdesBundestags- nutztwerdenkann.DieWirtschafts-und UntersuchungsausschusseszumNati- Finanzkriseunddiedamitseit2010in onalsozialistischenUntergrund(NSU) Griechenlandeinhergehendenextremen hatdiedeutscheÖffentlichkeitaufge- sozialenVerwerfungenbereitetenden schreckt:Seitmindestens20Jahrentrei- BodenfürdenAufstiegdergriechischen bengutorganisierteundgutvernetzte Neonazis. RechtsextremistenundRechtsterroris- DieKontaktevonChrysiAvgizudeut- teninDeutschlandihrUnwesen,bereit, schenNeonazis,aberauchzuGesin- ausrassistischenMotivenzumorden. nungsgenosseninItalien,Frankreich, DieGefahrenvonRechtsextremismus Rumänien,Polen,Spanien,ebensowie undNeonazismussindjedochnichtauf nachKanada,AustralienundindieUSA Deutschlandbeschränkt,siesindinvie- machendaraufaufmerksam,dassdie leneuropäischenLändernvorhanden. Ideeeiner«BraunenInternationale»in DerJournalistDimitrisPsarras,dersich denKöpfenderRechtsextremistenher- seitJahrenmitdemRechtsextremismus umspukt. inGriechenlandbeschäftigt,siehtinder Rassismus,Fremdenfeindlichkeitunddie neonazistischengriechischenOrganisa- tödlicheBedrohung,dievonihrerMen- tionChrysiAvgi(GoldeneMorgenröte) schenverachtungausgeht,sindGrund undvergleichbarenGruppierungeninan- genug,dieRechtsextremistenalsFeinde derenLänderneinewachsendeGefahr einesdemokratischen,friedlichenund fürganzEuropa. solidarischenEuropasernstzunehmen. VieleExpertenvertratendieAuffassung, StattwiederoffiziellenPolitikinnahezu dassesnachdemEndederMilitärdik- alleneuropäischenLändernzufolgen, tatur1974keinenfruchtbarenBoden diedasAusmaßdesRechtsextremismus mehrfürRechtsextremismusundNeo- undRechtsterrorismusverharmlostund nazismusinGriechenlandgebenwürde. sogarleugnet,istdieBeschäftigungmit DerAufstiegvonChrysiAvgibeweist, Rechtsextremismus,Antisemitismus, welchfataleFolgendieVerharmlosung FremdenfeindlichkeitundRassismusei- desRechtsextremismushaben.Heute nederwichtigstenAufgabenderRosa- sitzendieNeonazisimgriechischenPar- Luxemburg-StiftunginDeutschlandund lamentundverbreitendortihrerassisti- international. schen,antisemitischen,vomvölkischen Nurdann,wennwirwissen,wasinun- Nationalismusgeprägten,ausländer- serenLändern,inEuropaundinderWelt feindlichenundmenschenverachtenden vorsichgeht,wennwirdieErgebnisse Ansichten.Gleichzeitigpropagierensie vonWissenschaftundForschungeben- gewalttätigeAktionengegenMigranten, sowiedieErkenntnissevonInitiativen Ausländerundalle,dieihrePolitikableh- undAktivistinnennutzen,sieveröffentli- nen. chenundverbreiten,wirdesunsgelin- DerAufstiegvonChrysiAvgizeigtdas gen,aufdiesichstellendenFragenund rechtePotenzial,dasineinerGesellschaft Herausforderungen gemeinsam und schlummertundunterbestimmtenUm- angemessenzureagieren.DieNeona- ständenvomRechtsextremismusge- zisversuchen,sicheuropaweitzuorga- nisieren.WirverstehenunsalsTeileines aleRechtefüralleeintritt:inBerlin,Brüs- 3 internationalenNetzwerksgegenNeo- sel,Athenundüberall. nazismus, Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassismus,dasmitallenzurVerfügung KlausSühl,Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung stehendenMöglichkeitenfürDemokra- BüroleiterBrüssel/Athen tie,friedlicheKonfliktlösungenundsozi- Brüssel,imSeptember2013 EInlEItung EinederwichtigstenFolgeerscheinun- ihrerbislangehergeringenBedeutung– genderökonomischen,sozialenund immerdieselbenpolitischenBotschaften politischenKriseinGriechenlandistdas undstütztsichnachwievoraufdensel- Auftauchenderoffennationalsozialisti- benFührungskern.DieOrganisationhat schenGruppierungChrysiAvgi(Golde- schonimmergezieltGewaltalsMittelder neMorgenröte)aufderpolitischenBüh- politischenAuseinandersetzungeinge- nedesLandes.Eshandeltsichumeine setzt. Organisation,dienurwenigeJahrenach Wiegelangesdiesernationalsozialis- demEndederObristen-Diktatur(1967– tischenGruppierungübersovieleJah- 1974)1entstandenist,aberbis2009weit- rehinweg,«unsichtbar»undzugleich gehendeinDaseinamäußerenRand inständigerBereitschaftzubleiben,um derGesellschaftfristeteundkaumvon dengeeignetenAugenblickabzupassen, derÖffentlichkeitwahrgenommenwur- ihrehässlicheFratzeinallerÖffentlich- de.SeitihremoffiziellenGründungsjahr keitzuentblößen,unddamitauchnoch 1980vertrittChrysiAvgi–ungeachtet einensogroßenErfolgzuhaben? Das gEspEnst DEr grIEchIschEn ExtrEmEn rEchtEn ÜbervieleJahrzehnteherrschtedieÜber- vonaus,dassdieErfahrungmitsieben zeugungvor,Griechenlandhabespätes- JahrenDiktaturabschreckendebisdesil- tensnachdemEndederMilitärdiktatur lusionierendeWirkunghatteunddieFä- (1974)keinenfruchtbarenBodenmehrfür 1 ImApril1967führtenhochrangigerechteMilitäroffiziere dieEntstehungunddasGedeihenwirk- unterderLeitungvonGeorgiosPapadopolouseinenPutsch lichernstzunehmenderrechtsextremer durchundübernahmenfürsiebenJahredieMachtinGrie- chenland.DiesogenanntenObristen,dieUnterstützungvon Parteiengeboten.Dieumfangreichein- denUSAundderNATOerhielten,rechtfertigtendenSt aats - streichals«RevolutionzurRet tungderNation».Konkretsoll - ternationaleFachliteraturzudenMerk- tedamiteinerwarteterWahlsiegdesLinkssozialistenAn- malenderneuenextremenRechteninEu- dreasPapandreouverhindertwerden.IdeologischerKern desObristen-RegimeswareinrigiderAntikommunismus, ropaistsichgrundsätzlicheinig,wasdie derbereitsseitEndedesBürgerkriegs(1946–1949),inder historischeEntwicklungdesPhänomens dieRechten(KonservativeundA nhängerderMonarchie)die linkeVolksfrontbesiegthatten,Grundlagedespolitischen inGriechenlandanbelangt.Mangehtda- Systemsgewordenwar. 4 higkeitderjenigenpolitischenOrganisa- terechtsextremeGruppierungenimmer tionen,diezwischen1974und2004den wiederversucht,sichalsTeilderpoliti- Versuchunternommenhaben,sichals schenParteienlandschaftzuetablieren. rechtsextremesSprachrohrzuetablieren Manchevonihnenkonntensogarpunk- undWählerzumobilisieren,nachhaltig tuellbeachtlicheWahlerfolgeerzielen geschwächthat.DiemeistenStudiendi- (überfünfProzent),diesichdochalle- agnostizierensowohlfürGriechenlandals samtalskurzlebigerwiesen.Überkurz auchfürSpanienundPortugaleineähn- oderlangwurdeihreWählerklientelauf lichstarkeAbneigungderWählerschaft dieeineoderandereWeisedanndoch gegenüberpolitischenGruppierungen wiedervondenbeidengroßenParteien, undParteien,dieAssoziationenmitden vorallemvonderkonservativenNeaDi- imLaufeder1970erJahrezusammenge- mokratia,absorbiert.DerGrund,dass brochenendiktatorischenRegimesweck- esdiesenpolitischenKräftennichtge- ten.EinweitererGrundfürdieImmunität lang,einedauerhafteRolleimpolitischen gegenüberrechtsextremenIdeologien Systemzuspielen,istihreengeVerbin- wirdindemUmstandgesehen,dassin dungzurMilitärdiktatur.Inihrerpoliti- jenerZeitinallendreigenanntenMittel- schenRhetorikbeschränktensiesich meerländerndiePhasederDemokrati- darauf,dieFreilassungderwenigenJun- sierungvonWirtschaftswachstumund ta-Offiziere,diezuschwerenHaftstrafen einembedeutendenAnstiegdesLebens- verurteiltwordenwaren,zufordern.Ih- standardsbreiterGesellschaftsschichten reparlamentarischeOppositionspolitik begleitetwurdeundsichseitetwaAnfang wiederumerschöpftesichdarin,dieRe- der1980erJahrezudemfüralleLänder gierungspolitikderNeaDimokratiaan- diePerspektivebot,MitgliedderEuropä- zugreifen,unteranderendeswegen,weil ischenUnion(damalsnochEuropäische siedieKommunistischeParteiGriechen- Gemeinschaft)zuwerden. lands(KKE)legalisierthatteundgrundle- DieSituationinGriechenlandzeichnet gendedemokratischeSpielregelnbeach- sichzusätzlichzudieseneherallgemein- tete. gültigenFaktorendurcheinigeBeson- DiesepolitischenGruppierungenhatten derheitenaus:Sofehltedemrechtsextre- reingarnichtsmitderArtvonNationa- menpolitischenLagerdortbislangeine lismusimSinn,derspäterinden1980er charismatischeFührungsfigur,während JahrenzueinemwichtigenKennzeich- diebeidengroßenVolksparteienlange nenanderererfolgreichauftretenderOr- ZeitmitpopulärenbispopulistischenGa- ganisationenderextremenRechtenin lionsfigurenaufwartenkonnten.Zudem Europawerdensollte.Sieeintevielmehr wareseinervonihnen,derNeaDimo- dienostalgischeSehnsuchtnacheinem kratia,2gelungen,mitihrenaußerordent- autoritärenStaatsapparat,wieerfürdie lichkonservativenPositionenauchdas ZeitvomEndedesZweitenWeltkriegs rechtsextremeSpektrumeinzubinden. HinzukommtdieExistenzeinerDrei-Pro- 2 Dieliberal-konservativeNeaDimokratia(NeueDemokra- zent-HürdefürdenEinzugeinerParteiins tie)istnebenderPASOK(PanhellenischeSozialistischeBe- wegung)einederbeidengroßenVolksparteienGriechen- griechischeParlament. lands,dieseit1974entwederalsRegierungsparteioder Dennochhabenmehrere,unmittelbar wichtigsteOppositionsparteidaspolitischeGeschehendes Landesmaßgeblichbestimmthat.NachEndederMilitärdik- nachdemSturzderMilitärjuntagebilde- taturwarendieKonservativenbis1981anderMacht. biszumFallderDiktaturfürGriechen- kon(ParteiderFortschrittlichen)beiden 5 landprägendgewesenwar.Vordiesem Parlamentswahlen1,7undbeidenim HintergrundmusstesichetwadieEth- selbenJahrstattfindendenEuropawah- nikiDimokratikiEnosis(Nationaldemo- len2Prozent.DievomehemaligenDik-
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