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Diplomová Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra ob čanské výchovy Nacionalistická hnutí v Evrop ě v období krize Diplomová práce Brno 2014 Vedoucí práce: Autor práce: doc. RNDr. Svatopluk Novák, CSc. Bc. Mgr. Jana Vlachová Bibliografický záznam VLACHOVÁ, Jana. Nacionalistická hnutí v Evrop ě v období krize: diplomová práce . Brno : Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta pedagogická, Katedra ob čanské výchovy, 2014. 95 l., 15 l. p říl. Vedoucí diplomové práce Svatopluk Novák. Anotace Diplomová práce „Nacionalistická hnutí v Evrop ě v období krize“ pojednává o problematice nacionalismu a jeho projevech prost řednictvím r ůzných politických hnutí a snaží se p ředevším vystihnout okolnosti vzniku pot řeby vymezit sebe sama pomocí národní identity a dále pak zhodnotit následky tohoto ztotožn ění se s národem. Samotnou definici nacionalismu nabízí spolu se zd ůvodn ěním použité terminologie první kapitola. Následující dv ě kapitoly se zabývají nacionalistickými hnutími p řed druhou sv ětovou válkou a sou časnými nacionalistickými hnutími, p řičemž jsou reflektovány historické události i specifické jevy jako globalizace, imigrace a moderní média. Pomocí analýzy dokument ů a text ů historické i sou časné literatury a dostupných internetových zdroj ů jsou ve čtvrté kapitole prozkoumány výzkumné problémy práce týkající se souvislostí mezi sou časnými a d řív ějšími nacionalistickými hnutími. Cílem práce je hledání a nalezení souvislostí mezi oblibou nacionalistických hnutí p řed druhou sv ětovou válkou a dnes, ale také vypracování p řehledu sou časných nacionalistických hnutí v Evrop ě v četn ě okolností jejich vzniku a shrnutí rozsahu vlivu těchto hnutí. Výstupem je také pojetí páté kapitoly jako nabídky alternativy k dosavadnímu multikulturnímu p řístupu k dané problematice ve form ě p řístupu transkulturního a vypracování stru čného návrhu projektu pro využití ve školním vyu čování. Klí čová slova Národní identity, vlastenectví, nacionalismus, nebezpe čí nacionalismu, nacionalistická hnutí, krize p řelomu století, první sv ětová válka, Velká hospodá řská krize, nacistické Německo, fašistická Itálie, druhá sv ětová válka, globalizace, sou časná krize finan čního systému, imigrace, Evropská unie, moderní média, sou časná nacionalistická hnutí, multikulturní výchova a transkulturní výchova. Bibliografický záznam VLACHOVÁ, Jana. Nacionalistická hnutí v Evrop ě v období krize: diplomová práce . Brno : Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta pedagogická, Katedra ob čanské výchovy, 2014. 95 l., 15 l. p říl. Vedoucí diplomové práce Svatopluk Novák. Annotation My thesis " The nationalist movements in Europe during the crisis " deals with the issue of nationalism and its expressions in various political movements. The own definition designed for purpose of the thesis is represented in the first chapter. The following two chapters include nationalist movements before World War II and current nationalist movements. Also historical events and specific phenomena such as economic crisis, globalization, immigration and modern media are reflected. Next, it reveals parallels of movements in history and now in the fourth chapter by using analysis of documents and texts of historical and contemporary literature and internet resources. The aim is to search and find relationships between the popularity of the nationalist movement before the Second World War and today, but also to form an overview of the current nationalist movements in Europe, including circumstances of their creation and power of their influence. The outcome is also a concept in the fifth chapter which offers an alternative to the existing multicultural approach called the transcultural approach. Finally, the thesis also shows a short project for teaching this issue at school education. Keywords National identity, patriotism, nationalism, the dangers of nationalism, nationalist movements, the crisis of the turn of the century, the First World War, the Great Depression, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, the Second World War, globalization, the current crisis of the financial system, immigration, European Union, modern media, current nationalist movement, multicultural education and transcultural education. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem záv ěre čnou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatn ě, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramen ů, dalších informací a zdroj ů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o zm ěně n ěkterých zákon ů (autorský zákon), ve zn ění pozd ějších p ředpis ů. V Brn ě dne 15. dubna 2014 Jana Vlachová ................................................................. Pod ěkování Na tomto míst ě bych ráda pod ěkovala panu doc. RNDr. Svatopluku Novákovi, CSc. za vedení diplomové práce, obzvlášt ě za jeho vst řícný p řístup a cenné rady. Motto Tak jsem donucen k záv ěru, že nelze podat žádnou „v ědeckou definici“ národa, p řestože tento fenomén existoval a existuje. (Hugh Seton-Watson) Obsah ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 CÍL PRÁCE A METODIKA .................................................................................................................... 8 1. NÁROD A NACIONALISMUS ...................................................................................................... 9 1.1 JAZYKOVÉ VYMEZENÍ POJMŮ ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2 TEORIE NACIONALISMU DO 80. LET 20. STOLETÍ ....................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Primordialistické pojetí ................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Subjektivistické teorie ...................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Období po druhé sv ětové válce ........................................................................................ 11 1.3 NOVODOBÉ TEORIE NACIONALISMU .......................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Nacionalismus jako základní faktor vzniku stát ů ............................................................. 12 1.3.2 Nacionalismus jako tv ůrce národ ů .................................................................................. 13 1.3.3 Radikáln ě konstruktivistická teorie .................................................................................. 14 1.3.4 Národ jako funk ční analytický nástroj ............................................................................. 14 1.3.5 Nacionalismus jako ideový systém ................................................................................... 14 1.4 AMBIVALENTNÍ POJETÍ NACIONALISMU ..................................................................................... 14 1.5 VLASTNÍ POJETÍ NACIONALISMU PRO Ú ČELY DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE .............................................. 16 1.6 NEBEZPE ČÍ NACIONALISMU ....................................................................................................... 17 2. NACIONALISMUS A NACIONALISTICKÁ HNUTÍ DO ROKU 1945 .................................. 19 2.1 UDÁLOSTI V EVROP Ě ................................................................................................................ 19 2.1.1 Evropské revoluce 1848, sjednocování národ ů ............................................................... 19 2.1.2 Krize p řelomu století, události první sv ětové války ......................................................... 21 2.1.3 Období po první sv ětové válce ......................................................................................... 23 2.1.4 Velká hospodá řská krize .................................................................................................. 24 2.2 PŘEHLED NACIONALISTICKÝCH HNUTÍ ...................................................................................... 25 2.3 NACIONALISTICKÁ HNUTÍ VE VYBRANÝCH ZEMÍCH ................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Itálie ................................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 Německo........................................................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Československo ................................................................................................................ 34 3. SOU ČASNÁ NACIONALISTICKÁ HNUTÍ............................................................................... 41 3.1 POLITICKÁ SITUACE A HNUTÍ PO DRUHÉ SV ĚTOVÉ VÁLCE ......................................................... 41 3.1.1 Hlavní milníky evropských d ějin ...................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Nástin vývoje nacionalistických a neofašistických stran ................................................. 43 3.2 POLITICKÁ SITUACE A CHARAKTERISTIKA SPOLE ČNOSTI ........................................................... 46 3.2.1 Krize finan čního systému ................................................................................................. 47 3.2.2 Problém imigrace do evropských zemí ............................................................................ 48 3.2.3 Spokojenost ob čan ů s politikou Evropské unie ...............................................................
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