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ELGA Veolia Water Guide V6.Pdf A GUIDE FOR LABORATORIES Pure labwater guide An essential overview of lab water purification applications, monitoring and standards. Dedicated to Discovery 2 Dedicated to Discovery PURE LABWATER GUIDE Inside 3-5 Introduction 6-16 Research and analysis applications 17-20 Clinical diagnostics 21-23 Healthcare 23-47 Water purification overview 48 Glossary 51 Further reading 3 Dedicated to Discovery PURE LABWATER GUIDE The pure labwater guide Introduction The Pure LabWater Guide is an essential resource for individuals who use pure water or wish to learn more about the subject. Providing an overview of water purification requirements, techniques and applications in science and medicine, this educational guide will enable you to choose the correct grade of water and most reliable method of production at an economical cost to both your budget and the environment. CHALLENGES: vary significantly in purity both from There are 5 classes of impurities found IMPURITIES AND one geographical region to another in natural and drinking water: and from season to season. VARIATIONS IN • Suspended particles In today’s laboratories, the availability DRINKING WATER • Dissolved inorganic compounds of pure water is essential, and Water for most laboratory and clinical while domestic consumers consider • Dissolved organic compounds applications is usually purified from tap water to be “pure”, laboratory • Microorganisms & biomolecules drinking water. However, the unique scientists and healthcare professionals ability of water to dissolve (to some regard it as highly contaminated. • Dissolved gases extent) virtually every chemical Analytical and experimental scientists The overall objective of water compound and support practically are concerned with elements and purification methods for scientific every form of life means that compounds at concentrations in the and medical applications is to remove drinking water supplies contain many parts per billion (ppb) range or lower drinking water impurities while substances in solution or suspension; as many of these contaminants can minimising additional contamination additional impurities are derived have a negative effect on applications from purification system components during the drinking water purification through their interaction with other and bacterial growth. process. Furthermore, unlike other substances, including the substance raw materials, drinking water may under analysis. 4 Dedicated to Discovery PURE LABWATER GUIDE “Pure water is the most common substance that underpins a vast number of diverse scientific and medical applications – its importance should never be undervalued.” HOW TO USE SECTION 1 THIS GUIDE RESEARCH AND TESTING Focuses on the vast range of applications that are performed in different laboratories, spanning basic glassware washing and rinsing through to the most critical molecular biology and cell culture techniques. It outlines the This guide is written by ELGA and types of purified water required for each category of application. is based on more than 70 years’ experience dedicated solely to the SECTION 2 research, design, manufacture and CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS installation of water purification systems. The comprehensive Pure Highlights the importance of using extremely pure water to obtain valid LabWater Guide is an amalgamation and reliable chemical test results. It outlines the international standards of our original Pure LabWater and regulations required for these applications. Guide and Pure Clinical LabWater SECTION 3 Guide, first published in 1991 and 2003 respectively. In addition to HEALTHCARE providing updates in the field of We outline numerous applications in Healthcare that require high-purity water purification (i.e. new water water, including the decontamination cleaning process for rinsing surgical purification technologies, additional instruments (e.g. endoscopes) and the production of steam for instrument applications and revised standards) sterilisation. It details the stringent guidelines and purified water standards the guide has been designed so that that are now being imposed for these applications. the information you require can be more easily accessed. Throughout SECTION 4 this guide you will see hints and WATER PURIFICATION OVERVIEW tips and “Pure Facts” about water Provides a comprehensive overview about pure water, detailing the types purification with diagrams that of impurities found in water and the technologies, system design and summarise important technologies, components that are required to successfully remove them. The selection of systems and processes. A glossary the initial stages of a purification system will depend on the characteristics is provided at the back so that you of the feedwater and the entire process starts with a pretreatment stage. can simultaneously refer to and The major water purification technologies are outlined and each has its understand technical terms you advantages and restrictions; for example, some technologies can remove are less familiar with. large amounts of several impurities, while others can remove one specific This guide is divided into type of impurity down to extremely low levels. 4 easy-to-access sections. There are a myriad of different published standards that define the water • Research and testing (section 1) quality required for specific applications. ASTM. (American Society for Testing • Clinical diagnostics (section 2) and Materials) and ISO. (International Organization for Standardization) 3696 • Healthcare (section 3) provide guidelines for laboratory applications; CLSI. (Clinical and Laboratory • Water purification overview Standards Institute) guidelines define water quality requirements for clinical (section 4, further divided into 5 laboratories. Some laboratories will also adopt standards outlined in the subsections) European, US or Japanese Pharmacopoeia. However, very few of these • Production of drinking water standards are specific to your particular application; going too far will result • Impurities in drinking water in unnecessary costs or not far enough will endanger the accuracy of your • Water purification technologies results. This guide will allow you to navigate through the maze of standards • Maintaining the purity of and help you to choose with ease the right type of purified water and purified water method of production to provide you with the correct purity at an economical • Purified water standards cost to your budget and the environment. 5 Dedicated to Discovery PURE LABWATER GUIDE ABOUT ELGA PURE FACTS – WATER DEFINITIONS As an integral part of Veolia, the world’s Numerous water quality by companies based on physical leading water service company, ELGA standards exist worldwide and chemical limits. There is provides a reliable source of water defined in laws and regulations, often some confusion about that economically meets the required in addition to generic water quality definitions, compliancy of all our customers’ classifications of water adopted so let’s revisit some basics: scientific and medical applications. With more than 70 years’ experience • Purified water is a general term meaning that water has been dedicated solely to pioneering water mechanically filtered or processed to remove impurities. purification systems, we are continuing • Demineralized water refers to water that has undergone a to apply cutting-edge process to remove minerals and salts from it. Unlike distillation, research with innovative and demineralization does not remove bacteria or viruses. ergonomic design. ELGA delivers robust • Deionized water (DI water, DIW or de-ionized water), often and easy-to-install systems to meet synonymous with demineralized water / DM water, has almost our customers ever changing needs. all of its mineral ions such as sodium, calcium, iron, copper, We also work very closely with leading chloride and sulfate removed. Deionization is a chemical process laboratory instrument companies to that uses ion-exchange resins to exchange hydrogen and customize water purification systems hydroxide ions for dissolved minerals and then recombine to for specific applications. Additionally, form water. Most non-particulate water impurities are dissolved we play a pro-active role with the salts, so deionization produces highly pure water that is generally water standards organisations which similar to distilled water. develop and recommend the Lab water quality requirements. • Distilled water has been boiled into vapor and condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities with a higher With a network of over 600 service boiling point than that of water remain in the original container. centres worldwide, ELGA guarantees Double-distilled water (abbreviated “ddH2O”, “Bidest. water” an unrivalled package of service and or “DDW”) is prepared by slow boiling the uncontaminated support, no matter where you are, condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling for its entire range of water purification systems. 1937 1960 1980 - 1955 - 1970 - 1989 1990 - 1999 2000 2003 2004 Walter Lorch ELGA ELGA established ELGA launched the PURELAB UHQ, ELGA became ELGA ELGA launched founded ELGA. collaborated the School of Water a combination of ion exchange, the Laboratory launched the BIOPURE the Distillation was with London Sciences. Walter membrane processes, adsorption Water division revolutionary first product at the forefront School of Lorch published and photo-oxidation in a water of Veolia. ELGA CENTRA specifically of water Pharmacy ‘The Handbook of purification
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