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A Abordagem Abolicionista De Gary L. Francione UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA ANIMAIS COMO PESSOAS: A ABORDAGEM ABOLICIONISTA DE GARY L. FRANCIONE DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. 2013 ANIMAIS COMO PESSOAS: A ABORDAGEM ABOLICIONISTA DE GARY L. FRANCIONE Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Filosofia, área de concentração Filosofia Teórica e Prática, linha de pesquisa Ética Normativa e Metaética da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, RS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Filosofia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Bins di Napoli Santa Maria, RS, Brasil 2013 Trindade, Gabriel Garmendia da Animais como pessoas: a Abordagem Abolicionista de Gary L. Francione / Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade.-2013. 219 p.; 30cm Orientador: Ricardo Bins di Napoli - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro s, Programa de - em Filosofia, RS, 2013 1. Gary L. Francione 2. Direitos dos Animais 3. Abordagem UFSM, com os dados fornecidos pelo autor. © 2013 Todos os direitos autorais reservados a Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade. A reprodução de partes ou do todo deste trabalho só poderá ser feita mediante a citação da fonte. Endereço eletrônico: [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Centro de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia A comissão examinadora, abaixo assinada, aprova a Dissertação de Mestrado ANIMAIS COMO PESSOAS: A ABORDAGEM ABOLICIONISTA DE GARY L. FRANCIONE elaborada por GABRIEL GARMENDIA DA TRINDADE Como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Filosofia COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Ricardo Bins di Napoli, Dr. (Presidente/Orientador) Cinara Maria Leite Nahra, Dra. (UFRN) Janyne Sattler, Dra. (UFSM) Santa Maria, 27 de março de 2013. Para Priscilla (1994-2012) e Vick (1999-2013). AGRADECIMENTOS À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, cuja bolsa de estudos foi fundamental para a consecução da presente pesquisa. Aos meus pais e familiares, pelo apoio incondicional aos meus estudos e contínuo suporte financeiro. Ao Prof. Ricardo Bins di Napoli, pelos mais de quatro anos de orientação, que iniciaram durante a minha graduação, e por sua inigualável paciência. A David Christopher Pearce, por ser meu mentor intelectual e estar sempre disposto a fazer sugestões acadêmicas inspiradoras. A Gilson Olegario da Silva, por constantemente me lembrar de que eu não sou o único estudante escrevendo uma dissertação. A Lauren de Lacerda Nunes, por me fazer perceber que o aspecto basilar de qualquer pesquisa acadêmica séria é o trabalho em conjunto. A Vítor Hugo dos Reis Costa, por ser um crítico ocasional e articulador permanente de insights na área da filosofia moral. A Waleska Mendes Cardoso, por todas as longas conversas sobre Ética Animal que foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento da presente dissertação. Aos colegas: Aline Gonçalves, Ana Paula Marin, Ananda Kohn, Bruno Mendonça, Claudia Tiellet, Felix Pinheiro, Fernando Zarth, Jonathan Dalmolin, Laísa Trojaike, Larissa Nunes, Laura Nascimento, Marcela Sokolovicz, Mateus Stein, Mônica Dalcol, Pablo Rolim, Patricia Kemerich e Sérgio Rodrigues, com os quais eu partilhei momentos e experiências inesquecíveis durante a (pós-) graduação. Aos amigos: Adrian Souza, Bárbara Degrandi, Catarina Santos, Cicero Colusso, Daniele Pendeza, Graziella Belliato, Igor Calado, James Evans, Leah Mckelvie, Leon Denis, Luanna Schumann, Luciano Cunha, Marcela Palavecino, Marcia Winck, Maurício Varallo, Paola Camargo, Paola da Costa, Regiane Schultz, Rob Johnson, Vera Cristofani e Academia Consciência do Corpo, os quais contribuíram, à sua maneira e em algum ponto, para a realização dessa pesquisa. Aos companheiros não-humanos: Dolly, Crid-Crid, Gato Salem, Lilica, Lorelai Gilmore, Lula, Marronzinha, Obama, Pequena, Pretinha, Priscilla, Salomão, Scooby-Loo, Tartaruga Touché, Tobby, Xuxu, Vick, entre outros, os quais me ensinaram o verdadeiro significado do conceito de pessoa. “Eu estou ciente das diversas objeções à severidade de minha linguagem. Mas não há motivos para tal severidade? Eu serei rigoroso como a verdade e inflexível como a justiça. Sobre esses assuntos, eu não quero pensar, falar, ou escrever com moderação. Não! Não! Vá dizer a um homem, cuja casa está em chamas, para dar um alarme moderado; diga a ele para resgatar moderadamente a sua esposa das mãos do estuprador; diga a uma mãe para retirar gradualmente seu filho do fogo no qual caiu; – mas não me peça para ser moderado frente a uma causa como a presente. – Eu estou aqui a sério. – Eu não me equivocarei, não me desculparei, não recuarei um milímetro que seja – E EU SEREI OUVIDO. A apatia das pessoas é o bastante para fazer com que cada estátua que existe lance-se de seu pedestal e apresse a ressurreição dos mortos” William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879), “ h L : To the public” 01 de janeiro de 1831. RESUMO Dissertação de Mestrado Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria ANIMAIS COMO PESSOAS: A ABORDAGEM ABOLICIONISTA DE GARY L. FRANCIONE. AUTOR: GABRIEL GARMENDIA DA TRINDADE ORIENTADOR: RICARDO BINS DI NAPOLI Data e Local da Defesa: Santa Maria, 27 de março de 2013. O presente estudo versa sobre a Abordagem Abolicionista dos Direitos Animais proposta pelo scholar de Direito norte-americano Gary L. Francione. Esta pesquisa almeja discutir três tópicos centrais da perspectiva ética de Francione em defesa dos animais não-humanos: (A) a relação moral entre humanos e não-humanos; (B) o estatuto de propriedade dos animais não-humanos; (C) a fundamentação filosófica de uma teoria moral em defesa dos animais não-humanos baseada somente na senciência. Para fazê-lo, esse estudo não apenas explora o pensamento moral de Francione, mas igualmente contrapõe suas ideias às perspectivas éticas de outros autores. Com isso em vista, a presente dissertação divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, investigar-se-á a questão das relações morais mantidas entre seres humanos e animais não-humanos. Dar-se-á maior ênfase à análise das õ ‘ ’ ‘ q z ’ – esta última, cunhada por Francione. No segundo capítulo, será detalhado o estatuto moral e legal dos animais não-humanos como recursos econômicos e suas diversas implicações teóricas e práticas. Outros assuntos-chave abordados nesse capítulo incluem uma discussão sobre o problema da crueldade na filosofia moral kantiana, uma defesa dos direitos dos animais e uma reconstrução do debate entre Francione e Robert Garner sobre a relação entre igual consideração de interesses semelhantes e propriedade. No terceiro capítulo, quatro grandes temáticas serão alvo de problematização: (a) as tentativas de exclusão dos animais não-humanos da comunidade moral; (b) a teoria das mentes similares da relação entre humanos/não-humanos; (c) o dilema do bote salva-vidas, o dano da morte em seres sencientes e o seu interesse na existência continuada; e (d) a criação de uma teoria moral dos direitos animais baseada apenas na senciência e a extensão da pessoalidade moral a todos os animais não- humanos sencientes. Como conclusão geral, será sustentado que a extensão da pessoalidade moral, assim como de direitos morais aos animais não-humanos, acarretará na abolição da exploração animal institucionalizada. Palavras-chave: Gary L. Francione. Direitos dos Animais. Abordagem Abolicionista. Ética. ABSTRACT Master Course Dissertation Postgraduate Program in Philosophy Federal University of Santa Maria ANIMALS AS PERSONS: GARY L. FRANCIONE’S ABOLITIONIST APPROACH. AUTHOR: GABRIEL GARMENDIA DA TRINDADE SUPERVISOR: RICARDO BINS DI NAPOLI Defense Place and Date: Santa Maria, March 27th, 2013. The present study addresses the Abolitionist Approach to Animal Rights proposed by the American legal scholar Gary L. Francione. This research aims to discuss three ’ h v w h h : h moral relationship between humans and nonhumans; (B) the property status of nonhuman animals; (C) the philosophical grounding for a moral theory in defense of nonhuman animals based solely on sentience. For doing so, this study not only x ’ h k g q y h h h perspectives of other authors. In view of this, the present dissertation is divided in three chapters. In the first chapter, it will be investigated the issue of the moral relations held between human beings and nonhumans animals. Major emphasis will be placed on the analysis of the d ‘ ’ ‘moral schizophrenia’ – the last one was coined by Francione. In the second chapter, it will be detailed the moral and legal status of nonhuman animals as economic resources and its numerous theoretical and practical implications. Other key issues approached in this h h y K ’ h hy defense of animal rights, and a reconstruction of the debate among Francione and Robert Garner on the relation between equal consideration of interests and property. In the third chapter, four major themes will be subject of problematization: (a) the attempts to exclude nonhuman animals from the moral community; (b) the similar- minds theory of the human/nonhuman relationship; (c) the lifeboat dilemma, the harm of death on sentient beings and their interest in continued existence; and (d) the creation of an animal rights moral theory based solely on sentience and the extension of the moral personhood to all sentient nonhuman animals. As a general conclusion, it will be sustained that the extension of moral personhood as well as moral rights to nonhuman animals will lead to the abolition of institutionalized
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