Glossary of Mongolian Terms
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Doing Business G in Mongolia 2012
www.pwc.com/mn Doing Business Guide 2010 - 2011 Doing Business Guide in Mongolia 2012 - 2013 Doing Business Guide 2012 - 2013 CONTENTS KEY STATISTICS 1. MONGOLIA – APROFILE 1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................65 1.2 Government structure.......................................................................................................................................................................................86 1.3 Legal System ................................................................................................9 1.4 People ..........................................................................................................9 1.5 Economy ....................................................................................................11 1.6 Foreign Trade ............................................................................................13 1.7 Mining in Mongolia....................................................................................13 2. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Business Climate........................................................................................15 2.2. Free Trade Zones................................................................................................................................................................................. 1615 2.3 International Agreements..........................................................................16 -
Report of the Portfolio Monitoring Mission in Mongolia
AFB/B.28/5 3 October 2016 Adaptation Fund Board Twenty-eighth Meeting Bonn, Germany, 6-7 October 2016 Agenda item 9 REPORT OF THE PORTFOLIO MONITORING MISSION IN MONGOLIA AFB/B.28/5 INTRODUCTION Context and scope of the mission 1. As part of the Knowledge Management (KM) Strategy and the secretariat’s work plan for FY16 which was approved by the Adaptation Fund Board (the Board) at its twenty-fifth meeting (Decision B.25/19), the Adaptation Fund Board secretariat (the secretariat) conducts missions to projects/programmes under implementation to collect and analyze lessons learned through its portfolio. So far, such missions have been conducted in Ecuador, Senegal, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Argentina and Uruguay. This report covers the FY16 portfolio monitoring mission that took place in June 2016 in the project “Ecosystem Based Adaptation Approach to Maintaining Water Security in Critical Water Catchments in Mongolia” implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2. The mission targeted this project for the following reasons: a) it enables to explore implications of the Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) approach, including its efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability; b) it may allow drawing lessons from the valuation of ecosystem services; c) it may allow taking stock of the arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, and the value of mid-term review in adjusting progress towards results. Methodology 3. The secretariat was represented by a senior climate change specialist and a junior professional associate. An Adaptation Fund Board alternate member was also part of the delegation. The mission was carried out from 12 to 18 June, and included field visits to project sites. -
MONGOLIA CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS a Diagnostic Study of the Most Binding Constraints to Economic Growth in Mongolia
The production of this constraints analysis was led by the partner governments, and was used in the development of a Millennium Challenge Compact or threshold program. Although the preparation of the constraints analysis is a collaborative process, posting of the constraints analysis on this website does not constitute an endorsement by MCC of the content presented therein. 2014-001-1569-02 MONGOLIA CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS A diagnostic study of the most binding constraints to economic growth in Mongolia August 18, 2016 Produced by National Secretariat for the Second Compact Agreement between the Government of Mongolia and the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the USA With technical assistance from the Millennium Challenge Corporation i Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vi Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................................................................... viii 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. -
Overview of Civil Aviation Sector in Mongolia
A38-WP/324 International Civil Aviation Organization EC/37, TE/142 12/9/13 (Information paper) WORKING PAPER English only ASSEMBLY — 38TH SESSION ECONOMIC COMMISSION TECHNICAL COMMISSION Agenda Item 38: Other issues to be considered by the Technical Commission Agenda Item 43: Aviation Data — Monitoring and Analysis OVERVIEW OF CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR IN MONGOLIA (Presented by Mongolia) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This information paper outlines the aviation sector activity of Mongolia by presenting the major developments and accomplishments in the sector and related actions taken by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of Mongolia in addressing the challenges during the past triennium. Strategic This working paper relates to the Safety, and Environmental Protection and Sustainable Objectives: Development of Air Transport Strategic Objectives. Financial Not applicable. implications: References: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This information paper outlines the aviation sector activity of Mongolia by presenting the major developments and accomplishments in the sector and related actions taken by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of Mongolia in addressing the challenges during the past triennium. 1.2 The adoption of the State Policy on Civil Aviation in Mongolia up to the year 2020 for the first time was a major milestone for the civil aviation sector of Mongolia. The State Policy has outlined major objectives for the development of Mongolia civil aviation. 1.3 Mongolia remains committed to the strategic objectives of ICAO with respect to its goal of enhancing the global aviation safety and security, improving efficiency of aviation operations, minimizing adverse environmental impacts from air transport and strengthening the laws governing civil aviation. A38-WP/324 - 2 - EC/37, TE/142 2. -
Desertification Information Extraction Based on Feature Space
remote sensing Article Desertification Information Extraction Based on Feature Space Combinations on the Mongolian Plateau Haishuo Wei 1,2 , Juanle Wang 1,3,4,* , Kai Cheng 1,5, Ge Li 1,2, Altansukh Ochir 6 , Davaadorj Davaasuren 7 and Sonomdagva Chonokhuu 6 1 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (K.C.); [email protected] (G.L.) 2 School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China 3 Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China 4 Visiting professor at the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar City 14201, Mongolia 5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 6 Department of Environment and Forest Engineering, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar City 210646, Mongolia; [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (S.C.) 7 Department of Geography, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar City 14201, Mongolia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-1107-1839 Received: 22 August 2018; Accepted: 9 October 2018; Published: 11 October 2018 Abstract: The Mongolian plateau is a hotspot of global desertification because it is heavily affected by climate change, and has a large diversity of vegetation cover across various regions and seasons. Within this arid region, it is difficult to distinguish desertified land from other land cover types using low-quality vegetation information. -
Skvortsovia: 2(1): 8 – 27 (2015) Skvortsovia ISSN 2309-6497 (Print) Copyright: © 2015 Russian Academy of Sciences ISSN 2309-6500 (Online)
Skvortsovia: 2(1): 8 – 27 (2015) Skvortsovia ISSN 2309-6497 (Print) Copyright: © 2015 Russian Academy of Sciences http://skvortsovia.uran.ru/ ISSN 2309-6500 (Online) Article New records for the flora of Selenge Province (Mongolia) Vladimir Doronkin1, Dmitry Shaulo2, Irina Han1, Natalya Vlasova1, Victoria Ivleva1, Luvsanbaldan Enkhtuya3, Tovuudorj Munkh-Erdene4, Nanjidsuren Ochgerel3 and Battseren Munkhjargal5 1 Plant Systematics Laboratory, Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya St. 101, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation. Email: [email protected] 2 Herbarium Laboratory, Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya St. 101, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation. Email: [email protected] 3 Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jukov St. 77, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia. Email: [email protected] 4 Department of Flora and Systematics, Institute of Botany of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jukov St. 77, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia. 5 Department of Resources, Plant physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Botany of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jukov St. 77, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia. Received: 4 August 2014 | Accepted by Irina V. Belyaeva: 29 March 2015 | Published on line: 31 March 2015 Abstract Eleven taxa from Selenge Province are listed as new for the Mongolian flora. Nineteen taxa are new for the botanical-geographical region. New locations for 5 species were found. Keywords: distribution, flora, Mongolia, new records, Selenge Province, vascular plants. Introduction In accordance with the international agreement on cooperation between the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS and the Institute of Botany, the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, joint studies of the cross-boundary flora were conducted in 2012. -
Silk Road Air Pass: a CAREC Proposal
Silk Road Air Pass: A CAREC proposal Revised Draft, 1 August 2020 This proposal/study was prepared for ADB by Brendan Sobie, Senior Aviation Specialist and Consultant for CAREC Table of Contents: Concept Introduction ……………………………………………………………. Page 2 Summary of Opportunities and Challenges …………………………… Page 3 Historic Examples of Air Passes and Lessons Learned ……………. Page 4 Silk Road Air Pass: The Objective …………………………………………… Page 9 Silk Road Air Pass: Regional International Flights …….…………… Page 11 Silk Road Air Pass: Domestic Flights ………………….…………………. Page 14 Silk Road Air Pass: Domestic Train Travel ..…………………………… Page 18 Silk Road Air Pass: the Two CAREC Regions of China ………….. Page 19 Silk Road Air Pass: Promoting Flights to/from CAREC …………… Page 21 Silk Road Air Pass: Sample Itineraries and Fares…. ………………. Page 23 Conclusion: Why Now? ……………………………………………………….. Page 26 Conclusion: Possible Conditions to Facilitate Success …………. Page 27 Addendum: Embracing New Technology ..………………………….. Page 28 Concept Introduction: Air passes have been used for over three decades by the airline and travel industries to facilitate travel within regions by offering a block of several one-way flights at a discount compared to buying the same flights separately. They are typically sold to tourists from outside the region planning a multi-stop itinerary. By selling a package of flights, often on several airlines, air passes can make travel within a region easier and more affordable, enabling tourists to visit more countries. While their overall track record is mixed, air passes have succeeded in the past at stimulating tourism in several regions, particularly regions that were suffering from high one-way air fares. In recent years one-way air fares have declined significantly in most regions, limiting the appeal of air passes. -
Global Volatility Steadies the Climb
WORLD AIRLINER CENSUS Global volatility steadies the climb Cirium Fleet Forecast’s latest outlook sees heady growth settling down to trend levels, with economic slowdown, rising oil prices and production rate challenges as factors Narrowbodies including A321neo will dominate deliveries over 2019-2038 Airbus DAN THISDELL & CHRIS SEYMOUR LONDON commercial jets and turboprops across most spiking above $100/barrel in mid-2014, the sectors has come down from a run of heady Brent Crude benchmark declined rapidly to a nybody who has been watching growth years, slowdown in this context should January 2016 low in the mid-$30s; the subse- the news for the past year cannot be read as a return to longer-term averages. In quent upturn peaked in the $80s a year ago. have missed some recurring head- other words, in commercial aviation, slow- Following a long dip during the second half Alines. In no particular order: US- down is still a long way from downturn. of 2018, oil has this year recovered to the China trade war, potential US-Iran hot war, And, Cirium observes, “a slowdown in high-$60s prevailing in July. US-Mexico trade tension, US-Europe trade growth rates should not be a surprise”. Eco- tension, interest rates rising, Chinese growth nomic indicators are showing “consistent de- RECESSION WORRIES stumbling, Europe facing populist backlash, cline” in all major regions, and the World What comes next is anybody’s guess, but it is longest economic recovery in history, US- Trade Organization’s global trade outlook is at worth noting that the sharp drop in prices that Canada commerce friction, bond and equity its weakest since 2010. -
Asian Literature and Translation Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great
Asian Literature and Translation ISSN 2051-5863 https://doi.org/10.18573/alt.38 Vol 5, No. 1, 2018, 267-330 Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation Richard Taupier Date Accepted: 1/3/2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ©Richard Taupier Asian Literature and Translation Vol. 5 No. 1 2018 267-330 Yeke Caaji: The Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation Richard Taupier Introduction In the year 1640 an assembly (kuriltai) of Mongol and Oyirod1 nobles gathered to discuss and approve a code of law intended to govern relationships among them and to regulate the behavior of their subjects. While the resulting document is reasonably well known among scholars of Central Asia, it is the position of this work that its purpose has been largely misunderstood and that modern descriptions of early seventeenth century Oyirod history are confused and incomplete. This current work endeavors to establish a better understanding of the motivations behind the Great Code of 1640 and what the participants hoped to gain by its adoption. It does so through a close examination of the text itself and other original Oyirod sources and an analysis of competing secondary narratives. This creates the opportunity to reconsider the document from new and more carefully articulated perspectives. The result is an appreciation of the Great Code as an important document in Mongolian history. Through this perspective we can see the document as a sign of waning Chinggisid authority and recognition that innovation in state formation was needed to enable the continued existence of the Mongol and Oyirod states. -
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Ill DEMCHUGDONGROB’S EARLY CAREER 1919-1928 The Ruling Prince of His Own Banner After the old Prince Namjilwangchug died, there was not an actual ruling prince of the Sunid Right Banner for almost seventeen years. Therefore, Demchugdongrob’s assumption of power as jasag was a momentous and happy occasion for the whole ban ner. It also relieved, at least ostensibly, his “ official” mother (the Turned khatun, the first wife of his father) and the elderly officials of the banner of their heavy responsibilities.' During 1919, Prince De’s first year in charge of the banner administration, a group of Buriyad Mongolian intellectuals initiated the Pan-Mongolian movement, and in late February convened a meeting of delegates from Buriyad and Inner Mongolia at Dau- ria, in Siberia. They decided to organize a government for all Mongolia and sent repre sentatives to the Paris Peace Conference to strive for international recognition ofMon golia’s independence. Because it had already established its own government. Outer Mongolia rejected the invitation, but some Inner Mongols, especially the leaders of the Hulunbuir area in the far north of Inner Mongolia, were willing to Join, and the Naiji- Toyin Khutugtu of Hohhot Turned (Inner Mongolia) was recognized as their leader. Though this movement failed to achieve its goal of recognition at the Paris con ference, it influenced all of Mongolia. Even though the activities of Japanese militarists and the White Russian leader, Semenov, overshadowed this movement, it still helped to rouse a common Mongolian desire for unity and independence. Although Demchugdong- rob was not involved in these matters, he was inevitably influenced by them. -
Engaging with Socialism in China: the Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928
Engaging with Socialism in China: The Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928 Xuduo Zhao PhD University of York History May 2019 1 Abstract This thesis investigates Chen Gongbo (1892-1946) and Tan Pingshan (1886-1956), two significant Cantonese Marxists who helped found the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. I use Chen and Tan as a lens to re-examine the dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China and the underlying tensions in 1920s Chinese revolution. My study demonstrates that it was in the changing educational system in the early 20th century that Chen and Tan gradually improved their positions in the cultural field and participated in the intellectual ferment during the May Fourth period. At Peking University they became familiarised with Marxism. Their understanding of Marxism, however, was deeply influenced by European social democracy, as opposed to many other early communist leaders who believed in Bolshevism. This divergence finally led to the open conflict within the CCP between Guangzhou and Shanghai in the summer of 1922, which also embodied the different social identities among early Chinese Marxists. After the quarrel, Chen quit while Tan remained within the party. During the Nationalist Revolution, both Tan and Chen became senior leaders in the Kuomintang, but they had to face yet another identity crisis of whether to be a revolutionary or a politician. Meanwhile, they had to rethink the relationship between socialism and nationalism in their political propositions. This study of Chen and Tan’s political thought and activities in the late 1910s and 1920s offers a different picture of Chinese radicalism and revolution in the early Republican period. -
Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis
J Archaeol Res DOI 10.1007/s10814-011-9053-2 Inner Asian States and Empires: Theories and Synthesis J. Daniel Rogers Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2011 Abstract By 200 B.C. a series of expansive polities emerged in Inner Asia that would dominate the history of this region and, at times, a very large portion of Eurasia for the next 2,000 years. The pastoralist polities originating in the steppes have typically been described in world history as ephemeral or derivative of the earlier sedentary agricultural states of China. These polities, however, emerged from local traditions of mobility, multiresource pastoralism, and distributed forms of hierarchy and administrative control that represent important alternative path- ways in the comparative study of early states and empires. The review of evidence from 15 polities illustrates long traditions of political and administrative organi- zation that derive from the steppe, with Bronze Age origins well before 200 B.C. Pastoralist economies from the steppe innovated new forms of political organization and were as capable as those based on agricultural production of supporting the development of complex societies. Keywords Empires Á States Á Inner Asia Á Pastoralism Introduction The early states and empires of Inner Asia played a pivotal role in Eurasian history, with legacies still evident today. Yet, in spite of more than 100 years of scholarly contributions, the region remains a relatively unknown heartland (Di Cosmo 1994; Hanks 2010; Lattimore 1940; Mackinder 1904). As pivotal as the history of Inner Asia is in its own right, it also holds special significance for how we interpret complex societies on a global basis.