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Glossary of Mongolian Terms

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Glossary of Mongolian Terms aimag Th e largest administrative unit in Mongolia, similar to a province. argal Dried dung from livestock used by herders as fuel in woodstoves in gers . ayil An e ncampment o f g ers. bag Th e smallest administrative unit in Mongolia; a district. ezemshigchiin gerchilgee Government-issued c ertifi cates of possession for winter campsites and associated p astureland. ger Th e felt tent used by Mongolia’s nomadic herders. khot ayil Nomadic encampment of gers; a social unit not necessarily based on kinship. khural An assembly. For instance, the Ikh Khural is Mongolia’s parliament. negdel Socialist c ollective f or herders. otor Long distance migration usually by a few members of a herding household with part of the livestock herd, often undertaken as a strategy to fatten up the livestock in autumn or to avoid drought or zud . ovoo Usually a cairn of stones that may mark a spiritual place such as a mountain pass; may also mark pasture boundaries. sum Subdivision of an aimag, similar to a county; larger than a bag. 174 Glossary tögrög Mongolian unit of currency, in the socialist period artifi cially pegged at 4 MNT to the dollar; in early 2012, about 1300 MNT t o US$1. zag Mongolian f or s aksaul, a n e ndangered woody shrub that grows in the Gobi. zud Disasters caused by heavy snows or icing of pastureland that prevent livestock from accessing forage or caused by summer drought t hat s tunts p astureland. Notes 1 Introduction 1 . “Livestock Faces Dramatic Increase,” MWN, December 25, 2006. The statistic of 34.8 million appeared in “Economic and Social Situation of Mongolia,” MM 3:809 (January 17, 2007), 6. 2 . Quoted speech is from B. Ooluun, “New Year’s Eve at Sukhbaatar Square,” MM 1:807 (January 3, 2007), 1. 3 . See Mongolian Society for Range Management, Livelihood Study of Herders in Mongolia (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, June 2010), xx, available on the SDC website, www .swiss-cooperation.admin.ch/ . resource_en_184798.pdf. 4 . For a statistical ranking of replies concerning livestock priorities, see Open Society Forum, The Future of Nomadic Pastoralism in Mongolia: Public Perception Survey (Ulaanbaatar: Open Society Forum, 2004), 89–90. 5 . Linda Gardelle, Pasteurs nomades de Mongolie: Des sociétés nomades et des États (Paris : Buchet/ Chastel, Écologie, 2010), 37–38. 6 . See Wietze Lise, Sebastiaan Hess, and Byamba Purev, “Pastureland Degradation and Poverty among Herders in Mongolia: Data Analysis and Game Estimation,” Ecological Economics 58 (2006): 350–364. 7 . Gardelle, Pasteurs nomades , 4 2 8 . MM 1:1018 (January 7, 2011), 3. 9 . “Social and Economic Situation of Mongolia (as of the Preliminary Result of 2011),” MM 4:1073 (January 27, 2012), 6. 10 . See Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in Mongolia, Annual Report 2007 , 4, available at the SDC website, www.sdc.mn 11 . Troy Sternberg cites Mongolia’s 2009 Statistical Yearbook for this figure. See Sternberg, “Unravelling Mongolia’s Extreme Winter Disaster of 2010,” Nomadic Peoples 14, no. 1 (2010): 79. 176 Notes 12 . Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in Mongolia, Annual Report 2009 , 3, available on the SDC website, www.sdc.mn 13 . Dennis Ojima and Togtohyn Chuluun, “Policy Changes in Mongolia: Implications for Land Use and Landscapes,” in Fragmentation in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes: Consequences for Human and Natural Systems , eds. K. A. Galvin, R. S. Reid, R. H. Behnke, Jr., and N. T. Hobbs (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2008), 189. 14 . Definition provided by the Mongolian Society for Range Management, Livelihood Study , x iii. 15 . A. D. Simukov, “O kochevkakh i pastbishchakh Mongolii,” origi- nally published in 1929 in the journal Khoziaistvo Mongolii 2 no. 158: 5–24; republished in A. D. Simukov , Trudy o Mongolii i dlia Mongolii , eds. Yuki Konagaya, Sanzhaasurengiin Bayaraa, and Ichinkhorloogiin Lkhagvasuren, vol. 2 (Osaka: Gosudarstvennyi muzei etnologii, 2007), 358–376. Quote from page 358. 16 . Simukov, “ O kochevkakh i p astbishchakh M ongolii,” 3 60. 17 . See the press release, “Mongolia’s Pasture Quality in Worrying Decline,” MWN, July 29, 2009. 18 . Saverio K rätli, “ Editorial,” Nomadic Peoples 14, no. 1 (2010): 4. 19 . B. Bulgamaa, “Disasters Bring Mongolian Herders to Their Knees,” UBP, January 15, 2009. 20 . See Arshad Sayed, “2010 Dzud Is Not Entirely a Disaster of Nature,” MM 05:970 (February 5, 2010,) 7. 21 . Sternberg, “ Unravelling M ongolia’s E xtreme W inter,” 8 1. 22 . Sternberg, “ Unravelling M ongolia’s E xtreme W inter,” 8 1. 23 . See David Sneath, “The Rural and the Urban in Pastoral Mongolia,” in Mongols from Country to City: Floating Boundaries, Pastoralism and City Life in the Mongol Lands , eds. Ole Bruun and Li Narangoa (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2006), 151. 24 . Dulamsuren Dorligsuren, Batjav Batbuyan, Bulgamaa Densambu, and Steven R. Fassnacht, “Lessons from a Territory-Based Community Development Approach in Mongolia: Ikhtamir Pasture User Groups,” in Restoring Community Connections to the Land: Building Resilience through Community-Based Rangeland Management in China and Mongolia , eds. Maria E. Fernandez- Gimenez, Xiaoyi Wang, B. Batkhishig, Julia A. Klein, and Robin S. Reid (Cambridge, MA: CAB International, 2012), 174. 25 . V. V. Graivoronskii, Ot kochevogo obraza zhizni k osedlosti (na optye MNR) (Moscow: “Nauka”, 1979), 3 and 153. 26 . Graivoronskii, Ot kochevogo obraza zhizni , 1 54. 27 . V. V. Graivoronskii, Reformy v sotsial’noi sfere sovremennoi Mongolii (Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniia RAN, 2007), 199. Notes 177 28 . Ole Bruun, Precious Steppe: Mongolian Nomadic Pastoralists in Pursuit of the Market (New York: Lexington Books, 2006), 236. 29 . Sternberg, “ Unravelling M ongolia’s E xtreme W inter,” 7 6–78. 30 . See A. J. Dietz, E. Amgalan, T. Erdenechuluun, and S. Hess, “Carrying Capacity Dynamics, Livestock Commercialization and Land Degradation in Mongolia’s Free Market Era,” Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management (PREM) Working Paper (June 2, 2005), 1–15, http://www.prem-online.org/archive/2 /doc/PREM%20WP%2005-10.pdf. 31 . Kris Havstad, Jeffrey Herrick, and Enkh-Amgalan Tseelei, “”Mongolia’s Rangelands: Is Livestock Production the Key to the Future?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6 (September 1, 2008): 3 89. 32 . Mongolian S ociety f or R ange M anagement, Livelihood Study , 1 , 3 . 33 . Mongolian Society for Range Management, Livestock Study , Chapter 2 . 34 . Gardelle, Pasteurs nomades , 1 63–164. 35 . See Emanuel Marx, “Are There Pastoral Nomads in the Arab Middle East?” in The Anthropology of Tribal and Peasant Pastoral Societies: The Dialectics of Social Cohesion and Fragmentation , eds. Ugo Fabietti and Philip Carl Salzman (Pavia: Collegio Ghislieri, 1996), 101–115; see especially page 108. 36 . Joseph Ginat, “Preservation and Change in Bedouin Societies in Israel,” in Changing Nomads in a Changing World , eds. Joseph Ginat and Anatoly M. Khazanov (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 1998),171–201; quote on 171–172. 37 . Kenneth M. Bauer, “Common Property and Power: Insights from a Spatial Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Pasture Boundaries among Pastoralists in Central Tibet,” Journal of Political Ecology 13 (2006): 24. 38 . See G. Chingis, “Tavan Tolgoi—A Great Project or a Huge Joke?” UBP, July 20, 2010; and G. Chingis, “Are We Russian or Mongolian?” UBP, July 27, 2010. 39 . See O pen S ociety F orum, The Future of Nomadic Pastoralism , 4 1. 40 . Gardelle, Pasteurs nomades , 7 8–80. 41 . John Bell, A Journey from St. Petersburg to Pekin 1719–22 (1763; repr., New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966), 89. 42 . Roy Chapman Andrews, Across Mongolian Plains: A Naturalist’s Account of China’s “Great Northwest” (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1921), 78. 43 . “Mongolians Gather to Protest Rising Food Prices,” MWN, April 21, 2008. 178 Notes 44 . See, for instance, “Spring Crop Details Announced by Officials,” MWN, May 15, 2008. 45 . See Mongolian Society for Range Management, Livelihood Study , 5. 46 . “Data Shows 28% of Mongolia Set Aside for Mining and Exploration,” MWN, July 25, 2008; see also the Open Society Forum’s report, “License Watch #5: Status of Awards of Licenses in Mining as of 9 May 2008” (2008), www.opensocietyforum.mn. 47 . Open S ociety F orum, “ License W atch # 5,” 9 –10. 48 . On China’s economic involvement in Africa, see Howard W. French, “The Next Empire?” The Atlantic (May 2010): 58–69. 49 . See “Not Enough Qualified Locals, Minister Wants to Import Chinese Labor for OT,” MWN, June 7, 2010. 50 . “More Mongolians Employed at Oyu Tolgoi Than Stipulated, Says Minister,” MWN, July 14, 2010. 51 . P. Shinebayar, “1,000 Young People to Get Skills Beginning Sep 1,” UBP, August 6, 2010. 52 . P. Shinebayar, “Immigrant Workers Enter Oyu Tolgoi in Storm of Dissent,” UBP, May 20, 2011. 53 . H. G. C. Perry-Ayscough and Captain R. B. Barry, With the Russians in Mongolia (New York: John Lane Co., 1914), 167–168. 54 . Perry-Ayscough a nd B arry, With the Russians in Mongolia , 5 . 55 . Perry-Ayscough and B arry, With the Russians in Mongolia , 4 . 56 . Yuki Konagaya and I. Lkhagvasuren, “Tsogt-Ochiriin Lookhuuz: Former Director of State Farms,” in Socialist Devotees and Dissenters: Three Twentieth- Century Mongolian Leaders , ed. Morris Rossabi, trans. Mary Rossabi (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2011), 88. 57 . Data is from “Eighth Semi-Annual Corruption Benchmarking Survey”, MM 52:964 (December 23, 2009), 6–7. 58 . “Businessmen Vocal about Having to ‘Pay Bribes at Every Step,’ ” MWN, October 1, 2010. 59 . See “Businessmen Vocal about Having to ‘Pay Bribes at Every Step’ ”; and “Human Rights Commission Finds Questions for Trainees Violate Law,” MWN, October 1, 2010. 60 . Statistics are from the SDC, Annual Report 2009 , 22, available on the SDC website, www.sdc.mn 2 Mongolia’s Regions: Lessons in Variation 1 .
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