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MAKING a PARTISAN: Founding Narratives on the Participation of Women in the People's Liberation Struggle in Yugoslavia By

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MAKING a PARTISAN: Founding Narratives on the Participation of Women in the People's Liberation Struggle in Yugoslavia By MAKING A PARTISAN: Founding Narratives on the Participation of Women in the People’s Liberation Struggle in Yugoslavia By Iva Jelušiü Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of European Master in Women’s and Gender History Supervisor: Professor Constantin Iordachi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2015 ABSTRACT This thesis is a contribution to the growing body of scholarly work on the relationship between state socialism and feminism in Yugoslavia. It focuses on the wartime development of the image of female partisans (partizanke) and the postwar construction of memory about them. Sources central to this project are the editions of the official monthly magazine of the women’s organization Antifascist Front of Women of Croatia (Antifašistiþka fronta žena Hrvatske, AFŽH). The time frame is the period from June 1943, when the magazine was first published under the guidance of the AFŽH, until the dissolution of this organization in 1953. This project departs from the premise that the communist leadership strongly influenced the official narrative about World War II and, inter alia, included women as agents of the People’s Liberation Struggle (Narodnooslobodilaþka borba, NOB), which allowed them to acknowledge women's temporary service to the war effort and to limit the scope of their representation in the official narrative. Building on this notion, the thesis first explores the circumstances in which the organization emerged, its wartime development and changes that postwar period introduced. Then it analyzes the official journal Woman in Combat (Žena u borbi) and elucidates how the goals of the organization and the pursuits of AFŽH officials during World War II influenced the wartime presentation of the narrative about the women who contributed to the struggle as well as postwar remembrance of partizanke in the journal. The major finding of the thesis is that the officials of this women’s organization did not act as representatives of the experiences of all women who actively participated in the war. In their CEU eTD Collection publication they favored the women who, organized by the AFŽH, worked in the homefront while the partizanke remained on the margins of their interpretation of the war narrative. In consequence, this publishing policy influenced and modified the collective memory about the women partisans. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Constantin Iordachi, for guidance and encouragement during the thesis writing process. Also, I would like to thank my second reader, Professor Kerstin Susanne Jobst, for her support. I am especially thankful to my family for their emotional and financial support throughout the last two years. Finally, to my friend Anne Snider, thanks for everything. CEU eTD Collection ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1 Sources and Methods .....................................................................................................................3 Literature Review ...........................................................................................................................5 Theoretical Considerations .......................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 17 1.1 The Second World War in Yugoslavia .................................................................................... 17 1.2 End of the War and the Immediate Postwar Period ................................................................ 23 1.3 Introduction of Self-management........................................................................................... 26 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 2 - ORGANIZING WOMEN ................................................................................................ 34 2.1 Women’s Organizations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1941) ..................................... 35 2.2 The Antifascist Front of Women - Formation and Development ............................................ 41 2.3 Postwar Development of the Antifascist Front of Women (1945-1953) .................................. 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3 - IMAGES OF FEMALE FIGHTERS .................................................................................. 59 3.1 Official Narrative about the People’s Liberation Struggle ..................................................... 61 3.2 Wartime Publishing Policy of Žena u borbi............................................................................ 64 3.3 Postwar Development of War Imagery in Žena u borbi .......................................................... 73 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 85 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX 1. ..................................................................................................................................... 92 APPENDIX 2. ..................................................................................................................................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................ 94 CEU eTD Collection iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFŽ - Antifašistiþki front žena (Antifascist Front of Women) AFŽH - Antifašistiþki front žena Hrvatske (Antifascist Front of Women of Croatia) AFŽJ - Antifašistiþki front žena Jugoslavije (Antifascist Front of Women of Yugoslavia) AVNOJ - Antifašistiþko vijeüe narodnog osloboÿenja Jugoslavije (Antifascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia ) CK - Centralni komitet (Central Committee) DFJ - Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija (Democratic Federal Yugoslavia) FNRJ - Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija (Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia) GO - Glavni odbor (Main Committee) HSS - Hrvatska seljaþka stranka (Croatian Peasant Party) KPH - Komunistiþka partija Hrvatske (Communist Party of Croatia) KPJ - Komunistiþka partija Jugoslavije (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) NDH - Nezavisna država Hrvatska (Independent State of Croatia) NF - Narodni front (People’s Front) NKOJ - Nacionalni komitet osloboÿenja Jugoslavije (National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia) NOB - Narodnooslobodilaþka borba (People's Liberation Struggle) NOO - Narodnooslobodilaþki odbor (People’s Liberation Committee) NOP - Narodnooslobodilaþki pokret (People’s Liberation Movement) CEU eTD Collection NOV – Narodnooslobodilaþka vojska (People’s Liberation Army) NR - Narodna republika (People's Republic) OK - Okružni komitet (District Committee) OZNa - Odeljenje za zaštitu naroda (Department for Protection of People) SBOTIýJ - Savez bankovnih, osiguravajuüih, trgovaþkih i industrijskih þinovnika iv Jugoslavije (Union of Banking, Insurance, Trade and Industry Clerks of Yugoslavia) SKOJ - Savez komunistiþke omladine Jugoslavije (Communist Youth Union of Yugoslavia) SKJ - Savez komunista Jugoslavije (League of Communists of Yugoslavia) SSRN - Socijalistiþki savez radnog naroda (Socialist Alliance of Working People) SUBNOR - Savez udruženja boraca narodnooslobodilaþkog rata Jugoslavije (Federal Association of the Veterans of People's Liberation War of Yugoslavija) SUZOR - Središnji ured za osiguranje radnika (Central Office for the Insurance of Workers) SŽD - Savez ženskih društava (Union of Women Societies) SŽDH – Savez ženskih društava Hrvatske (Union of Women Societies of Croatia) UDBA - Uprava državne bezbednosti (Administration of State Security) ZAVNOH - Zemaljsko antifašistiþko vijeüe narodnog osloboÿenja Hrvatske (State Antifascist Council of People's Liberation of Croatia) CEU eTD Collection v INTRODUCTION According to official numbers, as many as two million Yugoslav women actively supported partisan units in Yugoslavia during World War II in a broad range of functions, and approximately one hundred thousand women joined the partisan resistance as fighters. A quarter of them died during the war and another forty thousand were wounded.1 Women joined the partisans for a variety of reasons. Some followed their brothers or husbands to the front, while others were motivated by a desire to defend the country and destroy the Yugoslav monarchy. Some felt the partisan struggle was their last refuge from the atrocities inflicted by the armed forces of the newly established Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna država Hrvatska, NDH), while others sought liberation from the patriarchal social system. Resistance to the occupying forces unfolded into a social revolution which sought to establish a postwar political system similar to that of the U.S.S.R. This system promised to provide women with the opportunity to leave social positions traditionally ascribed to females and actively participate in the construction of the new state. Following the establishment of the Democratic
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