Media Representation of Kenyan Somalis
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MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF KENYAN SOMALIS DIANA WANJIRU GITAU K50/80661/2015 RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF ARTS DEGREE IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES AT THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI NOVEMBER 2017 DECLARATION i DEDICATION I hereby dedicate this project to my family and friends. God bless you for your support and prayers. I also dedicate this project to the late John Ng‘ethe. Thank you for your friendship. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank God for His grace, blessings and provisions that allowed me to undertake my studies. I wish to acknowledge the following people for their support throughout my studies; my parents and siblings for their encouragement, support and prayers, my supervisor at St. Paul‘s University, Prof. Joseph Galgalo for allowing me to undertake my studies and giving all the necessary support, my workmates and friends, George Kihara, Fredrick Ratemo and Gloria Chemtai for supporting and motivating me to complete my project. Special gratitude is also extended to my supervisor, Dr. Elias Mokua for his guidance and encouragement. He willingly gave his valuable time and challenged me to produce work that I can be proud of. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... iii DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Overview ................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Media representation of Ethnic Groups in Kenya ...............................................................3 1.1.3 Media Representation of Kenyan Somalis ..........................................................................4 1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................5 1.3 Research Objectives ...............................................................................................................7 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................7 1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................7 1.6 Justification of the Study ........................................................................................................8 1.8 Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................................................8 1.9 Methodology ..........................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................................... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 10 2.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................10 2.1 Defining Media Representation ............................................................................................10 2.1.1 Framing and Priming in Media Representation ...........................................................14 2.2 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Media Culture ..............................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Social Representation Theory in relation to Media Culture ........................................19 2.3 A history of Ethnicity in Kenya ......................................................................................21 2.3.1 Defining Ethnic Identity in the Kenyan Context .........................................................22 2.3.2 The Kenyan Somalis Ethnic Group .............................................................................24 2.4 Xenophobia ..........................................................................................................................27 2.4.1 Xenophobia Attacks: A Case Study of South Africa .................................................27 2.4.2 Xenophobia in Kenya ..................................................................................................29 2.5 Media Representation and Ethnic Identity Construction ......................................................31 iv 2.6 Research Gap .......................................................................................................................34 2.7 Summary ..............................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 35 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 35 3.0 Overview .........................................................................................................................35 3.1 Research Design ..............................................................................................................35 3.2 Research Approach .........................................................................................................35 3.3 Research Method ..................................................................................................................36 3.4 Sampling ...............................................................................................................................36 3.4.1 Sampling Frame ...........................................................................................................36 3.4.2 Research Sample ..........................................................................................................38 3.4.3 Data needs, types and sources .....................................................................................38 3.5 Research Time Frame ...........................................................................................................39 3.6 Data Collection ................................................................................................................39 3.7 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................40 3.8 Data Presentation ..................................................................................................................43 3.9 Reliability and Validity of Data ............................................................................................43 3.10 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................44 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 45 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ............................................. 45 4.0 Overview ..............................................................................................................................45 4.1 Presentation .....................................................................................................................45 4.2 Main Topics in Media Representation of Kenyan Somalis ..................................................46 4.3 Actors and News Sources in media representation of Kenyan Somalis ...............................47 4.3.1 Kenyan Somalis .................................................................................................................47 4.3.2 Non- Somali Kenyans .......................................................................................................48 4.3.3 Human Rights Activists ....................................................................................................49 4.3.4 Journalists ..........................................................................................................................50 4.4 Types of frames used in media representation of Kenyan Somalis ......................................51 4.4.1 Conflict Frame ...................................................................................................................51 4.4.2 The Problem Frame ...........................................................................................................53 4.4.3 Attribution of Responsibility Frame ............................................................................54