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Migration and Displacement in Sub-Saharan Africa the Security-Migration Nexus II Contents brief 39 Migration and Displacement in Sub-Saharan Africa The Security-Migration Nexus II Contents Preface 4 The Policy Agenda Peter J. Croll 5 Stakeholders and their Scope of Action in 75 Acknowledgments 5 Sub-Saharan Africa Initial Addresses Loren B. Landau Doris Witteler-Stiepelmann 6 Winfried Mengelkamp 8 6 National and Regional Responses Michael Stückradt 9 to Forced Migration Panel Discussion 82 1 Keynote Speech Summary 87 Voluntary versus Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan 11 Ruth Vollmer Africa African Union and its Policies on Voluntary 90 John O. Oucho and Forced Migration Mehari Taddele Maru 2 Drivers of Force: Causes and Faces of Forced Migration Some Common Ground? The Forced Migration and Conflict in Sub-Saharan 21 7 Role of Third Parties and International Africa Organizations Wim Naudé Panel Discussion 96 Environmental Change and Forced Migration 29 Summary 102 Ulrike Grote and Koko Warner Clara Fischer 3 Social Dynamics and Repercussions Conclusion Internal Displacement: The Cases of Kenya 39 8 and Somalia Baffour Amoa, Clara Fischer, Ruth Vollmer 104 Nuur Mohamud Sheekh Acronyms and Abbreviations 110 Return, Resettlement or Reintegration in the 44 Aftermath of Conflict Annex Sadia Hassanen Annex I: Conference Program 113 The Dilemma of Return, Resettlement and 49 Annex II: Contributors 115 Reintegration for IDPs Annex III: Participants 120 Eunice M. Ndonga Coping Mechanisms of Refugees in Africa 54 Egide Rwamatwara The conference was organized by BICC with the Dynamics of Conflict and Displacement in the 61 generous support of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). East African Region Khoti Kamanga 4 Current Trends in the Migration- Security Discourse Panel Discussion 68 Summary 70 Ruth Vollmer brief 39 Migration and Displacement in Sub- Saharan Africa The Security-Migration Nexus II Clara Fischer and Ruth Vollmer (eds.) 3 Peter J. Croll Preface ontrary to the still prevailing belief caused by Csometimes one-sided media coverage that a large share of African migrants relocate to Europe or the developed states in the North, research has shown that this is not the case. Only 1.5 percent of all Sub-Saharan Africans, living outside their country, live within the European Union. More than two-thirds of all migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, however, migrate to other countries within Sub-Saharan Africa (approximately 16.3 million). Sub-Saharan Africa is also a region characterized by high numbers of forced migrants. It has the world’s highest concentration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and hosts approximately 20 percent of the Africa as well as the humanitarian, social and legal world’s refugee population. In the region, we find both consequences for those affected and the repercussions sending and receiving states. We also find states that resulting from forced migration, resettlement and return are both, or that are transit countries. Tanzania, Chad on social, political and economic conditions in the and Uganda are amongst the top ten refugee-hosting countries of the regions. countries worldwide. Cameroon, Sudan and Kenya are The second conference day followed up on these amongst the countries in Africa that hosted the highest debates by focusing on the policy agenda and amount of new refugees in 2007. 17 African states have concrete instruments in migration governance at the refugee populations of more than 50,000 persons each. national and regional level. African organizations, Flight and expulsion, particularly as a consequence of such as ECOWAS (Economic Community Of West armed conflicts, influence the development, stability African States) and the African Union have recognized and security of the states concerned and give rise to the importance of the refugee issue. This is why the great challenges for action by policymakers at all levels African Union has called for an extraordinary summit on and international humanitarian assistance. refugees, returnees and IDPs which will take place in April 2009 and which will probably adopt an AU IDPs Nearly to the day one year ago, in February 2008, Convention. experts from research, politics and civil society gathered in Bonn to discuss the “Security-Migration On a final panel, representatives of international Nexus”, challenges and opportunities of migration organizations as well as civil society groups and from Africa to Europe. Following these discussions on development cooperation actors shared their the nexus between security and migration, BICC, the experiences and perspectives in the field of forced Bonn International Center for Conversion organized this migration and discussed the role third parties can play second international conference, entitled “Migration in refugee emergencies. and Displacement in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Security- This year BICC will celebrate its 15th anniversary. Since Migration Nexus II” which was dedicated to forced its inception in 1994, BICC has continuously developed migration within the Global South. The event was held in its work with regard to the national and international Bonn from 13–14 February 2009 and was supported by agenda. With applied research, advisory services, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation capacity-building and public relations, BICC promotes and Development (BMZ). Just under 200 national and and facilitates peace and development. international experts from academia, political and civil society institutions gathered and discussed the issue of Today, our work includes areas such as “Resources forced migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. and Conflict”, “Arms: global trends, exports and control”, “Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)”, The first conference day, which started with a “Base Conversion”, “Development and Peace” and comprehensive and thought-provoking keynote speech last but not least “Migration and Conflict”. Within this by Prof. John Oucho was dedicated to discussing causes field, BICC carries out applied research on the nexus and different shapes of forced migration in Sub-Saharan between migration and security. It provides fora for the discussion of challenges of migration and displacement in Sub-Saharan Africa and studies patterns, trends and Peter Johannes Croll is the Director of the Bonn International potential of diaspora engagement. Center for Conversion—Internationales Konversionszentrum, BICC—which as an independent, non-profit organization is BICC, as a peace and conflict research organization dedicated to promoting peace and development. intends to discuss flight and expulsion from the perspective of security. The topic of migration and 4 security has turned into a great challenge. The receiving countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, master huge tasks which neither research nor politics Acknowledgments have been able to address adequately so far. This he editors would like to thank all the contributors conference intended to give a new impulse to this Tto this brief and participants of the conference for discussion. At the same time it has to be taken into their valuable input, the Deutsche Welle for providing account that too much of a focus on the security the conference venue and the City of Bonn for implications for states contributes to a one-sided focus inviting all conference participants to an evening that makes the (security) needs of (forced) migrants reception on the first conference day. appear secondary. BICC also extends its gratitude and appreciation to This BICC brief documents the papers and speeches Dr. Irene Quaile-Kersken for the excellent facilitation presented and the results of the lively panel discussions of the entire event. during the conference. We hope that this publication will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding Many of BICC staff contributed to the success of of the complex causes, faces, and consequences of this conference. In particular, the editors would forced migration and will foster an open dialogue like to thank Andrea Warnecke for providing the between all stakeholders—migrants, countries of origin concept of the conference, Heike Webb and and destination countries of forced migrants, the Susanne Zacharias, who were responsible for the international humanitarian regime and development logistics of the Conference and the well-being cooperation actors alike. of all participants, and Susanne Heinke, BICC’s spokesperson. Our sincere thanks also go to Kerstin Inspired by the conference, BICC will build up a network Botsch, Edward Ceska, Daniele Dickmann, Sebastian of researches and practitioners for sharing ideas and Gerlach, and Stijn Ottens for taking the minutes of fostering cooperation in the field of migration and joint the respective presentations as well as to Andrea research on the national and international level. BICC is Warnecke and Lars Wirkus for facilitating two of the also planning to organize other workshops on migration Panel Discussions. Last but not least, we would like issues in the course of the year and is aiming to organize to thank Heike Webb for her keen eye and efficient a follow-up conference in about a year’s time. copyediting of this brief. Peter J. Croll Editors’ note: Director BICC The responsibility for the content of the Papers lies fully with the authors. The views expressed in Sections 1-7 are not necessarily the views of the editors or BICC. The Summaries of the Panel Discussions and the Conclusion are compiled by the editors from the presentations and discussions among participants and do not necessarily express the views of any particular
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