DOCSLIB.ORG

Suicide and Its Consequences for the Medical Education and Health Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Suicide and Its Consequences for the Medical Education and Health Systems ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ، ﻧﺮﮔﺲ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ*، اﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻮي ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺣﻮزه دﻳﻦ، اﺧﻼق و رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد، اﻣﺎ ﻋﻮارض و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﺎده از ﻣﺮور ﻣﺘﻮن و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ دﻳﻨﻲ و اﺧﻼﻗﻲ اﻣﺮي ﻧﻜﻮﻫﻴﺪه و ﻧﺎﻣﻘﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ آن ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺷﻮم و روﺑﻪ ازدﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﺎره اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻲﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻨﻲ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ آﻣﻮزش در ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ/ وﻳﮋهﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آﻣﻮزش و ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ1390؛ 11(9): 1453 ﺗﺎ 1460 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ واژه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ دﻧﻴﺎ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ از ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻃﺒﻖ آﻣﺎر ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در ﺳﺎل 2000 ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﭘﻴﺶ از ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﻔﺮ در اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺮدهاﻧﺪ.ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺧﻮد آﮔﺎه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(5) ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ دﻳﮕﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ در ﻫﺮ 40 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ودر ﺳﺎل 2001 ﺣﺪود زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮد ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .در ﺧﻴﻠﻲ از ﻣﺬاﻫﺐ و ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﻪ 500000 ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ رﻗﻢ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(1) ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻨﺎه و ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻣﺎ در ﻣﻲﺷﻮد در ﺳﺎل 2020 ﻣﻴﻼدي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ، ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت راﻫﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪن از ﻣﺮگ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ(2) ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴ ﺖﻫﺎي رﻧﺞ و ﻧﺎراﺣﺘﻲ و ﻳﺄس وﻧﺎاﻣﻴﺪي اﺳﺖ(1). ﻛﻪ آﻣﺎر ﻓﻮق ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭼﺸ ﻢﮔﻴﺮاﺳﺖ و از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺳﺆاﻻت زﻳﺮﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻮاﻻﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ آن ﺑﻪ Downloaded from ijme.mui.ac.ir at 18:02 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻴﻦ آﻣﻮزش و ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد (3) ﻻزم اﺳﺖ وﺿﻮح ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ: ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﭼﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻛﺎدر درﻣﺎﻧﻲ آﮔﺎﻫ ﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻮق داﺷﺘﻪ را ﻃﻲ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ؟ دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺬاﻫﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ آﻳﺎ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﺴﻨﺪﻳﺪه ﻳﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ در ﻣﻮرد ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ دوران اﻓﻼﻃﻮن ﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﮔﺮدد(4) ﻧﻔﺮت اﻧﮕﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ و اﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺎﭘﺴﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ آﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ آزادي و اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺎت ﻧﺪارد؟ اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻳﻦ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺆول:ﻧﺮﮔﺲ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ (ﻣﺮﺑﻲ)، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه را ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ؟ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎن(اﺻﻔﻬﺎن)، اﻳﺮان. [email protected] دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ (داﻧﺸﻴﺎر)، ﮔﺮوه آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻓﻮق داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن. اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان. ([email protected])؛ اﻋﻈﻢ داده ﺷﻮد. ﻋﻠﻮي (ﻣﺮﺑﻲ)، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد (داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري). ([email protected]) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: 5/7/90، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ: 14/9/90 ،ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 90/9/19 http://journals.mui.ac.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ آﻣﻮزش در ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ/وﻳﮋه ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آﻣﻮزش و ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ1390؛ 11(9)/ 1453 ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران از ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﻫﺮاﻧﺸﺎن در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺗﻠﻲ از ﻫﻴﺰم ﻣﻲاﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻨﺪ و زﻧﺪه زﻧﺪه ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻫﺮﻧﻮع ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻲﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﺪ(10). ﻣﺮگ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد وﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎت زﻳﺎدي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺸﻬﻮر در ﻃﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ زﻳﺮا ﻣﻮاردي وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪر ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻣﻲداﻧﺴﺖ، ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﻘﺮاط ﻣﺮگ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻮد ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد وﻟﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ، ﺧﻮد را در دﻫﺎﻧﻪ آﺗﺸﻔﺸﺎن اﻧﺪاﺧﺖ. ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮدد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي وﺟﻮد دارد ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل روﻣﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺻﺤﺮا ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ آن ﻣﺮگ اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻛﺮد. ﻧﺮون، اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮر روم، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﺎرﺿﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﺮدم ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﻮد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ اﺳﺖ(6)ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪ ﻗﺼﺮ او ﻫﺠﻮم ﺑﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺑﻨﺪﮔﺎن آزاد ﻛﺮده ﺧﻮد ﻛﻪ اراﺋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ از ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ، ﻻزم اﺳﺖ(7). را واداﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ او را ﺑﻜﺸﺪ. ژراردو ﺑﻨﺰال، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي، ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ دادن ﻋﻤﺪي، آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮ ﭼﺮاغ ﺑﺮق ﺧﻮد را دار زد(11). ارادي ﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ اﺳﺖ(8) ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ، اﻧﻮاع در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺮم ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮد و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ دارد. ﺑﺪون ﺷﻚ، ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﮔﻨﺎه ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﻣﺮگ را ﺑﺮ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺘﻨﺪ از ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﻛﻔﻦ و دﻓﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﺮوم ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﺮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ، در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮارد، ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ(8). در ﻳﻮﻧﺎن ﻗﺪﻳﻢ اﻣﻜﺎن داﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎن ﺟﺮاﻳﻢ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ ﺣﺘﻲ، ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖﻫﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت و ﻣﻬﻢ، ﺣﺘﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﺮگ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ و ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮار ﺗﻀﺎدﻫﺎﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد(5). ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. اﻓﻼﻃﻮن، ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف ﺑﺰرگ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮد: «ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺤﺎر ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در زﻣﻴﻦ دور اﻓﺘﺎده، ﺧﺸﻚ و ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ: ﺳﺨﺖ و ﺑﺪون ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺳﭙﺮده ﺷﻮد» ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﭘﺪﻳ ﺪهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ودر در ﻗﺮن ﺷﺸﻢ ﻣﻴﻼدي «روﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﻦ» اﻣﭙﺮاﻃﻮر روم، ﻣﻘﺮر ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ و ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻟﺒﺘﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺎزات ﺷﻮد و دورﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﻗﻮام ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ را ﺟﺮم ﻧﻤﻲداﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ازدواج ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻮه ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮدي، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﻨﮓ و ﺳﺮاﻓﻜﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ در ﭘﺎرهاي از ﻣﻮارد از آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻓﺘﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ(12). آﻣﻴﺰﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺧﻮدﻛﺸ ﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮر دﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ در اروﭘﺎ، ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﺷﺪ و اﻳﻦ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ رﻛﻠﺌﻮﭘﺎﺗﺮا وﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸ ﻲﻫﺎي ژاﭘﻨ ﻲﻫﺎي اﻗﺪام ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ و اﺧﻼق ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ Downloaded from ijme.mui.ac.ir at 18:02 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 ﻋﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﻮرا ﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ «ﻫﺎراﮔﻴﺮي» ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، از ﻧﻮع ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺠﺎزات، از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸ ﻲﻫﺎي اﻓﺘﺨﺎرآﻣﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ(9) اﻳﻦ روش ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮع «ﺗﺸﻴﻊ و دﻓﻦ ﺟﻨﺎزه ﻣﺤﺮوم ﻣﻲﺷﺪ»(13). ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﻘﻼب ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮام و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺑﻮده وﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1789 و ﺗﺤﻮل اﻓﻜﺎر در ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت آن در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ و روﺣﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم آزاد يﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي و ﺣﻘﻮق اﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻠﺖ، ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻫﺎي ﻣﻲﺷﺪ(1). ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻟﻐﻮ ﺷﺪ. اﻧﻘﻼب ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ درﺳﺎل ﺧﻮدﻛﺸ ﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻪ «اﻳﻨﻮت»(1) و «ﺳﺎﺗﻲ»(2) ﻧﻴﺰ 1789 ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻗﺒﻮل اﺻﺎﻟﺖ اﻓﺮاد و اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ، ﺟﺰء ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﻮرﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ و اﻓﺘﺨﺎر آﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ و ﺟﺎن ﺧﻮد اﺳﺖ، ﻣﺠﺎزات ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺑﻖ را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻣﺮاﺳﻢ «ﺳﺎﺗﻲ» ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺖ دﻳﺮﻳﻦ در ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺴﺦ ﻧﻤﻮد(12). ﻫﻨﺪوﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮد، زﻧﺎن ﺑﻴﻮه ﺧﻮد را روي ﺟﺴﺪ دﻳﻮان ﻛﺸﻮر ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1815 ﻣﻴﻼدي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ رأي 1454 / ﻣﺠﻠﻪ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ آﻣﻮزش در ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ/ وﻳﮋهﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ آﻣﻮزش و ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ1390؛ http://journals.mui.ac.ir (9)11 ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ داد: «ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺟﺮم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ در آن ﺟﺮم را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﮔﻨﺎه ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮد(7). اﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﻮد»(14) در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، ﻓﺮد در اﺛﺮ ﮔﻨﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺴﻴﺎر، آﻣﺮزش ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻌﻴﺪ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ و ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺟﺮم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، وﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺟﺮم ﻣﺄﻳﻮس ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻲ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺷﻤﺮده اﺳﺖ، اﺳﺖ(15). در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﻼدي در روﺳﻴﻪ، آﻟﻤﺎن و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪاﻧﺪ ﻳﺄس از ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﮔﻨﺎﻫﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪاش ﺑﺪﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ(16) اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﺪ(10). ﺣﻀﺮت ﻣﺤﻤﺪ (ص) ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﺪ: ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﺳﺖ و اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮش ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﺳﺎل 1737 ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اراده ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن زﻧﺪﮔﻴﺶ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دي ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ وي ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﻣﻴﺮد ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﺮا ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ، suicideرا در ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1726 ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان آن را ﻳﻚ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ و ﻧﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ اﻧﺪاﺧﺖ(5). وﺳﻴﻠﻪ آﻛﺎدﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ وﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﻮاﻳﺎن ﭘﺮوﺗﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ از دو ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ sui ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ« ﺧﻮد» و cide ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻛﺮد را ﻣﺤﻜﻮم ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ «ﻛﺸﺘﻦ» اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ «ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ» ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ رﺳﺎ و ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪه و ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎن اﺳﺖ و اﺟﺎزه ﺗﻮﺑﻪ را ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ(7). از آن اﺳﺖ.اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻈﺎمدار در ﺑﺎره ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ و ﺷﺮﻛﺖ در ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ دﺳﺖ اﻣﻴﻞ دورﻛﻬﺎﻳﻢ در ﺳﺎل 1897 در ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً در ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان «ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ» ﻣﻄﺮح ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ(8). ﻳﻚ ﮔﻨﺎه ﺑﺰرگ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﺳﻘﺮاط ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل اﺷﺘﺒﺎه اﺳﺖ ﻳﻬﻮدﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﮔﻨﺎه ﺟﺪي ﻣﺤﺴﻮب زﻳﺮا ﻧﻤﺎﻳ ﺎنﮔﺮ ﺟﺪاﻳﻲ روح از ﺑﺪن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ آن را ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(1). در ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. اﻓﻼﻃﻮن ادﻋﺎ ﻛﺮد ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺮوان ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ رواﻗﻴﻮن ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ، ﻫﺮ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻨﮕﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ و ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ و ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎ ﺷﺪن اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻳﻚ ﻗﺒﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ دﻓﻦ ﮔﺮدد. ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮب ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻨﺒﻠﻲ و ﺗﺮﺳﻮ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﺮد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت زﻧﺪﮔﻲ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺮدن و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ آن(7) اﺳﺖ (4و7) ارﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ از ﻧﻴﻞ اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن اﻳﻦ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻳﺎ ﮔﻨﺎه وﻳﮋه ﭼﻴﺰي را اﺑﺮاز ﺑﻪ ﻏﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻤﺎل و ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﻪ وادي ﺣﺴﺮت و ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ آن ﭼﻪ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻓﻼﻃﻮن و ارﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.ﺣﻀﺮت ﺑﺎﻗﺮ(ع) ﻓﺮﻣﻮد: « ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻓﺮاد در ﺧﻮدﻛﺸﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻼﻳﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺮدﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﺮد ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ Downloaded from ijme.mui.ac.ir at 18:02 +0330 on Saturday September 25th 2021 ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ(7).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paolo Stellino
    Philosophical Perspectives on Suicide Paolo Stellino Philosophical Perspectives on Suicide Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Wittgenstein Paolo Stellino Nova Institute of Philosophy Universidade Nova de Lisboa LISBOA, Portugal ISBN 978-3-030-53936-8 ISBN 978-3-030-53937-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53937-5 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Tis work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Te publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations. Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
    [Show full text]
  • Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary History of Suicidology: Learning from the Past for a Better Future Submitted to Prof. John Hartwig I
    WISCONSIN LUTHERAN SEMINARY HISTORY OF SUICIDOLOGY: LEARNING FROM THE PAST FOR A BETTER FUTURE SUBMITTED TO PROF. JOHN HARTWIG IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE MASTERS OF DIVINITY PROGRAM BY JORDAN P. BENCE MARCH 8, 2019 ABSTRACT Since 2008, suicide has ranked among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States. In 2016, suicide was the second leading cause of death for individuals ages 10-34 and the fourth leading cause of death for individuals ages 35-54. From 1999 through 2017, the suicide rate has increased by 33%.1 To say that suicide is a problem in our country would be a huge understatement. With each new year as statistics are released data reveals the truth that suicide is only becoming more and more prevalent. But why does it seem like no one is talking about it? Why is discussion regarding suicide often done in private, behind closed doors, or not at all. This thesis will take a look back at the long-term negative affect the past has had and still has to this day regarding the discussion of suicide. It will also partially suggest changes to advance the discussion moving forward. 1 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db330.htm ii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..………………….1 PART ONE: THE PAST……………………………………………………………………….…5 Discussion Begins In The Ancient World 5 Greek Philosophy Discusses Suicide 5 Rome Combats Suicide For All The Wrong Reasons 10 Ancient World Glorifies Suicide 11 Suicide During The Middle Ages 14 Blatant Condemnation From The Church 16 Defense Against Donatism 17 Aquinas Supports
    [Show full text]
  • Spirituality and Suicidal Behavior: the Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness and Psychache
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2017 Spirituality and Suicidal Behavior: The ediM ating Role of Self-Forgiveness and Psychache Benjamin B. Hall East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Health Psychology Commons, Multicultural Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hall, Benjamin B., "Spirituality and Suicidal Behavior: The eM diating Role of Self-Forgiveness and Psychache" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3222. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3222 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Spirituality and Suicidal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness and Psychache __________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology East Tennessee State University __________________ In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in Psychology __________________ by Benjamin Hall May 2017 __________________ Jon R. Webb, Chair Chris S. Dula Stacey L. Williams Keywords: Religion, Spirituality, Forgiveness, Psychache, Suicide ABSTRACT Spirituality and Suicidal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness and Psychache by Benjamin Hall Growing evidence for protective factors of spirituality against physical and mental health related outcomes has led to the consideration of spirituality as a protective factor for suicidal behaviors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complexity of Roman Suicide Carmine Anthony Ruff
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 1974 The complexity of Roman suicide Carmine Anthony Ruff Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Ruff, Carmine Anthony, "The ompc lexity of Roman suicide" (1974). Master's Theses. Paper 937. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE COMPLEXITY OF ROMAN SUICIDE BY CARMINE ANTHONY RUFFA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CLASSICAL STUDIES MAY 1974 APPROVAL SHEET ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE • . • • . .iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . • . • • • • . • • • • • . • 1 II. ANCIENT SUICIDE: A PROBLEM OF SEMANTICS. • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Latin Citations to Suicide The Absence of A Standard Word Or Phrase III. PHILOSOPHIC SUICIDE . • .11 The Attitude of the Latin Philosophers Toward Suicide The Divergent Views of the Stoic Philosophers The Effect of Cato's Suicide on Stoicism IV. THE TREATMENT OF LUCRETIA'S SUICIDE BY LIVY AND AUGUSTINE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 4 Section I: Livy's Lucretia Section II: Augustine's Denunciation of Lucretia v. SUICIDE IN THE AENEID • • • • • • . .61 Vergii's Development of Dido's Suicidal Personality The Condemnation of Suicides in the Underworld Amata's Suicide CONCLUSION. .80 APPENDIX I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 83 APPENDIX II • . .86 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .91 VITA . .99 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge two people who have influenced and inspired his academic and professional life.
    [Show full text]
  • National Consensual Narrative Against Terrorism Umbreen Javaid* Abstract When Taliban Were
    Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 22, Issue - 2, 2015, 383:398 National Consensual Narrative against Terrorism Umbreen Javaid* Abstract When Taliban were fighting against USSR, America, Pakistan and Western bloc along with many other countries of the world gave them moral and material support. They were given the name of Mujahideen and their struggle against USSR was considered as ‘holy war’. They also developed a strong narrative that impressed not only Mujahideen but the outer world also. However, after the disintegration of USSR, they were left unattended; therefore, they also changed their direction and started their struggle against imperialism and non Muslim Europe and especially America. After the incident of 9/11 USA along with her allies launched a war against them labeling them as terrorists. However there is a point of view that they cannot be completely defeated with military force. Their ideology or narrative that has become very strong should also be encountered. Key Words: Terrorism, narrative, Pakistan, Afghanistan, al-Qaida. Introduction "Mujahideen is a word literally comes from the same Arabic root as jihad, which means struggle. Therefore, a mujahid is a person who struggles. In the milieu of Afghanistan through the late twentieth century, the mujahideen were Islamic combatants shielding their state from the USSR”, which in 1979 assaulted and waged a pointless and gory war for a decade. Afghan mujahideen were outstandingly varied group including Uzbeks, Tajiks, ethnic Pashtuns, and others. Some were patron by Iran, whilst numerous groups were formation of Deoband Muslims and pro-Pakistan elements (Szczepanski, n.d. “Who Were the Mujahideen of Afghanistan?” about news.
    [Show full text]
  • The Euthanasia Debate: International Experience and Canadian Policy Proposals
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 4-14-2016 12:00 AM The Euthanasia Debate: International Experience and Canadian Policy Proposals Lorna M. Fratschko The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Gary Badcock The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Theology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Lorna M. Fratschko 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Fratschko, Lorna M., "The Euthanasia Debate: International Experience and Canadian Policy Proposals" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3673. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3673 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This thesis examines the problematic prospect of the introduction of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide into Canadian society. The thesis argues that euthanasia is too simplistic an approach to address the complexities of end of life issues. The policy proposal under active discussion is profoundly mistaken. The language of euthanasia is examined in relation to the choice of words used, drawing attention to how words, when used loosely, can distort reality in this matter. Historical experience from other jurisdictions is presented to provide a context for this discussion. A "slippery slope" argument emerges via the claim that, in practice and in principle, euthanasia can neither be contained nor managed upon its introduction into a society.
    [Show full text]
  • On David Hume's Philosophy of Suicide
    Talisik: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy On David Hume’s Philosophy of Suicide Aldrin Matthew L. Go Abstract: It is evident that suicide cases remain prevalent in society today, due to man’s misery and experience of anxiety and frustration. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume (1711 – 1779) is famously known through his skeptical approach on epistemology, ethics, and religion. Considerations of other vital aspects of his philosophy are, such as “being a man”, are often overlooked, primarily because Hume is viewed primarily within the positivist and utilitarian framework. Hence, the initial endeavor of the paper is to interpret Hume within the existential context of his philosophy of suicide. Hume recognizes that misery is caused by one’s violent passions, and pure solitude, or the absence of companions such as family, friends, or relatives. Hume’s moral philosophy endorses the importance of benevolence towards our fellow human beings; as conflict, oppression, and violence are often causes of suicide. Thus, the primary endeavor of this paper is to examine parts of Hume’s life and philosophy in order to derive Hume’s response on suicide. It can be observed that in Hume’s posthumous essays Of Suicide and On the Immortality of the Soul denies the arbitrary determinations of the Supreme Deity. Following this, Hume presents four essays on happiness – a response against the violent nature of both the world and self. Through this can I construct a preliminary avenue for the possibility of a “Humean Existentialism” Thus; the primary endeavor of this paper is to examine Hume’s life and philosophy in order to derive Hume’s response to suicide; and subsequently, to misery, anxiety, and frustration.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, Reliability, and Validity in an Adolescent Sample
    Psychological Assessment Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 2007, Vol. 19, No. 3, 309–317 1040-3590/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309 Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, Reliability, and Validity in an Adolescent Sample Matthew K. Nock, Elizabeth B. Holmberg, Valerie I. Photos, and Bethany D. Michel Harvard University The authors developed the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) and evaluated its psychometric properties. The SITBI is a structured interview that assesses the presence, frequency, and characteristics of a wide range of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, including suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide gestures, suicide attempts, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). This initial study, based on the administration of the SITBI to 94 adolescents and young adults, suggested that the SITBI has strong interrater reliability (average ␬ϭ.99, r ϭ 1.0) and test–retest reliability (average ␬ϭ.70, intraclass correlation coefficient ϭ .44) over a 6-month period. Moreover, concurrent validity was demonstrated via strong correspondence between the SITBI and other measures of suicidal ideation (average ␬ϭ.54), suicide attempt (␬ϭ.65), and NSSI (average ␬ϭ.87). The authors concluded that the SITBI uniformly and comprehensively assesses a wide range of self-injury-related constructs and provides a new instrument that can be administered with relative ease in both research and clinical settings. Keywords: suicide, self-injury, assessment, reliability, validity Although impressive advances have been made in the study of that many of the measures currently available do not use clear and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) over the past several specific definitions of the SITB being assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Suicide in Shakespeare's Tragedies: a Thematic Analysis
    ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 1145-1156, September 2015 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0605.30 Suicide in Shakespeare's Tragedies: A Thematic Analysis Hussein Zamani University of Isfahan, Iran Pyeaam Abbasi University of Isfahan, Iran Abstract—The Renaissance clearly witnessed a revitalization of human’s worldview towards education, the arts, and critical thinking. In the midst of this social, cultural and political transformation, a renewed perspective was held on the subjects of euthanasia and suicide. Philosophy began to struggle free from the fetters of Christianity and to redefine its targets as the production of free and intellectual citizens. Many well- known figures of Renaissance philosophy put forward theses that were reckoned at the time to be harshly iconoclastic, such as the permissibility of suicide. Shakespeare, the chief figure of the English renaissance, in line with anti-religious discourses of his time, employs characters who radically pertain to suicidal ideologies of the ancients. The dominant theme of suicide pervading his works demonstrates how the Renaissance man mirrored the Greek and Roman ideologies and how the process of secularization exposed him with a sort of absurdity as a result of which suicide could be tolerated or even more admired. The present paper, aims, on the one hand, to defy many contemporary arguments which ill-foundedly endeavor to introduce Shakespeare as an anti-suicide figure. On the other hand, the authors show how Shakespeare was heavily influenced by the religious, humanistic, artistic and scientific discourses of his time in his exposure to the theme of suicide.
    [Show full text]
  • A Kantian Defense of Euthanasia
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Winter 2006 How Kant would choose to die: A Kantian defense of euthanasia Jennifer A. Bulcock University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Bulcock, Jennifer A., "How Kant would choose to die: A Kantian defense of euthanasia" (2006). Master's Theses and Capstones. 33. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/33 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HOW KANT WOULD CHOOSE TO DIE: A KANTIAN DEFENSE OF EUTHANASIA BY JENNIFER A. BULCOCK BA, PHILOSOPHY & ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 2005 THESIS Submitted to the University o f New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master o f Arts In Justice Studies December 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1439264 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Perceptions of Suicide and Implications for the Sanctity of Life
    Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.2,No.10, pp.47-62, December 2014 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) PHILOSOPHICAL PERCEPTIONS OF SUICIDE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SANCTITY OF LIFE Obasola, Kehinde E Ph.D Department Of Religious Studies, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago - Iwoye, Ogun State. Nigeria Omomia O. Austin Department Of Religious Studies Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. Nigeria ABSTRACT: The sanctity of human life is commonly adjudged as placing great moral burden on man. On this premise, some philosophers opined that man has no right to terminate his life. While others argued that having received life as a gift, man has the right to reject the gift when he perceives that there is no value in remaining alive. This could be due to grave illness or other forms of dissatisfaction. There are various arguments presented both in favour and against suicide by these proponents. Notable among the protagonists are some philosophers. The study therefore, seeks to examine the philosophical perceptions of suicide and implications on the sanctity of human life. The writer applied philosophical, sociological and historical research methodology in his investigation. It is recommended that man should not necessary see suicide as the right option for escaping the vicissitudes of life, which are often likely to confront man. On the other hand, it is a tremendous moral burden on man if he decides to terminate his life since he would be depriving those he could have supported, both financially and morally. The study also recommended that man should uphold the sanctity of life, as life is a gift from God.
    [Show full text]
  • (Jocress) Volume: 8 Issue: 2 ISSN: 2547-9644
    For cited: Erdem, D. Ö. (2018). Historical and Theoretical Framework of Suicide. Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science, 8 (2), 65-80. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences Year:2018 (JoCReSS) Volume: 8 www.stracademy.org/jocress Issue: 2 ISSN: 2547-9644 Review Article/Derleme Makale doi: 10.26579/jocress-8.2.6 Historical and Theoretical Framework of Suicide* Dilek Özge ERDEM1 Keywords Abstract Suicide, suicidal Being one of the most common aberrant behavior of mankind wordlwide, attempt, suicide was examined under various disciplines. The subjekt of this paper is aberration, the behavior and the behaoviral pattern of “suicide” and “suicide attempts”, Durkheim, theories which is an ongoing phenomenon since the very begining of the humankind. of suicide. In this paper it was aimed to elucidate this phenomenon by explaning its Article History Received history and scientific theories propounded so far, regarding pyschological, 15 May, 2018 sociological and genetical background. Accepted 30 June, 2018 1. Introduction Not as a criminal act but because of its nature as an aberration of the normal way of behavior, suicide made its place also in criminilogical studies. Behavior, which is different or not in an accordance with the expectations of the society, is aberration or an aberrant behavior. Aberration as a social fact is a way of behavior, which is conducted by the associates of the society and more ambigious than the concept of criminal action, while not every aberration is to be concidered as criminal action in scope of criminal codes (Sokullu Akıncı, 2014: 36, 37) As a result of that, suicide itself conduct any criminal offence, but guiding another person to commit suicide is concidered as a criminal offence in almost every criminal codes among the World (Öntan, 2015: 845 ff.).
    [Show full text]