DOCSLIB.ORG

A Synoptic Approach to the South Asian Monsoon Climate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Synoptic Approach to the South Asian Monsoon Climate A SYNOPTIC APPROACH TO THE SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON CLIMATE A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Md Rafiqul Islam August 2020 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published Materials Dissertation written By Md Rafiqul Islam B.Sc., University of Dhaka, 2008 M.S., University of Dhaka, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2020 Approved by Dr. Scott Sheridan , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Thomas Schmidlin , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Cameron C. Lee , Dr. Javed Khan , Dr. Laura G. Leff , Accepted by Dr. Scott Sheridan , Chair, Department of Geography Dr. Mandy Munro Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………… iii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………. vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………… vii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………. ix 1. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 2. CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 9 2.1. Monsoon Seasonality ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Monsoon Onset ................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Monsoon Mechanism ....................................................................................................... 13 2.4. Synoptic Climatology ....................................................................................................... 14 2.5. Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs)........................................................................................ 16 2.6. Application of Self-Organizing Maps............................................................................. 18 3. CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 22 3.1. ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.3. Background ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.1. Synoptic climatology and Self-organizing maps (SOMs) ...................................... 24 3.4. Application of Self Organizing map techniques ............................................................ 26 3.5. Data and methods ............................................................................................................ 28 3.5.1. Data ............................................................................................................................ 28 3.5.2. SOM methodology .................................................................................................... 29 3.5.3. Seasonal Delineation ................................................................................................. 32 iii 3.6. Results and discussion ..................................................................................................... 34 3.6.1. Sea level pressure ...................................................................................................... 34 3.6.2. Wind ........................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.3. Temperature .............................................................................................................. 45 3.6.4. Relative Humidity ..................................................................................................... 51 3.6.5. Precipitation .............................................................................................................. 57 3.7. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 62 3.7.1. Seasonal delineation ................................................................................................. 62 3.7.2. Synoptic validation ................................................................................................... 64 3.8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 67 4. CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 68 4.1. ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 68 4.2. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 69 4.3. Data and Methods ............................................................................................................ 72 4.3.1. Data ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.3.2. Criteria for onset and withdrawal of seasons ........................................................ 74 4.4. Results and discussion ..................................................................................................... 75 4.4.1. Utility of SOMs and seasonal circulation patterns ................................................ 75 4.4.2. Seasonal Onset, length, and Circulation Pattern Climatology ............................. 77 4.4.3. Comparing SOM based onset of monsoon dates with other existing methods ... 87 4.5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 89 5. CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 91 5.1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 91 5.2. Data and methods: ........................................................................................................... 97 5.2.1. Data ............................................................................................................................ 97 5.2.2. Seasonal delineation (Creation of SOMs) ............................................................... 98 5.3. Results ............................................................................................................................... 99 5.3.1. Pre-monsoon season ............................................................................................... 100 5.3.2. Pre-monsoon to Monsoon Transition ................................................................... 102 5.3.3. Monsoon Season ...................................................................................................... 105 5.3.4. Monsoon to post-monsoon Transition .................................................................. 111 5.3.5. Post-monsoon Season ............................................................................................. 114 5.3.6. Post-monsoon to winter transition ........................................................................ 116 iv 5.3.7. Winter Season ......................................................................................................... 118 5.3.8. Winter to Pre-monsoon Transition ....................................................................... 120 5.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ..................................................... 121 6. CHAPTER SIX DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 132 7. CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 141 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1 :Initial Definition of Seasonal Month of a Year _____________________________ 32 Table 3-2: Mean precipitation (mm) by node associated with wind SOM. ________________ 45 Table 3-3: Mean precipitation (mm) by node associated with temperature SOM ___________ 51 Table 3-4: Mean precipitation (mm) by node associated with relative humidity SOM _______ 57 Table 3-5: Mean precipitation field per SOM node as depicted in Figure 1.2 ______________ 66 Table 3-6: Mean precipitation field per SOM node as depicted in Figure 1.11 _____________ 66 Table 4-1: Decadal Mean Seasonal Onset Trend, a positive slope indicates . ______________ 81 Table 4-2: Decadal Trend analysis of Seasonal Length _______________________________ 83 Table 4-3: SOM based monsoon onset dates for different atmospheric variables. __________ 83 Table 4-4: Decadal Trend of Monsoon Onset, SOM Based Vs Others. ___________________ 87 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. South Asian Domain .................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3-1: South Asia and two local regions of interest, Kerala and Bangladesh. ..................... 31 Figure 3-2: SOM lattice for sea-level pressure.. ........................................................................... 37 Figure 3-3: Associated with each of the SOM nodes in Figure 3-2:. ........................................... 38 Figure 3-4: Each map represents the mean…………. in SLP SOM in Figure 3-2. ..................... 38 Figure 3-5: SOM lattice for wind.................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Climate of East Africa
    THE CLIMATE OF EAST AFRICA East Africa lies within the tropical latitudes but due to a combination of factors the region experiences a variety of climatic types. The different parts experience different types of climate which include: 1. Equatorial climate This type of climate is experienced in the region between 5°N and 5°S of the equator. For instance in places such as the Congo basin. In East Africa the equatorial climate is experienced around the L.Victoria basin and typical equatorial climate is experiences within the L.Victoria and specifically the Islands within L.Victoria. Typical equatorial climate is characterised by; a) Heavy rainfall of about 2000mm evenly distributed throughout the year. b) Temperatures are high with an average of 27°C c) High humidity of about 80% or more. This is because of evaporation and heavy rainfall is received. d) Double maxima of rain i.e. there are two rainfall peaks received. The rainfall regime is characterized by a bimodal pattern. There is hardly any dry spell (dry season). e) The type of rainfall received is mainly convectional rainfall commonly accompanied by lightning and thunderstorms. f) There is thick or dense cloud cover because of the humid conditions that result into rising air whose moisture condenses at higher levels to form clouds. g) It is characterised by low atmospheric pressure and this is mainly because of the high temperatures experienced. In East Africa due to factors such as altitude, the equatorial climate has tended to be modified. The equatorial climate experienced in much of East Africa is not typical that of the rest in other tropical regions.
    [Show full text]
  • How Important and Different Are Tropical Rivers? — an Overview
    Geomorphology 227 (2014) 5–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph How important and different are tropical rivers? — An overview James P.M. Syvitski a,⁎,SagyCohenb,AlbertJ.Kettnera,G.RobertBrakenridgea a CSDMS/INSTAAR, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0545, United States b Dept. Geography, U. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0322, United States article info abstract Article history: Tropical river systems, wherein much of the drainage basin experiences tropical climate are strongly influenced Received 29 July 2013 by the annual and inter-annual variations of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its derivative mon- Received in revised form 19 February 2014 soonal winds. Rivers draining rainforests and those subjected to tropical monsoons typically demonstrate high Accepted 22 February 2014 runoff, but with notable exceptions. High rainfall intensities from burst weather events are common in the tro- Available online 11 March 2014 pics. The release of rain-forming aerosols also appears to uniquely increase regional rainfall, but its geomorphic Keywords: manifestation is hard to detect. Compared to other more temperate river systems, climate-driven tropical rivers Tropical climate do not appear to transport a disproportionate amount of particulate load to the world's oceans, and their warmer, Hydrology less viscous waters are less competent. Tropical biogeochemical environments do appear to influence the sedi- Sediment transport mentary environment. Multiple-year hydrographs reveal that seasonality is a dominant feature of most tropical rivers, but the rivers of Papua New Guinea are somewhat unique being less seasonally modulated. Modeled riverine suspended sediment flux through global catchments is used in conjunction with observational data for 35 tropical basins to highlight key basin scaling relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Urbanization and Related Environmental Issues Of
    Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 3, 2017 URBANIZATION AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF METRO MANILA Ram Krishna Regmi Environment and Resource Management Consultant, Kathmandu, Nepal Email Address: [email protected] __________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Due to rapid urbanization, Metro Manila is facing many environmental challenges with its continuous accelerating urban growth rate. According to 2010 census of population Metro Manila accounts about one-third of the total urban population and about 13% of the total national population of Philippines.The impact of urban growth of the Metro Manila to its urban environment relating on demography, solid wastes problem and problems in water bodies as well as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissionis emphasized here in this study.The flood prone areas within the Metro Manila is about 31%, most of the risk areas located along creeks, river banks or coastal areas.Metro Manila produces total garbage equivalent to 25% of the national waste generation in which about 17% is paper wastes and about 16% are plastics. In terms of water quality classification the upper reaches of the Marikina River is of Class A, but all remaining river systems are of Class C. Accordingly, the classification of Manila Bay is of Class SB. Similarly, the quality of ambient air of the Metro Manila is also poor. Using 2010 as base year, the major contributor to greenhouse gas is from vehicular emissions followed by the stationary sources. An urgent need is felt to incorporate environmental issues into planning its urban area to reduce the risks of further environmental degradation. Keywords: Metro Manila; urbanization; environmental issues; solid wastes;water quality; air pollution _________________________________________________________________________________ 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Savanna Climate Or Tropi- Cal Wet and Dry Climate Is a Type of Climate That Corresponds to the Köppen Climate Classification Categories “Aw” and “As”
    Tropical savanna climate or tropi- cal wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories “Aw” and “As”. Tropi- cal savanna climates have month- ly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) in every month of the Aw year and typically a pronounced Tropical savanna climate dry season, with the driest month having less than 60 mm (2.36 inches) of precipitation and also less than 100 – [total annual Location Examples: precipitation {mm}/25] of precip- • Northeastern Brazil itation. • Mexico This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate, • Florida, USA whose driest month sees less than • Caribbean 60 mm of precipitation but has more than 100 – [total annual precipitation {mm}/25] of pre- cipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tropical_savanna_climate study By YuYan case study Naples Botanical Garden Visitor Center By Yanan Qian Location: Naples, USA Architect: Lake Flato Architects Owner: N/A Year of completion: 2014 Climate: Aw Material of interest: wood Application: Exterior Properties of material: Providing strong contextual place to the garden, a wood-paneled Prow above the cul- tivated greenery gives visitors views of Everglade palms below and distant glimpses of sawgrass wetlands beyond. Sources: Architect Website: http://www.lakeflato.com/ https://www.archdaily.com/774181/naples-botanical- garden-visitor-center-lake-flato-architects case study Marble House By Zhuoying Chen Location: Bangkok, Thailand Architect: OPENBOX Architects Owner: N/A Year of completion: 2017 Climate: Aw (Tropical Savanna Climate) Material of interest: Persian white classico Application: Roof and Skin Properties of material: • hard, durable, stable • adjust temporature, shield from direct sunlight and exter- nal heat • can be polished to a high luster, neat and elegant • expansive Sources: https://www.archdaily.com/872904/marble-house-open- box-architects.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia
    Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia With a population of 1.43 billion people, one-third of whom live in poverty, the South Asia developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) face the challenge of achieving and sustaining rapid economic growth to reduce poverty and attain other Millennium Development Goals in an era of accentuated risks posed by global climate change. Economic losses in key sectors, such as agriculture, energy, transport, health, water, coastal and marine, and tourism, are expected to be significant, rendering growth targets harder to achieve. This report synthesizes the results of country and sector studies on the economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on climate change in ADB’s six South Asia Asia Adaptation in South Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and DMCs, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The study takes into account the different scenarios and impacts projected across vulnerable sectors and estimates the total economic loss throughout the 21st century and amount of funding required for adaptation measures to avert such potential losses. It is envisioned to strengthen decision-making capacities and improve understanding of the economics of climate change for the countries in South Asia. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to approximately two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.6 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 733 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaption of Tensile Architecture in Tropical Monsoon Climate
    International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences volume 5 issue 1 pp. 08-19 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.20469/ijaps.5.50002-1 Adaption of Tensile Architecture in Tropical Monsoon Climate Latifa Sultana ∗ Nazmun Nahar Architecture Department, Monad Architects, Dhaka, Bangladesh Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract: This paper will thoroughly investigate the use and opportunities of tensile architecture, which can be applied in rain, wind, heat, daylight issues in the architecture of Bangladesh. As Bangladesh laid on Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the built form of this region prefers an open-type structure. Humidity and temperature always become an issue in this region due to the tropical monsoon climate of Bangladesh. These issues of environment follow the traditional Bengal architecture pattern. Furthermore, the contemporary architecture of Bangladesh respectively follows these significant characteristics of tropical monsoon climate. On the other side, Tensile Membrane Structure (TMS) has qualities to hold large spans, lightweight, translucency, aesthetic value, and flexibility. TMS and the traditional hut system of Bengal can be said as complementary to each other in this tropical monsoon climate of Bangladesh. Tensile membrane structure can be that element of contemporary architecture that can be adopted in this climate by satisfying all the primary issues of the tropical monsoon climate of Bangladesh. Tensile structure can be designed as lightweight roof shade, which is more similar with “Bengal hut” pattern of Bangladesh. Keywords: Climate, hut pattern, tensile structure, fabric Received: 06 November 2018; Accepted: 12 February 2019; Published: 08 March 2019 I. INTRODUCTION Moreover, Bangladesh is the deltaic pavilion of Southeast A. Background Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Wet Realms of Central Africa, Part I
    Geo/SAT 2 TROPICAL WET REALMS OF CENTRAL AFRICA, PART I Professor Paul R. Baumann Department of Geography State University of New York College at Oneonta Oneonta, New York 13820 USA COPYRIGHT © 2009 Paul R. Baumann INTRODUCTION: Forests used to dominate the Earth’s land surface. Covering an estimated 15 billion acres (6 billion hectares) these forests, with their dense canopies and little undergrowth, surrounded the islands of grasslands and deserts. Today, in many sections of the world the forests have become islands, encompassed by not only grasslands and deserts but also open lands due to deforestation for human endeavors. Tropical rainforests represent one of the last great forest areas in the world. They cover about 8.3 percent of the Earth’s surface. These great forests are being cleared at an alarming rate to meet a variety of social and economic needs. The clearing of these forests can impact the world’s hydrologic cycle and energy balance, the consequences of which we do not know. FIGURE 1: MODIS images of Africa. This instructional module consists of two parts and centers on the tropical landscapes of Central Africa. The primary goal of the module is to use remotely sensed imagery to identify and measure the tropical wet regions. Part I discusses the world’s tropical atmospheric patterns, the tropical regions of Central Africa, and the characteristics associated with the remote sensing scanner, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). It also deals with some preliminary analysis of four MODIS data sets covering the four seasons of the year in Central Africa. Part II examines two different ways to classify the four data sets and produce land cover images as well as acreage figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities
    THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20344 Telephone: 202.473.1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Public Disclosure Authorized E-mail: [email protected] Contacts: Poonam Pillai, [email protected] Jan Bojo, [email protected] Maria Sarraf and Susmita Dasgupta, [email protected], [email protected] Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities Asian Development Bank Contact: Jay Roop, [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized Japan International Cooperation Agency Contact: Megumi Muto, [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized and A Climate Risks SYNTHESIS REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities A Synthesis Report © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org/climatechange E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. September 2010 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this publication is copyrighted.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmo KQ2 Review
    1/22/2020 SHS AICE Environmental Management: 4.2.2 - The Atmosphere (KQ2): Climate and Biomes More [email protected] Dashboard Sign Out SHS AICE Environmental Management Intro Unit (1) Lithosphere (2) Hydrosphere (3) Atmosphere (4) Biosphere (5) AICE Exam Review TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2018 4.2.2 - The Atmosphere (KQ2): Climate and Biomes Biomes are the major ecosystem areas around the world. Recall from section 4.2.1 - Climate is the average weather pattern of a certain area, and it is what determines the BIOME an area is divided into. Mainly, it's based on annual rainfall and temperature variations. These conditions determine which plants can grow, and thus which animals can occupy the area. You probably already know some biomes just by thinking about them - hot/wet = the rainforest, FSCJ Undergrad hot/dry = desert. There are more that we need to discuss because knowing the different biomes and Programs their characteristics is vital to their protection and management, and all life on Earth. The major ones FSCJ you need to know are discussed below: Make FSCJ a Part of Your Future. You Can Equatorial Do This. Get Started! Also known as tropical rainforests, these are usually located along the equator as shown in the graphic below: OPEN The latitude usually comes under the Doldrums Low Pressure belt all the year and therefore there are BLOG ARCHIVE almost no distinct seasons. The midday sun is always near the vertical and it is overhead twice a year, ► 2019 (2) at the equinoxes. Average daily temperatures are typically at around 26.9°C (80.3°F) throughout the ▼ 2018 (10) year.
    [Show full text]
  • Monsoon Tourism: a New Aspiration for Bangladesh Tourism Industry
    Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports www.iiste.org ISSN (Paper) 2312-5187 ISSN (Online) 2312-5179 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.2, 2014 Monsoon Tourism: A New Aspiration for Bangladesh Tourism Industry Sadia Afrin Chowdhury Lecturer, Department of Tourism and Hotel management, International Business Administration and Information System University (IBAIS), Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] Nafisa Kasem (Corresponding Author) Lecturer, Department of Marketing, Bangladesh University of Business and technology (BUBT), Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] Abstract From the very past Bangalees are highly attached with the monsoon season and much influenced by the beauty of the rainy season. So we find a touch of the season in our every occasion and festivals. Most of the countries of the world are deprived from the blessings and beauty of the monsoon climate. So, every year lots of tourists from different countries (like Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Russia) come to visit different countries which are blessed by monsoon climate. They also come to visit Bangladesh. Like other seasons the rainy season of Bangladesh is also very suitable for the interested visitors. So, in this article we have tried to conduct a descriptive research to represent the current scenario with the emphasis on future impact of Monsoon tourism for the development of Bangladeshi tourism sector. Our research is based on both qualitative and quantitative data which we have collected from various sources like websites, articles, journals, etc. Throughout our study we mainly try to focus on the future of Bangladesh tourism sector by introducing new phenomena monsoon tourism. Keywords: monsoon, tourism, tourist, Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal, Cox’s Bazar, rainy season .
    [Show full text]
  • Intra-Urban Heat Island Detection and Trend Characterization in Metro Manila Using Surface Temperatures Derived from Multi-Temporal Landsat Data
    The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-4/W19, 2019 PhilGEOS x GeoAdvances 2019, 14–15 November 2019, Manila, Philippines INTRA-URBAN HEAT ISLAND DETECTION AND TREND CHARACTERIZATION IN METRO MANILA USING SURFACE TEMPERATURES DERIVED FROM MULTI-TEMPORAL LANDSAT DATA K. P. Landicho1, * , A.C. Blanco1, 2 1Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines 2Department of Geodetic Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines [email protected], [email protected] Commission IV KEY WORDS: Urbanization, Local Moran’s I, Google Earth Engine, Emissivity, Hotspot, Coldspot, Histogram, Trendlines ABSTRACT: Unprecedented urbanization in Metro Manila has led to the proliferation of the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This is characterized by a prominent difference in the temperatures of the urban and its surrounding rural and less urbanized areas. Temperature differences occur within these UHI’s indicating the existence of intra-urban heat islands (IUHI). UHI’s and IUHI’s are well- documented indicators of urban environmental degradation and therefore puts the population of Metro Manila at risk. In anticipation of these effects, their detection and the characterization of their behaviour through time can contribute to proper urban planning thus mitigating harmful effects. Google Earth Engine was used to retrieve land surface temperatures (LST) from Landsat data from 1997 to 2019 using emissivity estimation. The Local Moran’s I statistic was then used to identify cluster and outlier types (COT). A histogram with 10 bins representing the net COT frequencies per barangay was then used to identify IUHI’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Workshop on Climate Monitoring and Analysis of Climate Variability: Implementation of Climate Watch System in RA II with Focus on Monsoon Affected Areas
    Climate Data and Monitoring WCDMP-No. 74 Regional Workshop on Climate Monitoring and Analysis of Climate Variability: Implementation of Climate Watch System in RA II with focus on Monsoon affected areas (Beijing, China, 10–13 November 2009) For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Observing and Information Systems Department Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 82 68 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 21 E-mail: [email protected] 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland www.wmo.int WMO-TD No. 1554 Regional Workshop on Climate Monitoring and Analysis of Climate Variability: Implementation of Climate Watch System in RA II with focus on Monsoon affected areas (Beijing, China, 10-13 November 2009) WCDMP-74 WMO/TD No. 1554 World Meteorological Organization Geneva, August 2010 © World Meteorological Organization, 2010 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate these publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0)22 730 84 03 P.O. Box No. 2300 Fax: +41 (0)22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]