GlobalGlobal RegionalRegional ClimatesClimates
OLLIOLLI
LoudounLoudoun CampusCampus
JanuaryJanuary 2828 -- FebruaryFebruary 1818 20102010
BarryBarry HaackHaack
GMUGMU GeographyGeography RegionalRegional ClimatologyClimatology
AverageAverage weatherweather conditionsconditions
VariationVariation overover spacespace ratherrather thanthan timetime
InformsInforms onon environmentalenvironmental andand economiceconomic conditionsconditions andand opportunitiesopportunities
ManyMany classificationclassification systemssystems
OriginallyOriginally basedbased onon naturalnatural vegetationvegetation
StatisticallyStatistically basedbased todaytoday ClimateClimate ControlsControls
LatitudeLatitude
GlobalGlobal windwind andand pressurepressure beltsbelts
DistributionDistribution ofof landland andand waterwater
AltitudeAltitude
Mountain/topographicMountain/topographic barriersbarriers
OceanOcean currentscurrents
Man?Man?
ClimateClimate ClassClass ParametersParameters
KoppenKoppen symbolssymbols andand namename
CausesCauses andand controlscontrols
TempTemp characteristicscharacteristics
PrecipitationPrecipitation characteristicscharacteristics
SoilsSoils
NaturalNatural vegetationvegetation
ManMan ’’ss utilizationutilization
LocationLocation SoilSoil PhysicalPhysical andand ChemicalChemical PropertiesProperties
TextureTexture
StructureStructure
ConsistencyConsistency
PorosityPorosity
PermeabilityPermeability
ColorColor
ChemicalChemical compositioncomposition SoilSoil ChangeChange FactorsFactors
ParentParent materialmaterial
ClimateClimate
TopographyTopography
TimeTime
BiosphereBiosphere ComprehensiveComprehensive SoilSoil ClassificationClassification SystemSystem
GlobalGlobal
HierarchicalHierarchical
1111 OrdersOrders
4747 suborderssuborders
230230 GreatGreat SoilSoil GroupsGroups
ThreeThree lowerlower levelslevels
(Fairfax(Fairfax Co.Co. 1955,1955, ~75~75 soilsoil classes)classes) SoilSoil FormingForming ProcessesProcesses
LaterizationLaterization
PodsolizationPodsolization
CalcificationCalcification
SalinizationSalinization
GleizationGleization NaturalNatural VegetationVegetation BiomesBiomes
ForestsForests
GrasslandsGrasslands
SavannaSavanna
TundraTundra
DesertDesert PhysicalPhysical DescriptorsDescriptors ofof VegetationVegetation
LifeLife formform
PlantPlant sizesize andand stratificationstratification
PercentPercent covercover
PeriodicityPeriodicity
LeafLeaf sizesize andand shapeshape
LeafLeaf TextureTexture VegetationVegetation ChangeChange FactorsFactors
ClimateClimate
TopographyTopography
SoilSoil
BioticBiotic
TimeTime WorldWorld ClimateClimate ClassificationClassification ModifiedModified KK ööppenppen SystemSystem A.A. TropicalTropical HumidHumid C. Mild Midlatitude TropicalTropical wetwet Humid subtropical TropicalTropical savannasavanna Marine west coast TropicalTropical monsoonmonsoon Mediterranean B.B. DryDry D. Severe Midlatitude DesertDesert Humid continental warmwarm andand coolcool Subarctic SteppeSteppe E. Polar warmwarm andand coolcool Tundra Ice cap H. Highland ClimateClimate ZonesZones andand TypesTypes A.A. TropicalTropical HumidHumid TropicalTropical rainforestrainforest AfAf TropicalTropical monsoonmonsoon AmAm TropicalTropical savannasavanna AwAw TropicalTropical RainforestRainforest AfAf
LowLow LatitudeLatitude EquatorialEquatorial LowLow Hot,Hot, lowlow annualannual range,range, highhigh diurnaldiurnal WetWet 8080 --100100 inchesinches Laterization,Laterization, OxisolsOxisols BroadleafBroadleaf evergreenevergreen forest,forest, epiphytes,epiphytes, lianaslianas LowLow population,population, slashslash andand burn,burn, forestryforestry AmazonAmazon Basin,Basin, ZaireZaire Basin,Basin, IndonesiaIndonesia
TropicalTropical MonsoonMonsoon AmAm
MonsoonMonsoon CirculationCirculation SystemSystem Hot,Hot, lowlow annualannual range,range, highhigh diurnaldiurnal WetWet andand dry,dry, veryvery wetwet 100100 --500500 inchesinches Laterization,Laterization, inceptisolsinceptisols onon floodplainsfloodplains BroadleafBroadleaf evergreen,evergreen, somesome deciduousdeciduous SlashSlash andand burn,burn, timber,timber, rice*,rice*, densedense populationspopulations alongalong riversrivers SouthSouth AsiaAsia Coasts,Coasts, Philipines,Philipines, WestWest Africa,Africa, AmazonAmazon Coast,Coast, Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am) IG4e_07_11 TropicalTropical SavannaSavanna AwAw
TransitionTransition climateclimate SubtropicalSubtropical high,high, winterwinter EquatorialEquatorial low,low, summersummer WetWet andand dry,dry, 3030 --5050 inchesinches OxisolsOxisols andand vertisolsvertisols SavannaSavanna LowLow population,population, grazing,grazing, agricultureagriculture Africa,Africa, No.No. Australia,Australia, Llanos,Llanos, CamposCampos India,India, extensiveextensive
MidMid LatitudeLatitude CC ClimatesClimates
HumidHumid subtropicalsubtropical CfaCfa MediterraneanMediterranean CsaCsa (b)(b) MarineMarine westwest coastcoast CfbCfb HumidHumid SubtropicalSubtropical CfaCfa
MidMid Lat,Lat, 2525 --4040 degrees,degrees, extensiveextensive PolewardPoleward sideside ofof marinemarine subtropicalsubtropical highhigh MildMild winter,winter, hothot summersummer 3030 --100100 in,in, convectiveconvective andand cycloniccyclonic OxisolsOxisols andand alfisolsalfisols MixedMixed vegetationvegetation HighHigh pop,pop, forestry,forestry, agricultureagriculture SEUS,SEUS, Pampas,Pampas, China,China, Japan,Japan, SESE AustraliaAustralia
MediterraneanMediterranean CsaCsa (b)(b)
MidMid Lat,Lat, 3030 --4040 degrees,degrees, limitedlimited EquatorialEquatorial sideside ofof marinemarine subtropicalsubtropical highhigh Westerlies,Westerlies, coolcool oceanocean currentcurrent MildMild winter,winter, warmwarm summersummer SeasonalSeasonal (s),(s), 1515 --3030 inchesinches OxisolsOxisols andand alfisolsalfisols Chapparal,Chapparal, schlerophylousschlerophylous HighHigh pop,pop, agriculture,agriculture, tourismtourism WestWest sideside ofof continents,continents, California,California, CentralCentral Chile,Chile, MediterraneanMediterranean BasinBasin
MarineMarine WestWest CoastCoast CfbCfb
MidMid Lat,Lat, 4040 --6565 degrees,degrees, westwest sideside continentscontinents Westerlies,Westerlies, warmwarm oceanocean currentcurrent MildMild winterswinters andand summerssummers forfor latitudelatitude 2020 --3535 in.in. Europe,Europe, 100100 --200200 inin NWUS,NWUS, fogfog SpodosolsSpodosols US,US, AlfisolsAlfisols EuropeEurope Forests,Forests, NeedleleafNeedleleaf US,US, BroadleafBroadleaf EuropeEurope Lumbering,Lumbering, agricultureagriculture PolewardPoleward Csa,Csa, NWUS,NWUS, Europe,Europe, So.So. ChileChile So.So. Australia,Australia, NewNew ZealandZealand
HumidHumid ContinentalContinental DfaDfa (b)(b)
HighHigh middlemiddle latitude,latitude, landland controlledcontrolled SevereSevere winters,winters, hothot summersummer daysdays 2525 --3535 inches,inches, f,f, convectiveconvective andand cycloniccyclonic BroadleafBroadleaf deciduousdeciduous forestforest AlfisolsAlfisols HighHigh population,population, agriculture,agriculture, forestryforestry industrialindustrial No.No. Hemisphere,Hemisphere, GreatGreat lakes,lakes, RussiaRussia
SubarcticSubarctic DfcDfc (d)(d)
HighHigh latitude,latitude, polarpolar airair mass,mass, continentalcontinental SevereSevere winter,winter, hothot summersummer days,days, greatestgreatest annualannual rangerange >100>100 degreesdegrees 1515 --2525 in,in, f,f, cyclonic,cyclonic, effectiveeffective NeedleleafNeedleleaf evergreenevergreen forestforest Spodosols,Spodosols, podsolizationpodsolization inceptisolsinceptisols onon permafrostpermafrost LowLow pop,pop, hunting,hunting, fishing,fishing, lumber,lumber, minesmines No.No. Hemi,Hemi, Canada,Canada, No.No. EurasiaEurasia
TundraTundra ETET
HighHigh latitude,latitude, polarpolar airair massesmasses ColdCold winter,winter, shortshort summer,summer, nearnear oceanocean 1010 --1212 in,in, cyclonic,cyclonic, summersummer TundraTundra vegetationvegetation Inceptisols,Inceptisols, permafrost,permafrost, gleizationgleization LowLow pop.pop. Eskimos,Eskimos, Inuit,Inuit, miningmining No.No. Canada,Canada, No.No. Eurasia,Eurasia, AntarcticAntarctic fringefringe
IcecapIcecap EFEF
HighHigh latitude,latitude, polarpolar airair massmass Cold,Cold, allall meanmean momo temptemp <32<32 degreesdegrees LowLow percipitation,percipitation, snowsnow NoNo soilsoil NoNo vegveg NoNo utilization,utilization, explorationexploration Greenland,Greenland, interiorinterior AntarcticaAntarctica
HighlandHighland HH
SameSame asas ETET oror EFEF ElevatedElevated MajorMajor mountainmountain areas,areas, Rockies,Rockies, Andes,Andes, Alps,Alps, TibetianTibetian plateauplateau
SteppeSteppe BShBSh (k)(k)
TransitionTransition climateclimate VariedVaried temp,temp, functionfunction ofof latitudelatitude UnderUnder 2020 inches,inches, erraticerratic ShortShort grassesgrasses Mollisols,Mollisols, calcificationcalcification LowLow population,population, agriculture,agriculture, livestocklivestock Extensive,Extensive, nearnear allall desertsdeserts
DesertDesert BWhBWh (k)(k)
ThreeThree types,types, lowlow lat,lat, westwest coast,coast, interiorinterior TempTemp functionfunction ofof latitude,latitude, highhigh diurnaldiurnal Dry,Dry, <10<10 inches,inches, erraticerratic DesertDesert shrubshrub Aridisols,Aridisols, desertificationdesertification LowLow pop.,pop., nomaticnomatic herding,herding, retirementretirement 2525 %% landland surface,surface, manymany locationslocations
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