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A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heli Anthe a E : As T E R a C E Ae)

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A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heli Anthe a E : As T E R a C E Ae) SMITIISONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 0 NUMBER 42 A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heli anthe a e : As t e r a c e ae) Harold Robinson SXIITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1979 ABSTRACT Robinson, Harold. A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heliantheae: Astera- ceae). Smithsonian Contl-ibulions to Botany, number 42, 20 pages, 25 figures, 1979.-Schistocarpha is placed in the subtribe Galinsoginae near Oteiza and is not considered closely related to Nezuolaena of the subtribe Neurolaeninae. Sixteen species are recognized, including four newly described; S. chiapensis and S. matudae of Xlexico, S. pseudoseleri of Guatemala, and S. wilburii of Costa Rica. A progression is noted in the genus with more northern species having less than 20 ray flowers per head and more southern groups having more than 20. The widely distributed S. etipatorioides, which represents the extreme in the series with 40-70 rays, is regarded as South American in origin, The South American S. sinforosii is regarded as Central American in origin. OFFICIALPUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the Katsura tree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Robinson, Harold Ernest, 1932- A study of the genus Schistocarpha (Heliaritheae: Asteraceae) (Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 12) Bibliography: p. 1. Schistocarpha. 2. Botany-Latin America. I. Title. 11. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 42. QKl.SZi47 no. 42 [QK495.C74] 581’ .08s [583’ .55] 79-4217 Contents Page Introduction ...................................................... 1 Relationships ..................................................... 2 Reliability of Characters ........................................... 3 Patterns in the Genus ............................................. 4 Schistocarpha Lessing .............................................. a Key to the Species of Schistocarpha ................................ 8 The eupatorioides group ......................................... 9 1. Schistocarpha eupatorioides (Fenzl) 0 . Kuntze ............... 9 2 . Schistocarpha margariiensis Cuatrecasas ...................... 10 The paniculata group ............................................ 10 3 . Schistocarpha croatii Robinson ............................. 10 4 . Schistocarpha paniculata Klatt .............................. 11 5 . Schistocarpha uiilburii, new species .......................... 12 The pedicellata group . ....................................... 12 6 . Schistocarpha pedi lata Klatt .............................. 12 The bicolor group .............................................. 13 7 . Schistocarpha bicolor Lessing ............................... 13 8. Sch istocarpha longiligu la Rydberg ........................... 13 9 . Schistocarpha matudae, new species ......................... 14 10. Schistocarpha seleri Rydberg ............................... 14 The platyphylla group ........................................... 14 11. Schistocarpha chiupensis, new species ........................ 14 12. Schistocarpha hondurensis Standley ,!k Williams ............... 15 13. Schistocarpha liebmannii Klatt ............................. 15 14. Schistocarpha platyphylla Greenman . .................... 16 15 . Schistocarpha pseudoseleri, new species ...................... 16 16 . Schistocarpha sinforosii Cuatrecasas .......................... 17 Excluded Species' .................................................. 17 Literature Cited .................................................. 19 Index .... ..................... ....... 20 ... 111 A Study of the Genus Schistotarpha (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) Hdrold Robinson Introduction Lessing. Lessing mentioned that the pappus of Schistocarpha was uniseriate rather than biseriate The Neotropical genus Schistocarpha is a mem- as in “Neurochlaena R. BY.,” a reflection of the ber of the tribe Heliantheae and is notable in the greater number of series that is found in the later tribe, along with the genus Neurolaena, for having genus. Candolle (1836) placed Schistocarpha bicolor a pappus of many capillary bristles. The genus is in the synonymy of Peryinenium discolor, appar- widely distributed from Central Mexico south- ently without seeing material. The most widely ward through Central America into the northern distributed species of the genus did not enter the Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia. literature until 1850, when it was described as The present study was derived partly from the Neilreichia eupatorioides by Fenzl. common occurrence of specimens misidentified as In the Bentham and Hooker system (1873), tribes “Eupatorium,” and interest was augmented during of the Compositae were resegregated and many efforts to purify the concept of the tribe Senecioneae tribes of Cassini were restored. The tribe Sene- (Robinson & Brettell, 1973). Additional isolated cioneae, however, was allowed to retain various problems have been studied (Robinson 1974, 1975), mostly epaleaceous groups having a capillary pap- but the lack of a roncerted effort has resulted in pus, while the tribe Helenieae was establishd for some errors. The existing partial treatment by many similar genera that lacked a capillary pappus. Rydberg (1927) has proven less satisfactory than On the basis of the pappus, Schistocarpha and Neu- once believed, and important new information has roleana remained in the Senecioneae in the sub- accumulated since 1975. The present effort attempts tribe “Liabeae.” The tribal disposition was followed to make necessary corrections and to survey the by Hoffmann (1894), where the genera were placed anatomy and relationships of the genus, while in the subtribe Senecioninae. Alost workers since providing a preliminary treatment of the species. Bentham and Hooker have accepted the placement The genus came to the attention of taxonomists of Schistocarpha in the Senecioneae. late, considering that one of the species is very An early exception to the Bentham and Hooker widely distributed in the Neotropical region. The placement was by Rydberg (1927), who in a highly first recognized species was described with the genus individual treatment placed Neurolaena and Schis- as Schistocarpha bicolor Lessing (183 l), based on t ocarpha together in a separate tribe, Neurolaeneae. Mexican material. The genus was placed with Neu- He separated the two genera as follows: rolaena in the subtribe Anthemideae in the ex- tremely broad tribal concept Senecionoideae of Heads radiate, but the ligules in some species very inconspic- uous: paleae of the receptacle lacerate, often 3-cleft; Harold Robinson, Department of Botany, National Museum leaves opposite .................................................. 1. Schistocarpha of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington Heads discoid or rarely radiate; paleae of the receptacle D. C. 20560. narrow, 1-nerved; leaves alternate. ................ 2. Neurolaena 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Rydberg also presented a treatment of the 10 spe- style are almost always internal or lateral to the cies of Schistocarpha then recognized from Mexico veins. The style branches each have two stigmatic and Central America. lines. After Rydberg, nothing was done with the genera A search for differences has emphasized Neuro- until Robinson and Brettell in 1973 transferred laena and Galinsoga as representatives of their Schistocarpha and Neurolaena along with Alepido- respective subtribes. Three significant characters cline Blake from the Senecioneae to the Helian- have been found that correlate closely through the theae on the basis of characters of the corolla hairs, whole series of related genera. the paleaceous receptacle, anther structure, and ACHENETVALL.-The lack of clear striations in nectary shape. At that time, the genera were re- the carbonized achene wall of Neurolaena was first garded as possibly closest to the subtribe Galin- noted by Robinson and Brettell (1973). A similar soginae of the Heliantheae, but basic differences, lack has been seen now in Brasilia Barroso, Calea especially in the achene striation, were noted be- L., Staurochlamys Baker, and Tyleropappus tween Schistocarpha and Neurolaena. More re- Greenm. In contrast, Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon has cently, Turner (1976) has placed the genus Alepi- striations in the walls between the veins, a char- docline in the synonymy of Sabazia, which is placed acter shared by Alloispernium Willd., Aphanactis in the Galinsoginae. Stuessy (1978), in contrast, has Wedd., Bebbia Greene, Cuchumatanea Seiden- placed Schistocarpha and Neurolaena together in schnur & Beaman, Cymopliora B. L. Robins., a separate subtribe Neurolaeninae in the Helian- Jaegeria H.B.K., Oteiza La Llave, Sabazia, Cass., theae. Selloa H.B.K., Tetragonotheca L., and Tridax L. CARPOPODIUM.-h Neurolaenn and Galinsoga and all associated genera, the base of the prismatic Rela tionships achene is asymmetrical, apparently reflecting the basically conical receptacle to which they are at- Robinson and Brettell (1973) have listed a num- tached. The outer side, consisting of distinctly scle- ber of differences between Schistocarpha and Neu- rified cells, extends downward and curves inward. rolaena which indicate that the two are not each The inner side consists of radially arranged cells, other’s closest relatives. Nevertheless, the two genera usually forming a cushion. In
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