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Cover Image Dmitri Mendeleev's 1869

SUBSCRIPTIONS In 2020 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-503X) will be published Continuing its long history of infl uential scientifi c publishing, 26 times a year. For more details of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A publishes high quality theme issues on subscriptions and single issue sales please contact our fulfi lment agent: topics of current importance and general interest within the Turpin Distribution physical, mathematical and engineering sciences, guest- The Royal Society Customer Services edited by leading authorities and comprising new research, Pegasus Drive reviews and opinions from prominent researchers. Each Stratton Business Park Biggleswade issue aims to create an original and authoritative synthesis, SG18 8TQ often bridging traditional disciplines, which showcases T +44 17 6760 4951 current developments and provides a foundation for future F +44 17 6760 1640 research, applications and policy decisions. E [email protected] royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsta Alternatively, please contact our customer service team at :

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ISSN 1364-503X | Volume 378 | Issue 2180 | 18 September 2020 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A |

The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and

medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it Volume 378 has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for Mendeleev and the

the benefi t of humanity. |

Issue 2180 Theme issue compiled and edited by Peter Edwards, Russell Egdell and Dieter Fenske The Society’s strategic priorities emphasise its commitment to the highest quality science, to curiosity-driven research, and to the development

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and use of science for the benefi t of society. 18 September 2020 These priorities are: • Promoting science and its benefi ts • Recognising excellence in science • Supporting outstanding science • Providing scientifi c advice for policy

• Fostering international and global cooperation Mendeleev and the periodic table • Education and public engagement

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1364-503X(20200918)378:2180

ISBN: 978-1-78252-474-8 ISSN 1364-503X The Royal Society Registered Charity No 207043

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