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ID=2247 2247 1983-84 Forei Inc. : coipleie aboutage; plant operating standard. FOREX INC: COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE COMPLEXE INC:FOREX PLANT OPERATING STANDARD OPERATING PLANT FORINTEK CANADA CORP.CANADA FORINTEK atr Laboratory Eastern 0 otel Rd.Montreal800 Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa, aur 1984 January Prepared K1G3Z5 by 7,pdf d p , 7 M Q S F TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
GENERAL PLANT AND END PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS 1
FLOW PLAN AND MACHINERY DESCRIPTION 3
Tilt Hoist/Sizer 3 Defect Trim Saws 3
Dual Fingerjoint Shaper 3
Hot Air Oven 5
Glue Applicator 6
Assembly Machir 6 Flying Cut Off 7
Discharge Unit 7
Curing Table 7
Final Planing 7
JOB DESCRIPTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 8
Tilt Hoist/Sizer Operator 8
Defect Trim Saw Operators 8 Fingerjoint Shaper Operator 9
Sorter/Stacker (pre-oven) 9
Aligner (pre-glue applicator) 10
Glue Applicator Operator/Mixer 10
Assembly Operator 11
Cut Off Saw Operator 11
Planer Operator 12
Line Supervisor 12
Millwright 14
Licensed Lumber Grader 15
i P&r~e
QUALITY CONTROL DUTIES-
General Bendi Tests
Delans . tion Tests
Wood Failure Tests
QUALITY CONTROL TEST EQUIPMENT
Bending Test Apparatus
Laboratory Drying Oven
Autoclave
Moisture Meter
GLUE STORAGE AND MIXING 23
Storage 23
Mixing 23
FINGERJOINT SHAPER MAINTENANCE
Hydraulic System 24 '
Pressure Heads 24n • Cutterhead Knives and Saws
Feed Chain Back Up Lugs ^ 0
Lubrication Schedule 23
APPENDIX 1 - Plant Reporting Forms
APPENDIX 2 - Glue Manufacturers Specifications
APPENDIX 3 - Report on the Calibration of Aluminum Bar
li LIST OF TABLES ' Page
TABLE Allowable Bending Stresses 26
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 . Forex Inc: Complexe Aboutage 27 Plant Layout
FIGURE 2 . Forex Inc: Complexe Aboutage 28 Organization Chart GENERAL PLANT AND END PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS
This plant operating standard outlines the manufacturing and quality control testing of fingerjointed lumber at Forex Inc (Complexe Aboutage),
3100 boulevard Industriel, Val'd'Or, P.Q. The plant utilizes the Western Forest Produces Laboratory (WFPL)
Pre-heated Fingers Method for curing the glued finger joints. The input lumber for the manufacture of fingerjointed stock consists of utility and better rough 2 x 4 in lengths of 3 to 1C '•et. The raw material, made-up of the spruce, pine and fir (S-?-F) -ies, is obtained or purchased (when required) predried tc • tandarc ~ o : re content (19%) from Forex or other sawmills. The fingerjointed material is produced and assessed following the criteria of NLGA Special Products Standard for Fingerjoined Structural
Lumber SPS 1-81. The spruce-pine-fir species coroination fingerjointed lumber is manufactured for the following NLGA product grades only: A) " STUD" Grade - according to paragraph 121, NLGA Standard
Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber. B) " CONSTRUCTION" LIGHT FRAMING Grade - according to paragraph 122b, NLGA Standard Gracing Rules for Canadian Lumber. C) " STANDARD" LIGHT FRAMING C-r&ae-accorcing to paragraph 122c,
NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber.
D) " UTILITY" LIGHT FRAMING Grade - according tc paragraph 122d,
NLGA Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber.
They shall be planed, visually graded and manually stamped.
T Samples will be tested for bending strength, délamination resistance, and wood failure. All bending strength values will meet or exceed the requirements based upon Construction Grade (750 psi), although lower grades (based on visual grading) will also be produced (Table 1).
Phenol Resorcinol Adhesive consisting of Cascophen LT-75 liquid resin and Catalyst FM-282FJ powdered hardener shall be used for the gluing of the fingerjoints. The mixing of the 2 components and the usage of the glue shall be according to Borden Chemical Western (Vancouver, B.C.) who is the manufacturer of the binder. The official certification and inspection agency of the plant is the Quebec Lumber Manufacturers Association (QLMA), Suite 200, 3555 boulevard Hamel ouest, Québec, P.Q. G2E 2G6. Forintek Canada Corp., Eastern Laboratory, 300 Montreal Road, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1G 3Z5 is the official third party who ensures that all of the
plant's testing equipment and procedures are accjrate.
2 FLOW PLAN AND MACHINERY-DESCRIPTION
The general flow plan for our fingerjointing plant is shown in
figure 1. The process equipment utilized in the "low productions
are described as follows:
TILT HOIST/SIZER
The input rough lumber is unloaded onto the spreader conveyor using a
Forminor tilt hoist, manufactured by a local mech'se shop. The lumber is then conveyed and fed into a Stetson Ross planer, rated at approximately 250 to 350 lineal feet per minute. Material is sized on one side and one face to
within 1/8 inch for both thickness and width. The lumber face containing
the most defects is sized in order to make defect identification and trimming easier. Material deemed unacceptable for fingerjointing is discarded at this station. Operating functions are regulated via a console-mounted control. DEFECT TRIM SAWS
Sized material is conveyed to foot-controlled trim saws (3) manufactured by Precision Products Company, Model 28RH. Materiel suitable for finger jointing is conveyed onto the shaper table while defective material is discarded. DUAL FINGERJOINT SHAPER
The fingerjoint shaper is a dual unit with left and right hand shapers, having a common bed, two feed chains, anc an automatic transfer system. The machine is manufactured by Industrial Woodworking Co., Model
11-3496R. The feeding lugs are positioned on 18 inch centres and feed speed
3 is variable up to 40 1ugs/minute. e lug carries the material under
pneumatic hoi down pressure past the first precision trim sa.w and cutter-
head. The first cutterhead is on the left side of the shaper table,
as viewed from the infeed end. The material is tnen transferred across
the table by a powered cross-over belt and carried past the second trim
saw and cutterhead. The trim saws are equipped with fine horizontal adjustments to control finger length. The cutterheads are equipped with fine adjust ments for raising or lowering the units to ensure good finger match. The knife blades for the cutterheads are manufactured by Badger Co.,
(Wisconsin Knife Works, Model BG 824 BAL F). The fingerjoint produced
is a horizontal type with a desired finger length of 0.987 inch, finger base
of 0.209 inch, and a finger tip width of 0.030 inch, illustrated
as follows:
FINGERJOINT PROFILE !
4 After the material is profiled on both ends, the material is removed from the shaper table by pick-off fingers and manually stacked according to length prior to pre-heating.
H ■ AIR OVEN The hot air fingerjoint pre-heat oven is manufactured by Lockhead
Haggerty Engineering Manufacturing Co. Ltd. The interior dimensions of the oven are 36' length, 8' 3" width, and 16" r. • cht. Lumber travels through the oven in parallel piles on a cha n conveyor powered by a variable speed motor. The speed of the feed is regulated to produce a finger temperature of 194°F to 203°F (S0-95°C) at the oven output. The residence time of the lumber in the oven is dependent upon the initial temperature and moisture content, but will usually be between 5 and 30 minutes. Initial start-up of the oven burner is accomplished using natural gas. Steady-state operation is achieved using oil and wood wastes.
The forced hot air is blown directly at the ends of the lumber in the oven and then recirculated through a heat exchanger. The temperature of the input air is automatically modulated between 320 and 347 °F (160 and 175°C) by means of a controller and a thermocouple located on the inlet air duct of the oven. Dial-guage thermometers placed on each side of the oven are also used to monitor air temperature in the vicinity of the moving lumber. GLUE APPLICATOR Boards leaving the oven are transferred onto the glue applicator conveyor (Industrial Woodworking, Model GAC-8), ihe glue applicator conveyor has lugged chains and carries the dumber under pressure past
an aligning device and the glue applicator. For glue application, an APQUIP glue sprayer is utilized. This
equipment automatically sprays glue to one heated end of the lumber.
It is also equipped with a foot-switch for manual spraying to prevent
nozzle clogging during stoppages.
ASSEMBLY MACHINE After glue spraying, the lumber is conveyed to an automatic assembly
feeder (Industrial Woodworking Co., Model ASF-28) which permits a constant
linear flow of material to the assembly machine. The lumber is fed linearly into the infeed section of the assembly
machine (Industrial Woodworking Co., Model 9HP-28-24R) in a continuous
ribbon. Feed speed is variable from 75 to 175 feet per minute. The lumber pieces are butted end to end and passed through side aligning rolls
and through the 4 main polyurethane covered, power-driven feed rolls (crowder rolls). The first set of rolls drive while the last set provide
resistance, resulting in " squeeze-up" pressure. The pressure developed
in the lumber between the rolls causes a slippage which is absorbed and
controlled by air loaded constant slip clutches. A maximum joint force
of about 7,500 pounds can be produced between the crowder rolls. After
the crowder rolls, the fingerjoined lumber is fed across 20 feet of crossover slide with hoi down bars. Heavy duty rubber holdback wheels are positioned following the crossover slide. These wheels prevent spring-
back of the joints.
6 FLYING CUT OFF SAW The flying cut off saw (Industrial Woodworking Co.) trims the continuous ribbon into desired lengths of up to 24 feet at rates from
75 to 175 lineal feet per minute. The cut off saw is directly linked with a length limiting actuator.
DISCHARGE UNIT The discharge . it is manufactured by Industrial Woodworking Co.
The unit is approx. Lely 24 feet long and has 12 discharge chains which transfer the material to the curing table.
CURING TABLE After cutting, the lumber is discharge onto a 37 foot long curing table. On the table, the lumber travels up to 2C minutes by means of a chain conveyor (6 chains). The curing stage eliminates handling of the material prior to the development of a sufficiently strong fingerjoin
FINAL PLANING Planing of lumber on 4 faces is accomplished using a Yates 91 planer
7 JOB'DESCRIPTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
In addition to the line supervisor, our fingerjoint operation employs eleven (11) persons directly associated to production. The
following are the job descriptions and responsibilities of the above
persons, in order of location on the line and or the millwright, the licensed lumber grader and the quality controller. The organization chait for the plant is shown in Figure 2.
1 - TILT HOIST/SIZER OPERATOR The operator's job is to break-up the slincs of lumber with a tilt
hoist and spreader conveyor. The operator also :’uns a one-face, one-edge
sizer to remove the extra thickness and width from each piece of raw
lumber. The tilt hoist, spreader conveyor and sizer are operated from
a console. The responsibilities of this position include visually checking
each piece for obvious defects; orienting each piece to the sizer so that
the face to be planed is the one showing the most possible defects requiring
correction or elimination by the defect trimmers; rejecting those pieces
which are unacceptable for fingerjointing (i.e., raw lumber from which
a minimum length of 12-inch of defect-free wood is unaccessible due to rot, splitting, loose knots or bores). This person is also responsible
for maintaining an adequate flow of lumber to the persons at the next
station.
2, 3 and 4 - DEFECT TRIM SAW OPERATORS Each operator has his own foot-pedal operated trim saw to remove
defective portions of the lumber. The responsibilities of these positions
include handling each piece from the sizer for visual inspection; rejecting
8 those defective pieces that cannot be corrected by trimming due to obvious defects in the finger area (i.e., knots exceeding 1/4 inch, pitch pockets, rot, high resin content) and in fra lumber itself (i.e., excessive warping, decayed material and pier that were too thin to be planed by the sizer); trimming the unacce;..ap‘e defects and conveying the acceptable lumber to the next station.
5 - FINGERJC IT SHAPER OPERATOR A licen d lumber grader is stationed at tirs in-' of the shaper table. The work of this operator consists o' cing each piece of .-mber from the trim saws on the travelling logs o the shaper table ir way that the planed face is towards the tab's with the planed edge resting on the lug for stability; starting and snapping, from a console, the finger making machine and auxiliary equipment (i.e., square end trim saw, blower, conveyors, oven feed) as well as cor trolling the feed speed through the cutterheads. The operator is responsible for stopping and checking his machine if jam-up or any unusual noise or condition occurs during operation and communicating any problems vith the line supervisor.
In addition, the finger machine operator assists the millwright in the removal of knives for grinding and in the maintenance of the cutterheads as required. In case of sickness, this person will be replaced oy the line supervisor.
6 - SORTER/STACKER (pre-oven) Located at the green end of the oven, this serson's job consists of sorting by length each piece from the cutterheads and stacking them
in a way that the shorter pieces are on the top of the pile to ensure adequate heat distribution in the fingers. If c'-'scolourinc due to dull
knives is detected in the fingers, this person is to report the defect
immediately to the finger machine operator.
9 7 - ALIGNER (pre-glue applicator)
This person receives the heated lumber from the oven, and .places each
piece in a way that the planed face is down and planed edge is towards
the lug of the glue applicator conveyor. The aligner's responsibilities
consist of visually inspecting the fingers for ob/ious defects (i.e.,
discolouring due to dull finger knives, we .3, oreakage due to conveying, and other malformation unsuitable for gluin. no rejecting such pieces; ensuring that the lumber from the oven is put -hrmugh the glue'applicator
in less than 2 minutes of delay to provide minimum heat loss in the fingers. In case of long stoppage (in excess of 2 minutes), the aligner will make
sure that the pieces will be recirculated in the oven.
8 - GLUE APPLICATOR OPERATOR/MIXER This person is responsible for mixing the exmender to the resin in
adequately weighed proportion as per the glue manufacturer's specification;
ensuring that an adequate supply of glue is maintained in the pump reservoir
at all times and maintaining the glue application equipment clean and in
good operational conditions. The operator ensures that the use of the glue does not exceed the working life recommended by.the manufacturer. During
short operational stoppages, he ensures that the spray-nozzle is maintained
functional and that the glue-mix is kept at the recommended temperature.
During prolonged stoppages, the glue applicator h:se is removed and soaked
in water. This person supervises the glue inventory and the proper rotation of the stock to ensure that it does not exceed the recommended period of
6 months storage and reports mixes in Reporting Fsrm 8 . In case of sickness this person will be replaced by the assembly operator.
10 9 - ASSEMBLY OPERATOR
The person in this job is responsible for ensuring that the glue
is in. fact applied uniformly and adequately to the fingers of one end
of the piece of lumber. The operator is responsible for mating the female fingers to the male fingers in a time span not exceeding 50
seconds between glue application and assembly as specified in the glue manufacturers recommendations (Appendix 2) the normal time between the latter ses is 3 to 10 seconds . The assembly operator is also responsible r ;r rejecting any unsuitable fingers due to lack of glue and all pieces with git -pplied for longer than 50 seconds before assembly to prevent prc -'ing and assembling of such lumber. Cleaning of excess glue on the assembler, aligning rolls, and crowder rolls are part of this persons responsibilities. This person is sufficiently trained to replace the glue applicator operator/mixer in case of sickness.
10 - CUT OFF SAW OPERATOR
This person is responsible for checking that the joints are properly assembled; that the side alignment of the joint pieces is within the maximum tolerance of 1/8 inch and of rejecting pieces not correctly assembled. This person also controls the automatic flying cut off saw which trims the lumber in lengths of 14, 15, 20 or 24 feet to the closest 1/8 inch and ensures that the automatic trim saw is operating and cutting smoothly. If any unusual or consistent changes occur in the finished pieces (i.e., improper joints, lack of glue, joint breakage at the discharge area), this person is responsible for initiating corrective measures by reporting to the line supervisor.
11 Il- PLANER OPERATOR
After sufficient curing, the lumber is fed to the planer.
The operator feeds the joint-lumber into the 4-face planer ensuring
that the sized edge of the lumber is placed on the zero-line of the planer. The operator is responsible for the quality of the dressing
and of the changing of knives. The person also assists the millwright
in other standard maintenance practices of his machine.
LINE SUPERVISOR
The line supervisor is responsible for the overall production; he
.supervises and coordinates the work of all the employees involved in the production of the fingerjoint plant and the millwright; he ensures that
all of the equipment is satisfactorily operational and adequately used.
Immediately following daily or long stoppage start-ups and/or at
each 2-hour interval, he ensures that the machines are funtioning accurately by: A) Verifying that the sizer is producing a clean, smooth surface and
measuring that the dimensions are within the maximum tolerance of
1/8 inch for both thickness and width. B) Visually inspecting that the defect trim saws are sharp and producing
clean and straight cuts.
C) Visually inspecting and measuring the accuracy of the finger machine
and auxiliary equipment; he will:
i - measure the squaring (90°) of the square end saw and visually
inspect the quality of the trim;
12 ii - inspect the quality of the fingers produced by cutterheads
and measur the finger length (0.987 inch), finger base width
(0.209 inc: and the finger tip width (0.030 inch).
Verifying that the oven set speed and temperature are generating a finger temperature of 194°F to 203°F (90 to 95°C).
Visually inspecting the glue applicator and she glue to: i - ensure that a sufficient amount of glue is uniformly and
adequately applied to entirely cover ahe finger surfaces and
that glue is squeezed out at the crowder r ■ ; ii - check that the glue has a good appearance a that it does not exceed its working life.
Inspecting the operation of the crowder rolls to ensure that the total offset in the fingers does not exceed 1/8 inch and adjust the pressure accordingly. Visually checking the quality of the cut produced by the flying cut off saw and measuring that the lengths are within 1/8 inch of the desired final lengths. Verifying that the discharger is in good functioning condition and that it is not damaging the joints. Measuring that the discharged lumber is sufficiently cured prior to handling (5 to 20 minutes).
Visually inspecting the smoothness of the 4-face dressing done at the planer. In addition, because of the importance of the finger temperature after pre-heating, the line supervisor will randomly during an 8-hour operation select several pieces of lumber from the oven and measure the inside temperature at a distance of 1-inch from the end of the fingers. With enough stored heat, this temperature should be approximately 140°F (60°C). At any time, if a problem is detected at any station, the supervisor ensures that the problem is corrected. The supervisor is also responsible for starting, stopping and setting the pre-heat oven, and for recording (Reporting Form 10) the measurements taken on the lumber and status of the o- .ipment and g1„e observed during his inspection. Being a licensed lumber gra . . , he will, i; case of sickness to the plant grader or quality control person, 1 his supervising responsibilities and take over those of the grader.
MILLWRIGHT The millwright maintains the equipment in g:od mechanical operational conditions. He oversees and applies equipment preventive maintenance, greases the machines, and sharpens the cutterheacs and planer knives and the defect trim, square end and flying cut o_f saws. He is also responsible for maintaining a stock of replacement parts and for recording (Reporting Form 9) the grinding of knives (cutterheads and planer) and saws
(defect trim square end and flying cut off).
This person is sufficiently trained to replace the line supervisor in case of sickness.
14 LICENSED LUMBER GRADER
The grader visually classifies the finished product according to
the provisions of the NLGA grading rules for sawn lumber, disregarding the presence of the fingerjoints.
Being adequately trained in quality control crocedures (sampling and i -sting), this person will replace the qualit.. controller in case of ; -.;ness.
QUALITY Cr ROL DUTIES
GENERAL
The quality controller does two spot checks, one mid-morning and one mid-afternoon, of each station. During the inspections, the controller is responsible for initiating corrective measures such as sharpening of knives and saws, and regulation of oven and finge:- temperatures. In addition, this person performs all of the quality control tests as described in the following pages. The quality controller is responsible for recording the test results on the proper forms and for rejecting any production which does not meet the NLGA requirements for quality control. BENDING TESTS Bending tests are conducted on randomly selected fingerjointed lumber following NLGA Special Products Standard for
Fingerjoined Lumber SPS 1-81. The lumber is conditioned at least
2 hours after production to achieve a temperature of 60 to 80°F (15.6 to 26.7°C). The specimen is placed on the testing machine so that a fingerjoint is located at midspan. The length cf the overhang at the reaction points is between 4 and 10 inches. The specimen is tested using a shear span tc depth ratio of between
15 and 20. Depth is defined as the dimension of the specimen in the direction in which the loading force is applied while shear span is equal to the total span (distance between 2 reaction points) minus the load span (distance between 2 loading points). The load is applied at a rate to induce failure in approximately 1 nrnute. The time to failure, failure load, actual lumber dimensions, failure cescription, and lumber moisture content are recorded (Reporting Forms 1 & 2). The moisture content is determined using a Delmhorst resistance type moisture meter. One reading is taken at 3/4" depths in the wood on each side of the fingerjoint. Modulus of rupture (MOR) is calculated from the failure loads using the following equation:
MOR = 3Pa M 2" where P = load at failure, pounds a = distance from reaction to nearest load point, inches (1/2 shear span) b = lumber width, inches h = lumber depth, inches
16 The cross-sectional dimensions used in the calculations of MOR are the dry dimensions specified by NLGA grading rules for the nominal size.
One sam. 2 will be removed for flat bending and 1 sample will be removed for edge bending every 2 hours of production. The strength of al 1 the joints will be compared to the allowable stress for the highest grade ■ > be produces (750 psi allowable stress, Construction Grade S-P-F).
Thus, ne minimum bending strength requirements for the last 20 specimens sampled wil1 be: 1. The average of the tests will be equal to or higher than 3.15 x
750 psi = 2363 psi.
2. Ninety-five percent of the tests shall meet or exceed 2.36 x 750 psi = 1770 psi.
3. All of the tests will be greater than 2.1 x 750 psi = 1575 psi.
Running average record sheets for the last 20 samples will be kept for tests conducted on both the flat and edge faces (Reporting Forms 3 and 4).
If the above criteria are not met, the general superintendent will be contacted and corrective measures will be taken according to NLGA SPS 1-81. DELAMINATION TESTS
Delamination tests are conducted following NLGA Special Products Standard for Fingerjoined Structural Lumber SPS 1-81. The delamination samples are removed, if possible, from the same sample that were tested in bending. The test sample is cut to a length of about 7" with the finger- joint located in the middle. The sample is then cut through the centre of the fingerjoint to yield two test specimens.
17 The test samples are submerged in water at about 75°F in an auto clave, The samples are separated from one another by wire screen to expose end grain and weighed down. A vacuum of about 20 to 25 inches of mercury is drawn and held for 30 minutes. The vacuum is released and a pressure of 75 psi is applied for 2 hours. The samples are then dried in a forced-air oven at 160°F with the end-grain surfaces parallel to the direction of the air flow. The ■ >oci..■ns are dried to a moisture content of less than 19 percent, and then measured for delamination using a 0.004 inch feeler gauge. measuring délamination the glue lines adjacent to the outer fingers., delamination of less than 0.10 inch length; and delamination within knots visible on the cut surface are ignored.
The delamination is measured to the nearest 1/15 of an inch and totalled and recorded in the délamination record sheet (Reporting Form 5).
The delamination is also repo as a percentage of the total measured glueline. Matching fingerjoT oecimens with less than 5 percent average delamination after 1 cycle of vacuum-pressure-drying meet the delamination requirement. If delamination is greater than 5 percent,
2 more cycles of vacuum-pressure-drying are applied and delamination is again measured at the end of the final cycle. Average delamination of the matched fingerjoints should be less than 10 percent, with no single specimen showing delamination greater than 15 percent.
One .delamination sample will be taken each hour. If excessive delamination is found in any of the gluelines, the joint area is separated using a chisel to determine the cause of delamination. The cause of delamination is reported according to the criteria specified in Reporting
Form 5. If delamination tests fail to meet the specified requirements,
18 the general superintendent will be notified and corrective measures will be made according to NLGA SPS 1-81.
WOOD FAILURE TESTS
At least one wood failure sample is taken per shift. The sample taken
10 minutes after assembly and then immediately subjected to a fiatwi- bending test until about one-half of the fingers on the tension face are pulled apart. The sample is then turned upside down and subjected to a bending force to pull apart the remainino fingers. Wood failure types will be assessed and reported (Report' ; Perm 6) as follows: 1. Wood failure - failure of shallow layer ■ •■? wood next to glueline.
2. Intermediate wood failure - breakage of wood at finger. 3. Glue boil out - thick glue visible on both sides of the glueline,
no wood failure. 4. Precure - glue visible on one side of glueline, opposite side is
bare wood or wood lightly stained by adhesive.
5. Undercure- wood failure pattern fairly uniform, but sparse.
6. Glue skip - glue missing from some of the glueline. 7. Glue wipe - adequate wood failure observed c.n one side of finger while
no or little wood failure is observed on other side.
8. Others - such as pitchy joint where glue is not able to penetrate wood due to presence of pitch.
If the wood fails predominantly by finger breakage, another sample will be taken from the production line. If the cest failures indicate inadequate glueline, the general plant superintendent will be notified and remedial actions will be taken. QUALITY CONTROL TEST EQUIPMENT
BENDING TEST APPARATUS The Loading equipment consists of a modified hydraulic press
(Jet Model HP-15) system, described as follows:
1. To carry the load reaction supports, a steel I-beam, 4 inches wide,
6 inches high and 12 feet long is anchored to the floor using
2 inch by 2 inch el supports. 2. Reaction supports e moveable on the I-beam and can be adjusted
for varying spans. The reaction supports are 8 inches wide and have a diameter of 4 inches. Bearing plates are placed between the
test sample and supports during the test. 3. Two-point loading is used during the bending test. Each loading
head has a diameter of 3 inches and a width of 8 inches. The distance between the centres of the loading heads is 4 1/ inches.
4. A load cell is used (transducers Inc. Model 52) for preci
electronic measurement of loading. The load cell has a capacity
of 2,000 pounds with a linearity of 0.05 % FS. 5. The output signal from the load cell is transmitted to a Sigma
Model 300-D single pen chart recorder, with a scale reading of
0 to 2,000 pounds. The speed of the chart paper is 2 cm per minute
An aluminum bar, measuring 1 inch by 3 inches by 84 inches is used as a reference material for calibration of the bending apparatus.
Calibration of the bar was conducted by F0RINTEK Canada Corp. and is described in Appendix 3 .
20 Calibration of the bending apparatus with the reference material
is conducted on a wee'."/ basis. Deflection during bending is measured at midspan using a ma ..tically mounted Mitutoyo #2416 dial gauge micrometer graduated in 0.001 inch divisions. Modulus of elasticity
(MOE) is calculated using the load data and the corresponding deflection data. The calibration load, deflection, and MOE data are recorded in
Reporting Form 7 and compared to th: standard values.
With two point loading, MOE of the aluminum bar is calculated as fol 1ows:
MOE - Pà 4a2) w where: P = applied load, pounds
a = distance from reaction to nearest load point, inches y = deflection at mid-span, inches (at applied load) L = total test span, inches
I = moment of inertia ( bh3/12 where b = sample width, d = sample
depth, inches . When tested on edge, I was calculated to be 2.234 in1* for the aluminum bar).
LABORATORY DRYING OVEN
A Precision Thelco Model 18 forced air oven is used for drying samples during the delamination tests. At 100°C, this oven has a maximum temperature deviation of + 0.8°C. The temperature of the oven is monitored using a grduated thermometer having a temperature range of -20°C to 150°C.
21 AUTOCLAVE For application of vacuum and pressure during the delamination tests, a Binks Model 83-5307 autoclave is used. Pressure to the autoclave is achieved using regulated air om the plant compressed air supply.
Vacuum is provided using a G A. i vacuum pump. The autoclave is 22 inches high and has a diameter of 22 inches and is certified to a pressure of 110 lbs./in2. Pressure is monitored using a NUOVA FIMA pressure gauc's having a capacity of 100 lbs./in2 . Vacuum is monitored using a VDO \
gauge which can read to -30 incher g.
MOISTURE METER A Model RC-1C Delmhorst resistance type moisture meter in conjunction
with a type 26E electrode is used to determine moisture content of the
lumber. The readings are then corrected using the appropriate correction
factors.
22 GLUE STORAGE AND MIXING
STORAGE
The 45 gal. barrels of Cascophen LT-75 and the 50 lbs paper bags of Catalyst FM-282FJ are stored on pallets as received. The storage room
temperature, controlled via the plant heating system, is at no time ;
below 60°F. The storage time of the stock does not exceed a 6-month period. MIXING
Glue mixes are made in batches of:
Total Cascophen.LT^75 Catalyst FM-282FJ Weight Weight_____ Weight
22 lb 8 oz. 18 lb 12 oz. 3 lb 12 oz. 33 lb 0 oz. 27 lb 8 oz. 5 lb 8 oz. 45 lb 0 oz. 37 lb 8 oz. 7 lb 8 oz. 55 lb 8 oz. 46 lb 4 oz. 9 lb 4 oz.
The desired quantity of Cascophen LT-75 is hand-pumped from the barrel.
Whenever its temperature is above 64.5°F, the resin is cooled in a refrigerator to the recommended range of 61 to 64.5°F temperature. 0:rv5.’ the ideal temperature is reached, the resin and catalyst are mixed by weight (5:1 ratio) using a beam-arm scale in 1/4-pound division. Viscosity may be controlled by adding up to 0.25 parts of water. The stirring ht done at low speed by an automatic mixer. A stirring of 10 to 12 minutes is normally sufficient for a smooth mixture. The above and maintaining the mixing equipment clean are part of the glue applicator operator/mixe• 's responsibilities.
25 FINGERJOINT SHAPER MAINTENANCE The maintenance requirements of this machine shall be done as per
Industrial Woodworking Machine Co. Inc. (IWMCO) specifications by he
millwright and the shaper morator. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The oil filter elements shall be changed approximately ; 3 month
of operation The oil shall be changed at yearly inter PRESSURE HEAD:-.
The NO-MARK slide strips shall be inspected daily for dence of fatique
cracks. At least twice each day, glue or resin build-up shall be cleaned
off of the NO-MARK slide strips. The NO-MARK slide strips shall be
replaced every six months or after 1000 machine running hours. CUTTERHEAD KNIVES AND SAWS
The cutterhead knives shall be sharpened at least every 8 machine running
hours or earlier if necessary. The criteria for sharpening or adjusting
of knives are:
i - time limit (maximum 8 hours operation), ii - noise in cutterheads due to damage knive, iii - discolouration (bi.\ ing) of wood surface of the fingers, and
iv - any irregularities . the finger-joint profile or assembly (ex.: marked or broken finger, outer finger buckled, tapered
surfaces, joint open on one end, etc.)
The square end trim saws shall be sharpened or adjusted when necessary,
following these criteria:
i 1 - high noise when trimming, ii - discolouration (burning) of wood surface, and
iii - any irregularities in the fingerjoint assembly (ex: tight
joint open at ends of fingers, outer finger buckled, open
loose joint, joint open on one end, etc.).
Unscheduled sharpening and adjusting of cutterhead knives and
square end saws may be recommended by the fingerjoint shaper operator,,
aligner (pre-glue applicator), assembly operator, line supervisor and/or
quality controller. The sharpening and recording (Reporting Form 9) shall
be the responsibilities of the millwright. ■
FEED CHAIN BACK UP LUGS I The lugs shall be inspected on a monthly basis for signs of wearing on the faces which contact the boards. They shall be replaced as necessary.
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE (as per manufacturer specifications):
Frequency Lubrication Point Points to Check
Daily Maintain oil supply in reservoir tanks
1. Tank, chain oiler 1 3. Bowl, glue Cyl. lub. 1 6. Hydraulic pump 1
Weekly Oil adjusting screws
1. Cutter-head motors 2 2. Saw motors 2 3. G1ue applicator 1 4. Pressure Hd. support 2
i 25 Light CT rv> n Framing Note: All material is tested to meet the minimum requirements for construction grade, although lower grades, lower although grade,constructionfor requirements minimum thetomeet is tested material All Note: Grade Stud Utility Standard TABLE 1. Allowable Bending Stresses and Minimum Quality Control Bending Test Requirements for StudandforRequirements Test Bending Control Quality Minimum and Stresses Bending Allowable 1.TABLE Construction aig oe eurmns r lopoue b iul gradingvisual by produced also arerequirements, lower having ih rmn aeois fSw Lme ofrigt h LAG- RlsfrCnda LuCanadian Rulesfor 'NLGAGtheto Conforming Lumber Sawn of- CategoriesFraming Liaht f2 nhTikad4 nhWd; r evc Cniin; oml . ..n . ofLoad. . Normal Conditions;Service inch Cry Wide;4and inch Thick 2of Allowable Bending Allowable tes psiStress, _ o o j 600 450 750 ______Minimum Average BendingAverage Minimum tegh psiStrength, _630 2363 1890 1418 Minimum Quality Control Bending Test RequirementsTest Bending Control Quality Minimum Minimum Bending StrengthBendingMinimum for psisamples,of95% codn t P 1-81SPS to According 1416 1062 1770 472 iiu Idvda Sample Individual Minimum edn tegh psiStrength,Bending 1260 1575 420 945 OUTPUT. DRESSED PRODUCT
IV) FIGURE 2
FOREX INC. COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE ORGANIZATION CHART
OTHERS
1 - Sorter/Stacker (finished product)
2 - Forklift Op.
3 - Cleaner
26 APPENDIX 1. Forex Inc., Complexe Aboutage Reporting Forms FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 1. Bendin .g Strength for Material Tested on Flat Face
Lumber Linensions v - jo ",*■ Test Remarks and Sample b=width d=depth M 0 Load Time MOR Failure Late Time # (in) (in) (*) (lb) (sec) (psi) Type* I ni t .
x- Failure Type: (a) v/ood failure in joint (b) .fai_i_ure due to knot near joint (c) v/ood failure near or outside joint ta) poor grain orientation (e) breakage at finger base (f) others (specify) FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 2. Bending Strength for Material Tested on Edge Face
Lumber Dimensions Max. Test R p ’t h t 'V’p ar i Sample b=width d=depth, M C Load Time KOR Failure n (psi) Type- Ini-. Date Time h (in) (in) w (lb) (sec )
i
j
* Failure Type: (a) wood Lailure in joint (b) failure due to - ~ - 0 ^ near joint (c) wood failure near or outside joint (d) poor grain orientation (e) breakage at finger base (f) others (specify'
! FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 3. Running Average Bending Strength Values for Material Tested on Flat Face
— Average Bending Strength # of Pieces from Last 20 ft of Pieces from Last 20 Exceeding 1575 psi Initials j Date Time of Last 20 Pieces Exceeding 1770 psi
j! FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 4. Running Average Bending Strength Values for Material Tested on Edge
Average Bending Strength # of Pieces from Last 20 # of Pieces from .Last 20 Date Time of Last 20 Pieces Exceeding 1770 psi Exceeding 1575 psi Initials
j FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 5. Delamination Test Results
! No, of Lengths (in.) Causes* Date Time Sample Vacuum- Delami- \ Total Delamina ABC D E F Remarks Initials No. Pressure nation | glue. tion Dry Cycles } ' line (*)' l
j> i
* Delamination Causes: A) Glue boil out, B) Precure, C) Undercure, D) Glue skip, E) Glue wipe, F) Others (Specify under remarks) FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 6. Results of Wood Failure Tests
Date Time Sample No. Remarks and Failure Description* Initials
______* Failure Description, - A) wood failure, B) intermediate wood failure, C) glue boil out, D) precure, E) undercure, F) glue skip, G) glue wipe, H) others (specify) FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 7. Calibration of Bending Test Equipment
MOE, % variation Applied load, Deflection, MOE, from standard Date pounds inches psi value* Initials
j______* Based on overall average for deflection readings on incremental loads up to 2000 lbs FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 8. Glue Mix Record
Wei ghts Batch Date Time Cascophen Catalyst Total Temperature - Prepared LT-75 FM-282FJ ( °F) Remarks by ( 1 b. & oz.) ( 1 b. & oz.) (lb.& oz.) Initial Final . (Initials)
•
•
> FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 9. Cutterhead Knives Grinding
Date:
p . Grind ing Angle Checked Knives 'nitials Time n üG # 1 Head #2 Head #1 Head #2 Head #1 Head \t C 6
!______Reason for replacement: FOREX INC., COMPLEXE ABOUTAGE
REPORTING FORM 10. Line Supervisor Start-ups and Each 2-Hour Inspection Report
Date: Time:
Comments : APPENDIX ?. Glue Manufacturers Specifications F INCUR .10J NT GLUING BY 'TIL - I'REllE.YTB!) I' 1 NO;
CALCOPill CATALYST FM- : :: J-AT
Cascophen LT-75 - Catalyst FM-282FJ is a modified phenol resor cinol resin adhesive used in the wood industry for gluing finger joints in preheat operations. It cures to give a completely water proof exterior adhesive bond. Tests in the Borden Laboratory in dicate that representative lots of this adhesive will meet C£A 0112.7-3 960 Class I Type 1, and Class 11. Type 1 specifications.
The adhesive is supplied in two parts, the liquid Cascophen L!' "5 resin and the catalyst-extender FM-232FJ. The resin is a dark ■■ viscous liquid having the following physical characteristics:
Solids (by weight) 13%. Specific Gravity 0 25°C i.ii r, Lbs/Imp Galion 11.2 (1.33 F.g/L) pH of Liquid Basin 0 2 5°C 8.7 Viscosity £ 2 3°C 200-300 cps
Catalyst FM-282FJ is a light-Lan -.1 r witli an odour of formal dehyde and pine oil.
CTOLACE I,IFF
C j $ c ophen LT-75 r a Cj -i"Î n wi 13 rein iii us ea b i e at lea: ;t 6 months when vi or u d a L. .’J.0 C. V i a;e life may ].*0 Jlbi 02' xallv lengthened by r> t(. : *in y in :i cc ) 1 b :a c e o r u n d e r r e f r i g o r at ion as low as 3,JC.3°C. The V. t.L Ya a e .3 i f o o f r*a f a ly.-.l F ■I— 2 8 231J X C- c; IViOnths i f kept in a cool , cry id, ac a . T h e vl:. i n o r u Nod i n :1 o r x ng ‘..ho catalyst must be kep* •„ . l • i t l y c l o s e d a ] 1 t 1 mo 't w h e n : 31. i n u
0 6 / 2 4 / A0
These recommendations and suggestions for the use of our materials are cased on our best experience and knowledge bu. we do n guarantee the results to be obtained in customer’s processes. Prices subject to change without notice. BORDEN CHEMICAL WESTERN DIVISION OF THE BORDEN COMPANY, LIMITED E^VCNTON A. 1550 RAND AVf.. VANCOUVER. B C 125th AVE ANP 106th S’SE? TELEPHONE (6ti) 6350 TELE PNOM (407 • 452 5-icG CA5C0PI1EN L T -7 5 CATALYST FM2 3 2F.J P/iGE 2
MIXING INSTRUCT]OHS The mixing and spreading equipment should be free of any traces of acid, alkalies and glue residue. The ratio of resin to catalyst extender is as follows:
C a s c o p h e n LT-75 5 parts by weight Catalyst FM282FJ 1 part by weight Mix 10 minutes (or until smooth) • Water 0 - .25 parts by weight r’-ix temperature should be maintained at 20-22°C to ensure com- • iete solubility of catalyst components. If resin temperature held at 16-18° C the above glue .mix temperature will result nee some heat is released by chemical reaction between the resin and catalyst during the mix period. Water addition may be varied within the above range depending on viscosity desired.
WORKING LIFE AND POT LIFE "Working life" is the maximum time a glue mix can be used safely. "Pot life" is the maximum time a glue mix can be held in the liquid state. Both working life and pot life are dependent upon the temperature of the mixed glue as given b e l o w ’.
Temperature of W o r k i n g Mixed Adhesive L i f e Pot L i f e
1 5°C Ah hrs. 5*3 hr s. 0 CN U o 2h hrs. 3 h r s .
2 5°C 1 hr. lh hr s.
The working life can be lengthened by immersing the glue pot in cold water or by refrigeration of the mixed glue (avoid freezing). It is recommended that no more glue be prepared than can be used during its w’or k i n g life. Fresh glue should not be added to a previously prepared mix that has exceeded two- thirds of its working life.
. - . / ? > CASCOPIiEN LT-7 5 CATALYST FM282FJ PAGE 3
COEDITION OF WOOD
The finger joints to be spread with glue should be accurately machined, freshly prepared and clean. Finger moisture ontent is very important and should not exceed 12% for optii bond quality. Time of drying in preheat oven will determir verage moisture content of fingers.
GLUE SPREAD
The optimum spread for this adhesive is 340 gr/m1 2 (70 lbs/ 1000 ft2) of joint area when double spreading (spreading both ends). Spreading of glue to one end only is permissible, however, improved bond strengths are obtair -1 when both ends are read i.e. 35 lbs of glue per 1000 squa- . feet each end (170 c /m^).
GLUE SPREAD • CULATION
1. Glue sprt ger 100 finger joints. Glue spread area of a finger joii... is the lumber cross-sectional area multiplied by the finger slope i.e. lumber dimension S4S 2" x 4" = I V x 3V finger slope - 1:10 joint area = 1.5 x 3.5 x 10 = 52.5 sq inches = 5 = .365 sq. feet (0.0339 sq.m.) 144 glue spread = 70 lbs mixed glue per 1000 sq.ft, joint area, amount of glue per 100 joints = 100 (.365) (70) = 2.6 lbs (1.18 Kg) 1000
2. Glue spread per 1000 FDM S4S 2" x 4". Glue spread area per joint is as above = .365 sq.ft. (.0339 sq.m.). Assume average length of lumber to be 5 ft. Lineal feet per 1000 FBM 2" x 4" = 1500 ft. No. of joints = 1500 = 30Q 5
Total joint area = 300 (.365) = 109.5 sq.ft. Amount of glue per 1000 FBM S4S 2" x 4" = 109.5 (70) _ ^ ^ 1000 (3.5 Kg)
. . ./4 CASCOPHEN L T -75 CATALYST FM28 2Fj PAGE 4
ASSEMBLY TIME
Tine between glue application and final end pressure.
Finger Temperature Maximum Assembly Time °C °F (Spread Both Ends)
120 248 1/4 minutes 110 230 3/4 .1 00 212 1 1/2 >0 194 2 1/4 0 176 3 1/4 7 0 158 4 1/2 60 140 6 1/4 50 122 8 1/2
Spread to one end only prior to application of end pressure will reduce open time by 50% of above listed times. This reduced time is necessary in order to have enough mobility of glue to penetrate into unspread end.
PRESSURE
Care should be taken to prevent mi. ting and misalignment of the joints at the time of gluing. pressure applied to the joint at the time of gluing should . uniform. In all cases, the assembly conditions and end pressu. . should produce a uniform squeeze-out along the entire length of the glue line. M i l l conditions and wood specie will dictate optimum end pressure application. The end pressure can vary from 100-400 psi with soft woods.
CLEANING
Equipment
Use dilute caustic solution or a 50/50 alcohol/water solution and rinse with water. 7\cetone may be used in place of alcohol. Note : Be very careful of fire when using alcohol or acetone. DO NOT use hot water or steam for cleaning since this will harden the glue.
. . . / 5 C • COPIIEN L T - 7 5 CATALYST FM282FJ PAGE 5
CLEANING (Continued)
Hands Workers who have occasion to get Cascophen LT75-FM282FJ adhesive on their hands should wear rubber gloves or wash the glue and rinse in warm water. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after rinsing. If gloves are not used, a suitable protective hand cream is advised. Wash inside of gloves thoroughly and let ■ y between use.
Clothing When vising Cascophen LT-75 - Catalyst FM282FJ ad1 ive, it is advisable to wear old clothing or aprons which c be discarded. Once the glue is set, it cannot be removed from t..e clothing.
PRECAUTIONS FOR PROPER USE
The preceding recommendation for stock conditions, cure times, pressures, mixing and working life should be followed closely for best results. Specific problems not covered here should be referred to a technical representative of Borden Chemical Western
SOME COMMON METRIC CONVERSIONS
lbs x .454 = Kg square feet x .0929 = m^ spread in lbs/sq.ft. x 454 _ / 2 .0929 h /
For other common metric conversions see a Borden Chemical Western Representative or Index X of Industrial Manual.
; APPENDIX 3. Report on the Cal ibration of Aluminu- ;*r ANNEXE B
i f 4 E T O © r £
présenté à
LES BOIS JOINTES D'ABITIBI INC. 3100, boul. Industriel Val-d’Or, Québec J9P 4P5
CALIBRAGE D'UNE BARRE D'ALUMINIUM DE 1 PO X 3 PO
55-81-727 le 11 août 1981
Laboratoire de l’Est 800 chemin Montréal, Ottawa, Canada, KIG 3Z5 Téléphone (613) 744-0963 Télex 053-3606 CALIBRAGE D'UNE BARRE
D'ALUMINIUM DE 1 PO x 3 PO
pour
LES BOIS JOINTES D ’ABITIBI I
par
f o r i n t e k CANADA COR?. Laboratoire de l'Est. 800, chemin Montréal Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3Z5
le 11 août 1981 SOMMAIRE
Page
1 Résumé
2 Introduction
3 Méthode de calibrage
5 Calcul du modale d'élasticité
7 Résultats
8 Tableau 1
9 Figure 1
1 RESUME
1. U n e bar re d 1 aluminium mesurant 1.006 po sur 2*987 po
et 84 po de longueur a été évaluée quant à la resis
tance à la flexion de ses rives.
2. Les renseignements se rapportant à la charge-déforma-
t i o n sont présentés au tableau 1, et la configuration
du test est donnée à la figure 1•
3. Le module d'élasticité de ce matériau était de 9.69 x
106 psi, basé sur la pente la plus juste du diagramme
de déformation. INTRODUCTION
Une barre d'aluminium de 1 po sur 3 po et mesurariu
84 po de longueur a été envoyée à For- itek Canada Corp. av la directive d ’émettre un certif - at de deformation
au librage pour cette barre. Dans sa lettre du 1er
juillet 1981, Monsieur Normand Guiinont fournissait un
exemple d'un tel certificat, préparé par un autre orga
nisme pour l ’évaluation d'une autre barre.
Des conversations entre Monsieur J.C. Garant, .de
Forintek, et Monsieur Guimont ont permis d ’apprendre que
la barre servirait à vérifier un appareil d ’es s a i sous
charge spécifiée pour les j o i n t s des sciages. Donc, ce
qui était requis était un tableau démontrant la déformation
pour la barre soumise à des essais sur la résistance des
rives à la flexion sous des conditions identiques à celles
de l ’appareil d ’es s a i . Puisque la portée de l ’es s a i et
la disposition de la mise sous charge utilisées présentement
ne seront peut être pas identiques à celles de l ’exemple,
l e module d ’élasticité sera aussi donné afin que la charge
puisse être calculée pour des dispositions similaires.
2 METHODE DE CALIjSRAGJS ^ La capacité de calibrage requise pour la barre etai a . environ 1.800 livres. un calibreur circulaire d'une
capacité de 2.000 livres a été utilisé pour calibrer un ^
appareil d'essai universel pour une O..,. allant a
n 91 nuillet 1981). Le calibreur a été 2,500 1 ivres (lu 21 D i 9 nOO 1 ivres pour donner un calibrage soumis à 4 cycles de 2,000 .ivre. P linéaire a été obtenue entre la stable. Une regression li Tbreu- et le cadran de l'appareil d'essai, charge du calibreur et ie iinôaire de 1.00566. pour un R2 de 1.00000 et une pente - été placée sur une La barre de calibrage a ensuite ïa cbarge a été appliquée à deux portée de 75.00 po. La charg i à 4 1/16 po l'un de l'autre et cen- points d'appui places a 4 1/ P trés sur la portée. La barre était supportée par des
appuis on tot,no de couteau supportés par une poutre double
profilée . Cette poutre rigide reposait sur l'assise de
p.appareil d'essai. Une jauge à cadran d'une capacité de
0.01 ,0.000» PO. s été installée Pe rme 11 an t d e ,tesur e r
la déformation maximale de la barre
poutre double profilée, au point central de la portée de
„ Des jauges à cadran ont aussi été rnstallees la barre. Des J ° u , „r ,a déformation de la poutre double profilée pour mesur er la
sous chacun des points d'appui.
La barre de calibrage a ensuite été soumise à une
£otce de 1808.1 livres (84.7.7 -tons, * — ' —
3 liser le matériau dans la barre d ’aluminium, par pou r ticuî i . - -ment parce q u ’il s ’agissait d ’un e barre vierge n ’ay a n t jamais été soumise à des charges. Finalement, la charge a été appliquée en 15 étapes pour permettre une lecture précise des cadrans et de la charge.
4 CM.CUL ..élasticité ! , - Usée our calculer le nodule d elastrcrt L'équation utu 1
était la suivante:
P _ <3L2 - 4a2) > b ~ 48 iy
ou module d'élasticité E: charge totale applique P: ^stance du point de réaction au point de a carpe plus p r i s (supposant une charpe
symétrique en deux points).
délormation maximale mesurée
p o i‘ t é e
L: poL'téo I moment d'inertie la barre ont été mesurées à cinq Les dimensions de • c et le moment d'inertie calcule endroits. Ces dimension-, e sont : Profondeur Largeur (po4 ) (po) (P°) 2.232 2.9 38 1.004 2.236 2.986 1.008 2.232 2.985 1.007 2. 239 2.989 1.006 2.230 2.987 1.004 I moyen : 2.234 po 5 Pour la configuration de l'essai, a = 35.47 po L = 75.00 po L1équation se simplif donc a: E = 3917 ^ (2) sont utilisées Si des valeurs légèrement t au calibrage, pour "L" et pour "a" lorsque la barre ser fourni dans la documentation ci- le module d ' é. pourra servir pour calculer la valeur incluse sur les essais un "y” donné, se servant de l ’éq u a t i o n appropriée de "P' P ° u r ( 1 ) décrite plus haut. 6 RÉSULTATS Les données sur la déformation pour la barre d alumx niuin évaluée sont présentées au tableau 1. • module d elas ticité sécant est u s s i donné pour chaque c'arge. Une régression linéaire de la charge en fonction de la déforma tion a donné une pente de 2474.7 1ivres/pouce , c'est-à-dire un module d'élasticité de 9.69 x 106 psi lorsque l'on utilise 1'equation (2). Ceci représente le module recti- .igne 1 plus juste avec un R de 0.9^984. 7 Tableau 1 - Calibrage d'une barre d'aluminium de 1 po x 3 po' Déformation Module , 4 maximale secant Charge -> appliquée au centre x l O 6 (livres) (pouces) psi 0 0 — 123.6 0.053 9.50 Dimensions de la barre: 256.9 0.106 9.49 379.3 0.153 9.71 Largeur moyenne: 1.006 po 507.4 0.206 9.65 635.7 0.259 9.61 Profondeur moyenne: 2.937 po 764.0 0.311 9.62 4 892.3 0.362 9.66 I moyen: 2.234 po 1014.9 0.413 9.63 1145.5 0.466 9,63 Portée: 75.00 po 1270.4 0.515 9.66 1399.4 0.567 9.67 1524.8 0.618 9.66 1653.7 0.670 9.67 r—1 r-i CO 0.720 9.69 1908.1 0.772 9.68 Soumise à la charge tel qu'illustré à la figure 1. 2La charge appliquée en Newtons à été corrigée se servant du facteur de calibrage établi lors du calibrage de? l'appareil d'essai avec le calibreur circulaire. La charge a ensuite été transformée en livres. ^La déformation maximale au centre a été corrigée pour la déformation moyenne du support, et transformée en pouces. La correction moyenne pour la stabilisation du support était de 1.98,%. ^Le module sécant est le module d'élasticité obtenu supposant une corré lation parfaite entre la charge et la déformation indiquée^ par le point sur la courbe et utilisant l'équation (2). 8 P 1 • i' IÇ H , _ - - '5* " ; :/Ü " /' , • > / . ••• W .. - j f A - ...... - - 4 / A' 3 A a l u m i n u m £ ! / VJ 1 X7 y^ "kEra x T y r ~ Ù Q u t r â , 0 t , /* .a 75* 7 (?> . ! ‘s V . I ..^rrrrrr. - > _rtrz:7zn.... F l G ü R g . / 5 /? e m /.>. a / e l ' ilpnciPeit a