Field Guide to Look Alike Sharks and Rays Species of the Southeast Asian Region MFRDMD SP 22.Pdf
ISBNISBN 978-983-9114-55-3 978-98-9114-55-3 SEAFDEC / MFRDMD / SP / 22
Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of the Southeast Asian Region
AHMAD ALI ANNIE LIM PEK KHIOK FAHMI DHARMADI
Field GuideFIELD to GUIDE Look TO-Alike SHARKS Sharks AND and RAYS Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species of OF Southeast THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION ~ 1 ~
~ 2 ~Field FIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION
FIELD GUIDE TO LOOK-ALIKE SHARKS AND RAYS SPECIES OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION
AHMAD ALI ANNIE LIM PEK KHIOK FAHMI DHARMADI
2013
Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 3 ~
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Field Guide to Look-alike Sharks and Rays Species of the Southeast Asian Region/Ahmad Ali….[et al.].
ISBN: 978-983-9114-55-3 1. Sharks—Southeast Asia—Identification 2. Rays (Fishes)—Southeast Asia—Identification I.Ahmad Ali. 3. 597.3095
Copyright©2013 SEAFDEC/MFRDMD
All Right Reserved.
This publication may be reproduced for educational and other non-commercial purposes without permission of the copyright holder, provided the source is cited and the copyright holder receives a copy of the reproduce material. Reproduce for commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
This publication should be cited as follows:
Ahmad, A., Lim, A.P.K., Fahmi and Dharmadi. 2013. Field Guide to Look-alike Sharks and Rays Species of the Southeast Asian Region. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/22: 107 pp.
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CONTENTS SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 1 FOREWORD…………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….……………….... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………..……………….……. 5 GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………………….……..… 6
TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS OF SHARK Structural features and dimensions ….…...... 10 Ventral surface ……..………………………………..……………………………….…….….. 11 Hyomandibular pore, spiracle and eye……...……………………………………..… 12 Labial furrow and labial fold……..………………..…………………………………….. 12 Pectoral fins …………...…………………………………..…………………………………….. 13 Dorsal fin…………...………………………………………..………………………………….... 13 Caudal fin……...……………………………………………..…………………………………… 14 Eye………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. 14 Shape of snout……………………………………………..…………………………………… 15 Precaudal pit: Longitudinal and Crescentic ……..………………………………….. 15
TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS OF RAY AND SKATE Dorsal view of a typical skate (Family Rajidae)………………………….………... 16 Ventral view of a typical skate (Family Rajidae) .…………………………………… 17 Structural features of rays……………………………………...……………………………. 1819 Dorsal fins and thorns on ray tail…...……………………………………………….……. 19 Dorsal view of devil ray’s head (Family Mobulidae)………...…………….………. 20 Dorsal view of eagle ray’s head (Family Myliobatidae)……...………………...…. 20
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Dorsal view of cownose ray’s head (Family Rhinopteridae) …….……………… 20
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE………………………………………………………………………. 21 KEY TO ORDER OF SHARKS………………………………………………………………….… 22
ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES Family Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934)………………………………… 24 Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller and Henle, 1839)………………………………… 25
Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller and Henle, 1839)……………………………… 26 Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller and Henle, 1839)….………………………………….. 27
Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller and Henle, 1839)………………………………… 28 Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller and Henle, 1839)…………………………………….. 29
Carcharhinus macloti (Müller and Henle, 1839)….……………………………….. 30 Carcharhinus borneensis (Bleeker, 1859)…………….……………………………….. 31
Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller and Henle, 1839)….…………………………… 32 Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann, 1913)…..………………………………………… 33
Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905)…..………………………………………………… 34 Glyphis sp. [sensu Last et al. 2008]…..…………………………………………………… 35
Glyphis fowlerae Compagno White & Cavanagh, 2010….……………………….. 36 Glyphis sp. [sensu Last et al. 2008]……..………………………………………………… 37
Loxodon macrorhinus Müller and Henle, 1839…..………………………………….. 38 Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852)…….…..……………………………...….. 39
Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell, 1837)………………………………………………... 40 Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1968…………………………………………….… 41
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Family Sphyrinidae Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)…………………………………………….….. 42 Sphyrna mokarran (Ruppell, 1837)…………………………………………………….... 43
Family Hemigaleidae Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Bleeker, 1852)……………………………….…………. 44 Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger, 1871)…………………………………….………… 45
Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker, 1852……………………………………….………… 46 Paragaleus tengi (Chen, 1963)…………………………………………………….……….. 47
ORDER LAMNIFORMES Family Alopiidae Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935……………………………………………………… 48 Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839)……………………………………………………… 49
Family Laminidae Isurus paucus Guitart Monday, 1966………………………………….………………… 50 Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810……………………………………..………………. 51
ORDER ORECTOLOBIFORMES Family Hemiscylliidae Chiloscyllium griseum Müller and Henle, 1838………………..……………………. 52 Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bleeker, 1852………………………………..…………………… 53
KEY TO ORDER OF BATOIDS………………………………………………………………….. 54
0RDER RHINIFORMES Family Rhynchobatidae Rhynchobatus australiae Whitley, 1939…..……………………………………………. 56 Rhynchobatus laevis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)….………………………………… 57
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Rhynchobatus palpebratus Compagno & Last, 2008………………………………. 58 Rhynchobatus springeri Campagno & Last, 2010……………………………………. 59
Family Rhinobatidae Glaucostegus thouin (Anonymous, 1798)………………………………………………. 60 Glaucostegus typus (Bennett, 1830)………………………………………………...... 61
ORDER TORPEDINIFORMES Family Narkidae Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)…...……………………………………. 62 Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831…..………………………………………………………… 63
ORDER RAJIFORMES Family Rajidae Okamejei cairae Last, Fahmi & Ishihara, 2010…..…………………………………… 64 Okamejei jensenae Last & Lim, 2010…..…………………………………………………. 65
Dipturus kwangtungensis (Chu, 1960)…………………………………………………… 66 Okamejei hollandi (Jordan & Richardson, 1909) …………………………………….. 67
ORDER MYLIOBATIFORMES Family Dasyatidae Dasyatis akajei (Müller and Henle, 1841) ……………………...………………………. 68 Dasyatis fluviorum Ogilby, 1908……………………………………………………………. 69
Dasyatis parvonigra Last& White, 2008……………………………………………….. 70 Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller and Henle, 1841) …………………………………………… 71
Himantura walga (Müller and Henle, 1841)……….…………………………………. 72 Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)…..……………………………….. 73
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Himantura pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852)…………………………………………….. 74 Himantura cf pastinacoides………………………………………………………………… 75
Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008….………………………. 76 Himantura uarnak (Forsskal, 1775)….…………………………………………………. 77
Himantura leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008………………………….. 78 Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852) …...………………………………………………. 79
Himantura uarnacoides (Bleeker,1852)………………………………………………. 80 Himantura lobistomaManjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006……..………………… 81
Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji, 2010)………………………………….. 82 Pastinachus atrus (Macleay, 1883)……………………………………………………… 83
Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last& Manjaji, 2010………………………………….. 84 Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010…………………………… 85
Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005……..……………… 86 Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010…………………………… 87
Family Gymnuridae Gymnura japonica (Schlegal, 1850)…….………………………………………………. 88 Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804)……….……………………………………………… 89
Family Myliobatidae Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1832)………………………………………………... 90 Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)………………………………… 91
Family Rhinopteridae Rhinoptera javanica Müller and Henle, 1841 ……………………………………… 92 Rhinoptera jayakari Boulenger, 1895………………………………………………… 93
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Family Mobulidae Mobula japanica (Müller and Henle, 1841)………………………………………….... 94 Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908)……………………………………………………………. 95
Mobula japanica (Müller and Henle, 1841)……………………………………………. 96 Mobula tarapacana (Philiippi, 1892)………………..…………………………………… 97
Mobula sp.…………………………………………………………………………………………… 98 Mobula kuhlii (Müller and Henle, 1841)………………………………………………… 99
Genus Manta……..……………………………………………………………………………………… 100 Genus Mobula……..…………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
INDEX Scientific Names ..…..…………………………………………………………………………….. 102 English Names …….……………………………………………………………………………….. 104
REFERENCES…..……………………………………………………………………………………… 106
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SUMMARY Despite their significance, most sharks and rays species look very similar and difficult to quickly identify even for experience taxanomists. With more than 300 species already recognised in the Southeast Asian Region, the challenge is becoming more complicated. Sharks and rays differ from one another in many characteristics; adding to the challenges of accurate identification.
However, obtaining reliable species composition and data of sharks and rays from catches is essential for effective fishery management and conservation for long-term sustainable use.This guide is intended to improve the knowledge of regional taxonomists and enumerators on identification of sharks and rays in their catch data reporting from varies fisheries in this region.
In addition to the publication of Field Guide to Sharks of the Southeast Asian Regionby Ahmad and Annie(2012) and Field Guide to Rays of the Southeast Asian Region by Ahmad et al. (in press), this guide provides a simple user-friendly brief description on similarities and distinctive characteristics of 15 pairs of sharks, 20 pairs of rays and two pairs of skates look-alike species. Most of these species are found in abundance in this region.
Ahmad Ali Annie Lim Pek Khiok Fahmi Dharmadi
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FOREWORD An accurate identification of elasmobranch species is one of the most difficult tasks especially for a look-alike species. Many groups, such as requiem sharks, weasel sharks, longtailed carpetsharks, wedgefishes, guitarfishes, stingrays, skates, devil rays and many other species may often look very similar within a family. In some cases, even experts may have difficulty in identifying some of the species.
Much of the original content of this document was written and compiled by Mr. Ahmad Ali and Ms. Annie Lim Pek Khiok with substantial assistance from Mr. Fahmi and Mr. Dharmadi of Indonesia. All of them are member of the IUCN Sharks Specialist Group for the Southeast Asian Region. I would like to express my sincere thanks to them for working very hard in preparing for this guide book, of which will be the first in this region with colourful pictures and comparative descriptions to aid in the identification of the look-alike species. This guide book will be in time for the forthcoming CoP16-CITES which will be held from 3 - 14 March 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Last but not least I would like to thank the Japanese Government for supporting SEAFDEC and funding this publication through Japanase Trust Fund and express special thanks to Dr. Masaya Katoh, Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD for his effort and commitments.
MAHYAM BINTI MOHD ISA CHIEF SEAFDEC/MFRDMD
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INTRODUCTION Sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras (Class Chondrichthyes) are a highly diverse group of fish that evolved over 400 million years ago. Of the global current chondrichthyan fauna (more than 1200 species), at least 315 species recorded in the Southeast Asian Region, which including 174 species of sharks from 8 orders (29 families) and 141 rays from 5 orders (19 families). However information on chimaeras is still scanty. Until 2012 only two species of Chimarea and one Hidrologus are recorded.
Indonesia recorded the highest biodiversity of sharks with at least 114 species and 26 families followed by Philippines (94 species; 26 families), Thailand (64 species; 21 families), Malaysia (63 species;18 families), Brunei Darussalam (34 species; 13 families); Myanmar (34 species; 10 families), Vietnam (29 species; 13 families) and Cambodia with 11 species and 6 families (Ahmad and Annie, 2012).
As for rays,Indonesia also recorded the highest number with 101 species and 17 families followed by Malaysia (82 species; 14 families), Philippines (66 species;18 families), Thailand (55 species; 12 families), Cambodia (54 species; 14 families), Myanmar (46 species; 11 families), Vietnam (39 families; 12 families) and Brunei Darussalam with 35 species and 11 families (Ahmad et al. in press). The representation of the group at highest taxonomic levels of elasmobranch in this region is shown in Table 1. The total number of known species in this region is ever increasing as exploratory and taxonomic work ensues.
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Table 1: Proportional species richness of shark and ray groups from Brunei Darussalam (B), Cambodia (C), Indonesia (I), Malaysia (MY), Myanmar (MN), Thailand (T), Philippine (P) and Vietnam (V)
ORDER B C I MY MN T P V Hexanchiformes - - 3 2 - 1 3 1 Squaliformes 2 22 3 2 5 17 2 Pristiophoriformes ------1 - Squatiniformes 1 - 2 1 - 1 1 - Heterodontiformes 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 Orectolobiformes 5 4 19 9 5 9 11 7 Lamniformes 1 - 10 2 - 5 8 1 Carcharhiniformes 24 7 57 45 27 42 52 17 Total Sharks 34 11 114 63 34 64 94 29 Pristiformes 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 Rhinobatiformes 3 7 13 9 4 9 11 4 Torpediniformes 3 6 10 9 6 7 5 6 Rajiformes 1 2 11 5 - 1 12 2 Myliobatiformes 25 35 63 56 32 34 34 23 Total skates and rays 35 54 101 82 46 55 66 39 TOTAL SHARKS, SKATES, RAYS 69 65 215 145 80 119 160 68
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This guide book was made possible based on knowledge and experiences of the authors through their studies, especially in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and accumulated information by researchers from SEAFDEC Member Countries as well as references made from various sources available locally as well as internationally. All the authors involved in the publication of this guide book are also author /co-authors of ‘Sharks and Rays of Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam’ by Yano et al. (2005), ‘Panduan Mengenali Ikan Yu di Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia dan Thailand’ by Ahmad et al. (2008), ‘Field Guide to Sharks in the Southeast Asian Region’ by Ahmad and Annie (2012),’ Field Guide to Rays in the Southeast Asia’ by Ahmad et al. (in press), ‘Economically Important Sharks and Rays of Indonesia’ by White et al. (2006) and ‘Sharks and Rays of Borneo’ by Last et al. (2010).
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Director General of Fisheries Malaysia YH Dato’ Ahamad Sabki bin Mahmood, Secretary-General of SEAFDEC Dr. Chumnarn Pongsri, Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Ms. Mahyam binti Mohd Isa, Deputy Chief of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD Dr. Masaya Katoh for their permission to publish and endless support in the research on elasmobranch in the Southeast Asian Region.
Last but not least, we are indebted to all staff of SEAFDEC/MFRDMD especially Mr. Abu Talib bin Ahmad, Mr. Raja Bidin bin Raja Hassan, Mr. Osman bin Muda, Mr. Nor Azman bin Zakaria and Mr. Aznan bin Zainal for helping us in many ways in the preparation for publication of this guide book.
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GLOSSARY acute– sharp or pointed alar thorns – paired patches of thorns on the outer disc of mature male skates angular– forming a distinct angle anterior– relating to front of or head end of an object anal fin - single fin located on the underside behind the pelvic fins barbel - a slender sensory skin projection on the snout of some species bilobate– having two lobes blotch– an enlarged area or patch that is different in colour caudal fin - tail fin caudal keel – a longitudinal fleshy ridge along side of the caudal peduncle caudal peduncle – the posterior part of the body supporting the caudal fin cephalic lobe – broad lobe on forehead of some rays compressed– flattened laterally from side to side concave– curved inwards (opposite of convex) convex– arched, curved outwards (opposite of concave) denticles- very small tooth-like plates that form the abrasive surface on the skin depressed– dorsoventrally flattened from top to bottom dorsal– relating to upper part or surface of back dorsolateral– positioned or orientated between dorsal and lateral surfaces dorsal fins - fins on upper surface dusky– slightly dark or greyish in colour electric organ – organ capable of delivering a mild electric shock falcate– curved like a sickle family– a group term for classifying organisms, containing one ore more closely related genera fin origin - the forward-most point of attachment of a fin
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flank- side of the body free rear tip (of fin) - rear tip of loose flap behind the fin attachment fusiform– spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends hammer-shaped– shaped with paired lateral expansions, like the head of a mallet hymandibular pores – line of enlarged pores extending posteriorly from the mouth corners infraorbital– area below the eye inner margin (of fin) - edge between the fin attachment and the free rear tip interdorsal– space on dorsal surface between 1st and 2nd dorsal fins interdorsal ridge - raised ridge of skin between the 1st and 2nd dorsal fins keel– a fleshy ridge; associated with caudal peduncle lateral- refers to the side of the shark longitudinal– lengthwise (opposite of transverse) nictitating eyelid – a transparent, moveable membrane or inner eyelid that protects eye nostril– external opening of the nasal organs nuchal – pertaining to the nape obtuse– broadly rounded or having a blunt end ocellus– an eye-like spot or marking with a marginal ring pearl thorn – nuchal thorn of stingrays shaped like an embedded pearl pelvic fins - leading edge (of fin) plain– uniformly coloured, without a contrasting colour pattern posterior – relating to hind of or rear end of an object precaudal pit – a transverse or longitudinal notch on caudal peduncle just anterior to origin of caudal fin in some sharks quadrangular– shaped with four distinct edges or margins reticulated–divided into a network reticulations– markings in a general form of a net rhomboidal– diamond-shaped FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 7 ~
rostral cartilage – a gristly structure supporting the snout rostral teeth – tooth-like projection on the side of the snout of sawfishes and sawsharks rostrum– a projecting snout rounded–margin evenly convex saddle– a blotch extending across dorsal surface from one side to another snout– part of head in front of eyes spine– a sharp projecting point spiracle - a respiratory opening behind the eyes in sharks and rays subcircular – almost circular subequal– almost equal subterminal– positioned near but not at the end of an object tail – part of fish between cloaca and orgin of the caudal fin terminal – located at or forming the end of something thorn - large dneticles on surface of a ray or skate tip– the extremity of a part of a fish ventral - refers to the undersurface of the shark
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FIELD GUIDE TO SHARKS AND RAYS LOOK-ALIKE OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION ~ 9 ~
TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS OF SHARK
Structural features and dimensions
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Ventral surface
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Pectoral fin Hyomandibular pore, spiracle and eye
Labial furrow and labial fold
Dorsal fin
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Pectoral fin
Dorsal fin
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Shape of snout
Caudal tail
Eye Precaudal pit longitudinalPrecaudal pit crescentic
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ShapeShape of snout of snout
PrecaudalPrecaudal pit longitudinalPrecaudal pit longitudinalPrecaudal pit cres pitc enticcresc entic
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TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS OF RAY AND SKATE
Dorsal view of a typical skate (Family Rajidae) Source of illustration: Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999)
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Ventral view of a typical skate (Family Rajidae) Source of illustration: Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999)
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Structural features of rays Source of illustration: Last et al. (2010)
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Dorsal fins and thorns on ray tail Source of illustration: Last et al. (2010)
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Cephalic fins
Dorsal view of devil ray’s head (Family Mobulidae) A single convex rostral fin
Dorsal view of eagle ray’s head (Family Myliobatidae) Bilobed rostral fin
Dorsal view of cownose ray’s head (Family Rhinopteridae)
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HOW USE THIS GUIDE This guide book is designed to assist enumerators in the identification of look-alike sharks, skates and rays species and some of them are found in abundance in the South East Asian region. This to ensure all sharks, skates and rays landed are correctly identified and recorded. This guide contains simple, easy-to-use keys that highlight certain external distinguishing features for identification purposes.
The keys are further supported by detailed species information and illustrations so that identification can be made with confidence. Descriptive text and illustrations provided in the species were developed from field observations, photographs, and published references.
The user of this guide should have a basic level of general knowledge on taxonomy of sharks and rays encountered in Southeast Asian Region. Each page begins with Family of the sharks, rays or skates. Similarities (look-alike) between the pair of species are listed in alphabets. Scientific names and English names follow by an image of the species marked with numbers to distinguish the differences between the pair of look-alike species.
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KEY TO ORDER OF SHARKS
SHARKS
Anal fin present
5 gill slits, 2 dorsal fins
Dorsal fins without spine Dorsal fins with spine
Mouth behind front of eyes
No Nictitating eyelids Mouth well nictitating present infront of eyes eyelids
Lamniformes Carcharhiniformes Orectolobiformes Heterodontiformes
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KEY TO ORDER OF SHARKS
SHARKS
AnalNo fin apresentnal fin
5 gillBody slits, cylindrical 2 dorsal finsnot ray-like Body flattened
Dorsal fins without spine Dorsal fins with spine Snout long and saw shaped Snout short not with long barbels saw shaped Mouth behind front of eyes
No Nictitating eyelids Mouth well 6nictitating-7 gill slits, present infront of eyes eyelids one dorsal fin
LamniformesHexanchiformes CarcharhiniformesPristiophoriformes OrectolobiformesSqualiformes HeterodontiformesSquatiniformes
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ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES Family Carcharhinidae a) Requiem sharks with small, wide-space nostrils b) Labial furrows confined to mouth corners c) Interdorsal ridge absent d) Dorsal, pectoral and ventral lobe of caudal fin black tipped
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) English name: Graceful shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout short and wedge-shaped Body stout with white bars First dorsal fin origin slightly forward of the free rear tips of pectoral fins Pectoral fins moderately long and falcate with pointed tips
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Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Blacktip shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and pointed Body slender with white bars First dorsal fin origin usually over or just behind pectoral fin insertion Pectoral fins moderately long and strongly falcate with narrow pointed tips
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Family Carcharhinidae a) Slender-bodied medium to large-sized shark b) First dorsal fin origin over or just behind pectoral rear tips c) Second dorsal fin, pectoral fin and ventral caudal-fin lobe black-tipped
Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Spinner shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and pointed Upper labial furrows elongate and prominent Eyes circular and fairly small Gill slits relatively long compared to Carcharhinus sorrah No interdorsal ridge Black marking on second dorsal fin rounded (all fins plain when juvenile)
~Field 26 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Spottail shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout moderately pointed, parabolic and long Upper labial furrows short and inconspicuous Eyes circular and moderately large Gill slits relatively short compared to Carcharhinus brevipinna Low interdorsal ridge present Black marking on second dorsal fin not rounded
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 27 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) Labial furrows confined to mouth corners b) Fins and ventral lobe of caudal fin black-tipped c) First dorsal fin origin usually over or just behind pectoral fin insertion
Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Blacktip shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and pointed Interdorsal ridge absent Body slender with white bars Gill slits relatively long as compared to Carcharhinus sorrah Pectoral fins moderately long and strongly falcate with narrow pointed tips Upper labial furrowsconspicuousas compared toCarcharhinus sorrah
~Field 28 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Spottail shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout moderately pointed, parabolic and long Low interdorsal ridge present s Body slender without white bars Gill slits relatively short as compared to Carcharhinuslimbatus Pectoral fins moderately long; falcate with black tip Upper labial furrows short and inconspicuous
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 29 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) A small shark; body relatively slender b) Labial furrows very short c) Interdorsal ridge absent d) Second dorsal fin very low, inner margin over twice the fin height
Carcharhinus macloti (Müller and Henle, 1839) English name: Hardnose shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout very long and pointed; rostrum very hard and strongly calcified Hypomandibular pores absent alongside mouth corners First dorsal fin moderately large, with a narrowly pointed apex Inner margin of second dorsal fin long, 2/3 of fin base
~Field 30 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Carcharhinus borneensis(Bleeker, 1859) English name: Borneo shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout very long and narrowly pointed Hypomandibular pores conspicuously enlarged alongside mouth corners First dorsal fin moderately large, with a blunt pointed apex Inner margin of second dorsal fin short, ½ fin base or less
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 31 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) A small grey shark b) Origin of first dorsal fin over pectoral inner margin c) Interdorsal ridge present d) Second dorsal fin with a conspicuous black tip; other fins plain e) Second dorsal fin large and high, inner margin short
Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller and Henle, 1839)
English name: Whitecheek shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout moderately long, broadly parabolic First dorsal fin triangular, erected Second dorsal fin with black marking (covering about ½ of fin)
~Field 32 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann, 1913) English name: Blackspot shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout rather long, narrowly parabolic First dorsal fin moderately small, falcate with narrowly rounded apex Second dorsal fin with black marking (covering more than ½ of fin)
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 33 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) Body fairly stout b) First dorsal fin free rear tip just anterior to pelvic fin origin c) Interdorsal ridge absent d) Precaudal pit longitudinal e) Fins plain
Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905) English name: Borneo broadfin shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout rather long, pointed (view ventrally) Second dorsal fin very tall,almost similar to height of first dorsal fin Pectoral fins large, broadly triangular, apex narrowly rounded
~Field 34 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
precaudal pit longitudinal
Glyphis sp.[sensu Last et al. 2008]
English name: Mukah River Shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout rather long, parabolic (view ventrally) Second dorsal fin moderately tall, slightly less than ½ of first dorsal fin Pectoral fin long with broad base; rounded tip
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 35 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) Body fairly stout b) Precaudal pits longitudinal c) Fins plain d) First dorsal fin free rear tip just anterior to pelvic fin origin e) Interdorsal ridge absent
Glyphis fowleraeCompagno,White & Cavanagh, 2010 English name: Borneo river shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout moderately long and rounded Second dorsal fin tall, 1/2 to 3/5 height of first dorsal fin Pectoral fin long with a very broad base; pointed tip
~Field 36 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
precaudal pit longitudinal
Glyphis sp. [sensu Last et al. 2008] English name: Mukah River shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout rather long, parabolic (view ventrally) Second dorsal fin moderately tall, slightly less than ½ of first dorsal fin height Pectoral fin long with broad base; rounded tip
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 37 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) Small slender shark with relatively large eyes b) First dorsal fin origin well behind the free rear tips of pectoral fins c) Second dorsal fin less than half the height of first dorsal fin d) Fins plain e) Interdorsal ridge absent
Loxodon macrorhinus Müller and Henle, 1839 English name: Sliteye shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout very long, parabolic Eyes large with distinct notch on its posterior edge Anal fin base short Preanal ridges very long, equal to anal-fin base length
~Field 38 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) English name: Pacific spadenose shark
Distinctive characteristics Head and snout strongly depressed Eyes large but without notch on its posterior edge Much larger anal fin with long base Preanal ridges absent
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 39 ~
Family Carcharhinidae a) A small, slender shark b) Second dorsal fin smaller than anal fin, its origin opposite anal-fin insertion c) Fins plain d) Long preanal ridges, about equal to anal-fin base length e) Interdorsal ridge absent
Rhizoprionodon acutus(Ruppell, 1837) English name: Milk shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and depressed, its length usually greater than mouth width Upper labial furrows long and prominent Hyomandibular pores along side mouth corners – more than 16 in total for both sides
~Field 40 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1968 English name: Grey sharpnose shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and narrowly rounded Upper labial furrows short Hyomandibular pores along side mouth corners – more than 14 in total for both sides
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 41 ~
Family Sphyrnidae a) Body elongate and laterally compressed b) Head “hammer”-shaped c) Pectoral fin short and broad d) Upper precaudal pit forming a crescentic groove
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) English name: Scalloped hammerhead
Distinctive characteristics Anterior margin of head convex First dorsal fin slightly falcate Posterior margin of second dorsal and pelvic fins concave to nearly straight Second dorsal-fin base about 3/5 to 4/5 the length of anal-fin base
~Field 42 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Sphyrna mokarran (Ruppell, 1837) English name: Greater hammerhead
Distinctive characteristics Anterior margin of head nearly straight, shallowly indented at midline First dorsal fin very high and strongly falcate Posterior margin of second dorsal and pelvic fins deeply concave Anal-fin base longer than second dorsal-fin base
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 43 ~
Family Hemigaleidae a) Lower teeth protrude prominently when mouth is closed b) Gill slits large, more than twice eye length c) Eyes large with nictitating eyelids; spiracle small d) Anal fin smaller than 2nd dorsal fin
Chaenogaleus macrostoma(Bleeker, 1852) English name: Hooktooth shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout obtusely wedge-shaped Mouth parabolic and long Fins not falcate, posterior margins of pelvic and pectoral fins straight or slightly concave Second dorsal and terminal lobe of caudal fin sometimes black
~Field 44 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger, 1871) English name: Fossil shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout relatively long; bluntly rounded Mouth slightly parabolic and long Fins strongly falcate, posterior margins of pelvic and pectoral fins deeply concave Second dorsal fin tip white
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 45 ~
Family Hemigaleidae a) Small to medium-sized sharks with cylindrical or slightly compressed bodies b) Snout moderately long, depressed c) Spiracles small d) Gill slits small, less than twice eye length
Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker, 1852 English name: Sicklefin weasel shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout blunt Mouth very short and broadly arched Pelvic fins , dorsal fins and ventral caudal-fin lobe, strongly falcate Dorsal fins and lower lobe caudal fin with white tips
~Field 46 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Paragaleus tengi (Chen, 1963) English name: Straight-tooth weasel shark
Distinctive characteristics Snout pointed (view from underneath) Mouth short and narrowly arched Pelvic fins, dorsal fins and lower lobe of caudal-fin, not falcate Dorsal fins posterior margin dusky black
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 47 ~
Family Alopiidae a) Long curving asymmetrical caudal fin b) Short ventral caudal lobe c) Long narrow pectoral fins d) First dorsal fin and pelvic fins large e) Second dorsal fins and anal fins tiny
Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935 English name: Pelagic thresher
Distinctive characteristics Head profile arched between eyes, no deep groves on nape Eyes smaller with orbits not expanded onto dorsal surface of head First dorsal fin base closer to pectoral-fin bases Pectoral fins straight with broad tips Caudal tip very slender with very narrow terminal lobe
~Field 48 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) English name: Bigeye thresher
Distinctive characteristics Head profile nearly straight between eyes, deep groove on each side on nape Eyes very large, extending onto surface of head First dorsal fin base closer to pelvic base than pectoral bases Pectoral fins falcate with pointed tips Caudal tip broad with wide terminal lobe
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 49 ~
ORDER LAMNIFORMES Family Lamnidae a) Large mouth with large blade-like teeth b) Long gill slits c) Long pectoral fins; very small second dorsal and anal fins d) Lateral keels in front of crescent shape tail
Isurus paucus GuitartMonday, 1966 English name: Longfin mako
Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly pointed; mouth parabolic in shape Eyes relatively large Anterior margin of pectoral fin as long as head length Origin of first dorsal fin well behind pectoral free rear tip
~Field 50 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 English name: Shortfin mako
Distinctive characteristics Snout acutely pointed; mouth U-shaped Eyes relatively small Anterior margin of pectoral fin less than head length Origin of first dorsal fin over or just behind the pectoral free rear
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 51 ~
ORDER ORECTOLOBIFORMES Family Hemiscylliidae a) Small, slender sharks with small transverse mouths in front of eyes b) Second dorsal-fin origin well ahead of the anal-fin origin c) First dorsal-fin origin about opposite rear halves of pelvic-fin bases d) A long, low, keel-like rounded anal fin separate from the lower caudal origin by a narrow notch
Chiloscyllium griseum Müller and Henle, 1838
English name: Grey bambooshark
Source of illustration: Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999)
Distinctive characteristics Dorsal fins fairly large and rounded All gill slits situated within pectoral fin base Origin of anal fin slightly behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin Colour pattern absent in adults; young with prominent dark saddle-marks without black edging
~Field 52 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bleeker, 1852 English name: Indonesian bambooshark
Distinctive characteristics Dorsal fins with straight or convex posterior margins Two gill slits before origin pectoral fin and three gill slits within pectoral fin base Origin of anal fin further behind free rear tip of second dorsal fin compared to Chiloscyllium griseum No colour pattern in adults; young with transverse dark bands with prominent black edging
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 53 ~
KEY TO ORDERS BATOIDS
BATOIDS
Long snout saw-like Snout not saw-like
Two dorsal fins; first dorsal fin 0-2 dorsal fins; first dorsal fin origin near pelvic fin than tail tip origin0-2 dorsal near tail fins; tip first than dorsal pelvic fin fin origin near tail tip than pelvic fin Pristiformes
No electric organs Electric organs Pelvic fin divided into two lobes; no Pelvic fin with one lobe; usually with one or Pelvic fin with one lobe; usually with one or Pelvicenlarged fin divided stinging into spine two on lobes; tail no more enlarged serrate stinging spines on tail present enlarged stinging spine on tail more enlarged serrate stinging spines on tail
Rhinobatiformes Torpediniformes Rajiformes Myliobatiformes Rajiformes Myliobatiformes
Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region ~Field 54 ~ Guide FIELD to LookGUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks AND and RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region
0-2 dorsal fins; first dorsal fin origin0-2 dorsal near tail fins; tip first than dorsal pelvic fin fin origin near tail tip than pelvic fin
Pelvic fin divided into two lobes; no Pelvic fin with one lobe; usually with one or Pelvic fin with one lobe; usually with one or Pelvicenlarged fin divided stinging into spine two on lobes; tail no more enlarged serrate stinging spines on tail enlarged stinging spine on tail more enlarged serrate stinging spines on tail
Rajiformes Myliobatiformes Rajiformes Myliobatiformes
Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND andRAYS Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 55 ~
ORDER RHINOBATIFORMES Family Rhynchobatidae a) Two prominent dorsal fins; first originating closer to insertion of pelvic fins than to tail tip b) Pectoral and pelvic fins separated slightly, not touching c) Caudal fin with a well-developed lower lobe d) Head triangular with two spiracular folds e) Upper disc with small thorns
Rhynchobatus australiae Whitley, 1939 English name: Whitespotted wedgefish
Distinctive characteristics Snout bottle-shaped, margin indented slightly near tip, bluntly rounded Origin of first dorsal fin posterior to pelvic fin origin Black spot on each pectoral fin surrounded by four white spots
~Field 56 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Rhynchobatus laevis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) English name: Smoothnose wedgefish
Distinctive characteristics Snout not constricted near tip Origin of first dorsal fin almost over pelvic fin origin Black pectoral spot usually closely surrounded by three white spots
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 57 ~
Family Rhynchobatidae a) Two prominent dorsal fins; first originating closer to insertion of pelvic fins than to tail tip b) Pectoral and pelvic fins separated slightly, not touching c) Caudal fin with a well-developed lower lobe d) Upper disc with small thorns e) Two spiracular folds
Rhynchobatus palpebratus Compagno& Last, 2008 English name: Eyebrow wedgefish
Distinctive characteristics Snout long and narrowly pointed (not bottle-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped) Black eye-brow like markings on orbital membrane Large, sharp-edged, black ocelli on pectoral-fin bases surrounded by four white spots Two short rows of spots on each side that terminate beneath first dorsal fin; sometimes pale faint line continue along the mid-dorsal
~Field 58 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Rhynchobatus springeri Campagno& Last, 2010 English name: Broadnose wedgefish
Distinctive characteristics A broadly wedge-shaped snout Blackish spot near to spiracle Black pectoral marking prominent, surrounded by four white spots 3-4 postdorsal rows of spots on each side that continue to the caudal fin sometimes forming pale lines
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 59 ~
Family Rhinobatidae a) Medium size, grayish brown shovelnose ray b) Small thorns and enlarged denticles along the dorsal midline c) Pectoral and pelvic fins touch or overlapping d) Ventral lobe of caudal fin not prominent
Glaucostegus thouin (Anonymous, 1798) English name: Clubnose guitarfish
Distinctive characteristics Snout tip enlarged to form an elongate knob First and second dorsal fin slightly high
~Field 60 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Glaucostegus typus (Bennett, 1830) English name: Giant guitarfish
Distinctive characteristics Snout tip not forming a knob First and second dorsal fin high
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 61 ~
ORDER TORPEDINIFORMES Family Narkidae a) Snout broadly rounded b) Body surface entirely smooth; electric organs present c) Eyes very small d) Disc surface brownish in colour; rounded with triangular shape tail
Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) English name: Spot-tail sleeper ray
Distinctive characteristics Spiracle lateral to eye; eyes very small compared to Temera hardwickii One dorsal fin present
~Field 62 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831 English name: Finless sleeper ray
Distinctive characteristics Spiracle located behind bulging eye; eyes small No dorsal fin present
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 63 ~
ORDER RAJIFORMES Family Rajidae a) Snout supported by a firm cartilage b) Pelvic fin divided into two distinct lobes c) Preorbital snout much less than eight times eye diameter d) Tail slender (not filamentous), with two dorsal fins; no enlarge stinging spine on tail
Okamejei cairae Last, Fahmi & Ishihara, 2010 English name: Borneo sand skate Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly triangular, long Dorsal surface yellowish brown with cluster of minute black flecks A pair of dark ring-like marking near axil of pectoral fin Thorns on tail minute; dorsal fin widely separately
~Field 64 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Okamejei jensenae Last&Lim, 2010 English name: Philippine ocellate skate
Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly triangular, slightly long Dorsal surface brownish with scattered yellowish spots A pair of large dark spots with white- spotted borders Thorns on tail small; dorsal fin relatively close together
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 65 ~
Family Rajidae a) Snout supported by a firm cartilage b) Pelvic fin divided into two distinct lobes c) Preorbital snout much less than eight times eye diameter d) Tail slender (not filamentous), with two dorsal fins; no enlarge stinging spine on tail
Dipturus kwangtungensis (Chu, 1960) English name: Kwangtung skate
Distinctive characteristics Dorsal surface with cloudy pattern of pale blotches surrounded by spots Thorns on tail confined to midline Dorsal fins not widely separated Cartilage on snout very long
~Field 66 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Okamejei hollandi (Jordan & Richardson, 1909) English name: Yellowspotted skate
Distinctive characteristics Dorsal surface brownish with pale blotches Axil of pectoral fin with a pale- edged brown blotch Dorsal fins very widely separated Cartilage on snout moderately long compared to Dipterus kwantungensis
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 67 ~
ORDER MYLIOBATIFORMES Family Dasyatidae a) Medium size stingray with rhomboidal disc b) A median row of thorns from behind the head to the tail base c) Thorns small anteriorly, becoming enlarged on posterior half d) Tail length not more than twice disc width
Dasyatis akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841) English name: Red stingray
Distinctive characteristics: Snout triangular and pointed Anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin convex Thorn size twice that of Dasyatis fluviorum Upper margin of eyes and behind spiracles orangish Disc reddish brown above; uniform white with a broad yellowish margin below
~Field 68 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Dasyatis fluviorumOgilby, 1908 English names: Estuary stingray
Distinctive characteristics: Snout broad triangular, tip pointed Anterior margin straight, posterior margin convex Thorn size about half that of Dasyatis akajei Upper margin of eyes and behind spiracles yellowish Disc dark brown above, pale below
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 69 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Snout short, broadly triangular b) Disc rhomboidal with angular apices c) Tail with prominent dorsal and ventral skin folds d) No thorns on tail before sting
Dasyatis parvonigra Last & White, 2008 English name: Dwarf black stingray
Distinctive characteristics No dark bar through eyes (sometimes very faint bar) Upper disc dark brown without blue spots Thorns confined to central disc Tail banded with broad white segment near tail tip
~Field 70 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Neotrygon kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841) English name: Bluespotted stingray
Distinctive characteristics A black bar through eyes Bright blue spots on upper disc Short thorns confined to midline of disc Tail banded beyond sting with slightly narrower white segment near tail tip
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 71 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Snout triangular b) Disc width equal to disc length c) Profile of disc almost oval, plain grayish or brownish above d) Narrow bands of flat denticles on central disc
Himantura walga (Müller & Henle, 1841)
English name: Dwarf whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout triangular and pointed Tail longer than body length with mostly 4 - 6 enlarged, spear-like thorns Tail with two spines Thorns on tail very elongate, much longer than ½ eye diameter Bands of flat denticles on central disc wider than Himantura imbricata
~Field 72 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) English name: Scaly whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout triangular and narrowly pointed Tail shorter than body length; with four enlarged, spear-like thorns Tail with more than one (usually 2-3) stinging spines Thorns on tail not elongate, much shorter than ½ eye diameter Bands of flat denticles on central disc very narrow compared to Himantura walga
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 73 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Snout short and broadly triangular b) Disc profile almost oval, brownish or grayish above c) Denticle bands on disc broad with margin rounded on snout
Himantura pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852)
English name: Round whipray
Distinctive characteristics Broad bands of denticles very distinctive Tail long, whip-like and dark posteriorly Tail length more than two time length of body width One large, greenish pearl thorn on central disc. Disc colour dark as compared to Himantura cf pastinacoides
~Field 74 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Himantura cf pastinacoides English name: Brown whipray
Distinctive characteristics Broad bands of denticles flat Tail long, whip-like and plain light brown Tail length slightly longer than body width One large, yellowish pearl thorn on central disc. Disc colour brown
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 75 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Disc profile somewhat quadrangular b) Broad band of flat denticles on central disc c) Midline of tail before sting without thorns d) No skin folds on tail
Himantura leopardaManjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008 English name: Leopard whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly triangular; tip pointed Upper surface of disc with leopard-like markings Central disc with row of up to 15 heart- shaped thorns Tail long, whip-like, variably banded (rarely faint)
~Field 76 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Himantura uarnak(Forsskal, 1775) English name: Reticulate whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly triangular; anterior margin of disc almost straight Upper surface of disc with fine dark spots and reticulations Central disc with two heart-shaped thorns Tail long, whip-like, variably banded (often faint in adults)
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 77 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Disc profile somewhat quadrangular b) Broad band of flat denticles on central disc c) Midline of tail before sting without thorns d) No skin folds on tail
Himantura leopardaManjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008 English name: Leopard whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout broadly triangular; tip pointed Upper surface of disc with leopard-like markings Central disc with row of up to 15 heart- shaped thorns Tail long, whip-like, variably banded (rarely faint)
~Field 78 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Himantura undulata(Bleeker, 1852) English name: Honeycomb whipray
Distinctive characteristics Snout strongly pointed Upper surface of disc with pattern of large ocelli and honeycombe-like reticulations Central disc usually with dominant pearl-shaped thorns with 2-3 slightly smaller thorns Tail long, whip-like, with dark pattern/bands
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 79 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Snout triangular b) Upper surface brownish to gray (without pattern) c) Denticle band very broad d) Eyes small
Himantura uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852) English name: Bleeker’s whipray,
Distinctive characteristics: Snout narrowly triangular Denticles band broad, margin rounded on snout Eyes small; mouth not protrusible Central disc with 1 -3 large pearl thorns Tail very long, whip-like and pale (not banded)
~Field 80 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Himantura lobistoma Manjaji-Matusumoto & Last, 2006 English name: Tubemouth whipray
Distinctive characteristics: Snout extremely elongate and broadly triangular Denticles band very broad, margin pointed on snout Eyes very small; mouth protrusible Central disc usually with 2-4 small pearl thorns Tail long, whip-like, plain and not banded
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 81 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Disc profile quadrangular b) Snout short and rounded; apex lacking denticles c) Broad band of flat denticles on central disc d) Tail base relatively broad, no thorn row along middle of tail e) Ventral skin fold terminating well before tail tip
Pastinachus gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji, 2010 English name: Narrowtail stingray
Distinctive characteristics: 1-3 nuchal thorns; the larger between two smaller ones Tail fold pale, relatively slender [max. depth usually less than 3 times height of tail above]
~Field 82 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Pastinachus atrus (Macleay, 1883) English name: Bananatail ray
Distinctive characteristics: 1-3 thorns (thorns larger compared to P. gracilicaudus) Tail fold blackish, very deep [max. depth more than 3.5 times height of tail above]
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 83 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Disc profile quadrangular b) Broad band of flat denticles on central disc c) Tail base relatively broad d) Ventral skin fold slender (max. depth < 3 times height of tail above) e) Ventral skin fold terminating well before tail tip
Pastinachus gracilicaudusLast & Manjaji, 2010 English name: Narrowtail Stingrays
Distinctive characteristics Snout short and rounded Snout apex lacking denticles 1-3 nuchal thorns (smaller compared to P. stellurostris) Middle of tail without row of small thorns
~Field 84 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010 English name: Starrynose stingray
Distinctive characteristics Snout acute and broadly triangular Snout apex covered with enlarged, star- shaped denticles Two enlarged nuchal thorns Row of small thorns along middle of tail
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 85 ~
Family Dasyatidae a) Disc profile strongly quadrangular b) Broad band of flat denticles on central disc c) Tail relatively broad-based d) Tail fold slender (max depth <3 times height of tail above) e) Ventral skin fold terminating well before tail tip
Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005 English name: Roughnose stingray
Distinctive characteristics Snout acute and narrowly triangular Snout apex covered with enlarged, spear-shaped or fork-like denticles One enlarged nuchal thorn in between two small nuchal thorns No thorns on midline of tail
~Field 86 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Pastinachus stellurostris Last, Fahmi& Naylor, 2010 English name: Starrynose stingray
Distinctive characteristics Snout acute and broadly triangular Snout apex covered with enlarged, star- shaped denticles Two enlarged nuchal thorns Row of small thorns along middle of tail
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 87 ~
Family Gymnuridae a) Medium size ray with a very broad and flattened butterfly-shaped disc (more than 1.5 times length) b) No dorsal fin, sometimes with a rudimentary dorsal fin c) Dorsal surface of disc uniform brown or yellowish-brown or with scattered and light spots
Gymnura japonica (Schlegal, 1850) English name: Japanese butterfly ray
Distinctive characteristics: Dorsal surface plain, sometimes with numerous small dark flecks A small sting on tail Tail from cloaca to tip about half as long as snout-vent length or less Six or fewer dark bands on tail
~Field 88 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804) English name: Longtail butterfly ray
Distinctive characteristics: Dorsal surface with faint whitish spots (sometimes plain) No sting on tail Tail from cloaca to tip as long as snout- vent length 9-10 dark bands on tail
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 89 ~
Family Myliobatidae a) Eagle ray with a plain or faintly banded upper disc b) No stinging spine c) A skirt-shaped internasal flap d) A single fleshy lobe around the snout that is not connected to the pectoral fins
Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1832) English name: Mottled eagle ray
Distinctive characteristics: Upper surface brown with white spots Dorsal-fin posterior margin upright, its origin slightly posterior to pelvic-fin insertion
~Field 90 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Aetomylaeus nichofii(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
English name: Banded eagle ray
Distinctive characteristics: Upper surface yellowish brown with five bluish bands Dorsal-fin posterior margin strongly angled, its origin slightly anterior to pelvic-fin insertion
Family Rhinopteridae FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 91 ~
a) Snout strongly notched medially to form two lobes b) Upper teeth with 7 rows of teeth
Rhinoptera javanicaMüller and Henle, 1841 English name: Javanese cownose ray
Distinctive characteristics Posterior margin of dorsal fin strongly concave Dorsal fin origin distinctly behind pectoral fin insertions Tail long, about 2.6 - 3.4 times disc length Small sting absent on tail base
~Field 92 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Rhinoptera jayakari Boulenger, 1895 English name: Short-tail cownose ray
Distinctive characteristics Posterior margin of dorsal fin almost upright. Dorsal-fin origin over or slightly forward of pectoral fin insertions Tail short, about 1.4 - 1.8 times disc length Small sting present on tail base
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 93 ~
Family Mobulidae a) Mouth subterminal, located on underside of head b) Dorsal fin conspicuously white tipped c) Head short; disc broad and less falcate d) Dorsal fin white tipped
Mobula japanica (Müller and Henle, 1841) English name: Japanese devilray Distinctive characteristics Outer anterior margin of pectoral fin with slight concavity Anterior margin of snout almost straight and wider Spiracles a short elliptical transverse slit Tail base round; sting present
~Field 94 ~ Guide FIELD to LookGUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks AND and RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908) English name: Bentfin devilray
Distinctive characteristics Outer anterior margin of pectoral fin with distinct concavity Anterior margin of snout slightly concave and narrow as compared to M. japanica Spiracle subcircular, located underneath disc edge Tail base depressed
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 95 ~
Family Mobulidae a) Mouth subterminal, located on underside of head b) Teeth usually in both jaw; sometimes abnormally absent from lower jaw c) Spiracle slit-like and dorsal to plane of pectoral disc d) Large species, reaching more than 3.1 m disc width
Mobula japanica (Muller and Henle, 1841) English name: Japanese devilray Distinctive characteristics Head short; disc broader and less falcate Spiracles a short elliptical transverse slit Anterior margin of snout slight straight Dorsal fin white tipped Sting on tail base present
~Field 96 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892) English name: Sicklefin devilray
Distinctive characteristics Head longer, disc relatively narrower and strongly falcate Spiracles an elongated longitudinal slit Anterior margin of snout slightly curved Dorsal fin plain, not white- tipped No sting on tail base
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 97 ~
Family Mobulidae a) Mouth subterminal, located on underside of head b) Spiracle located underneath disc edge c) Base of tail almost quadrangular in cross section
Mobula sp. English name: Borneo devilray
Distinctive characteristics Cephalic lobes relatively long, about 15% DW Anterior margin of snout deeply concave Dorsal fin white tipped
~Field 98 ~Guide FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Mobula kuhlii (Müller and Henle, 1841) English name: Lesser devilray
Distinctive characteristics Cephalic lobes relatively short, about 12-14% DW Anterior margin of snout slightly concave Dorsal fin not white tip
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 99 ~
Genus Manta
General characteristics Head very broad with long head fins Mouth terminal, located at end of snout tip Cephalic fins not straight Tail usually without a spine Teeth usually in lower jaw only, abnormally present in both jaws
~Field 100 Guide ~ FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Genus Mobula
General characteristics Head narrower and short head fins Mouth subterminal, located on underside of head Cephalic fins almost straight Small sting sometimes on tail base Teeth usually in both jaws
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 101 ~
INDEX Scientific names Aetomylaeus maculatus: 90 Gymnura poecilura : 89 Aetomylaeus nichofii : 91 Hemigaleus microstoma: 46 Alopias pelagicus: 48 Hemipristis elongata : 45 Alopias superciliosus: 49 Himantura cf pastinacoides : 75 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides: 24 Himantura imbricata: 73 Carcharhinus borneensis : 31 Himantura leoparda: 76, 78 Carcharhinus brevipinna: 26 Himantura lobistoma: 81 Carcharhinus dussumieri: 32 Himantura pastinacoides: 74 Carcharhinus limbatus: 25, 28 Himantura uarnak: 77 Carcharhinus macloti: 30 Himantura undulata: 79 Carcharhinus sealei: 33 Himantura uarnacoides :80 Carcharhinus sorrah: 27, 29 Himantura walga : 72 Chaenogaleus macrostoma: 44 Isurus oxyrinchus: 51 Chiloscyllium griseum: 52 Isurus paucus: 50 Chiloscyllium hasseltii: 53 Lamiopsis tephrodes: 34 Dasyatis akajei: 68 Loxodon macrorhinus : 38 Dasyatis fluviorum : 69 Manta : 100 Dasyatis parvonigra:70 Mobula : 101 Dipturus kwangtungensis: 66 Mobula japanica : 94, 96 Glaucostegus thouin: 60 Mobula kuhlii: 99 Glaucostegus typus : 61 Mobula tarapacana: 97 Glyphis fowlerae: 36 Mobula sp. : 98 Glyphis sp. : 35, 37 Mobula thurstoni : 95 Gymnura japonica: 88 Narke dipterygia: 62
~Field 102 Guide ~ FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Neotrygon kuhlii: 71 Rhizoprionodon acutus : 40 Okamejei cairae : 64 Rhizoprionodon oligolinx : 41 Okamejei hollandi: 67 Rhynchobatus australiae: 56 Okamejei jensenae : 65 Rhynchobatus laevis: 57 Paragaleus tengi: 47 Rhynchobatus palpebratus: 58 Pastinachus atrus: 83 Rhynchobatus springeri: 59 Pastinachus gracilicaudus: 82, 84 Scoliodon macrorhynchos: 39 Pastinachus solocirostris: 86 Sphyrna lewini: 42 Pastinachus stellurostris : 85, 87 Sphyrna mokarran: 43 Rhinoptera javanica : 92 Temera hardwicki: 63 Rhinoptera jayakari: 93
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 103 ~
English names Bananatail ray : 83 Grey bambooshark : 52 Banded eagle ray : 91 Grey sharpnose shark : 41 Bentfin devilray : 95 Hardnose shark : 30 Bigeye thresher : 49 Honeycomb whipray : 79 Blackspot shark : 25, 32 Hooktooth shark : 44 Blacktip shark : 28 Indonesian bambooshark : 53 Bleeker’s whipray : 80 Japanese butterfly ray : 88 Bluespotted stingray : 71 Japanese devilray : 94, 96 Borneo broadfin shark : 34 Javanese cownose ray : 92 Borneo devilray : 98 Kwangtung skate : 66 Borneo river shark : 36 Leopard whipray : 76, 78 Borneo sand skate : 64 Lesser devilray : 99 Borneo shark : 51 Longfin mako : 50 Broadnose wedgefish : 59 Longtail butterfly ray: 89 Brown whipray : 75 Milk shark : 40 Clubnose guitarfish : 60 Mottled eagle ray : 90 Dwarf whipray : 72 Mukah River shark : 35, 37 Dwarf black stingray : 70 Narrowtail stingray : 82, 84 Estuary stingray : 69 Pacific spadenose shark : 39 Eyebrow wedgefish : 58 Pelagic thresher : 48 Finless sleeper ray : 63 Philippine ocellate skate : 65 Fossil shark : 45 Red stingray : 68 Giant guitarfish : 61 Reticulate whipray : 77 Graceful shark : 24 Roughnose stingray: 86 Greater hammerhead : 43 Round whipray: 74
~Field 104 Guide ~ FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Scalloped hammerhead : 42 Spottail shark : 27, 29 Scaly whipray : 73 Spot-tail sleeper ray : 62 Shortfin mako : 51 Starrynose stingray : 85, 87 Short-tail cownose ray : 93 Straight-tooth weasel shark : 47 Sicklefin devil ray : 97 Tubemouth whipray : 81 Sicklefin weasel shark : 46 Whitecheek shark : 32 Sliteye shark : 38 Whitespotted wedgefish : 56 Smoothnose wedgefish : 57 Yellowspotted skate : 67 Spinner shark : 26
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 105 ~
English names BananatailREFERENCES ray : 83 Grey bambooshark : 52 BandedAhmad, A.,eagle Lim ray A.P.K., : 91 Abdul Rahman, M., Raja Bidin, R.H.,Grey Gambang, sharpnose A.C. shark and : Nor 41 Azman, Z. Bentfin2008. devilray Panduan : 9 5mengenali spesies ikan yu di Malaysia,Hardnose Brunei shark Darussalam, : 30 Indonesia dan BigeyeThailand. thresher(in :Malay 49 language). 209 pp Honeycomb whipray : 79 Blackspot shark : 25, 32 Hooktooth shark : 44 BlacktipAhmad, A. shark and Lim,: 28 A.P.K. 2012.Field guide to sharks ofIndonesian the Southeast bambooshark Asian Regi on.: 53 Bleeker’sSEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/18:210 whipray : 80 pp Japanese butterfly ray : 88 Bluespotted stingray : 71 Japanese devilray : 94, 96 BorneoAllen, G.R. broadfin and M.V. shark Erdmann. : 34 2012. Reef fishes of the JavaneseEast Indies. cownose (Vol. I, rayII,III). : 9 21292 pp Borneo devilray : 98 Kwangtung skate : 66 BorneoCompagno, river L.J.V. shark and : 3 Last,6 P.R. 1999. Rhinidae, Rhinobatidae,Leopard Plesiobatidae, whipray : 76 ,Gymnuridae, 78 BorneoMyliobatidae, sand skate Rhinopteridae,: 64 Mobulidae. In: FAO SpeciesLesser devilrayidentification : 99 guide for fishery Borneopurposes. shark : The51 living marine resources of the WesternLongfin Pacific.K.E. mako : 50Carpenter and V.H. Niem Broadnose(Eds). Rome,wedgefish FAO, : 3:59 1418 -1529 p Longtail butterfly ray: 89 Brown whipray : 75 Milk shark : 40 ClubnoseCompagno, guitarfish L.J.V. 1984. : 60 FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 4, SharksMottled of eagle the world. ray : 90 An annotated and Dwarfillustrated whipray c atalogue: 72 of sharks known to date. FAO MukahFisheries River Synopsis shark No.: 35 ,125 37 Dwarf black stingray : 70 Narrowtail stingray : 82, 84 EstuaryDaley, R .stingrayK., Steven : 6s,9 J .D., Last, P.R. and Yearsley, G.K. 2002.FieldPacific spadenose guide to Australianshark : 39 sharks & Eyebrowrays.CSIRO wedgefish Marine : 5 8Research, Hobart, Australia. 84ppPelagic thresher : 48 Finless sleeper ray : 63 Philippine ocellate skate : 65 FossilFahmi, shark 2010. : Sharks45 and rays in Indonesia. Marine ResearchRed stingray in Indonesia, : 68 35 (1): 43-54 G iant guitarfish : 61 Reticulate whipray : 77 Graceful shark : 24 Roughnose stingray: 86 Greater hammerhead : 43 Round whipray: 74 Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region
~Field 106 Guide ~ FIELD to Look GUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION
Scalloped hammerhead : 42 Spottail shark : 27, 29 ScalyLast, P.R.,whipray White : 7, 3W.T. and Pogonoski, J.J. 2010. DescriptioSpotn -oftail new sleeper sharks ray and : 6 2rays from Borneo. ShortfinCSIRO mako Marine : 51 and Atmospheric Research Paper No.Starrynose 032. 165 ppstingray : 85, 87 Short-tail cownose ray : 93 Straight-tooth weasel shark : 47 SicklefinLast, P.R., devil W.T. raWhite.,y : 97 J.N. Caira., Dharmadi., Fahmi., K.Tubemouth Jensen., Annie, whipray P.K.Lim., : 81 B.M. Manjaji- SicklefinMatsumoto., weasel sharkG.J.P. Nyalor.,: 46 J.J. Pogonoski., Stevens., Whitecheek J.D. and G.K. shark Yearsley. : 32 2010. Sharks and Sliteyerays shark of Borneo. : 38 CSIRO, Australia. 290 pp Whitespotted wedgefish : 56 Smoothnose wedgefish : 57 Yellowspotted skate : 67 Last,Spinner P.R shark. and Stevens, : 26 J.D. 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 pp
McAuley, R., Newbound, D. and Ashworth, R. 2002. Field identification guide to Western Australian sharks and shark-like rays. Department of Fisheries, Perth, Western Australian. 36 pp
White, W.T., Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., Yearsley, G.K., Fahmi and Dharmadi. 2006. Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. ACIAR monograph series: no. 124. 329 pp
Yano, K., Ahmad, A., Gambang, A.C., Idris, A.H., Solahuddin, A.R. and Aznan, Z. 2005. Sharks and rays of Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam.SEAFDEC-MFRDMD/SP/12. Kuala Terengganu. 557 pp
Field Guide to Look-Alike Sharks and Rays Species of Southeast Asian Region
FieldFIELD Guide GUIDE to Look TO- AlikeSHARKS Sharks AND RAYSand Rays LOOK-ALIKE Species OFof SoutheastTHE SOUTHEAST Asian RegionASIAN REGION ~ 107 ~
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Mr. Ahmad Ali is a Senior Researcher of SEAFDEC/ MFRDMD in Kuala Terengganu Malaysia. He is also Co- Regional Vice Chair, IUCN Shark Specialist Group for Southeast Asia Region since 2007. He is an author and co-authored of many books and papers on taxonomy, biology and management of elasmobranch.
Ms. Annie Lim Pek Khiok is a Senior Laboratory Assistant of Regional Fisheries Biosecurity Centre, Kuching, Sarawak. She is a member of IUCN Shark Specialist Group for Southeast Asian Region and an author and co- authored of five books and four scientific papers on biology, taxonomy and management of elasmobranch.
Mr. Fahmi is a Senior Researcher of Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Jakarta. He is a member of IUCN Shark Specialist Group for Southeast Asian Region and one of key researcher on elasmobranch in Indonesia. He is also an author and co-authored of many books and papers on chondrichthyans published in Indonesia and Australia.
Mr. Dharmadi is a Senior Researcher of Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Conservation (RFMC) Jakarta, Indonesia. He is a member of IUCN Shark Specialist Group for Southeast Asian Region and an author and co-authored of many books and papers on chondrichthyans mostly published in Indonesia and Australia. He is a well known chondrichthyans taxonomist in Indonesia. ISBN 978-983-9114-55-3
~Field 108 Guide ~ FIELD to LookGUIDE-Alike TO SHARKS Sharks ANDand RAYSRays LOOK-ALIKESpecies of Southeast OF THE SOUTHEAST Asian Region ASIAN REGION 9 789839 114553