A Description of Some Archaic Structures in and Devon. Author(s): A. L. Lewis Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1 (1872), pp. i-ix Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841277 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 22:22

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Proceedingsof the Anthropologicaland EthnologicalSocieties of Londonprior to thedate of amalgamation.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DECEMBER 20TH, 1870. DR. CHANNOCK,VICE-PRESIDENT, IN THE CHAIR. TH1Eminutes of the last meetingwere read and confirmed. The followingnew memberswere announcedc:-HENRYWALTER BELLEW, Esq., Peshawar,India; CHAS. CORNISH BROWN,Esq., F.R.G.S., 7, Lansdowne Place, Clifton; and FRANCIs TAGART,Esq., F.R.G.S., Old SneydPark, near Bristol, and 34, CravenHill Gardens,W. The Rev. W. W. LA BARTE,-M.A., of 1, VictoriaPlace, Brighton, was electeda Local Secretaryfor Brighton. The followingpresents were announced, and thanksof themeeting votedto the donors. FOR THE LIBRARy. From the SOCIETY-Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. No. 1, 1871. From the EDITOR-Nature; to date. FromE. J. BRILL, Esq.-Catalogue du Magasin de livresanciens et mo. dernes de 1870. From the INSTITUTE-Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute. No. 1. The followingpaper was read by the author:

I.-A DESCRIPTION of,some ARCHAIC STRUCTURES in CORNWALLand DEVON. BY A. L. LEWIS,ESQ., F.A.S.L. ON attendingthe meetingof the BritishAssociation at Exeter, (1869), I took advantage of being so far on the road to pay a visit to some of the megalithicand otherremains in the southernextremity of Britain, and I have venturedto bring a shortdescription of those I visited beforeyour notice-not because I have anynew factsto mentioncon- cerningthem, but because it is well to multiplyauthentic descriptions of these monuments,which are so frequentlybeing destroyed, and be- cause it occurredto me that,though manyFellows of this Societyare farbetter acquainted than myselfwith that part of the country,there are probablysome who have not hithertogiven much attentionto the remarkableremains of whichit containsso many. Before consideringthe antiquities of Cornwall it may be well to mentionsome things,which, though not unlike antiquities,are of a very moderndate. Thus the archaeologistwill see in the middleof a b

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.115 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 22:22:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ii Proceedingsof theAnthropological Society. fielda stone pillar,which he maytake fora small ;but he will, if he looks carefully,see these in so many fields,that he will at last make inquiries,and will findthat theyare placed therefor cattle to rub against. As, however,this custom does not prevail in many other parts of Britain,I am inclinedto thinkthere may be some lingering relic of superstitionabout it, the more so as thereseemed some little hesitationin replyingto inquiries on the subject. Similar posts are sometimesused for fencingoff parts of the fieldsby means of wires runningbetween them. The archaeologistwill also findin some fields small tumuli,frequently covered with large cabbages, but he must not mistakethese forsepulchral barrows, inasmuch as they are merelya kind of manure heap. But perhaps the most dangerous source of error,and one which has, I believe,really misled many able anti- quaries,is the fantasticmanner in whichthe native granitefrequently crops up throughthe thin soil. With these preliminaryobservations I will proceedto describethe various structureswhich I visited. My firstexcursion was fromPen- zance to DANCE MAEN(St. B3uryan's),now betterknown locally as the " MerryMaidens;" and here I may remarkthat nearlyall the circles in this neighbourhoodare called "Merry Maidens,"or "Nine Maidens," irrespectiveof the numberof stones reallycontained in them-the tale runningthat the stonesare maidenspetrified in the act ofdancing on Sunday. Dance Maen is as nearlya circleas possible,the diameters being seventy-fiveto seventy-sixor seventy-sevenfeet. It consists of nineteenupright stones, each fromthree to fourfeet high,one and a half to threeand a halffeet wide, and.six to eighteeninches thick. The distancesbetween the stonesvary fromfive and a half to eleven feet,but on the east side is a gap of twentyand a half feet,where another stone may possiblyhave stood,or whichmay have been left as an entrance. There are two flat stones fortyto fiftyfeet in a southerlydirection, and one flatstone about a hundredand eightfeet in a north-easterlydirectioD; these stonesare about the same size as those composingthe circle,and may once have been upright. The positionsof these outlyingstones correspond as nearlyas possiblewith those described by Col. Forbes Leslie, as connectedwith a circlein India, and they also correspondwith similar stones in otherEnglish circles. It is also worthyof note that the presentnumber of stones in the circle,nineteen, is the same as is supposedto have formedthe small inneroval at . The small size of the stones,and their situationin the middleof a ploughedfield render it wonderfullyfortti- nate that they should have been so long and so perfectlypreserved. A shortdistance to the northor north-eastare two stones,about thir- teen and sixteenfeet high, which are suipposedto be the "Pipers" who played to the " Maidens", and were involved in the same doom,blit I do not know whetherthey had reallyany connectionwith the circle. Near Dance Maen, by the side of a road, is also a stone,about four or five feet high,having a hole throughit of about six inches dia- meter. From Dance Maen I foundmy way to the LOGANROCK, a huge block of granite.weighing, it is said, sixtyto seventytons, whichis perched

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on the summitof the cliffsby the sea-coast,and rocks slightlywhen pushed. This was long believed to be a work of the Druids, but is beyondall reasonabledoubt a naturalphenomenon. The promontory on which it stands (called TrerynCastle) has, however,been cut off by a double if not a trebleline of banks and ditches. On returningto I turnedoff to see a circle called the "NINE MAIDENS" at Boscawen-un,but the manner in which it was overgrownwith furze, and the gatheringdarkness prevented my taking measurementsof it. It appeared,however, to be about sixtyfeet in diameter,and to consist of nineteen stones,about the same size as those at Dance Maen (and the same number),with one nearlyin the centre,leaning in a north-easterlydirection, and about nine feethigh, by two and a halfby one and a half. Colonel Forbes Leslie and Dr. Borlase give an engravingof some circlesat Botallack,interlacing one another in a most remarkableand inexplicablemanner, and my next excursionwas in search of these. I am not prepared to say positivelythat they did not exist when Dr. Borlase wrote,a centuryago, or that they do not exist now,*but, al- though I made carefulinquiries, the only thing I could find in the neighbourhoodwas a circle called the " NINE MAIDENS," situated on the southernside of a hill called . This so-called circle is reallyan oval, its diametersbeing about sixty-fiveand sixty- nine feet. It consistsat presentof thirteenstones, of which nine are uprightand fourfallen-about eight more would be requiredto make the circle complete. The stones are fromthree to fivefeet high or long, sixteeninches to twofeet nine inchesbroad, and ten to eighteen inches thick. The granitecrops iip il patches all round this circle, and indeed quite up to the top of Carn Kenidjack, where it formsa naturalwall, several feet high; and in anotherfield, about thirtyvyards west, are some small stoneswhich appear to formthe half of a circle, twelvefeet in diameter,with one in the centre,and two in a north- easterlydirection, but I believe these are naturallyplaced. From this spot I made my way to CHUN QUOIT, a dolmenof the kind whichI have in anotherplacet classifiedas sepulchral. It con- sists of four uprightstones, two of them seven and a half to eight and a half feet long, and one to one and a half feet thick,rising about four feet above the ground outside,and seven feet above the groundinside: they stand about fivefeet apart, forming the sides of a chamber,one end of whichis almost entirelyclosed by anotherstone, risingabout fourfeet above the groundoutside and fourfeet in width, the otherend beingpartly closed by a stone,which was about a foottoo narrowfor the purpose,and the sort of narrowdoorway thus leftwas apparentlyfilled up with loose stones,about the size of the granite cubes used forstreet paving, which have since been throwndown in- side the chamber,but one of the large side-stoneshas slipped to such an extentas to close up this entrance. This chamberis coveredwith a slab, about twelve feet across each way and eighteen inches thick. * W. C. Borlase,Esq., F.S.A., a descendantof Dr. Borlase,tells me that theystood in fiontof Botallack Manor House, but do notnow exist. t Paperread before the British Association, 1869, Section D. h 2

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The thinearth and lumps of granitehave been heaped up round it to a heightof at least threefeet, which has caused some archeeologiststo supposethat it was surroundedby a circleof stones,a statementwhich I think admits of much doubt, althoughthere are two or threesm-all stones standingupright among those whichare heaped up round it. A shortdistance from Chun Quoit, on the summitof the hill on the side of whichit stands,is CHUN CASTLE, a double circumvallation,com- posed of lumps of granite heaped together,forming walls about five feethigh, and now somewhatthicker at the base. The innercircle is about a hundred and fortyfeet in diameter,and the outer circle is about fiftyfeet from it. It has no ditch. BetweenChun Castle and Penzance is the MEN-AN-TOL,an upright stone,three feet eight inches high, three feet ten inches wide, and about one footthick, having a hole about eighteeninches in diameter throughit. It faces about north-eastand south-west,and has a four- sided uprightstone, four feet high and one and a half feetacross each side,placed seven and a halffeet to the north-east,and a stone,similar, but three-sided,at the same distanceto the south-west,against which another similar stone lies flaton the ground. Beyond each of these two equidistant upright stones,but not in the same straightline, stands a small uprightstone. This extraordinaryconstructioa,which, in its present condition,resembles no other monumentthat I have everheard of,has the reputationof curingcertain pains, provided the afflictedperson crawls through the aperture in the central stone. Notions of a similarkind to this have,according to Col. ForbesLeslie, prevailedfrom India as faras Ireland and Scotland,and it is probable that such may have been the original object of this peculiar monu- ment. Some, no doubt, would connect it with phallism,and I am not preparedto say that they would be altogetherwrong. LANYON QUOIT stands a short distance below the Men-an-Tol,and appears to be a dolmenof the kind which I have denominatedsacri- ficial,being neitherclosed up in itself,nor banked round with stones or earth,nor suitable in any way for receivinginterments. It now consistsof three uprightstones, each about fourfeet ten incheshigh, three to four and a half feetwide, and one foot thick,supporting a flatstone about eighteenfeet long, nine feetwide, and one and a half feetthick.* On the westernside is a flatstone, broken in two,which was once anothersupport. On the north side is a stone whichmay have lain flat and served as an altar, for it must be borne in mind that I do not imaginethe cap-stoneof the dolmensI term sacrificial to have been used as the altar. This structure was blown over during a violent stormnin the autumn of 1816, but has been set up again.t There are in the countryround Penzance many otherremains fully as interestingas those which I have attemptedto describe,but the * The measurementsgiven axe in all cases the extrememeasurements, the stonesbeing almost always more or less irregularin shapeand size. t Dr. Borlaserepresents it as aboutseven feet high; but his descendant, Mr. Borlase,suggests, as I thinkwith great probability, that the supporters mayhave beenshortened when it was restored.

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.115 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 22:22:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Lewis on ArchaicStructures in Cornwallantd Devon. v time at my disposal did not permitme to visit them. My next ex- cursionwas to CARNBRAE HILL, near ,a spot abounding in remarkablenatural formationsof granite,amongst which Dr. Borlase foundnumerous Druidic remains,but whereI, notwithstandingmuch searchingand inquiry,found nothingof the kind, thoughof course such may have existeda centuryago, when Borlase wrote. Near ,which was mynext point of departure,in the parish of St. Cleer, is the TREVETHAS STONE, anotherdolmen, which formed a closed chamber,into which entrance,however, is practicable(or was beforethe supportingstone at the back was throwndown) by a hole in the frontsupporter, three feethigh and two feet wide. This dol- men stands on (not in) a mound threefeet high, and consistsof seven supportingstones, one behind (fallen),two at each side, one in frbnt, the largestof all, and another in front,which, as it does not seem to bear any of the weightof the capstone,may only have been placed there to make up the mystic number,seven. These supporters,of whichthe highestare in front,causing the capstone to slope like the roof of a house, are fromfive to nine and a half feethigh fromthe mound on whichthey stand,from three to six feetwide, and ten to eighteeninches thick. The capstoneis about sixteenand a half feet long, eleven and a half broad, and one foot thick, and has a hole about six inches in diameterat the frontend, at a heightof about fifteenfeet fromthe ground. The frontof the chamber faces be- tween south and east. Closed standing on mounds, and believed to have been used sepulchrally,are describedas existingin Southern France by M. Cartailhac; whetherthis dolmenwas sepul- chral or not I am not able to say positively. In the same parish(St. Cleer) are the circlescalled "The HURLERS," froma notionthat theyare the remainsof personswho were petrified for"hurling," or playing ball on Sunday. Owing to the extentof ground (about fivehundred feet) which they cover,I was not able to take complete measurementsof them,but they appear to be three ovals, rather than circles,strung as it were on a line runningin a north-easterlydirection (the same directionin which the outlying stonesare foundin so many other circles). The most northerlyoval is, as nearlyas I can tell, a hundred to a hundred and fourteenfeet in diameter,and now consistsof six uprightand seven fallenstones, nioneof which are six feethigh. The centreoval, if it were complete, would be about eightyfeet from this one, and its diameterswould be about a hundredand twenity-fiveand a hundredand thirty-fivefeet; it now consistsof ten uprightstones and two fallenones, beside some stumpsor fragmentsin the inside of the oval; these stones are from three to six feet high,and of proportionatebreadth and thickness. The southernmostoval is about seventy-fivefeet fromthis one, and is about one hundredfeet in diameter; it has now two uprightstones and six fallen,which are of similardimensions to the others. About seventyor eightyyards to the west of this southernmostoval are two stones six feethigh, in a leaning position-a positionmostly observed in the-outlying stones connectedwith circles. All three ovals are now in a very ruinous and incompletecondition. Here again we

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.115 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 22:22:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions vi Proceedingsof theAnthropological Society. have outlying stones in a south-westdirection, while the arrange- mentof threecontiguous circles resembles the circlesat StantonDrew in Somersetshire,and some figuredby Colonel Forbes Leslie as exist- ing in India. My last centre of operationswas Moreton Hampstead, in Devon- shire,from which I visitedthe " LONGSTONE CIRCLE," on ScorhillTor, Dartmoor. My measuremneiitsof this monumentare somewhatim- perfect,but, as far as they go, indicate it to be an oval,the diameters of whichare respectivelya little less and a little more,than eighty feet. It now consists of twenty-fourupright and six fallenstones, besides two whichlie prostrateinside the northside of the oval. The stones stand at distancesvarying from six inches to ten feet,but mostlyabout four to six feet fromeach other,except on the south- east side, whereare threegaps, perhaps entrances,each about twenty feet wide,and separated fromeach other by two groupsof upright stones,three in each group. The stones are of all shapes and sizes, fromtwo and a halfto eightfeet in height,one to fourfeet in -width, and ten inches to threefeet in thickness. Here again a small stone is foundin a leaning position,seven yardsin a north-easterlydirection fromthe circle. At Drewsteignton,about fivemiles fromthis circle,is situlatedthe SPINSTERSTONE, a of the class which I have denominated " sacrificial." It consistsof three upright stones supportinga cap- stone at an elevationof fiveand a half feetfrom the ground: the up- rightsare fromfour to six feet wide, and one and a half to two and a half feetthick; the upriglhtat the back receivesthe capstoneon half its widthonly, the otherpart of the uprightrising to a heightof seven and a half feetfrom the ground. The capstoneis thirteenand a half feet by nine, and two and a half thick. This structurewas blown down in 1862, but restoredby the rectorof the parish,the Rev. W. Ponsford,whose name thereforedeserves commemorationin the re- eords of this Society. On the occasionof its restorationthe ground beneathwas disturbed,but no tracesof an intermentwere found, and, as the dolmenitself is in no way fittedfor a sepulchralchamber, there is everyreason to believe that it was erectedfor some other purpose. Here, as at some otherplaces, the frontof the dolmenfaces to between south and east. There are many other interestingrernains in this neighbourhood, but the only one I had time to visit was the ancient town now called GRIM'S POUND, whichis situated in a slopingvalley, between two tors, on the moor,about six miles fromMoreton Hampstead. It consists of an irregularoval, enclosed by a wall formedof lumps of granite heaped togetherto a height (at present)of three or four feet,and a thicknessat base of about seventeenfeet; but it is probablethat this wall may,when erected,have been morecompact and higher. To the east and west are entrancesabonLt eight feetwide, whichwere paved forabout thirty feet, and probablyclosed with wooden gates or barriers. There is no ditch. The space enclosedis, as nearly as I could judge, abouitfour hundred feet in diameter,and containsnumerous circles of stones about fifteenfeet in diameter,which are believed to be the

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.115 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 22:22:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Lewis on ArchaicStructures in Cornwalland Devon. vii foundationsof huts. These stones are of a very irregularshape, anld probablysupported conical roofsof wood and thatch,the interstices in the whole structurebeing stopped with clay or mud. A small streamnletruns throughthe site,and is said to have been conducted there artificially,but this I had no time to verify. The situation, though commandedby the tors on either side, is well chosen, and though less defensible,is more agreeable than the usual positionon the summitof a hill. I do not know whetherany excavationshave been made on this site, if uot, I should think many interestingre- mains mightbe obtainedfrom it at a comparativelysmall cost. And here,had I the requisite descriptiveand poetic faculties,I mightappropriately close with a sketchof ancientlife in Grimspound. I might picture this now solitaryand desolate valley filledwith the hum and stir of a busy town-the women carryingwater fromthe brook,weaving rushes and basket-work,or occupiedin otherdomestic offices;the men preparingweapons for the chase or war, or tools for morepeaceful occupations; issuing forthto take part in the mystic ceremoniesconducted at the neighbouringcircle on ScorhillTor, or at Drewsteignton,or sallying out to the chase, or perchance to war in their formidablechariots, if indeed this settlementwere not aban- doned beforethe introductionof those vehicles. I might even ask, perhaps, whether our boasted"progress" has added so verymuch after all to the general happinessof the popula- tion; forthough the lives of our ancestorsin Grimspoundwere pro- bably rudeand simple,and theirtoils unenlivenedby meetingsof the AnthropologicalSociety, it is also probable that therewas amongst themlittle of that awful grindingmisery which destroys our poorer classes,and stillless of that intensetoil and anxietywhich overwhelm our middle,and, to some extent,even our upper classes. DISCUSSION. Dr. CHARNOCKthought the Society was greatly indebted to Mr. Lewis for his paper, and especially for the admeasurementsof the differentmonuiments. The authorconsidered that the SpinsterStone at Drewsteigntoncould not have been used forsepulchral purposes, but he admitted that the capstone was at an elevation of fivefeet and a half,and if so, forwhat purposecould it have been designed? Certainlyneither for sacrificial purposes nor foran altar. Withregard to the Men-an-Tol,described by Mr. Lewis, and in answer to certain remarksthat had been made as to artificialmonuiments in Cornwall, Dr. Charnocksaid Polwhelewas of opinionthat the perforationin the Tolmen in Constantinewas natural. The term Tolmenmeant " stone with a hole," but this word must not be confoundedwith Dolmen, whichsignlifies " table stone"(taul-mean). It had been stated that the termsMerry Maidens, Nine Maidens, and Dance-Maen had been used indifferentlyto denote certainstone circlesin Cornwall. It mightbe questionable whether the two formerterms and also that of the Hurlers were English appellations,or simply corruptionsfrom the Cornish. The letterd was commonlyfound as an interpolator; thus puddle was a corruptionof pool. But this was still more commonin

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.115 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 22:22:02 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions viii Proceedingsof theAnthropological Society. t he Cornishdialect; thus,pen, fen, ben, became pedn, fedn, bedn; and t on, todyn. Now mere-myynwould signify" the great stones." Nine maidensmight have the same meaning in Celtic (an-ain myyn); but it probablymeant " the old stones" (an-henmyyn). This was corro- borated by the termDance maen,in Cornish,dawns-men. By-the-bye, this term did not mean "dance stones,"but the " stone dance," and was so called, according to Polwhele (quoting Mayle), from being placed so as to make an area fordancing. Then again, with regard to the Hurlers,it was possible that the firstpart of the name had been dropped,and if so it would mean the " stones upon or near the water" (myyn uar-lhyr); and this derivation is confirmedby the fact that the Hurlers are situated in the parish of St. Clear, a little northof Liskeard,which is near the river. Dr. Charnockfuilly agreed with Mr. Lewis's remarkson so-called progress. Mr. QUARITCH:Was convincedthat the apparentlyEnglish names of the Celtic monumentsof Cornwall can be explained only in Celtic. He gave an account of the Cornish literature,which is verytrifling, consistingonly of two KSS. at Oxford,and two miracleplays, which were published for the firsttime at the beginningof this century. These have been re-edited by Mr. Norris,who has also compiled a Cornishgrammar, and published a completeCornish literature in two volumes octavo. Borlase,besides his publishedresearches, left a large collectionof MSS., whichcame intothe hands of the St. Aubynfatmily, with whom they still remain. Dr. CARTER BLAKE corroboratedthe opinionof Dr. King that some of the circlesmay have been used to enclose game. Many, however, of these circleswere too large, and others too small forthis purpose. The ancient Peruvians, however, admittedlyused such circles for these purposes. Mr. DENDY, when exploringthe Scilly Islands was much struck withthe illusionspeople mightfall into as to the natural or artificial productionof objects to be met with. A varietyof graniteblocks are heaped on each other,and the uppermoststone oftentakes the human appearance. This is especiallyobservable of a stone situated about a dozen miles fromthe Cheese-wring,which is a perfectmodel of the Sphinx. The Cheese-wringitself has much the appearance of the great head of the " young Memnon." Mr. WAKEthought that the use of the Men-an-Tolwas colnected with the notion of the " new-birth,"which was so prevalent among the peoples of antiquity. This was the central idea of the ancient mysteries. The Brahminsare called the "twice-born,"and the cus- tom of passing throughthe hole, apparentlyassociated with the Men- an-Tol,is still practisedamong the tribeson the north-westernfrontier of India. The use of the stone circlesmay, perhaps,be judged of by the practiceof the South-Sea Islanders, some of whom,according to Lamont, have stone circles. These are called mara, and they are the sacred places of the tribes,where their superstitiousceremonies take place, and their chiefs are buried. The Marquesan mara answers well to the Kafirisibaya, which is used forsimilar purposes. Dr. KING and Mr. CHARLESWORTH also joined in the Discussioni.

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Mr. LEWIS,in reply, agreed with Mr. Charlesworth,that Dance- maen would be a very extraordinarykind of game trap, the spaces between the stones varyingfrom five to twenty feet; nor did he thinkwith Dr. Dendy that the structurehad been materiallyinter- feredwith since its erection. A mere circulararrangement of stones mightbe set up formany purposes,but the peculiar features of the circleshe had mentionedwere the outlyingstones, which were clearly set up for a definitepurpose, and which marked their affinitywith the Indian circles. He thoughtthe frequentoval formof the so-called circleshad referenceto the egg symbol,which might also be connected with Phallism. Replyingto Dr. Charnock,he said he did not think that the capstones of the dolmens were used as altars, but that altars were placed in frontof some of the dolmens. Stones suitable for this purpose still existed at Lanyon and at Drewsteignton,and threestones arranged like the supportersof some of the dolmens,but withouta capstone,were foundin connectionwith some of the sacri- ficialcircles. The followingpaper was then read:

II.-Some OBJECTIONS tothe THEORY ofNATURAL SELECTION, as explained by Mr. A. R. WALLACE. By HENRY MUIRHEAD, Esq., M.D. I HAVE been much pleased and edified by the perusal of Mr. A. R. Wallace's Contributionsto theTheory of Natural Selection,but I have not been altogether satisfiedwith some of the conclusions. I have thereforenoted down some of my objections,with otherobservations, chieflywith a design to learn whethersome of my views are new or true,and what may be said against them. At page 315 Mr. Wallace says, "Man, by the mere capacity of clothinghimaself and makingweapons and tools,has taken away from Nature the power of slowly but permanentlychanging the external formand structurein accordancewith the externalworld, and which she exercisesover all otheranimals." Man by his intellecthas been enabled more than any other animal activelyto modifysurrounding agencies,instead of somewhat passively permitting these to modifyhim. If a man could modifyall his surroundingsto his will, he could live for ever. Still each individual plant or animal must possess this powerto some extent,else it ceases to live. Again, at page 348 he says, "Two characters can hardlybe wider apart than the size and developmentof man's brain,and distributionof hair on the surfaceof his body,yet they both lead to the same conclusion,that some other power than natural selectionhas been engaged in his production." Why thereshould have been more interferencewith these than with the size and hairiness of a mouse's tail I cannot conceive. If we cannot imagine the Universe without a Deity, we cannot logically conceive any part thereofwithout Him. He must interpenetrate everyatom if He be omnipresent,and be aware of everyatom's every movement,if He be omniscient. Mr. Wallace, at page 343, says, " Comparingthe savage with the civilised man above him, and the brutes below hinm,we are alike

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