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Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections John Scarborough
Theodora, Aetius of Amida, and Procopius: Some Possible Connections John Scarborough HEN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOURCES speak of prostitutes’ expertise, they frequently address the Wquestion of how they managed to keep free from pregnancies. Anyone unschooled in botanicals that were con- traceptives or abortifacients might pose a question similar to that of an anonymous writer in twelfth-century Salerno who asks medical students: “As prostitutes have very frequent intercourse, why do they conceive only rarely?”1 Procopius’ infamous invective, describing the young Theodora’s skills in prostitution, contains a similar phrase: she “became pregnant in numerous instances, but almost always could expel instantly the results of her coupling.”2 Neither text specifies the manner of abortion or contraception, probably similar to those re- corded in the second century by Soranus of Ephesus (see be- low). Procopius’ deliciously scandalous narrative is questionable 1 Brian Lawn, The Prose Salernitan Questions (London 1970) B 10 (p.6): Que- ritur cum prostitute meretrices frequentissime coeant, unde accidat quod raro concipiant? 2 Procop. Anec. 9.19 (ed. Haury): καὶ συχνὰ µὲν ἐκύει, πάντα δὲ σχεδὸν τεχνάζουσα ἐξαµβλίσκειν εὐθὺς ἴσχυε, which can also be translated “She conceived frequently, but since she used quickly all known drugs, a mis- carriage was effected”; if τεχνάζουσα is the ‘application of a specialized skill’, the implication becomes she employed drugs that were abortifacients. Other passages suggestive of Procopius’ interests in medicine and surgery include Wars 2.22–23 (the plague, adapted from Thucydides’ description of the plague at Athens, with the added ‘buboes’ of Bubonic Plague, and an account of autopsies performed by physicians on plague victims), 6.2.14–18 (military medicine and surgery), and 1.16.7 (the infamous description of how the Persians blinded malefactors, reported matter-of-factly). -
CUHSLROG M105.Pdf (3.596Mb)
Dec 71 ARABIC MEDICINE Selected Readings Campbell D: Arabian medicine and its influence on the middle ages. (Vol. 1) WZ 70 Cl 87a 1926 Withington ET: Medical history from the earliest times. (reprint of 1894 edition) pp. 138-175 WZ 40 W824m 1964 Neuberger M: History of medicine. pp. 344-394 WZ 40 N478P 1910 Browne EG: Arabian medicine, being the Fitzpatrick Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Physicians in November 1919 and November 192 0. WZ 51 B882a 1921 Elgood C: A medical history of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate from the earliest times until the year A. D. 1932. WZ 70 E41m 1951 Levey M: The medical formulary of Al-Samarqandi. QV 11 A165L 1967 Avicenna: Poem on medicine. WZ 220 A957K 1963 Rhazes: A treatise on the smallpox and measles. Tr. by W. A. Greenhill WZ 220 R468t 1848 (does not circulate) Maimonides: Two treatises on the regimen of health. WZ 220 M223B 1964 ~~"~ _______......W::..:..::Z..:....:~'---<vf,__L._4___..,;vJ......c..h~-----=--rt:i7-- ;J:o /t. a._:_J .:....::t ei:____ _________ ~---lfHrbl-~s--+- -~-'---+ --+----'--- ✓ /~~----------------+- ~ M.,( S~ l AVENZOAR 1113-1162 Born and died at Se ville. He was opposed to astrology and medical mysticism; he was a gainst the use of sophistical subtleties in the practice of medicine. His principal work is the Altersir, in which he mentions the itch-mite, and describes operations for renal calculus and for tracheotomy. 11 His memory remains that of a truly great practitioner, whose voice fell upon the deaf ears of his contemporaries and successors, but whose achievements herelded a new era of medicine free from subservience to authority. -
The Role of Albucasis in Evolution of the History of Otorhinolaryngology
Global Journal of Otolaryngology ISSN 2474-7556 Research Article Glob J Otolaryngol Volume 2 Issue 4 - December 2016 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Faisal Dibsi DOI: 10.19080/GJO.2016.02.555593 The Role of Albucasis in Evolution of the History of Otorhinolaryngology Faisal Dibsi* Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, AL AHAHBA Private University, Aleppo City, Syria Submission: September 29, 2016; Published: December 15, 2016 *Corresponding author: Faisal Dibsi, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, AL-KALIMAT HOSPITAL, Al-Sabil Area, Rezq-Allah Tahan Street, P.O.Box: 862, Aleppo city - Syria, Tel: 00963 21 2645909/00963944 488980; Email: Abstract comprising his Kitab al-Tasrif li-man ajiza an al-Taʹalif, the excellent surgical textbook with illustration of surgical instruments in the Middle Ages.“ALBUCASIS Most of the (936-1013 content was AD) a author repetition the first of the rational, earlier complete, contributions and illustrated of Paul Aegina treatises (7 thof surgery. The Surgery is the last of thirty treatises translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (12th and practical surgeon. This surgical textbook describes many operative procedures, manipulations Century) and with instruments modifications. in Otorhinolaryngology, This textbook was explained the suture of new and old wounds in the Century) Nose, Lip, and and greatly Ear. In influenced the Ear Diseases Europe include as Eastern removing Islamic foreign countries. bodies, He performing was a working operations doctor for obstruction of the ear because of congenital aural atresia, scars and stenosis after injuries, polyps and granulations, extraction a creatures. Forward the Nose Diseases treatment fractures, nasal fistula, nasal polyps and tumors. -
Rodrigo De Castro's Portrait of the Perfect Physician in Early
Medical Ideals in the Sephardic Diaspora: Rodrigo de Castro’s Portrait of the Perfect Physician in early Seventeenth-Century Hamburg JON ARRIZABALAGA Introduction As is well known, there were no formal systems of medical ethics until the end of the eighteenth century. Yet at least from the composition of the Hippocratic Oath, western scholarly debates, particularly among doctors, on the foundations of good medical practice and behaviour produced written works. These works simultaneously reflected and con- tributed to setting customary rules of collective behaviour—medical etiquette—that were reinforced by pressure groups who, while they could not always judge and sentence offenders, sanctioned them with disapproval. Most early modern works on medical etiquette were dominated by the question of what constituted a good medical practitioner, with the emphasis sometimes on the most suitable character of a physician, sometimes on professional behaviour.1 The medical literary genre of the perfect physician appears to have been popular in the early modern Iberian world, and the frequent involvement of converso practitioners in writing about it has often been associated with the peculiarities of their professional posi- tion in the territories under the Spanish monarchy.2 Among the most outstanding examples This article has been prepared within the framework of the research project BHA2002-00512 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. I am indebted to Enrique Cantera Montenegro, Andrew Cunningham, Teresa Huguet-Termes and Sebastia` Giralt for their advice and material assistance. 1 See the entry ‘Medical ethics, history of Europe’, particularly the sections ‘Ancient and medieval’ (by Darrel W Amundsen) and ‘Renaissance and Enlightenment’ (by Harold J Cook) as well as the bibliography referred to there, in Stephen G Post (ed.), Encyclopedia of bioethics, 3rd ed., 5 vols, New York, Macmillan Reference USA, 2004, vol. -
Tertullian and Medicine
Tertullian and Medicine Thomas Heyne, Dallas ABSTRACT: Scholars have long described Tertullian as the first Christian writer to show an appreciable knowledge of medicine, but none has analyzed this theme in comprehensive detail. A thorough analysis of Tertullian’s corpus reveals a remarkably consistent respect for physicians, profound understanding of medical science, and creative use of medical metaphors. His medical knowledge ‒ derived from Soranus of Ephesus and Pliny the Elder ‒ was deeper than that of prior Christians, and it appears to have deepened further throughout his lifetime. Furthermore, Tertullian never disparaged doctors as many of his contemporaries did. Nonetheless, he was apparently ignorant of Galen, and he never made medicine his major priority. 1 I. Introduction1 Few scholarly topics are of more practical import today than the interplay between faith and healthcare. And few early Christian writers are more controversial and fascinating than Tertullian of Carthage. Lively scholarly debate continues on numerous topics, including whether he rejected secular learning or embraced Montanism, and whether these opinions changed. Relatively unexplored is the corollary question: did Tertullian, as many scholars have intimated, reject medical science? More specifically, did the ‘fundamentalist’ Tertullian typify a rejection of medicine by certain early Christians, who either embraced suffering or prayed for healing—and therefore ‘hastened the decline of medicine’?2 Put differently, was Tertullian an example of the ‘Christian…glorification of disease,’ which ‘delighted exuberantly in famine and plague’?3 In addition, what precisely was Tertullian’s knowledge and opinion of disease and medicine, and did his opinions ever change? Despite a burgeoning interest in the history of medicine and early Christianity, and despite repeated scholarly acknowledgements of Tertullian’s medical erudition, these questions remain largely answered. -
The Healing Hand: the Role of Women in Ancient Medicine 1
Acta Theologica Supplementum 7 2005 THE HEALING HAND: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT MEDICINE ABSTRACT In contrast with the struggle of 19th and 20th century women all over the world to be admitted to medical schools, women in ancient Greece and Rome were apparently increasingly at liberty to practise medicine from the 4th century BC onwards. The available evidence offers conclusive proof of this more tolerant attitude. The sources are few in number, but fragmentary information can be gleaned from medical writers, passing remarks in Greek and Latin authors, and funerary inscriptions. These sources emphasise the professions of midwife and female doctor. Although there is some overlap between their duties, we find that in Greece a distinction was drawn between maia and iatrikê as early as the 4th century BC, while in Rome the two professions of obstetrix and medica or iatrina were well established by the 1st century BC. The training, personal characteristics, qualifications, duties, status and remuneration of practitioners of the two professions will be considered in this study. The funerary inscriptions of female doctors reveal that they were honoured in the same way as men for exceptional ser- vices; medical works were also dedicated to them as colleagues, and those of them who wrote texts of their own were quoted with respect. Thus, although there were never very many female doctors, the classical world does not seem to have placed insurmount- able obstacles in the way of women who wished to practise medicine. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most famous group statues of the 17th century Italian sculp- tor Bernini is that of Aeneas, fleeing from the burning city of Troy with his elderly father on his shoulders and his young son alongside him at the end of the 10-year war between the Greeks and the Trojans. -
Surgery on Varices in Byzantine Times (324-1453 CE)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector HISTORICAL REVIEW Surgery on varices in Byzantine times (324-1453 CE) John Lascaratos, MD, PhD,a Christos Liapis, MD,b and Maria Kouvaraki, MD,b Athens, Greece Objectives: The purposes of this article are to describe Byzantine varicose vein surgery and to note its influence on the devel- opment of these operations after that time. A study and analysis of the original texts of the Byzantine physicians, written in Greek and containing the now mostly lost knowledge of the earlier Hellenistic and Roman periods, was undertaken. Results: The Byzantines paid special attention to varicosis surgery from the early period of the empire. The famous fourth-century (CE) physician Oribasius meticulously described a number of surgical methods of confronting varicosis, some of which were derived from the texts of earlier Greek surgeons, to which he added his own keen observations. Later, eminent Byzantine physicians developed these techniques further and evaluated their usefulness. Conclusions: The study of Byzantine medical texts proves that several surgical techniques on varicosis were widely prac- ticed in Byzantine times and were derived from the work of ancient Greek and Roman physicians. The techniques described had a great influence on western medieval and later European surgery, thus constituting significant roots of modern angiology. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:197-203.) Medical practice and surgery seem to have been highly work of the ancient Greek physician Antyllus (second cen- developed during the early Byzantine period, from the tury CE). -
Nova Et Vetera .Of the Times Recognized the Necessity of Direct Contact with the Hellenic Writings
SEPT. 1936 LINACRE AND THE SCHOLAR-PHYSICIANS OF OXFORD <THEBRITISH 550 12, MNEDICAL JOURNAL I These conditions could not endure. Arabian-taught medicine was scholastic and sterile. Powerful thinkers Nova et Vetera .of the times recognized the necessity of direct contact with the Hellenic writings. John Basingstoke, an Oxford man, travelled to Greece, and there learnt Greck THOMAS LINACRE AND THE FIRST from a learned Athenian woman, Constantina. He re- soon * turned to England with Greek manuscripts, and was SCHOLAR-PHYSICIANS OF OXFORD in contact with the great churchman and scholar Robert BY Grosseteste (1175-1253). Grosseteste's life is in large part bound up with Oxford, where he was educated. A. P. CAWADIAS, O.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P. Wishing to increase his knowledge of true science he PHYSICIAN TO TIIE ST. JOHN CLINIC AND INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE studied Greek not only at second hand in Paris but at Oxford with a native Greek, Nicolas or Elicheros, and began to translate Greek authors, unfortunately not im- Thomas Linacre and Leonicenus were the greatest portant writers. His friend and Oxford contemporary, physicians of the early Renaissance. Around the former Roger Bacon, the Doctor mirabilis, with the courage radiated a group of other eminent physicians who, with and energy which characterized his whole life, pointed the exception of Caius, were all of Oxford. The studies out that the knowledge received from the Arabian writers and medical preparation of Linacre belong to the last was imperfect because of faulty translation, and he quarter of the fifteenth the period of active century; blamed the professors for not learning Greek so as to life, as in the case of the other great Oxford scholar- be able to read Aristotle and other writers in the original. -
25 Gynecological Surgery from the Hippocratics to THE
MEDICINA NEI SECOLI ARTE E SCIENZA, 22/1-3 (2010) 25-64 Journal of History of Medicine Articoli/Articles GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY FROM THE HIPPocratics to THE Fall OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE LAWRENCE J. BLIQUEZ University of Washington D.C., USA SUMMARY The article aimes to explore advances in the Greco-Roman gynecological surgery with particular emphasis on the Roman Empire. The development and improvement of the Roman surgical instrumentarium occurred in tandem with surgical advances, gynecological as well as general. It might therefore be said that the approach taken in this paper is one based on material culture. The purpose of this essay is to explore advances in Greco-Roman gynecological surgery with particular emphasis on the Roman Empire. By advances I mean primarily advances in technique and greater adventuresomeness, not necessarily greater success in reliev- ing human suffering. It is impossible to determine the latter, although it is hard to believe that new techniques did not help patients in some measure. I will hardly be the first to chart these advances. Readers of histo- ries of general surgery such as Gurlt’s can gain an understanding of progress in the field1. But this comes only by picking one’s way through a good many other surgical procedures. For this reason it will be useful to assemble the gynecological interventions employed by Greco-Roman surgeons practicing between the first and the third centuries ACE, a particularly innovative period in surgical proce- Key words: Gynecology – Surgical Strumentaria – Ancient medicine 25 Lawrence J. Bliquez dures of all kinds. I here refer to less known surgeons who were quite famous in their day, such as Antyllus, Leonides, Archigenes and Philumenus, as well as to names everyone is familiar with, such as Celsus, the great Soranus of Ephesus, and Galen. -
Spine Deformities and Trauma in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine
International Orthopaedics (2019) 43:1271–1274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-018-4278-z ORTHOPAEDIC HERITAGE Spine deformities and trauma in Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine Konstantinos Markatos1 & Georgios Androutsos1 & Marianna Karamanou2 & Maria Kaseta3 & Demetrios Korres3 & Andreas Mavrogenis3 Received: 17 October 2018 /Accepted: 9 December 2018 /Published online: 15 December 2018 # SICOT aisbl 2018 Abstract Aim of the study The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life and work of Avicenna (980–1037) and his contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of spinal deformities and trauma. Method We conducted an extensive search in libraries as well as online in Pubmed and Google Scholar. Results Avicenna in his work Canon of Medicine combines the knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman physicians and surgeons and he combines them with the extensive of Arabic medicine and pharmacology. Conclusion Avicenna made an impact with his medical writings in which he summarized the works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians like Hippocrates and Galen with the influence of medieval authors and the knowledge of the Arabic medicine and pharmacology. His descriptions and comments in his work Canon of Medicine summarize and comment the work of his predecessors and it remained a work of reference until at least the sixteenth century. Keywords Avicenna . Canon of Medicine . Spine trauma . Spine deformity . Arab medicine Introduction In this text, we present his life and work and his views and practice on spine deformities and trauma as presented in the Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980–1037) (Fig. 1) was a Persian poly- Canon of Medicine and we compare them to the views of his math and physician who lived during the era of the Islamic predecessors and his successors for similarities and break- flourishing in the Middle Ages. -
Treatment of Mental Illness in Post-Hippocratic Ancient Medicine
ENCEPHALOS 55, 36-41, 2018 Treatment of Mental Illness in Post-Hippocratic Ancient Medicine S. KOTSOPOULOS, MD, PhD, FRCPC* Summary Introduction The medical treatises of a number of physicians of The time period covered in the present study extends the Hippocratic tradition, which have survived to pos - from the 1 st to the 7 th century A.D. A number of terity, provide a record of concepts of mental illness - important physicians-writers flourished in the six cen - es and their management for Late Antiquity and the tury period. Among those who lived in the earlier cen - early centuries of Byzantium. The writings are con - turies, Aretaeus the Cappadocian (c. 50 A.D.)[1], sidered here of Early Byzantium physicians. A nosol - Soranus of Ephesus (c. 78-117 A.D.)[2], and Rufus of ogy landmark was provided early by Aretaeus and Ephesus[3], probably contemporary of Soranus, Caelius Aurelianus distinguishing acute and chronic have dealt with mental illness extensively. Galen of diseases. Ancient physicians considered the pathol - Pergamum (131-201 A.D.) presented his views on ogy of mental illness as being biological consequent - mental illness less systematically. Among his several ly the treatment was primarily biological although treatises none is dealing exclusively with them.[4] At environmental interventions were also considered. a later date other medical writers such as Oribasius Prevalent was the concept of imbalance of the body of Pergamum (c.325-400)[5], Aetius of Amida (6 th fluids [humors]. Primary objective of the intervention century A.D.[6], Alegander of Tralles (525-605 was the restoration of balance among the humors. -
Hippocrates in Context Studies in Ancient Medicine
HIPPOCRATES IN CONTEXT STUDIES IN ANCIENT MEDICINE EDITED BY JOHN SCARBOROUGH PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK ANN HANSON NANCY SIRAISI VOLUME 31 HIPPOCRATES IN CONTEXT Papers read at the XIth International Hippocrates Colloquium University of Newcastle upon Tyne 27–31 August 2002 EDITED BY PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 Cover illustration: Late fifteenth-century portrait of Hippocrates sitting, reading. Behind him, two standing philosophers dispute (Wellcome Library, London). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 0925–1421 ISBN 90 04 14430 7 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xiii Abbreviations .............................................................................