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Toxicity-Of-Pesticides-On-Cns.Pdf Review Article iMedPub Journals Journal of Toxicological Analysis 2018 www.imedpub.com Vol.1 No.1:7 Toxicity of Pesticides on CNS Atika Islam* and Muhammad Faheem Malik Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Atika Islam, MPhil, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, Tel: +92 (53) 3643112; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: July 04, 2018; Accepted date: July 24, 2018; Published date: July 27, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Islam A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation: Islam A, Malik MF (2018) Toxicity of Pesticides on CNS. J Toxicol Anal. Vol.1 No.1:07. Parkinson’s disease; Organophosphate; Pyrethroids; Abstract Cognitive function The focus of this study is to express the toxic effect of different classes of pesticides on central nervous system. Introduction Pesticides are responsible for the neurodegenerative Pesticides are broadly used to increase the production of disorders. It can influence on ion channels such as sodium channels as well as neurotransmitters. The mode of crops and protect them from dangerous pests. Pesticides are action of pesticides include neuropathy (destruction of also used for household pests and garden pests. Pesticide is whole neurons), axonopathy (interfere with axon activity), the main issue of discussion from the last few decades [1]. myelopathy (disrupt myelination of neuron) and Pesticides are applied on vegetables, fruit plants and other neurotoxicant (effect neurotransmitters such as crops etc. Almost 50 percent of fruits, vegetables and cereals acetylcholine). The main classes of pesticides include grown in the world are known to comprise the pesticide organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethriods and remains [2]. Although pesticides are very useful but they have organochlorine compounds. Organophosphate acts on the certain disadvantages as they contaminate our environment. acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It can hydrolyze AChE and They may contaminate drinking water. The total level of cause cholinergic syndromes. The symptoms of population treatments to pesticides is unknown, but data cholinergic syndromes are sweating, salivation, bronchial shows that majority of the population has noticeable secretion, bronchoconstriction, mitosis, diarrhea, tremors concentrations of ethyl phosphate and other pesticide and muscular twitching. The mechanism of toxicity of metabolites [1-3]. Many pesticides may act on nervous system carbamate is also related to that of OPs, as it can also of insect pests. Because of the resemblance of neurochemical inhibit AChE. Pyrethroids act on electrical synapse of processes, pesticides are also likely to be neurotoxic to nerve impulse. Organochlorine compounds such as DDT humans. Pesticide effects are more adverse on non-target disrupt the sodium channel in axonal membrane. species including humans [4]. Some pesticides have mild Pesticides are responsible for Parkinson’s disease. The effects such as effect on skin but others may have hazardous symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include loss of muscle effects like effect on liver, lungs or brain functions. Some control, trembling and absence of coordination, anxiety, constipation, dementia and depression. Farm workers, pesticides are neurotoxic that may upset the nervous system farmers and occupational exposure of pesticides are and interfere with the nerves’ activity. Pesticides may develop mostly diagnosed with neurodestructive disease. It is neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease [1,3,4]. concluded that acute exposure is somehow manageable as compared to chronic exposure. More findings require Neurotoxicity educating people about dangerous activity of pesticides. Therapeutic strategies should be used to treat diseases Nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. It controls related to pesticides. Destruction to nigrostriatal all the body functions. Sensory receptor channel sends all the dopaminergic neurons in early life would be anticipated to information to central nervous system (CNS) and impulses result in clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease as through motor neuron. Neurotoxins are the poisonous the individual ages. This hypothetical probability needs to chemical substances that may be destructive to nerve tissues be investigated in experimental animal models. [5]. They can interfere with the activity of CNS. They may have adverse effect on CNS and can damage the brain cells [1,3,6]. Keywords: Pesticides; Neurodegeneration; Neuropathy; Neurotoxicity can be termed as destruction of nerve cells due Axonopathy; Myelopathy; Cholinergic syndromes; to some chemical, physical and biological agents. Many substances act as neurotoxic agents such as metals, industrial chemicals, natural toxins, pesticides, alcohol and other © Copyright iMedPub | This article is available from: http://www.imedpub.com/journal-toxicological-analysis/ 1 Journal of Toxicological Analysis 2018 Vol.1 No.1:7 chemicals that can affect the function both developing and as competitor for specific receptors. As a result there occurs mature nervous system [7]. All body systems can be affected difficulty in signal transduction. This may lead to severe but the brain is very sensitive to toxicity. Some neurotoxins toxicity and may cause death of organism [10,13,14]. may have immediate affect and last for few hours for example alcohol and fumes. Others may have long lasting effect for Types of Toxicity with respect to years such as effect on breathing rate and neurodegenerative disorders [6,7]. The processes like replication, migration, Exposure differentiation, myelination of neurons, and synapse formation that occur in nervous system are more susceptible to There are two types of toxic effects with respect to neurotoxic chemicals. Neurotoxic agents may cross the blood exposure, which are given below: brain barrier and manifest qualitatively and quantitatively in developing functions of brain [6,8]. Acute toxicity Short duration of toxicity is called acute toxicity. It is caused Mechanism of Action by only single exposure of pesticides. The harmful effects on single exposure mostly have four routes such as dermal (skin), Neurotoxicant may act in four different ways and is divided inhalation (lungs), oral (mouth), and the eyes. Acute toxicity is into four groups for mechanism of action of pesticides. These measured by inspecting the dermal toxicity, inhalation toxicity, are: and oral toxicity of test animals [10,15]. Other than these, eye and skin irritation are also examined. Acute toxicity is Neuropathies determined by the amount or concentration of a toxicant, Large numbers of chemicals that are included in pesticides which is required to kill 50 percent of the animals in a test cause toxicity and as a result loss of neurons occurs through population. This measure is usually expressed as the necrosis or by apoptosis. Such neuronal loss is irretrievable, LD50 (lethal dose 50) [16]. and may result in a global encephalopathy. This is known as neuropathies. Neuropathies involve in the cause of different Chronic toxicity brain disorders like Parkinson’s disease [3,7,9]. Functional Long-term exposure to pesticides is called chronic toxicity. losses may occur. For example a chemical MPTP (1-methyl-4- Any harmful effects from small repeated doses over a certain phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine), which causes time are known as chronic effects [17]. Long-term exposure disintegration of dopaminergic neurons results in Parkinson’s may have certain effects, which include birth defects, toxicity disease-like symptom. Another chemical trimethyltin acts on to a fetus, formation of benign or malignant tumors, genetic hippocampus, amygdala and pyriform cortex neurons, which changes, blood syndromes, nerve infections, endocrine may leads to cognitive impairment [7,9,10]. disorder, and effects of reproduction [17-19]. The chronic toxicity of a pesticide is more problematic as compared to Axonopathy acute toxicity to determine through laboratory examination The pesticides, which may act on axon of nerve cell is called [18,19]. axonopathy. Axonopathy causes axon destruction. Chemicals may cause chemical transaction of axon and cause axon Pesticides Classification separation from the cell body. As a result, there occurs difficulty in sensation and motor strength. A person may not The following are the classification of pesticides: feel sensation from feet and hands. For example, solvents like n-hexane and acrylamide [3,7,8,11]. Organophosphates Organophosphorus (Ops) compound formed for the first Myelopathies time in 1940s. The chemical arrangement of OPs consists of Those pesticides, which affect the myelination of axon of phosphorus (P) atom bound with a double bond to an oxygen nerve cells, are called myelopathies. These chemicals may (O) or sulfur (S) and with three more single bonds to two target myelin sheath and cause intramyelinic edema or alkoxy groups (OCH3 or OC2H5) and with a leaving group. demyelination [12]. However, the cell body is still in contact Generally, OP insecticides have sulfur bound to the and so it is not structurally affected. Triethyltin and phosphorus [20]. Organophosphorus acts on the hexachlophene are examples of chemicals that are reasons for acetylcholinesterase that is act on the enzymes [13,20,21]. It edema. As a result,
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