DOCSLIB.ORG

Species Delimitation in the Ponto-Caucasian Viola Sieheana Complex, Based on Evidence from Allozymes, Morphology, Ploidy Levels, and Crossing Experiments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species Delimitation in the Ponto-Caucasian Viola Sieheana Complex, Based on Evidence from Allozymes, Morphology, Ploidy Levels, and Crossing Experiments View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Plant Syst Evol (2011) 291:183–196 DOI 10.1007/s00606-010-0377-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Species delimitation in the Ponto-Caucasian Viola sieheana complex, based on evidence from allozymes, morphology, ploidy levels, and crossing experiments Thomas Marcussen • Liv Borgen Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 4 October 2010 / Published online: 11 November 2010 Ó The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Information from allozymes, ploidy levels, strong allozymic differentiation in four out of seven iso- morphology, cross-compatibility and biogeography sug- zyme systems, suggesting reproductive isolation and gests that the easternmost occurrences of the Ponto- incipient speciation. Within section Viola, V. caspia and Caucasian Viola sieheana should be considered to belong to V. sieheana seem no more closely related to each other than a separate species, V. caspia. Morphological characters to either of the other investigated European species. The delimitating V. sieheana and V. caspia are presented and possibility that V. sieheana is an ancient allopolyploid discussed. The main distribution of V. sieheana s. str. is in involving the Greek narrow endemic V. dirphya (2n = 40) the eastern Balkans, Turkey, Cyprus, and The Lebanon, and is discussed. of V. caspia in the Caspio-Caucasian region westwards to Crimea and north-eastern Turkey. Their distributions in the Keywords Allozymes Á Cross compatibility Á intermediate areas remain unknown. Plants of V. sieheana s. Ploidy levels Á SE Europe–SW Asia Á str. from Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey were all blue-flow- Subsection Rostratae Á Viola caspia ered and had the chromosome number 2n = 12x = 60. Its presence in the Peloponnese (Parnon, Tay¨getos, Menalon) and in the Pindhos mountains, Greece, was confirmed. Introduction Reports of plants with 2n = 8x = 40 from these stations seem to refer to the sterile hybrid V. reichenbachi- The caulescent and usually blue-flowered woodland violets ana 9 sieheana which is locally abundant. V. caspia from form a morphologically and ecologically uniform group Azerbaijan had 2n = 8x = 40 and had either whitish or with taxa represented in temperate deciduous forests blue flowers. In spite of sympatry and almost complete throughout most of the northern hemisphere. The species cross-compatibility, the two corolla colour morphs showed typically produce chasmogamous, insect-pollinated flowers in spring, and later in the season only cleistogamous flowers. They all belong taxonomically in the palaeote- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this traploid (Nordal and Jonsell 1998) section Viola subsection article (doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0377-z) contains supplementary Rostratae (Kupffer) W. Becker (=section Trigonocarpea material, which is available to authorized users. Godr.), which has some 50 species worldwide, but are T. Marcussen (&) presumably not monophyletic within this subsection (cf. University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1045, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Harvey 1966; van den Hof et al. 2008). Historically, dif- e-mail: [email protected] ferent woodland species have often been united under the T. Marcussen collective species names V. canina L., V. sylvestris Lam. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, (= V. canina), and V. sylvatica Fr. ex Hartm. (= V. riviniana University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Rchb.). The confusing taxonomy in this group seems to be due to the modest number of species-delimitating charac- L. Borgen National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, ters, coupled with strong phenotypical plasticity and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway seasonal variation, cleistogamous inbreeding promoting 123 184 T. Marcussen, L. Borgen differentiation among populations, and the ability of authors (e.g. Coode and Cullen 1965; Schmidt 1992; Val- species to form (mostly sterile) interspecific hybrids. The entine 1962; Yuzepchuk 1949). However, such a wide taxa differ in the details of the chasmogamous flowers delimitation of V. sieheana appears to be problematic in (colour and shape of petals and spur, size of calycine certain respects. appendages), the cauline stipules (size, shape and incision), Firstly, two chromosome numbers, 2n = 40 and and to some extent pubescence and shape of the leaves and 2n = 60, corresponding to the octo- and dodecaploid capsules; in addition, many of the species are allopatric or levels (Marcussen and Nordal 1998; Nordal and Jonsell ecologically separated (Table 1). 1998), have been reported in specimens attributed to In Europe and adjacent temperate North Africa and V. sieheana. The number 2n = 60 has been reported from West Asia, the woodland violets comprise about six spe- northern Turkey, Greece and Cyprus (Harvey in Valentine cies. Three of these, V. reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau, 1962; Livaniou-Tiniakou 1991; Tiniakou 1991a). The V. riviniana Rchb. and V. sieheana W. Becker, have wide number 2n = 40, on the other hand, is disjunctive, with distributions and intertwined nomenclatural histories. The reports from one Georgian (as n = 20) (Clausen 1927) remaining three species are all narrow endemics from and four Greek populations (van Loon and Oudemans southern Europe, V. dirphya A. Tiniakou and V. oligyrtia 1982; Tiniakou 1991a). These reports for V. sieheana are A. Tiniakou from Greece, and V. laricicola Marcussen in contrast with the uniformity in chromosome numbers from the Alps. The fact that these endemic taxa have been found in all other known species of the section, disre- discovered in recent times (Marcussen 2003b; Tiniakou garding the occurrence of B-chromosomes (Marcussen 1991b, 1995) is in itself an indication of the difficult tax- et al. 2010). onomy of this group. These species represent three ploidy Secondly, V. sieheana appears as a morphologically levels: V. laricicola and V. reichenbachiana are tetraploids rather variable species, particularly in stipule shape and (2n = 20), V. dirphya, V. oligyrtia and V. riviniana are fimbriation and in leaf blade index. The most spectacular octoploids (2n = 40), and counts on V. sieheana suggest it character that seems to form an interesting geographical is octoploid (2n = 40) or dodecaploid (2n = 60). pattern in this species complex is corolla colour. Plants V. sieheana as hitherto circumscribed is the south-east- with whitish corollas (i.e. ‘‘V. neglecta’’ and V. caspia) ernmost of the European blue-flowered woodland species have been reported solely from Crimea, the Caucasus, and (see map in Fig. 1). It has been attributed a mainly Ponto- from the south Caspian coast (Becker 1924; Freyn 1902; Caucasian distribution, reaching in the west and north the Meikle 1977; Mouterde 1970; Raus 1986; Ruprecht 1869; Balkans from eastern Greece to Romania and Moldova, in Schmidt 1992). On the other hand, plants from Greece, the south the mountains of The Lebanon and Cyprus, and in Cyprus, Turkey and the Middle East, i.e. V. sieheana in the the east the Caucasus and the temperate forests of northern strict sense (Nikitin 1998), are reported to have invariably Iran (Becker 1902, 1924; Yuzepchuk 1949; Coode and lavender blue flowers (M. Dinc¸, personal communication; Cullen 1965; Valentine et al. 1968; Mouterde 1970; Meikle Meikle 1977; Mouterde 1970; Raus 1986). Obscuring the 1977; Raus 1986; Schmidt 1992). The distribution of picture are numerous reports from the Balkans of ‘transi- V. sieheana overlaps with that of V. riviniana only in the tional’ forms between V. sieheana and V. riviniana (Becker Balkans, in a belt from Greece to Moldova, while it is 1922, 1924; Raus 1986; Tiniakou 1991a). Tiniakou (1991a) nested almost completely within the range of the more found Greek plants with the same chromosome number as widely distributed V. reichenbachiana. V. sieheana was V. riviniana,2n = 40, that according to her showed originally described (Becker 1902) based on a number of ‘intermediate morphological characters between V. siehe- syntypes from the Crimea, Moldova (Bessarabia) and ana and V. riviniana’. Whether these plants represent Turkey (Cilicia, Anatolia, Bithynia), from which a lecto- hybrids or novel species is not clear. type (Turkey: Cilicia: Mersina [=present-day I˙c¸el]. This study aimed to resolve these apparent ambiguities W. Siehe s.n. LE!) was later selected (Nikitin 1998). The within the V. sieheana complex. Specifically addressed Crimean plants had already been described under the ille- questions were: gitimate name V. neglecta M. Bieb., non F.W. Schmidt 1. Can we confirm the occurrence of two cytotypes (Marschall von Bieberstein 1808). Later, Becker (1924) (2n = 40 and 2n = 60) in V. sieheana? also included in V. sieheana (as V. riviniana ssp. neglecta) 2. If the answer to question 1 is ‘yes’, are the cytotypes plants from the Caspian region (Azerbaijan: Lenkoran and associated with geographic distribution or with differ- Iran: Gorga¯n). These Caspian plants had previously been ences in morphology (i.e. corolla colour and leaf described as V. sylvatica var. caspia Rupr. (Ruprecht 1869) shape)? and were later raised to the species level, V. caspia (Rupr.) 3. Are the cytotypes reproductively isolated from each Freyn (1902). The wide delimitation of V. sieheana (sensu other and from other related taxa? Becker 1924) has subsequently been adopted by most later 123 Species delimitation in the Ponto-Caucasian Viola sieheana complex 185 4. Does the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • East Cambridgeshire District County Wildlife Sites Supplementary
    East Cambridgeshire District County Wildlife Sites Supplementary Planning Document June 2010 © THE WILDLIFE TRUST FOR BEDFORDSHIRE, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE & PETERBOROUGH LTD and EAST CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL All rights reserved. No part of the text of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any type of retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owners All mapping is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Cambridgeshire County Council 100023205 (2005). EAST CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNTY WILDLIFE STIES REGISTER CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 METHODOLOGY 2 2.1 Field Survey 2 2.2 Assessment of Sites 3 2.3 Output Format 3 3 RESULTS 4 3.1 Statistics 4 COUNTY WILDLIFE SITES REGISTER ANNEXE Criteria for the Selection of County Wildlife Sites Version 5 (2009). CONTENTS PAGE EAST CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL COUNTY WILDLIFE SITES SPD 1 Introduction 1.1 The East Cambridgeshire District Council (ECDC) County Wildlife Sites Supplementary Planning Document has been produced to update the East Cambridgeshire District County Wildlife Sites Register 2005 so that it can be adopted as a Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) to the East Cambridgeshire Local Development Framework (LDF). 1.2 On the 20th October 2009 East Cambridgeshire District Council adopted its Core Strategy Development Plan Document as part of its LDF. The adoption of the Core Strategy means that most of the policies in the East Cambridgeshire District Local Plan 2000 have been superceded.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant List for VC54, North Lincolnshire
    Plant List for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire 3 Vc61 SE TA 2 Vc63 1 SE TA SK NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE TF 9 8 Vc54 Vc56 7 6 5 Vc53 4 3 SK TF 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul Kirby, 31/01/2017 Plant list for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 - 50 Main Table 51 - 64 Summary Tables Red Listed taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 51 Table 2 Threatened: Critically Endangered & Endangered 52 Table 3 Threatened: Vulnerable 53 Table 4 Near Threatened Nationally Rare & Scarce taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 54 Table 5 Rare 55 - 56 Table 6 Scarce Vc54 Rare & Scarce taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 57 - 59 Table 7 Rare 60 - 61 Table 8 Scarce Natives & Archaeophytes extinct & thought to be extinct in Vc54 62 - 64 Table 9 Extinct Plant list for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire The main table details all the Vascular Plant & Stonewort taxa with records on the MapMate botanical database for Vc54 at the end of January 2017. The table comprises: Column 1 Taxon and Authority 2 Common Name 3 Total number of records for the taxon on the database at 31/01/2017 4 Year of first record 5 Year of latest record 6 Number of hectads with records before 1/01/2000 7 Number of hectads with records between 1/01/2000 & 31/01/2017 8 Number of tetrads with records between 1/01/2000 & 31/01/2017 9 Comment & Conservation status of the taxon in Vc54 10 Conservation status of the taxon in the UK A hectad is a 10km.
    [Show full text]
  • Histo-Anatomical Observations Regarding Viola L
    Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi http://www.bio.uaic.ro/publicatii/anale_vegetala/anale_veg_index.html s. II a. Biologie vegetală, 2014, 60, 1: 13-24 ISSN: 1223-6578, E-ISSN: 2247-2711 HISTO-ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS REGARDING VIOLA L. SPECIES IN THE GÂRBOAVELE RESERVE (COUNTY OF GALAŢI) Anca MEREACRE1*, Angela TONIUC1, Constantin TOMA1 Abstract: The authors research the structure of vegetative organs of five different vernal species of Viola L. which grow in the Gârboavele - Galaţi nature reserve. The histological features, most of them quantitative ones, which differentiate the five species of Viola L., are pointed out: the thickness of the root and rhizomes peridermis, the number of palisadic layers of the leaf lamina, the presence or absence of tector hairs and of oxaliferous cells, their frequency and position. Key words: Viola, histo-anatomy, vegetative organs, Gârboavele-Galaţi reserve. Introduction There are 28 species of Viola L. in the Romanian flora (Grințescu et al., 1955; Sârbu et al., 2013), four of which known to grow in the Gârboavele - Galaţi nature reserve: Viola arvensis Murray, V. elatior Fr., V. hirta L. and V. odorata L. (Mititelu et al., 1968); to the above mentioned ones we bring a 5-th one, recently found by us: V. kitaibeliana Schult. Two of the species are annual ones (V. arvensis and V. kitaibeliana), while three of them are perennial plants (V. elatior, V. hirta and V. odorata), and have a thick rhizome, with or without aerial runners (V. hirta). The anatomic structure of Viola species has been little investigated until now, as can be seen from the two synthesis treaties, the one about the anatomy of dicotyledonous plants (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1972) and the one about the leaves of angiosperms in general (Napp- Zinn, 1973, 1974).
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of a Heavy-Metal-Polluted Environment on Viola Tricolor Genome Size and Chromosome Number
    ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 53/1: 7–15, 2011 DOI: 10.2478/v10182-011-0001-8 INFLUENCE OF A HEAVY-METAL-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT ON VIOLA TRICOLOR GENOME SIZE AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER ANETA SŁOMKA1*, DOROTA SIWIŃSKA2, ELŻBIETA WOLNY2, KRISTIN KELLNER1, AND ELŻBIETA KUTA1 1Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, 52 Grodzka St., 31–044 Cracow, Poland 2Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia, 26/28 Jagiellońska St., 40–032 Katowice, Poland Received March 3, 2011; revision accepted May 30, 2011 Intraspecific changes in genome size and chromosome number lead to divergence and species evolution. Heavy metals disturb the cell cycle and cause mutations. Areas contaminated by heavy metals (metalliferous sites) are places where microevolutionary processes accelerate; very often only a few generations are enough for a new genotype to arise. This study, which continues our long-term research on Viola tricolor (Violaceae), a species occurring on both metalliferous (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu) and non-metalliferous soils in Western and Central Europe, is aimed at determining the influence of environments polluted with heavy metals on genome size and karyological variability. The genome size of V. tricolor ranged from 3.801 to 4.203 pg, but the differences between metalli- colous and non-metallicolous populations were not statistically significant. Altered chromosome numbers were significantly more frequent in material from the polluted sites than from the non-polluted sites (43% versus 28%). Besides the standard chromosome number (2n = 26), aneuploid cells with lower (2n = 18–25) or high- er (2n = 27, 28) chromosome numbers were found in plants from both types of site, but polyploid (2n = 42) cells were observed only in plants from the metalliferous locality.
    [Show full text]
  • 83 References
    Evolution of Viola stagnina and its sisterspecies by hybridisation and polyploidisation Hof, K. van den Citation Hof, K. van den. (2010, June 9). Evolution of Viola stagnina and its sisterspecies by hybridisation and polyploidisation. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15684 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral License: thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15684 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). References Abbott RJ, Ireland HE, Joseph L, Davies MS, Rogers HJ. 2005. Recent plant speciation in Britain and Ireland: origins, establishment and evolution of four new hybrid species. Biology and Environment: Proc. R. Ir. Acad. 105: 173–183. Althoff DM, Gitzendanner MA, Segraves KA. 2007. The utility of amplified fragment length polymorphisms in phylogenetics: a comparison of homology within and between genomes. Syst. Biol. 56: 477–484. Álvarez I, Wendel JF. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 29: 417–437. Ballard HE, Sytsma KJ, Kowal RR. 1999. Shrinking the violets: Phylogenetic relationships of infrageneric groups in Viola (Violaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 23: 439–458. Ballard HE. 1993. Three new violet hybrids from Appalachia. Castanea 58: 1–9. Beattie AJ. 1971. Pollination mechanisms in Viola. New Phytol. 70: 343–360. Beattie AJ. 1974. Floral evolution in Viola. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61:781–793. Becker W. 1910. Violae Europaeae. Verlag von C. Heinrich, Germany. Becker W. 1917. Violae Asiaticae et Australenses. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 34: 373–433.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscape Management for Grassland Multifunctionality
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.17.208199; this version posted August 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Landscape management for grassland multifunctionality Neyret M.1, Fischer M.2, Allan E.2, Hölzel N.3, Klaus V. H.4, Kleinebecker T.5, Krauss J.6, Le Provost G.1, Peter. S.1, Schenk N.2, Simons N.K.7, van der Plas F.8, Binkenstein J.9, Börschig C.10, Jung K.11, Prati D.2, Schäfer D.12, Schäfer M.13, Schöning I.14, Schrumpf M.14, Tschapka M.15, Westphal C.10 & Manning P.1 1. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany. 2. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland. 3. Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Germany. 4. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Switzerland. 5. Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, University of Gießen, Germany. 6. Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Germany. 7. Ecological Networks, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, German. 8. Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation. Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands. 9. Institute for Biology, University Freiburg, Germany. 10. Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany. 11. Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Germany. 12. Botanical garden, University of Bern, Switzerland. 13. Institute of Zoologie, University of Freiburg, Germany. 14. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, German.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic and Anatomical Notes on Viola Sect. Viola (Violaceae) in Iran
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Wulfenia Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: 20 Autor(en)/Author(s): Mehrvarz Shahryar Saeidi, Vafi Mahdi, Marcussen Thomas Artikel/Article: Taxonomic and anatomical notes on Viola sect. Viola (Violaceae) in Iran. 73-79 © Landesmuseum für Kärnten; download www.landesmuseum.ktn.gv.at/wulfenia; www.biologiezentrum.at Wulfenia 20 (2013): 73 –79 Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Taxonomic and anatomical notes on Viola sect. Viola (Violaceae) in Iran Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz, Mahdi Vafi & Thomas Marcussen Summary: Comparative anatomy of 7 taxa of Viola sect. Viola distributed in N and NW of Iran was studied. The investigated species are V. alba, V. odorata, V. sintenisii (subsect. Viola), V. caspia, V. reichenbachiana and V. rupestris (subsect. Rostratae). The following characters were determined to be taxonomically informative: presence or absence of phloem fi bers in lateral stem cross-sections, the higher diameter of the pith region in taxa of subsect. Rostratae relative to taxa of subsect. Viola, the number of collenchyma layers in abaxial and adaxial surfaces and the variation of midrib outlines of the leaf lamina. Viola rupestris diff ers from other studied species in not having a protruding midrib in cross section. Our results show that comparative anatomy of lateral stems and leaves may provide additional characters to be considered in taxonomic studies within the sect. Viola. Keywords: Viola, anatomy, taxonomy, Iran The genus Viola L. comprises about 600 mostly herbaceous species and is distributed throughout most temperate regions of the world (Ballard et al. 1999; Yockteng et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Spontaneous and Subspontaneous Flora of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou
    Volume 19(2), 176- 189, 2015 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro Research on spontaneous and subspontaneous flora of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou Szatmari P-M*.1,, Căprar M. 1 1) Biological Research Center, Botanical Garden “Vasile Fati” Jibou, Wesselényi Miklós Street, No. 16, 455200 Jibou, Romania; *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract The research presented in this paper had the purpose of Key words inventory and knowledge of spontaneous and subspontaneous plant species of Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati" Jibou, Salaj, Romania. Following systematic Jibou Botanical Garden, investigations undertaken in the botanical garden a large number of spontaneous flora, spontaneous taxons were found from the Romanian flora (650 species of adventive and vascular plants and 20 species of moss). Also were inventoried 38 species of subspontaneous plants, adventive plants, permanently established in Romania and 176 vascular plant floristic analysis, Romania species that have migrated from culture and multiply by themselves throughout the garden. In the garden greenhouses were found 183 subspontaneous species and weeds, both from the Romanian flora as well as tropical plants introduced by accident. Thus the total number of wild species rises to 1055, a large number compared to the occupied area. Some rare spontaneous plants and endemic to the Romanian flora (Galium abaujense, Cephalaria radiata, Crocus banaticus) were found. Cultivated species that once migrated from culture, accommodated to environmental conditions and conquered new territories; standing out is the Cyrtomium falcatum fern, once escaped from the greenhouses it continues to develop on their outer walls. Jibou Botanical Garden is the second largest exotic species can adapt and breed further without any botanical garden in Romania, after "Anastasie Fătu" care [11].
    [Show full text]
  • Viola Chelmea and Viola Jooi (Violaceae), New Species for the Flora of Serbia and Their Distribution in the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathians
    Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 2015, 8: 49-74. Received 05 Aug 2015; Accepted 11 Dec 2015. doi:10.5937/bnhmb1508049N UDC: 582.681.26(497); 582.681.26(292.451/.454) Original scientific paper VIOLA CHELMEA AND VIOLA JOOI (VIOLACEAE), NEW SPECIES FOR THE FLORA OF SERBIA AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE BALKAN PENINSULA AND THE CARPATHIANS MARJAN NIKETIĆ1, PAVLE CIKOVAC2, ZOLTÁN BARINA3, DÁNIEL PIFKÓ3, LJUPČO MELOVSKI4, ŠEMIJA DURAKI5, GORDANA TOMOVIĆ6 1 Natural History Museum, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bonn, Siebengebirgsstr. 200, D-53229 Bonn, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 137, 1431 Budapest, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Sts. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, e-mail: [email protected] 5 Eight Belgrade Grammar School, Grčića Milenka 71, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] 6 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: [email protected] During several botanical expeditions in the Republic of Serbia (Mts Šar- Planina and Mts Homoljske Planine), two species of the genus Viola (V. sect. Viola) were found as new for the flora of Serbia: Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr. in Mt. Ošljak and V. jooi Janka in Mt. Vukan. The last taxon represents a new species also for the flora of the Balkan Peninsula. The taxonomic positions, phytogeographic importance and conservation statuses of the two new plants is discussed within the scope of their newly established distribution patterns both in the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Plant RNA Polymerase IV/V Genes: Evidence Of
    Marcussen et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:45 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/45 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Evolution of plant RNA polymerase IV/V genes: evidence of subneofunctionalization of duplicated NRPD2/NRPE2-like paralogs in Viola (Violaceae) Thomas Marcussen1, Bengt Oxelman2, Anna Skog1, Kjetill S Jakobsen1* Abstract Background: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase IV and V (Pol IV and V) are multi-subunit enzymes occurring in plants. The origin of Pol V, specific to angiosperms, from Pol IV, which is present in all land plants, is linked to the duplication of the gene encoding the largest subunit and the subsequent subneofunctionalization of the two paralogs (NRPD1 and NRPE1). Additional duplication of the second-largest subunit, NRPD2/NRPE2, has happened independently in at least some eudicot lineages, but its paralogs are often subject to concerted evolution and gene death and little is known about their evolution nor their affinity with Pol IV and Pol V. Results: We sequenced a ~1500 bp NRPD2/E2-like fragment from 18 Viola species, mostly paleopolyploids, and 6 non-Viola Violaceae species. Incongruence between the NRPD2/E2-like gene phylogeny and species phylogeny indicates a first duplication of NRPD2 relatively basally in Violaceae, with subsequent sorting of paralogs in the descendants, followed by a second duplication in the common ancestor of Viola and Allexis.InViola, the mutation pattern suggested (sub-) neofunctionalization of the two NRPD2/E2-like paralogs, NRPD2/E2-a and NRPD2/E2-b. The dN/dS ratios indicated that a 54 bp region exerted strong positive selection for both paralogs immediately following duplication.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Willows and Violets by Erin Mcnelis 12 Common Species of Willow Trees and Shrubs
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Willows and Violets by Erin McNelis 12 Common Species of Willow Trees and Shrubs. Willows include more than 400 trees and shrubs from the Salix genus—a group of moisture-loving plants that are native to temperate and cold regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Depending on the species, willows range in size from low-ground-hugging shrubs to towering giants of 90 feet or more. All willows are moisture-loving plants that will do well in wet, boggy conditions, and some are adaptable enough to also do well in dry soils. Most species of Salix have lance-shaped leaves, although some species have narrower leaves (these species are known as osiers ), while others have rounder leaves (most of these species are known as sallows ). The wood of willow trees tends to be brittle, so ornamental landscape use is limited to a relatively few species. In landscapes, willows are often planted alongside streams where the interlacing roots will hold back soil and prevent erosion. Willows can also be used to create living fences or even sculptures, and the branches are commonly used in basketry and weaving since the wood is flexible enough to be bent once it has been soaked in water. Warning. Be cautious about planting willows near sewer lines or water pipes, because their roots will naturally gravitate to them. Most, if not all, willow species are moisture-loving plants that will seek out underground pipes carrying water. If willow roots penetrate a water main or sewer line, you could face thousands of dollars in repair and replacement cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Bsbinews122.Pdf
    BSBI News January 2013 No. 122 Edited by Trevor James & Gwynn Ellis ISSN 0309-930X Cynoglossum germanicum, Farnborough, Fumaria capreolata Greatstone-on-Sea, Kent. (v.c.12). Photo A. Mundell © 2012 (p. 11) Photo B.A. Tregale © 2012 (p. 40) Verbena hastata Verbena hastata close-up of flowers Both photos taken in vegetable patch, Sark by S. Synnott © 2012 (p. 41) Ian Bonner & Valerie Oxley at unveiling of blue plaque in Firbeck, near Rotherham, commemorating the birth of H.C. Watson at nearby Park Hill. Photo © Friends of Firbeck Hall (p. 49) Lynne Farrell, Emperor penguin & Mark Linnaeus & Antony Timmins at the AEM Watson at the Flora of cold regions conference, Cambridge. Photo J. Robertson © 2012 (p. 60) Cambridge. Photo J. Robertson © 2012 (p. 59) Martin Warren joining BSBI, with Monika Walton & Lynne Farrell at the Butterfly Conservation AGM at Nottingham. Photo L. Marsh © 2012 (p. 60) Trevor Dines addressing delegates at the BSBI/RBGE Mapping Conference, Edinburgh, September 2012. Photo L. Marsh © 2012 (p. 50) CONTENTS Important Notices..................................... 2-7 An errant Eryngium?.......G.H. Ballantyne 39 From The President......................I. Bonner 2 Fumaria capreolata ssp. capreolata var. Minutes of Special General Meeting, Nov. speciosa on British mainland ................................B.A. Tregale 40 2012........................................L. Farrell 3 Verbena hastata in Sark...........R.M. Veall 41 Monitoring the effects of ash die-back – help Omphalodes cappadocica in v.c.99 needed...................K. Walker & Q. Groom 5 ............................................P.R. Green 41 BSBI Science and Research, plans & staff Revised vegetative key to cupressoid conifers .................................................I. Bonner 6 (Cupressaceae)...................J.P. Poland 42 Notes from the Editors...T.
    [Show full text]