Archival Spirit Society of American Archivists July, 2017

Archivists of Religious Collections Section, of the

The Archival Spirit Society of American Archivists July, 2017

What’s Inside From the Chair

From the Chair 1

Dear Colleagues, Newsworthy 2 Thank you for allowing me to chair ARCS for the past year. It’s been an honor to  Digitization Project work for and among you all and to meet you at our annual sessions. I look forward Preserving Century of Catholic newspapers to continuing these relationships, collaborating with you in the future as well. and Newsfeeds This is a difficult time for archives in general and certainly a trying time for 3  Mary’s Gardens at the religious archives since, to bend a cliché, we are the designated “keepers of the University of Dayton faiths” – all of them. In spite of public opinion, decreased funding, and what at 4 times seems like the rejection of history, we mustn’t be disheartened. We need to  Pitts Theology Library and give our all to get the job done anyway, as hard as that may sometimes be. We the 500th Anniversary of the Protestant Reformation need more than ever to stand shoulder to shoulder, helping each other by sharing our expertise and experience. When we are told “no, you can’t,” we should  New Collections at the Billy respond loudly, “yes, we will.” Graham Center Archives of Wheaton College There is always hope in the pendulum theory of time – what swings to one extreme will eventually swing back. Until then, we need to protect who we are Essay 5 and what we hold. In my humble opinion, keeping control of our part of the  A Dilemma: Respecting archival universe is what will help us survive. Native American

Sensitivities and the Dee Gallo, Section Chair Historical Record, part 2

Daughters of Charity Provincial Archives Emmitsburg, MD

Update on ARCS Elections - The results of You are encouraged to contribute to the the election for ARCS Steering Committee December 2017 issue of The Archival are in. Elizabeth Scott (St. Michael's Spirit. Submissions or questions may College) was elected Vice-Chair/Chair- be directed to the newsletter editor at Elect. Brandon Wason (Emory University) [email protected]. was elected Steering Committee member.

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Digitization Project The committee came up with a list of image. That is the basis of everything that Preserving Century of Catholic more than 800 Catholic publications from you're going to do,” allowing the user to Newspapers and Newsfeeds the United States alone, and another 200- employ more robust search capabilities. plus in Canada. “We based all our research on the Library Katherine Nuss, MLS of Congress [standards] and even upped Information/Archives Services Manager Eleven of the newspapers that were the standards a bit,” Lawton noted. Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference selected for the digitization project represent some of the largest dioceses in of Catholic Bishops the nation: Catholic New York of the Washington, DC Archdiocese of New York; the Catholic Standard and Times of the Archdiocese of WASHINGTON (CNS) – A growing Philadelphia; Catholic San Francisco; the consortium of librarians and archivists Clarion Herald of the Archdiocese of New are preserving the Catholic news from the Orleans; the Florida Catholic of the last century. Archdiocese of Miami; the St. Louis Review; the Pittsburgh Catholic; and the Old diocesan newspapers are becoming Catholic Transcript of the Archdiocese of more brittle and fragile. Outdated tech- Hartford, Connecticut. nologies such as microfilm and micro- fiche keep those newspapers from being For a national perspective, the National readily accessible unless you live near a Catholic Reporter and 65 years’ worth of big library or a university that still has the newsfeeds starting in 1920 from what is machines needed to read that data. now called Catholic News Service will be digitized. CNS’ predecessor was NCWC, for National Catholic Welfare Council. In

addition, a NCWC/CNS feature called Amy Cooper Cary, head of special “Catholic World in Pictures” will be collections and university archives at digitized too. Marquette University in Milwaukee,

described the “heavy lifting” needed to The digitized material will be made freely digitize a newspaper. available through the Catholic News

Archives, developed by the CRRA In digitizing a century’s worth of (www.thecatholicnewsarchive.org). Marquette’s student newspaper,

Marquette opted to do the work itself To correct this situation, the Catholic Digitization is the new normal, according rather than contract it out – which could Research Resources Alliance (CRRA) has to Tim Meagher, an associate professor of be cheaper, but would take longer to do undertaken a project to digitize nearly a history at The Catholic University of and without the kind of quality control dozen of the United States' top Catholic America, Washington, and an archivist one may want. newspapers of regional and national who runs the Center for American importance – the print runs of which, for Catholic History. A grant from the Catholic Communication some of them, go back for more than a Campaign (CCC) of the U.S. Conference of century. “Everything is, as much as possible, going Catholic Bishops has allowed CRRA to into digital format,” Meagher said. “In digitize the NCWC/CNS archives from “Creating a Catholic news archive and some ways, even if the paper exists in 1920 to 1952. A GoFundMe project was digital aggregation for Catholic print, its use will be less if it is not established in December to raise $25,000 newspapers is something that scholars digitized.” in order to digitize the NCWC/CNS are very interested in,” said Jennifer “Catholic World in Pictures” print run Younger, executive director of CRRA. Of Catholic papers, he said, “We would (www.gofundme.com/hb-catholic- love to be able to digitize every one. We world-in-pictures). “We mark the beginning [of the project] may not be able to digitize all of them, we in 2011, when we brought together a may not be able to digitize all years. But For CRRA's Catholic newspapers project, newspaper committee: ‘If we’re going to to begin is an important thing.” the top priorities are the years prior to digitize something, what would be most 1923, when material is in the public useful?’ Newspapers rose right to the top. “We have set very high standards. When domain, and the years before, during and Which newspapers? We had to figure out we do our digitization, we never have to following the Second Vatican Council, to which newspapers existed, which ones do it again,” said Patricia Lawton, CRRA’s track the difference in how the church were held [by libraries], which ones director of digital initiatives. “We’re engaged with the world – and with itself – weren't being held,” she told Catholic getting the best imaging we possibly can. that may have manifested itself in the News Service. Microfilm or print, you want a good pages of the newspaper.

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Mary’s Gardens States. In addition to the garden, she at the University of Dayton gifted a large stone bell tower to St. Joseph that was visible across the bay at Kayla Harris the Marine Biology Laboratory where her Archivist/ Librarian, husband worked. She said that the tower The Marian Library and garden were “to remind the scientists who study at the Marine Biology University of Dayton Laboratory across the street that there is another and valid aspect of life.” DAYTON – This spring the University of Dayton Libraries brought nature inside Although Mrs. Lillie had created a and brought a piece of history to life. In beautiful Mary garden at Woods Hole, she such as correspondence, photographs, the first floor exhibit gallery a Mary envisioned an entire Mary garden and pamphlets collected by Stokes garden was planted for visitors to enjoy, movement in which the right steward relating to sustainability and social learn from, and reflect upon the Blessed would come along and make their life’s justice. On the seventh floor, the Marian Virgin Mary. A Mary garden is comprised passion to teach people about Mary Library gallery featured twenty-four of flowers and plants whose names through the act of gardening. In 1946, original paintings commissioned by artist describe an aspect of Mary’s life, her John Stokes read an article in Our Lady’s Holly Schapker, drawing attention to the appearance, or her virtues. For example, Digest and, with tears in his eyes, knew relationship between flowers and Mary’s prior to the Reformation Foxglove was that he was the man Mrs. Lillie spoke of life. commonly known as Our Lady’s Gloves. It and that this was his calling. Along with was a means of storytelling – people his business partner Edward McTague, could learn about Mary simply by looking they officially founded the business at the nature surrounding them. The “Mary’s Gardens” that compiled research Mary garden also usually features a cross about the origins and history of Marian walkway and a statue of Mary as a focal plant names, and sold seed packets so point to reflect and meditate upon, that anyone could start their own Mary reminiscent of medieval cloister gardens. garden.

In the 1960’s, John S. Stokes, a The John S. Stokes and Mary’s Garden Philadelphia Quaker who converted to collection was donated in 2013 to the Catholicism, read about a little garden at Marian Library, a unique special library at St. Joseph’s Church in Woods Hole, the University of Dayton, dedicated to The response to the exhibit was over- Massachusetts. Frances Crane Lillie had making the Blessed Virgin Mary better whelmingly positive. The plants were learned about Mary gardens through her known, loved, and served. The exhibit this rotated out of the garden regularly to travels in Europe and decided to create spring “lived” on three floors. In addition keep them looking fresh and the flowers one in Woods Hole, believed to be the to the Mary garden on the first floor, the removed were actually re-purposed and very first Mary garden in the United second floor presented archival materials replanted by a design class. Sections of the garden were updated to reflect each of the four seasons and ecocube planters were sold by the University bookstore so that visitors could start a Mary garden at home. Aside from a few small com- plications such as the smell of mulch or the wilting tulips before their scheduled rotation, students, staff, and community members have enjoyed walking through the garden or sitting on the nearby bench for a quiet moment of reflection.

John Stokes emphasized that Mary gardens were for everyone – it could be as simple as a small dish garden placed in a windowsill or as unique as a garden inside the library.

Special thanks to the many people who worked on this exhibit, including ARCS member and former Marian Library archivist, Jillian Ewalt, who processed the sixty-linear-foot collection.

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Pitts Theology Library Foundation (Atlanta), brought to Atlanta Church), and Archbishop Wilton D. and the 500th Anniversary artifacts from Luther’s homeland in order Gregory (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of of the Protestant Reformation to provide a window into the cultural and Atlanta). The Reformation Day at Emory historical context of the Reformation. Our program will also include a reception, a Brandon C. Wason, PhD current exhibit, “The Image of a Fractured presentation on new acquisitions to the Curator of Archives and Manuscripts Church: Martin Luther and the 95 Theses” Kessler Collection, a luncheon musical Pitts Theology Library (February to July 2017) explores in depth program, and the evening Kessler the context of indulgences and Luther’s Reformation Concert. For more Candler School of Theology 95 Theses as well as the lasting impact of information on Reformation Day, see the Emory University the Reformation on the church. This fall 2017 edition of Reformation Notes

we will open a new exhibit: “From Witt- (http://pitts.emory.edu/about/news- ATLANTA – The year 2017 not only enberg to Atlanta: The Richard C. Kessler events/reformationnotes/ReformationN marks the 500th anniversary of the Reformation Collection at 30 Years” otes2017.pdf). Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther (August to November 2017). Many of the produced the 95 Theses in 1517), but it seminal pieces of the Kessler Collection also is the thirtieth anniversary of the will be on display, including illuminated New Collections at the Billy Graham Richard C. Kessler Reformation Collection manuscripts, early printed Bibles, and Center Archives of Wheaton College at Pitts Theology Library of Candler manuscripts with the hand-writing of School of Theology, Emory University. Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. Bob Shuster, Archivist The Kessler Collection, which is one of Billy Graham Archives Center North America’s premier Reformation Wheaton College collections, contains 3,874 books, prints, Wheaton, IL and manuscript collections produced between the years 1517 and 1570. The WHEATON – Since December 2016, the collection centers on works written by staff at the Billy Graham Center Archives Martin Luther, his associates, his critics, of Wheaton College have opened a and others engaged in the religious number of new collections to the public. landscape of the period. Pitts Theology There are also several existing collections Library is commemorating these anniversaries with its exhibits, to which new material has been added. collections, and a special Reformation This has also been a banner year for new Also, more than seven hours of oral Day at Emory event. additions to the Kessler Reformation history interviews have been transcribed Collection. We’ve added 140 new titles, and the transcripts posted online. New primarily in the form of sixteenth-century collections and transcripts tell a variety of books, pamphlets, and prints. Not only do stories: the history of the Billy Graham these include works by Martin Luther, Evangelistic Association and evangelistic Philip Melanchthon, and Erasmus of work. They also chronicle the growth of Rotterdam, but there are also works by the in-digenous church in Spain, the several Catholic critics of Luther, such as United States, Ecuador, the Canal Zone, the theologians Johann Cochlaeus and Tibet, China, India, Congo, Kenya, and Johann Eck. Many of the new acquisitions contain woodcuts that have been Lebanon. Also documented is the pre- digitized and added to Pitts’ Digital Image sentation of the Gospel through cartoons. Archive (pitts.emory.edu/dia/), which For more information about these or currently contains over 60,000 images. other collections in the Archives, please contact the staff at [email protected] Drawing on a current heightened interest On Thursday, October 26, we will host the or call 630-752-5910. in the Reformation, we decided to offer 2017 Reformation Day at Emory. This three exhibits in our library’s gallery. year’s program includes panel Finding aids to the new collections are Beginning last year we partnered with presentations and a discussion related to available at www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/ four Central German museums in the the question, “Did the Reformation Fail?” archives/newcoll.html. exhibit, “Law and Grace: Martin Luther, We will hear from leaders from various Lucas Cranach, and the Promise of denominations: Bishop Julian Gordy The new transcripts are accessible at Salvation” (October 2016 to January (Southeastern Synod, Evangelical www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/ 2017). This exhibit, sponsored by the Lutheran Church in America), Bishop archives/newtran.html. German Foreign Ministry and the Halle Larry Goodpaster (United Methodist

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A Dilemma: Respecting Native further research shows the donor had Especially in the Southwest, long-term American Sensitivities and the published it on that reservation 36 years Native-Christian coexistence led to dual Historical Record, Part 2 ago,2 suggesting a local shift in opinions. religious calendars and reinterpretations of Christian concepts. But the Second Mark G. Thiel, Archivist Since the advent of photography and Vatican Council went farther and invited Raynor Memorial Libraries global tourism, Native Americans stra- indigenous peoples worldwide to share Marquette University tegically altered their status and cultural their ceremonies within Christian Milwaukee, WI identities by affecting outsiders’ access to worship. Prompted further by new their cultural patrimony. But as circum- intertribal Christian gatherings7 and MILWAUKEE – This article is the second stances changed, activists, artists, per- church guidelines on inclusion,8 part of a two-part series in Archival Spirit formers, and religious leaders readjusted attendees responded by sharing select regarding the administration of culturally what they deemed appropriate to sell, rituals, which then encouraged such sensitive Native American religious share, permit, and ban. practices in local communities.9 photographs. Part one appeared in the February 2017 issue, which was Meanwhile, human rights continued to Since the 19th century, trusted pho- prompted by an archival reference advance. In 1883, the U.S. Office of Indian tographers filmed ceremonies with views incident at the Marquette University Affairs (OIA) had banned Native mediated by collaborating faithful, which Archives the month before. To illustrate American religious and cultural cere- avoided views they regarded as contrary an article about Jesuits in the United monies deemed impediments to their to their religious tenets.10 When illegal, States and their collaboration with civilization,3 and later, several states also and thereafter while uncertainties women religious and Native Americans, banned possession of peyote as a health lingered, photographs documented the the patron selected an image depicting a hazard.4 Nonetheless, many such prac- continuity of traditions in spite of per- Sundance ceremony 50 years ago. Taken tices continued underground or off- secution.11 Thereafter, as technology ad- by a Jesuit photographer at the request of reservations beyond OIA jurisdiction in vanced, images of indigenous ceremonies the presiding medicine man, it featured exhibitions, pageants, and traveling became wide-spread in publications, him and spectating Franciscan Sisters.1 shows.5 After the First World War, the social media, and websites, including Due to Marquette’s agreement with the United States acknowledged Native online archival ones,12 and, increasingly, donor, a reservation-based Jesuit K-12 Americans’ exemplary support and he photographers themselves have school, publishing it today required granted citizenship to those without, become Native Americans.13 permission from its representative, who which eventually triggered the res- declined due to strong local Native toration of civil rights, tribal sovereignty, At present, diverse views abound opposition to publishing such images, and cultural protections.6 regarding spectator attendance and now regarded as disrespectful. However, photography at ceremonies. Southwest

1 Sundance led by Chief Frank Fools Crow, Pine of Indian Dancing, 1880-1930,” in Native 10 Tom Jones, Michael Schmudlach, Matthew Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, by Pathways: American Indian Culture and Daniel Mason, Amy Lonetree, and George A. Jesuit Father Paul B. Steinmetz, 1967. Holy Economic Development in the Twentieth Century Greendeer, People of the Big Voice: Photographs Rosary Mission – Red Cloud Indian School (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004), of Ho-Chunk Families by Charles Van Schaick, Digital Collection, no. 03536. 191. 1879–1942 (Madison: Wisconsin Historical 2 Jim Strozk, Canku Wakan (The Sacred Road), 6 Snyder Indian Citizenship Act, 1924; OIA Society Press, 2011). This Ho Chunk analysis The Story of Holy Rosary Mission: Past and circular 2970, “Indian Religious Freedom,” reveals that earlier generations collaborated Present (Pine Ridge, SD: Red Cloud Indian 1934; Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization and astutely negotiated their self-presentation, School, 1981), 15. Act, 1934; American Indian Religious Freedom which included religious details. 3 Code of Indian Offenses, 1883, gave Act, 1978; and Native American Graves 11 BCIM served as the Catholic Church’s liaison reservation OIA personnel authority to use Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990, to the U.S. government with respect to Native force and imprisonment to stop “uncivilized” www.nps.gov/nagpra/. Americans, beginning in 1874. Marquette’s practices, e.g. Sundance, Snake dance, giveaway 7 The Tekakwitha Conference (TC) reorganized BCIM Digital Collection comprises less than 5% ceremonies. OIA circular 1665, “Indian as a Catholic Native American association, of the total BCIM image holdings, which Dancing,” 1921, and its supplement, 1923, 1977-1979. includes images of ceremonies by missionaries reaffirmed the Code. 8 Most notable are the adapted liturgical and others, ca. 1880-1980. 4 Some Native Americans regarded Peyote as a guidelines of the Catholic Diocese of Rapid City, 12 BCIM and TC websites, 2010-present; sacrament. OIA advocacy prompted the U.S. SD, 1999, www.rapidcitydiocese.org/wp- YouTube, uploaded 2007-2016; online archival Post Office to ban shipments, 1918-1940, and content/uploads/2014/11/1999-Recom-for- collections (e.g., Denver Public Library, 14 states to outlaw its possession, 1917-1938. Inc-of-Lak-Cathm.pdf. Marquette University, Smithsonian Institution). Thomas C. Maroukis, Peyote and the Yankton 9 Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions (BCIM) and 13 Author’s observations since 2012: Several Sioux: The Life and Times of Sam Necklace TC newsletter illustrations have featured official photographers of major Catholic Native (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005), culturally sensitive rituals in Christian context, American organizations are Native Americans 132-133. 1977-present (e.g. Pipe ceremonies; Buffalo, (e.g., Red Cloud Indian School, Tekakwitha 5 Clyde Ellis, “Five Dollars a Week to be ‘Regular Deer, Eagle dances). Conference). Indians’ Shows, Exhibitions, and the Economics

6 The Archival Spirit July 2017 tribes often permit public attendance, but may ban photography.14 Nonetheless, books, DVDs, and YouTube feature related images and videos, many of which clearly show active involvement by tribal members.15 On the Northern Plains, several Dakota-Lakota medicine men signed unity pledges, which while they do not explicitly call for bans on photography, they strive to restrict par- ticipation and spectating at Sundance and Pipe ceremonies to tribal members.16 Nonetheless, some ceremonial leaders still welcome outside photographers.17

Although few, Marquette’s pre-Vatican II images of Native ceremonies convey diversity and endurance. Since then, Marquette has received substantial and continuous streams of such images plus related information, which illustrate the Illustration. Photography reflecting Native American indigenous beliefs are not dual Christian-indigenous religious limited to views of religious ceremonies. After Jerry Starr (Ojibwa) died, his La Belle identity of many Native Americans. family relatives (Ojibwa) gathered in a Milwaukee Christian cemetery to visit his Intermittently, this author has had shared grave, and secured the services of an anonymous passerby who took their portrait. thoughts regarding the interests of When developed, they discovered the milky-white streak surrounding them, which people who are the subjects of they believed, was his spirit embracing them. A year earlier, he was one of three photography, which in recent years, has ironworkers killed by the “Big Blue Crane collapse” while building the Milwaukee led to release forms with subjects’ Brewers’ Miller Park baseball stadium. Donated to the Marquette University Special consent accompanying some accessions Collections and Archives by Susana La Belle-Boyd with permission to publish, 2000. of photography.18

When posting images online, Marquette archivists strive to select representative Native American communities; they It should be noted, too, that Native and compelling examples of Christian – impose time-based closure restrictions, Americans are not alone regarding Native American relationships, which as needed, and they maintain ongoing cultural proclivities about photography. include, but is not limited to, indigenous working relationships with notable Others in the American mosaic, such as ceremonies in Christian context. In so Native American photographers19 and the Amish, have comparable desires,20 doing, archivists are mindful of subject- community leaders. But ultimately, they and again, privacy is negotiated as part of photographer relationships in historical strive to present a representative and the photographer-subject relationship. context; they strive to identify and enduring visual historical record without accommodate the third-party interests of sanitation.

14 Some tribal websites ban photography of Arvol Looking Horse, Mar. 9, 2003, “The Selling in their work) build trust, which mitigates ceremonies (e.g. Acoma, Cochiti, Jemez, Pascua of Indian Culture, Protection of Ceremonies, O- possible conflict that has occurred elsewhere. Yaqui, Zuni). mini-c’i-ya-pi, Tom Koppel, “Curing the Curation Problem,” 15 Videos depicting ceremonial dances (e.g., www.newagefraud.org/olh3.html. American Archaeology, 21:2(Summer 2017): 35- Buffalo, Deer, Eagle, abound on YouTube, 17 Videos depicting Sundance ceremonies from 40. including ones from Cochiti, Jemez, Laguna, Dakota-Lakota tribes with collaborating 20 For the first time in June 2017, the PGA held Yaqui, and Zuni, uploaded, 2007-2016); and are participants, uploaded to YouTube, 2013-2016. its U.S. Open Tournament north of Milwaukee, listed in book-video catalogs such as Written 18 Tekakwitha Conference photography since Wisconsin, at Erin Hills, a new golf course that Heritage, American Indian: Past & Present 1980 is a major source of Marquette’s culturally engages the Amish in grounds keeping and (Folsom, LA: Written Heritage, 2017, 34, 44), sensitive images. In 2015, its principal custom furniture making. To respect Amish which feature comparable ceremonies. photographer began to submit subjects’ signed privacy, photographers avoided frontal views of 16 Wilber Mesteth, et. al., June 10, 1993, release forms along with his accessions. Amish at work. Alec Lewis, “U.S. Open, Fescue “Declaration of War against Exploiters of Lakota 19 Like archivists, archeologists who develop produces bale bond, Amish use Erin Hills’ grass Spirituality,” Lakota Summit V, long-term working relationships with Native for animal feed,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/ladecwar.htm; Americans (or other communities represented June 10, 2017, pages B1 and B3.