7th Grade Grammar Reference SUBJECTS, PREDICATES, AND SENTENCES Declarative Sentence: a sentence that makes a statement and ends with a period Example: Edgar Allan Poe wrote suspenseful short stories.

Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark Example: Did Poe also write poetry?

Imperative Sentence: a sentence that gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period Example: Read “The Pit and the Pendulum.”

Exclamatory Sentence: a sentence that expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point Example: What a great writer Poe was!

Sentence: a group of words that has subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: I teach middle school. I like teaching.

Subject: names whom or what the sentence is about complete subject - includes all the words in the subject simple subject - is the main word or word group in the complete subject.

Complete Subject Example: A large ship with many sails / appeared on the horizon. (ship is the simple subject)

compound subject – two or more simple subjects joined by and, or, both…and, either…or, or neither…nor Examples: Hamburgers and pizza are served in the cafeteria. Neither hamburgers nor pizza is my favorite cafeteria food. Neither pizza nor hamburgers are my favorite cafeteria food.

Predicate: tells what the subject does or has, may tell what the subject is or is like complete predicate - includes all the words of the predicate simple predicate - is always a verb and is the main word or word group in the complete predicate

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Complete Predicate Example: Emily Dickinson / wrote hundreds of poems. (wrote is the simple predicate)

compound predicate – two or more simple predicates joined together by and, or, but, both…and, either…or, or neither…nor Examples: Many students read and enjoy poetry. Florence reads and enjoys poetry.

Simple Sentence: contains one complete subject and one complete predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: Florence reads poems. Florence and James read poems. James reads and enjoys poems.

Sentence Fragment: It is lacking either a subject or a predicate; a sentence fragment does not have a complete thought. Examples: The poems, Wrote about nature, on Monday

Compound Sentence: two or more simple sentences joined together with a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, a semi-colon, or an adverbial conjunction proceeded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma Examples: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food, but it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, it is not very good.

Run-on Sentence: is really two or more sentences (a.k.a. independent clauses) that run together without proper punctuation to join them. Example: It may rain today take your umbrella. Options to fix: It may rain today. Take your umbrella. It may rain today, so take your umbrella. It may rain today; take your umbrella.

NOUNS Noun (a.k.a. common noun): names any ordinary person, place, thing, or idea Examples: car, house, ground, sky, sun, moon

Proper Noun: names a very specific person, place, thing, or idea and begins with a capital letter. Examples: Ford, White House, Earth, Mrs. Smith, Paul 2 | P a g e

Singular Noun: names one person, place, thing, or idea Examples: toy, friend, deer, sheep, ox, leaf, city

Plural Noun: names more than one person, place, thing, or idea Examples: toys, friends, deer, sheep, oxen, leaves, cities

Collective Noun: names a group of people, animals, things, or ideas that function as one entity. Examples: audience, class, choir, staff, team, bouquet, herd

Concrete Noun: names a person, place, or thing that you can actually see, touch, taste, smell, or hear Examples: radio, fire, muffins, cloud, tuba, spaghetti

Abstract Noun: names an idea, feeling, emotion, or quality Examples: beauty, happiness, anger, nature, love, freedom, ability, talent, velocity, thought

Possessive Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea that shows ownership Examples: Ruth’s, student’s, students’, man’s, men’s, city’s, cities’

Appositive: A noun that is placed next to another noun to identify it or add information about it. The appositive word or phrase is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas unless it is needed, or essential, to the meaning of the sentence. If you could remove the appositive and the meaning of the sentence is still clear, it should be set off by commas. Example: James Madison’s wife, Dolley, was a famous first lady. Madison’s friend Thomas Jefferson was president before Madison.

Appositive Phrase: A group of words that includes an appositive and other words that modify, or describe, the appositive. Example: Our fourth president, Madison held many other offices. President is the appositive and our fourth modifies, or describes, president. All together, our fourth president is an appositive phrase.

VERBS Action Verb: a word or words that express/show some type of action or doing Examples: scream, swim, run, wonder, look, think, observe, dream

Direct Object: the noun or pronoun that receives the action from the verb Example: Paul threw the ball.

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Indirect Object: precedes the direct object and tells to whom? or for whom? or to what? or for what? the action of the verb is done Example: Sarah baked me a cake.

Linking Verb: connects the subject of the sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate (does not show action) Example: Sarah is quiet.

Common Linking Verbs – True Linking Verbs The following verbs are true linking verbs. They are always linking verbs. am is are was were be being been become seem has been might have been

Common Linking Verbs – Some verbs can be linking or action. HINT 1: If you can substitute any of the verbs on this second list with an equal sign [=] and the sentence still makes sense, the verb is almost always linking. HINT 2: If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, the verb is linking. appear feel grow look prove remain smell sound taste turn

Predicate Noun: The noun that follows a linking verb. It renames or identifies the subject. Example: Langston Hughes is a writer.

Predicate Adjective: An adjective that follows a linking verb. It modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Langston Hughes is talented.

Helping Verb: helps the main verb express action or clarify verb tense Examples: I am learning. We are learning. I was learning. We were learning. She has learned. You have learned. He had learned. They had learned.

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Common Helping Verbs am be have do may can is being has does must could are been had did might would was shall should were will

Active Voice: A verb is in the active voice when the subject performs the action of the verb. Example: Rudyard Kipling wrote “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”.

Passive Voice: A verb is in the passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb. Example: “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi” was written by Rudyard Kipling.

PRONOUNS Pronoun: takes the place of one or more nouns. Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels.

Personal Pronoun: refers to people or things Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels.

Subject Pronoun: used as the subject of the sentence Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels.

Predicate Pronoun: a subject pronoun used in place of the predicate noun after a linking verb Example: The girl in the picture is I. The boy in the picture is he.

Object Pronoun: used as a direct object or an indirect object after an action verb Example: The teacher praised us. (direct object) Tell me a story. (indirect object)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular Plural Subject Pronouns I we you you he, she, it they

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Object Pronouns me us you you him, her, it them Antecedent: the word a pronoun refers to; antecedent means “going before” Example: Cassie is the main character in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. She has three brothers.

Possessive Pronoun: takes the place of a possessive noun Example: Lisa’s class put on a play. Her class put on a play. (used before a noun-adjective) The idea was Lisa’s. The idea was hers. (used alone)

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural Used before Nouns my our (Possessive Adjective) your your her, his, its their Used Alone mine ours yours yours hers, his, its theirs

Indefinite Pronoun: does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing Examples: Everybody goes to the dance. Many go to the dance. Some INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Always Singular Always Plural another everybody no one both anybody everyone nothing few anyone everything one many anything much somebody others each neither someone several either nobocy something

Reflexive Pronoun: ends with –self or –selves and refers to the subject of the sentence Examples: Jeremy bought himself a book on horses. (never use hisself) The teens found themselves in an awkward situation. (never use theirselves)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself, herself, itself themselves

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Interrogative Pronoun: a pronoun used to introduce an interrogative sentence (a question) Examples: Who borrowed the book? (subject) Whom did the librarian call? (direct object)

Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that, these, those; a pronoun that points out something either nearby or at a distance Examples: This is a good movie. (nearby) That is a good movie. (at a distance) These are good movies. (nearby) Those are good movies. (at a distance)

ADJECTIVES Adjective: a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun

HOW ADJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS WHAT KIND? We studied ancient history. HOW MANY? I read four chapters. WHICH ONE? That invention changed history.

Predicate Adjective: follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of a sentence Example: Chefs are creative. The customers seem impressed.

Proper Adjectives: adjectives formed from proper nouns Examples: Georgia peaches American history

Articles: a, and, and the are a special group of adjectives

Demonstrative Adjectives: this, that, these, those; points out something either nearby or at a distance and answers which one(s)? Examples: This movie is good. (nearby) That movie is good. (at a distance) These movies are good. (nearby) Those movies are good. (at a distance)

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ADVERBS Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and tell how, when, and where

WHAT ADVERBS MODIFY VERBS People handle old violins carefully. ADJECTIVES Very old violins are valuable. ADVERBS Orchestras almost always include violins.

WAYS ADVERBS MODIFY ADVERBS TELL EXAMPLES How (in what manner) easily, completely, neatly, sadly, gratefully When (how often) soon, now, immediately, often, never, usually, early Where (in what direction) here, there, everywhere, inside, downstairs, above, far To what extent/degree extremely, not, quite, rather, really, terribly, too, very

PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND INTERJECTIONS Preposition: a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town.

COMMON PREPOSITIONS aboard at down off to about before during on toward above behind except onto under across below for opposite underneath after beneath from out until against beside in outside up along besides inside over upon among between into past with around beyond like since within as but (except) near through without by of throughout SOME PREPOSITIONS OF MORE THAN ONE WORD according to aside from in front of instead of across from because of in place of on account of along with except for in spite of on top of

Prepositional Phrase: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition

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Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town. Object of the Preposition: the noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town.

Coordinating Conjunction: a word used to connect, or join, parts of a sentence Example: Jane and Joe are going to the park. (compound subject) Jane is going to the store and park. (compound predicate) Jane is going to the store with Joe and Sarah. (compound object) Jane is going to the store, and Joe is going to the park. (compound sentence)

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (MEMORIZE THESE) F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so

Correlative Conjunctions: pairs of words used to connect, or join, parts of a sentence Note: When a compound subject is joined by and, the subject is usually plural. When a compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS with examples both . . . and Both Luis and Carla are going to New York. either . . . or Either Luis or Carla is going to New York. neither . . . nor Neither Mrs. James nor the students are going to New York. not . . . but also Not only the students but also Mrs. James is going to New

Conjunctive Adverb: an adverb used to join the simple sentences in a compound sentence (use a semicolon + adverb + comma to join the sentences) Example: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, these meals are not very tasty.

USING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS replace AND besides furthermore moreover replace BUT however nevertheless still state a RESULT (cause/effect) consequently therefore thus state an EQUALITY equally likewise similarly

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Interjections: a word or group of words that expresses emotion such as surprise or disbelief Examples: Good grief! My favorite restaurant has closed. Oh, well, I’ll just eat at home. Note: If the interjection shows strong emotion, use an exclamation mark. If the interjection shows mild emotion, use a comma to set it off from the rest of the sentence.

SOME COMMON INTERJECTIONS aha great my ouch alas ha no well gee hey oh wow good grief hooray oops yes

CLAUSES AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Simple Sentence (a.k.a. independent clause/main idea): contains one complete subject and one complete predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: Florence reads poems. Florence and James read poems. James reads and enjoys poems.

Compound Sentence: two or more simple sentences (a.k.a. independent clauses/main clauses) joined together with a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, a semi-colon, or an adverbial conjunction proceeded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma Examples: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food, but it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, it is not very good.

Phrase: a group of words that does not have a subject and predicate and cannot stand alone. Example: at the wall, by the coffee shop, will run, did talk, writing a book

Clause: a group of words that do have a subject and verb but cannot stand alone; it starts with a subordinate conjunction. Example: that was on sale, where the dog went to sleep, those who are late

Main/ Independent Clause: a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought; it can stand alone. Example: Because she was late, (Jan ran to the bus). (I’m never talking to him again) unless he tells me the secret.

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Subordinate/Dependent Clause: a group of words that has a subject and predicate but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone; subordinate/dependent clauses add information to a sentence; subordinate clauses can be adjective clauses, adverb clauses, or noun clauses Example: Because she was late, Jan ran to the bus. Jan ran to the bus because she was late.

Adjective Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause that describes a noun or pronoun Example: Willa is a new student who is taking violin lessons.

SOME COMMON WORDS SIGNALING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES that which who whom whose where when Punctuation Rules: If the dependent clause is essential (important) to the sentence, do not use commas. Example: The girl who is standing beside the coach is our best swimmer. (no i.d given) If the dependent clause is not essential (important) to the sentence, use commas. Example: Janice, who is standing beside the coach, is our best swimmer. (i.d. given)

Note: Adjective clauses that begin with that are essential – do not use commas. Adjective clauses that begin with which are typically not essential – use commas.

Adverb Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause that describes a verb, adjective, or adverb Examples: After we won the meet, we shook hands with our opponents. We won the meet because we practiced hard.

SOME COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS after because though whenever although before till where as if unless whereas as if since until wherever as though than when while Punctuation Rules: If at the beginning of the sentence, put a comma at the end of the clause. Example: Whenever I hear that song, I think of you. If at the end of the sentence, typically no comma is needed. Example: I think of you whenever I hear that song.

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Noun Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause used as a noun Examples: Whoever plays hockey wears protective equipment. (subject) Suzi knows that ice hockey is a rough game. (direct object) She tells whoever will listen her opinions. (indirect object) Victory goes to whoever makes more goals. (object of a preposition) This rink is where the teams play. (predicate noun)

COMMON WORDS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES how, however when who, whom if where whoever, whomever that whether whose what, whatever which, whichever why

Compound-Complex Sentence: a compound sentence (two or more independent/main clauses) that contains one or more subordinate clauses. Example: Sam and I left early for school; however, we arrived late because my flip- flop broke.

Subject/Verb Agreement: the subject and the verb must agree in person and number. Example: Correct – We have never been here. Incorrect – We has never been here.

Prefix – a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Example: unwrap, rewrap

Root: The part of a word that contains the basic meaning of the word. Example: vision, invisible (vis=see)

Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Example: fearless (less=without)

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CAPITALIZATION RULE EXAMPLE RULE 1 Capitalize the first word in a Learning is a choice. sentence RULE 2 Capitalize the pronoun I He asked if I wanted to see the movie.

RULE 3 A. Capitalize names of particular persons and initials that stand for names of particular persons: Capitalize proper nouns and Langston Hughes, Annie Dillard, Mildred D. Taylor words formed from proper nouns B. Capitalize the names of particular places and abbreviations that stand for names of particular places: -Continents (North America) -Countries (United States, US) -States (Missouri, MO) -Cities (Imperial) -Islands (Hawai’i) -Bodies of water (Pacific Ocean) -Streets and highways (U.S. Highway 67) -Mountains (Ozark Mountains) -Parks (Mastadon State Historic Site)

C. Capitalize names of particular things or abbreviations that stand for the names of particular things: -Organizations, associations, teams, and specific classes (American Red Cross, Chess Club, Algebra I, PTA for Parent-Teacher Association) -Calendar items like holidays, days of the week, and months (Labor Day, Monday, September) -Historical events and periods (The Middle Ages) -Languages, nationalities, ethnic groups, and religions (English, American, Japanese, Buddhism) -Names of businesses and brand/official names of their products (McDonald’s Quarter Pounder, Kleenex tissue, Windsor Middle School students) -Monuments, bridges, buildings, planets, and documents!

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D. Capitalize proper adjectives. Italian restaurant, Mexican art, Chinese food

RULE 4 A. Capitalize titles and abbreviations for titles. Capitalize titles of persons President Truman; Secretary of State William H. Seward; Mr. Mendelson; Dr. Young; Daniel Young, M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) B. Capitalize family relationship words when used before a person’s name Uncle John, Aunt Cheryl, Grandpa Jim C. Capitalize family relationship words when used in place of a person’s name. Yes, Dad, I’ll help you. Do you need help, Grandma?

RULE 5 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Capitalize the first, last, and all “The Pit and the Pendulum” the main words in the title of a The Fault in Our Stars book, short story, essay, movie, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde song, magazine, play, poem, The Starry Night newspaper, television show, or “Uptown Funk” work of art. RULE 6 Dear friends Capitalize the first word in the Yours truly, greeting or closing of a letter. Your friend Dear Aunt Sally (but watch for proper nouns) RULE 7 Boston Tea Party Capitalize historical events, Declaration of Independence documents, and specific time Stone Age periods DO NOT CAPITALIZE A. Do not capitalize seasons of the year. I like spring and fall the best. B. Do not capitalize directions unless they are part of a title or name. Turn right, then left, and continue north until you see the sign for Southeast Missouri University. C. Do not capitalize words showing family relationships if my is before the title. I will go to the store with my mom and my aunt Cheryl.

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PUNCTUATION Punctuation Symbol Use Example Name  Use to end a declarative sentence.  Tractors perform many jobs. Period .  Use to end an imperative sentence.  Turn the key.

Question  Use to end an interrogative sentence.  Who built the first tractor? ? Mark  Use to end an exclamatory sentence.  How powerful your tractor is! Exclamation ! Mark  Use after a strong interjection.  Wow!

 Separate three or more words, phrases  Cars, buses, and trucks clog the streets. or clauses in a series.

 Set off introductory words, phrases, or  In the fall of 1998, Frank Jordan ran for clauses. mayor.

 Set off non-essential phrases.  The Titanic, a luxury liner, sank on its first voyage.

 Join compound sentences with a comma  Marci called her best friend, but no one before the conjunction or after a answered. conjunctive adverb Marci called her best friend; however, no one answered.

 Set off a subordinate clause at the start  Whenever I feel afraid, I whistle a happy of a sentence. tune.

 Separate a date and year. Do not use a  The ship sank April 15, 1912. comma between month and year only. The ship sank in April 1912. Comma ,  Separate the street address from city  Write to Lisa at 15 College Avenue, and the city from state. Set off the name Columbia, MO 65201. of a state or country used after a city The student is driving from Columbia, unless a zip code follows. Missouri, to St. Louis.

 Set off an abbreviated title or degree  Michelle Nakamura, Ph.D., will be the following a person’s name. graduation speaker.

 Set off too in the middle of the sentence  Parents, too, will attend the ceremony. when it means “also.” Do not set it off at Parents will attend the ceremony too. the end of the sentence.

 Set off the salutation of a friendly letter.  Dear Dad, Use a comma after the closing of both a Your loving daughter, friendly letter and a business letter. Sincerely,

 Set off an explanatory phrase from a  “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight quotation. legs.”

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 Join the main clauses of compound  Hybrid cars are growing in popularity; sentences not joined by coordinating they are better for the environment. conjunctions.

 Join main clauses of compound  Before the invention of the automobile, sentences joined by coordinating people rode horses, bicycles, or streetcars Semicolon conjunctions only if the main clauses are for short distances; and they used horse- ; long and already contain commas. drawn carriages, trains, or boats for longer trips.

 Join main clauses joined by a  I started my homework immediately after conjunctive adverb. school; consequently, I finished before dinner.

 Introduce a list that ends a sentence  I participate in the following sports: with a phrase such as these, the softball, tennis, basketball, and following, or as follows and a colon. swimming.

 Do NOT use a colon after a verb or  I sent messages to Grandma, Aunt Rita, preposition. and Julie. (correct) I sent messages to: Grandma, Aunt Rita, Colon and Julie. (incorrect) :  Separate the hour and the minutes  Students are released at 7:15 a.m. and when using numerals to write the time. class begins at 7:25 a.m.

 Set off the salutation of a business  Dear Professor Sanchez: letter.

 Enclose a direct quotation.  “Spiders have eight legs,” explained Sean.

 Enclose each part of an interrupted  “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight quotation. legs.”

 Place periods and commas inside  “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight quotation marks. legs.”

 Place a question mark or an exclamation  Yoko asked, “Have you ever visited point inside closing quotation marks if Florida?” it’s part of the quotation. Quotation “ ” Marks  Place a question mark or an exclamation  Did Sean say, “Spiders have eight legs”? point outside closing quotation marks if it’s part of the entire sentence but not part of the quotation.

 When writing dialogue, or a  “You’re kidding!” I exclaimed. “That conversation, begin a new paragraph sounds unbelievable. Did she really say each time the speaker changes. that? “Indeed she did,” Kara insisted.

 Enclose titles of shorter works or a  “Jingle Bells” (song) single work from a larger series such as “Daffodils” (poem)

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short stories, poems, magazine titles, or a television episode from a series.

 Indicates an omission of words or a  Armstrong said, “. . . The Eagle has . . . Ellipsis hesitation in speech. landed.”  Form the possessive of a singular noun  girl + ‘s = girl’s with an apostrophe and s (‘s)

 Form the possessive of a plural noun  men + ‘s = men’s that does not end in s with an apostrophe and s (‘s)

 Form the possessive of a plural noun  boys + ‘ = boys’ Apostrophe that ends in s with an apostrophe alone. ’  Form the possessive of an indefinite  anybody + ‘s = anybody’s pronoun, such as everyone, everybody, anyone, with an apostrophe and s (‘s)

 Replace letters that are omitted in a  it is = it’s contraction with an apostrophe. your are = you’re

 Set off a sudden break or change in  Billy Adams—he lives next door—is our – Dash thought or speech. team manager.  Divide a word at the end of a line  With her husband, Marie Curie dis- between syllables. covered radium and polonium.

 Compound numbers.  thirty-two, sixty-five

 Fractions expressed in words.  one-half, three-fourths

Hyphen  Some compound nouns.  brother-in-law, great-aunt -  Compound modifiers when it comes  Fido is a well-trained dog. before the word it modifies.

 After the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-.  all-powerful Separate any prefix from a word that trans-Atlantic begins with a capital letter.  Set off thoughts or information that is  After her eggs, bacon, and coffee (her related to the sentence but not usual breakfast), she leaves for work. necessary. The interrupting idea is an Parenthesis aside or afterthought to the sentence. ( ) Be careful not to overuse parenthesis. Using commas is far more common and appropriate for most cases.  Indicates an omission of words or a  Armstrong said, “. . . The Eagle has . . . Ellipsis hesitation in speech. landed.”

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Common Content Area Roots and Affixes Common Meaning Science Social Studies Mathematics Root, Prefix or Suffix -able capable or invisible, predictable adaptable, acceptable, divisible worthy of remarkable -ation forms nouns creation, information, civilization, automation, interpretation, from verbs determination speculation evaluation de down, from detach, deodorize, deploy, destruction, descend, decrease decompose depression demo people epidemic democracy, demographic dia through, diagram, dialect, diameter, diagonal, between, dialogue diagram across dict to say predict, contradict dictate, edict di-, dys-, dif- not, negative disperse, disconnect differ, dysfunction difference equi equal equilibrium, equator equinox, equitable equation, equidistant, equilateral, equal ex- former, external exit, exalt, exclude expanded completely exter, extra outside of external, extract, extradite, extrinsic, exterior extrasensory extreme frag, fract break fracture, fragment fraction fraction flux, flu flow fluctuate influence, influx reflux, confluence graph, gram to write polygraph, graphite, biography, telegram, graph, graphic electrocardiogram historiography gress to walk progress transgress, digress hyper over, above hypersensitive, hyperlink, hypertext hyperbole hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hypersonic inter- between intermittent international intercept log, logo, word, speak logic monologue, dialogue, logarithm loc eulogy mal bad, badly malaria, malfunction, malice, malady, malformation malcontent -ity, -ty state of, electricity, peculiarity, subtlety, cruelty, frailty, similarity, quality of certainty loyalty, royalty technicality meta beyond, metamorphosis, metacognitive, change metabolism metahistorical

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Common Meaning Science Social Studies Mathematics Root, Prefix or Suffix meter measure micrometer, altimeter, perimeter, metrics, thermometer, geometry, multimeter kilometer multi many multimedia multitude, multipartite, multiplication multinational non- not nonabrasive, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, noncollinear, nonferrous, nonskid, nonresident, noncoplanar, nonmetallic nonviolence nonessential pan all, whole pandemic, panacea, pandemonium, panoply, panorama pan-American para beside paramedic, parachute paraphrase, compare parabola, parallel pend to hang pendulum append, depend, impend peri around periscope, periodontal perimeter poly many polymorphous polytheist, polygamy polygon, polynomial re- again, back remake, return rerun, rewrite rearrange, rebuild, recall scrib, script to write describe, prescribe subscribe describe sect, sec cut dissect section intersect sub- under subsoil, substandard, submarine, subway, subset subhuman subtitles struct build structure instruct construct -tract to pull, drag, attract, extract contract, retract protract, subtract draw -vert to turn convert, invert divert, revert, extravert vertical, invert

Reprinted from Sustaining Strategic Readers: Techniques for Supporting Content Literacy in Grades 6–12 by Valerie Ellery and Jennifer L. Rosenboom. © 2011 International Reading Association.

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