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How to Overcome Whiteout
How to overcome whiteout How to overcome whiteout 1. Lt (R) Jørgen W. Eriksen, Scholarship Holder, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Defence Institute A couple of year ago I was skiing in the Norwegian mountains when I suddenly found myself in a total whiteout. I saw an animal in front of me that appeared to be moving back and forth as if searching for something in the snow. I found it impossible to decide how far away the animal actually was. Just the day before I had for the first time in my life seen a wolverine. Maybe that was why I thought I was standing watching this rare and shy animal again. The next thing that happened was that the animal appeared to be walking towards me. Before I could think “now what do I do” I had an incredible experience. It was not a wolverine I was staring at but a lemming, which was only a couple of meters in front of me…. If you have never experienced whiteout, it may be hard to imagine what kind of experiences and consequences this weather condition may cause. In short; it becomes impossible to separate the snowy surface from the air. Everything appears to be the same colour of white and it becomes impossible to tell how far away the snowy surface is. “Whiteout is a weather condition in which visibility and contrasts are reduced by snow and diffuse lighting from overcast clouds” Whiteout There are three different forms of a whiteout: 1. In clear air conditions, when there is no snow falling, diffuse lighting from overcast cloud may cause all surface definition to disappear, and a kind of optical illusion is created. -
A Blizzard Warning Remains in Effect from 3 Pm This Afternoon to 3 Pm Cst Wednesday
A BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 3 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 3 PM CST WEDNESDAY. ACCUMULATING SNOW WILL DEVELOP AROUND THE INTERSTATE 80 CORRIDOR DURING THE EARLY TO MID AFTERNOON...SPREADING NORTH TO THE WISCONSIN STATE LINE BY MID TO LATE AFTERNOON. THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SNOW MAY COME IN A COUPLE OF WAVES...WITH THE FIRST WAVE LATE THIS AFTERNOON INTO EARLY THIS EVENING...FOLLOWED BY A SECOND WAVE OF INTENSE SNOW LATER THIS EVENING INTO THE OVERNIGHT. ACCUMULATING LAKE EFFECT SNOW SHOWERS WILL CONTINUE OVER NORTHEAST ILLINOIS WEDNESDAY MORNING...SPREADING INTO NORTHWEST INDIANA WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. * ACCUMULATIONS...SNOW WILL BE HEAVY AT TIMES WITH ACCUMULATION RATES OF 1 TO 2 INCHES PER HOUR LIKELY. STORM TOTAL SNOWFALL OF 10 TO 18 INCHES IS LIKELY TOWARD ROCKFORD AND DIXON. THE HEAVIEST SNOWFALL TOTALS ARE LIKELY DOWNWIND OF LAKE MICHIGAN IN THE CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA INTO NORTHWEST INDIANA WHERE 12 TO 20 INCHES OF SNOW IS LIKELY...WITH ISOLATED AMOUNTS OF AROUND 2 FEET POSSIBLE. * WINDS...NORTHEAST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 20 TO 35 MPH BY LATE THIS AFTERNOON. WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH WILL BE POSSIBLE BY EVENING WITH GUSTS OF 40 TO 50 MPH LIKELY TONIGHT. EVEN STRONGER WINDS ARE LIKELY NEAR THE IMMEDIATE LAKESHORE WITH SUSTAINED WINDS OF 30 TO 40 MPH WITH GUSTS BETWEEN 50 AND 60 MPH. * BLIZZARD CONDITIONS...THE STRONG WINDS ALONG WITH BLOWING AND OCCASIONALLY HEAVY FALLING SNOW WILL REDUCE VISIBILITIES TO NEAR ZERO AT TIMES...PARTICULARLY TONIGHT. * THUNDERSTORMS...ISOLATED SNOW PRODUCING THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP TONIGHT...RESULTING IN LOCALLY VERY INTENSE SNOWFALL RATES. -
2004 ITS Architecture
Anchorage Regional ITS Architecture FINAL REPORT Prepared for: Municipality of Anchorage Prepared by: PB Farradyne In cooperation with Battelle Version 1.1 Revised and Approved by AMATS Policy Committee 10-14-04 Municipality of Anchorage Regional ITS Architecture, Version 1.1 Document Contents DOCUMENT CONTENTS Summary Report................................................................................................................................ SR-i Chapter 1: User Needs......................................................................................................................... 1-i Chapter 2: User Services ..................................................................................................................... 2-i Chapter 3: ITS Long-Range Vision....................................................................................................... 3-i Chapter 4: Concept of Operations........................................................................................................ 4-i Chapter 5: Physical ITS Architecture.................................................................................................... 5-i Chapter 6: Implementation Plan........................................................................................................... 6-i ITS Standards............................................................................................................Technical Appendix Alaska IWAYS Maintenance Plan .................................................................................................(Insert) -
Be Prepared for Winter Weather Prepare for a Winter Storm Plan
Be Prepared for Winter Weather Prepare For a Winter Storm Plan • Have extra blankets on hand at home and in vehicles • Ensure that each member of your household has a warm coat, gloves or mittens, hat, and water-resistant boots. • Have a communication plan in the event of a sudden storm. Carry important contact numbers with you and distribute to family, friends and caregivers. Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit Containing • First aid kit and essential medications. • Battery-powered NOAA Weather radio, flashlight, and extra batteries. • Canned food and can opener. • Bottled water (at least one gallon of water per person per day to last at least 3 days). • Extra warm clothing, including boots, mittens, and a hat. • Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit for your car, too. • Have your car winterized before winter storm season. Stay Tuned for Storm Warnings. • Listen to NOAA Weather Radio and your local radio and TV stations for updated storm information. Know What Winter Storm WATCHES and WARNINGS Mean • A winter storm WATCH means a winter storm is possible in your area. • A winter storm WARNING means a winter storm is headed for your area. • A blizzard WARNING means strong winds, blinding wind-driven snow, and dangerous wind chill are expected. Seek shelter immediately! When a Winter Storm WATCH is Issued... • Listen to NOAA Weather Radio, local radio, and TV stations, or cable TV such as The Weather Channel for further updates. • Be alert to changing weather conditions. • Avoid unnecessary travel. When a Winter Storm WARNING is Issued... • Stay indoors during the storm. • If you must go outside, several layers of lightweight clothing will keep you warmer than a single heavy coat. -
Snow Squall Warnings: an Overview
Snow Squall Warnings: An Overview Ian Lee, Andrew Arnold National Weather Service Detroit/Pontiac, MI Why Worry About Snow Squalls? There is a long history of deadly accidents associated with snow squalls. Snow squalls can cause localized extreme impacts to the traveling public and to commerce for brief periods of time. The rapid onset of whiteout conditions, combined with gusty winds and falling temperatures can cause extremely dangerous conditions for motorists. Annual highway fatalities from these events can exceed fatalities from tornadoes and floods combined for portions of the U.S. What Is A Snow Squall? • Intense short-lived burst of heavy snowfall (15 minutes or more). Before A Snow Squall Hits • Quick reduction in visibilities (typically less than ¼ mile) and is often accompanied by gusty winds in excess of 30 mph. • Similar to blizzard conditions, but localized and shorter in duration. • Quick snow accumulations in excess of 0.5 inch possible over very short time durations. After A Snow Squall Hits Other Snow Squall Features • Typically occur during the daytime hours. • Often causes chain-reaction accidents resulting in injuries and deaths. • Can be accompanied by flash-freeze road conditions. • Speed and volume of traffic a factor: • Pile-ups more likely with vehicles traveling at higher speeds. • Less traffic volume at night limits potential accidents vs. daytime. Snow Squall Warning Facts Implemented on January 16, 2018 *So far, none have been issued for southeast Michigan “Short-fused” in nature Issued for smaller geographic areas for up to 60 minutes *Across 1-3 county area Lead time will generally be 20 to 30 minutes or longer *Typically issued between 5am – 11pm Issued by WarnGen in a Polygon Format maroon/burgundy color Similar in format to Severe Thunderstorm Warnings Special Considerations Snow squalls are a unique hazard for motorists, especially on highways and interstates, and during higher traffic volumes. -
Weather and Climate Impacts on Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety
Weather and Climate Impacts on Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety April 2011 FOREWORD The purpose of this report is to provide the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) with an analysis on how existing weather conditions may affect the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) on our Nation’s highways. Further, it also looks at the general impacts projected by climate change studies and hypothesizes how possible changes in weather patterns and extreme storms could affect CMV operations in the future. This includes climate changes that increase the potential of weather-related CMV crashes and those that may impact trucking industry practices to require a response in FMCSA regulatory enforcement. The work performed under this project included: • Literature review and Internet search for documents and articles that describe how weather affects surface transportation modes in general and CMVs in particular. • Literature review and Internet search for documents and articles on the impacts of climate variability and climate change, particularly those that address the possible impacts on transportation and projections of regional climate change. • Data analysis of fatal crashes involving CMVs where the crash occurred in the presence of adverse weather or on wet or slippery pavement. • Analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on the safety and operating environments for CMVs. • Examination of possible response options by the FMCSA. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers named herein. -
Winter Weather Terminology
Winter Weather Terminology The National Weather Service (NWS) issues winter storm warnings, watches and advisories. Here is what those terms mean and what you should do. Winter Weather Advisory including Lake Effect - There is a high confidence that a hazardous winter event will occur over a 12-hour period but should not become life threatening if caution is used. Winter event with more than one hazard or only snow (3-5" in 12 hrs, or 5-7" in 24 hrs), or a combination of wind-driven snow, sleet and/or freezing rain, or sleet accumulating < 1/2 inch. Or only freezing rain accumulating < 1/2". A lake effect snow is different than regular system snow in that it is often very localized producing dramatic changes in visibility and road conditions over short distances. The NWS will include lake effect snow advisory information when appropriate. Winter Storm Watch including Lake Effect – Winter storm conditions including freezing rain, sleet, and heavy snow are possible within the next 36-48 hours. Continue monitoring the weather forecast. A lake effect snow is different than regular system snow in that it is often very localized producing dramatic changes in visibility and road conditions over short distances. The NWS will include lake effect snow watch information when appropriate. Winter Storm including Lake Effect – A significant winter storm is occurring or will begin in the next 24-36 hours. Heavy snow (e.g., 6 inches in 12 hours; 8 inches or more in 24 hours) or the combination of snow, sleet, freezing rain, and moderate winds will impact travel and outdoor activities and could become dangerous or deadly. -
Driver Performance and Behavior in Adverse Weather Conditions
FINAL REPORT WY-18/05F SHRP2 Implementation Assistance Program (IAP)—Round 4 Concept to Countermeasures—Research to Deployment Using the SHRP2 Safety Data DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS: AN INVESTIGATION USING THE SHRP2 NATURALISTIC DRIVING STUDY DATA—PHASE 2 Final Report March 2018 Principal Investigator Mohamed M. Ahmed, Ph.D., P.E. Assistant Professor Authors Mohamed M. Ahmed, Ph.D., P.E. Ali Ghasemzadeh, Ph.D., Post-doctoral Research Associate Britton Hammit, Ph.D. Candidate Nasim Khan, MS Student Anik Das, MS Student Elhashemi Ali, Ph.D. Candidate Rhonda K. Young, Ph.D., P.E. Hesham Eldeeb, Ph.D. (HIS) Sponsored by Wyoming Department of Transportation (Grant No: RS07216) From Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue, Department 3295 Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Telephone: (307) 766-5550 Fax: (307) 766-2221 E-mail: [email protected] i FOREWORD The objective of the second phase of the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Implementation Assistance Program (IAP) was to conduct a thorough analysis using a larger set of Naturalistic Driving Study trips to extract behavioral trends specific to a wide variety of weather conditions on freeway. These weather conditions included rain, snow, and fog from a diverse driver population from each of the six SHRP2 data collection sites. The objective of Phase 3 of this study is to interpret these findings such that they can be used to inform the development of Wyoming-based safety and reliability countermeasures. Phase 3 of begins in early 2018 and will conclude in 2019. The solid foundation generated in the first two project phases will be used to enhance the existing weather-dependent VSL system operated by WYDOT. -
Winter Weather Warnings, Watches and Advisories
Information Provided by National Weather Service For more information go to: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/winter/index.shtml Winter Weather Warnings, Watches and Advisories Winter weather related Warnings, Watches and Advisories are issued by your local National Weather Service office. Each office knows the local area and will issue Warnings, Watches or Advisories based on local criteria. For example, the amount of snow that triggers a “Winter Storm Warning” in the Northern Plains is typically much higher than the amount needed to trigger a “Winter Storm Warning” in the Southeast. Warnings: Take Action! Blizzard Warnings are issued for frequent gusts greater than or equal to 35 mph accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 1/4 mile for three hours or more. A Blizzard Warning means severe winter weather conditions are expected or occurring. Falling and blowing snow with strong winds and poor visibilities are likely, leading to whiteout conditions making travel extremely difficult. Do not travel. If you must travel, have a winter survival kit with you. If you get stranded, stay with your vehicle and wait for help to arrive. Winter Storm Warnings are issued for a significant winter weather event including snow, ice, sleet or blowing snow or a combination of these hazards. Travel will become difficult or impossible in some situations. Delay your travel plans until conditions improve. Ice Storm Warnings are usually issued for ice accumulation of around 1/4 inch or more. This amount of ice accumulation will make travel dangerous or impossible and likely lead to snapped power lines and falling tree branches. -
NWSI 10-513 WFO Winter Weather Products Specifications
Department of Commerce ·National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration ·National Weather Service NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INSTRUCTION 10-513 MAY 7, 2020 Operations and Services Public Weather Services, NWSPD 10-5 WFO WINTER WEATHER PRODUCTS SPECIFICATION NOTICE: This publication is available at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/directives/. OPR: W/AFS21 (M. Muccilli) Certified by: W/AFS2 (M. Hawkins) Type of Issuance: Routine SUMMARY OF REVISIONS: This instruction supersedes NWSI 10-513, “WFO Winter Weather Products Specification,” effective April 23, 2019. The following revisions were made to this instruction: 1. Added language to Table 1 pertaining to the reinstatement of Lake Effect Snow Warnings at regional discretion. 2. Updated Section 6.3 to add Impacts bullet to the What, Where, When format of the text products. 3. Updated Table 4 to include Impacts bullet. 4. Updated Appendix A with examples that include the Impacts bullet. 5. Updated Appendix D to include revised watch/warning thresholds for Southern and Western Region. Digitally signed by STERN.ANDREW.D.138292 STERN.ANDREW 0348 .D.1382920348 Date: 2020.04.23 20:50:58 -04'00' Andrew D. Stern Date 4/23/2020 Director Analyze, Forecast and Support Office NWSI 10-513 MAY 7, 2020 WFO Winter Weather Products Specification Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2 Winter Weather Event and Definitions .................................................................................... -
Winter Weather Safety
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building a Weather-Ready Nation Winter Weather Safety Know YourNATIONAL Risk, Take WEATHER Action, Be SERVICEa Force of Nature Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready Nation // 1 Winter Weather Hazards • Snow and sleet • Blizzards • Freezing rain • Snow squalls • Cold temperatures • Strong winds • Flooding • Fog NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready Nation // 2 Snow and sleet • Snow and sleet primarily affect travel, but can also damage infrastructure • Damage from winter storms exceeds $1 billion annually • The NWS will issue a Winter Storm Warning or Winter Weather Advisory NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready Nation // 3 Blizzards • Blizzards occur when strong winds cause blowing snow and whiteout conditions • Do not travel during a blizzard warning, especially in open country • The NWS will issue a blizzard warning NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready Nation // 4 Freezing rain • Freezing rain affects travel and can knock out power • Have an emergency kit in case the power goes out • The NWS will issue an Ice Storm Warning or Winter Weather Advisory NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready Nation // 5 Snow squalls • Snow squalls produce sudden white-out conditions, falling, temperatures, and icy roads • These events are usually very short-lived (30-60 minutes) and extremely intense • The NWS will issue a Snow Squall Warning NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE Building aweather.gov/safety Weather-Ready -
Article Snow Squalls: Forecasting and Hazard Mitigation
Banacos, P. C., A. N. Loconto, and G. A. DeVoir, 2014: Snow squalls: Forecasting and hazard mitigation. J. Operational Meteor., 2 (12), 130151, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15191/nwajom.2014.0212. Journal of Operational Meteorology Article Snow Squalls: Forecasting and Hazard Mitigation PETER C. BANACOS and ANDREW N. LOCONTO NOAA/National Weather Service, Burlington, Vermont GREGORY A. DEVOIR NOAA/National Weather Service, State College, Pennsylvania (Manuscript received 17 December 2013; review completed 19 February 2014) ABSTRACT The rapid onset of blinding snowfall, strong winds, and falling temperatures associated with snow squalls can result in hazardous and potentially deadly road surface conditions. Transportation disruptions and threats to personal safety can be greatly disproportionate to the modest snowfall accumulations observed in such events, making snow squalls an important forecast and communicative challenge. To identify favorable synoptic and mesoscale snow squall environments, a 10-yr climatology of snow squalls producing surface visibility 0.8 km (0.5 mi) associated with upper troughs and cold fronts was constructed for three sites over northern New York and Vermont. A total of 36 snow squalls was identified, including 21 at Burlington, Vermont (KBTV). The median duration of heavy (moderate) snow with the squalls was 17 (26) min, and—for the events affecting KBTV—the median snow accumulation was only 2.5 cm (1.0 in). A composite study based on these 36 events was performed using North American Regional Reanalysis data and a control dataset for winter 2005–06. All identified snow squall events occurred on the cyclonic- shear side of a mid- to upper-tropospheric jet streak and within deep-layer cyclonically curved flow.