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In Sino-Japanese Relations

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In Sino-Japanese Relations NARRATIVES AND BILATERAL RELATIONS: R E THINKING THE “HISTORY ISSUE” I N S I N O - JAPANESE RELATIONS Karl Gustafsson Stockholm Studies in Politics 139 Narratives and Bilateral Relations Rethinking the “History Issue” in Sino-Japanese Relations Karl Gustafsson ©Karl Gustafsson, Stockholm 2011 ISSN 0346-6620 ISBN 978-91-7447-305-6 Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2011 Distributor: Stockholm University: Department of Political Science Contents Preface......................................................................................................... 12! Part I ............................................................................................................ 14! Chapter 1: Defining the research problem ................................................... 15! 1.1 Understanding bilateral relations ............................................................................16! 1.2 Understanding Sino-Japanese relations: The academic discourse........................22! 1.3 Understanding Sino-Japanese relations: The discourse in the press ....................30! 1.4 The problems with and consequences of the discourse.........................................35! 1.5 An alternative approach: Analysing narratives .......................................................36! 1.6 The structure of the dissertation .............................................................................38! Chapter 2: Theoretical concepts and material ............................................. 39! 2.1 Discourse................................................................................................................39! 2.2 Identity ....................................................................................................................40! 2.3 Collective memory ..................................................................................................41! 2.4 Narrative .................................................................................................................42! 2.5 Three narrative emplotments..................................................................................46! 2.6 Communities...........................................................................................................47! 2.7 The politics of museums.........................................................................................48! 2.8 Senders and receivers............................................................................................49! 2.9 The role of the analyst ............................................................................................51! 2.10 Critical scholarship ...............................................................................................52! 2.11 Contributions to social science .............................................................................53! 2.11.1 Identity and memory studies ........................................................................53! 2.11.2 Area studies: China studies and Japan studies ...........................................53! 2.11.3 Museum studies ...........................................................................................54! 2.11.4 Political science............................................................................................54! 2.11.5 Critical discourse studies .............................................................................54! 2.12 Material.................................................................................................................55! 2.13 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................59! Chapter 3: Method ....................................................................................... 61! 3.1 Context ...................................................................................................................62! 3.1.1 Text and co-text .............................................................................................64! 3.1.2 Intertextuality and interdiscursivity .................................................................66! 3.1.3 The broader socio-political and historical contexts ........................................67! 3.1.4 The institutional context .................................................................................68! 3.2 Analysis of topics....................................................................................................68! 3.3 Analysing narratives about war ..............................................................................70! 3.3.1 CDA and issues concerning language ...........................................................71! 3.3.2 The discursive construction of groups............................................................72! 3.3.3 Analysing narratives.......................................................................................76! 3.3.4 The interpretations of narratives in the form of historical lessons ..................84! 3.4 The politics of exhibitions on war history in the USA, Germany and Austria..........85! 3.4.1 The Enola Gay controversy at the National Air and Space Museum .............86! 3.4.2 The Price of Freedom Exhibition....................................................................87! 3.4.3 The Wehrmacht Exhibition in Germany .........................................................89! 3.4.4 The Wehrmacht Exhibition in Austria .............................................................91! 3.4.5 A few remarks ................................................................................................93! 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................94! Part II ........................................................................................................... 96! Chapter 4: Analysis of the Chinese context ................................................. 97! 4.1 The broader socio-political and historical contexts.................................................97! 4.1.1 The historical context .....................................................................................97! 4.1.2 Meaning-making and societal struggles.......................................................101! 4.1.3 Education .....................................................................................................111! 4.1.4 Narratives as threats ....................................................................................114! 4.2 The institutional context........................................................................................115! 4.3 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................120! Chapter 5: Analysis of the Japanese context............................................. 122! 5.1 The broader socio-political and historical context.................................................122! 5.1.1 The historical context ...................................................................................122! 5.1.2 Meaning-making and societal struggles.......................................................126! 5.1.3 Education .....................................................................................................130! 5.1.4 Narratives as threats ....................................................................................136! 5.2 The institutional context........................................................................................138! 5.3 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................145! Part III ........................................................................................................ 147! Chapter 6: Analysis of topics ..................................................................... 148! 6.1 The Sino-Japanese War.......................................................................................151! 6.2 The 18 September Incident ..................................................................................152! 6.3 The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ...........................................................................153! 6.4 The Nanjing Atrocity .............................................................................................153! 6.5 The “comfort women” ...........................................................................................156! 6.6 The nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki................................................159! 6.7 War crimes trials...................................................................................................160! 6.8 The post-war era ..................................................................................................160! 6.9 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................162! Chapter 7: Analysis of Chinese narratives................................................. 164! 7.1 The discursive construction of groups at Chinese museums ...............................166! 7.1.1 The 9.18 History Museum ............................................................................166! 7.1.2 The Chinese People’s War of Resistance Museum.....................................168! 7.1.3 The Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders ..............................................................................................................................169!
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