DOCSLIB.ORG

Systematics of the Pezizomycetes—The Operculate Discomycetes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Systematics of the Pezizomycetes—The Operculate Discomycetes Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 1029–1040. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Systematics of the Pezizomycetes—the operculate discomycetes K. Hansen1,2 Key words: classification, LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, D.H. Pfister subordinal groupings Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 INTRODUCTION The Pezizales, the only order of the Pezizomycetes, is Abstract: The Pezizomycetes (order Pezizales) is an characterized by asci that generally open by rupturing early diverging lineage within the Pezizomycotina. A to form a terminal or eccentric lid or operculum. The shared derived character, the operculate ascus, ascomata are apothecia or are closed structures of supports the Pezizales as monophyletic, although various forms that are derived from apothecia. functional opercula have been lost in certain taxa. Apothecia range in size from less than a millimeter Phylogenetic relationships within Pezizales were to ca. 15 cm and may be sessile or stalked (FIG. 1). studied using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of The order includes epigeous, semihypogeous to partial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences from 100 taxa hypogeous (truffles) taxa. The ascospores are single- representing 82 genera and 13 of the 15 families celled, bipolar symmetrical, and usually bilaterally currently recognized. Three primary lineages are symmetrical, ranging from globose to ellipsoidal or identified that more or less correspond to the A, B occasionally fusoid. Some ascospores develop surface and C lineages resolved in previous analyses using ornamentations in the form of warts, ridges or spines. SSU rDNA: (A) Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae; (B) The tissues of the ascomata are fleshy and often Discinaceae-Morchellaceae and Helvellaceae-Tubera- fragile. In a few cases ascomata are highly reduced or ceae; (C) Ascodesmidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Pyronema- lacking. Anamorphic states are reported from several taceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae. In hyphomycetous form genera. The conidia are formed contrast the monotypic Rhizinaceae and Caloscypha- blastically; no phialidic states are known in the ceae are resolved as two independent lineages. Pezizales. The Pezizales are saprobic, mycorrhizal or Bayesian analyses support a relationship among plant parasitic; the biotic interactions of many taxa Rhizina and two species of Psilopezia (Pyronemata- are not known. Species are collected on soil, wood, ceae). Only lineage C is highly supported. The B and leaves and dung. Soil-inhabiting species often fruit in C lineages form a strongly supported monophyletic habitats with a high pH and low content of organic group. None of these lineages corresponds to earlier matter, including disturbed ground (for ecology see proposed suborders. The A and B lineages are Petersen 1985). The greatest diversity of species supported by certain morphological features (e.g. occurs in temperate regions or at high elevation. ascus bluing reaction in iodine, cytology of spores and Several members of the Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarco- paraphyses, septal pore structures and excipulum somataceae are common in tropical regions. The structure); these characters have been subject to order includes ca. 1125 described species (Kirk et al homoplasy. Lineage C is the largest and most 2001), classified in 15 families (Eriksson 2006). heterogeneous, and no unifying morphological fea- tures support its recognition. The Pyronemataceae, in Characters used in the classification.—The layering of which almost half of the species in the order are walls, structure of the apical apparatus and histo- found, is not monophyletic because the Ascodesmi- chemistry of the ascus, as observed with light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are used in daceae and Glaziellaceae are nested within it. The the classification of the Pezizales (summarized by relationships among all families in the C lineage Brummelen 1994). In Pezizaceae and Ascobolaceae, remain uncertain. The origin of various forms of the periascus (a mucilaginous extra-ascal layer) ascomata, including hypogeous forms (truffles and becomes blue in iodine solutions. In the Sarcoscy- truffle-like), epigeous cleistothecia, simple reduced phaceae, Sarcosomataceae and the Chorioactis clade apothecia and highly elaborate, stipitate forms (hel- the lateral walls of the asci are thick and have velloid and morchelloid), are discussed. particular layering as seen in TEM. In the Sarcoscy- phaceae the operculum is eccentric and thickened. Accepted for publication 21 November 2006. 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The interpretation of the structures in such asci has 2 Current address: The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stock- been the subject of debate (Eckblad 1968, Samuelson holm, P.O. Box 50007 SE-10405 Sweden. 1975). Asci in most hypogeous and cleistothecial 1029 1030 MYCOLOGIA HANSEN AND PFISTER:PHYLOGENETICS IN PEZIZALES 1031 forms lack an operculum and spores are discharged with cleistothecia of other unrelated groups (e.g. passively. In some taxa (e.g. Carbomyces and Orbicula) Eurotiales). asci disintegrate and the spores form a powdery mass. Operculate asci are known outside Pezizales (Brum- The circumscription of the order.—In early treatments melen 1998, Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979, Verkley both operculate and inoperculate taxa were included 1995) but these are structurally different in wall in the Pezizales (Bessey 1907, EA Bessey 1950, Seaver layering, and their similarity to the pezizalean 1928). The use of the Pezizales in the restricted sense operculum seems to be a case of convergence. of the operculate discomycetes can be traced to Additional features employed in classification are Nannfeldt (1932). Eckblad (1968), Rifai (1968), arrangement of hyphae in the sterile tissues of the Kimbrough (1970), Korf (1972), Brummelen apothecium, presence of hairs and/or tomentum, (1994), Landvik et al (1997) and Pfister and spore shape, ornamentation, presence or absence of Kimbrough (2001) reviewed the order and its oil guttules and hymenial pigmentation (Boudier evolving classification. While not always recovered as 1907, Nannfeldt 1932, 1949, Eckblad 1968, Korf 1972, a monophyletic group, the five-gene molecular 1973). The number of nuclei (uni- or multinucleate) phylogenetic study of the Pezizomycotina in this in ascospores and paraphyses (Berthet 1964) has been volume (Spatafora et al) resolves the Pezizales as used to assign taxa to families. Presence, absence and monophyletic, although only with weak support. types of carotenoid pigments were studied by Arpin The circumscription of the Pezizales has been (1969) and used as a basis of a classification he shaped by inclusion and exclusion of taxa. On the presented. Ultrastructural characters of septal pore one hand, the Pezizales was expanded considerably plugs and Woronin bodies correlate to some degree when (Trappe 1979) abandoned the order Tuberales with families and lineages in the order (Kimbrough and transferred most hypogeous genera to families of 1994). the Pezizales. Since then the hypothesis that the ascomycete truffles evolved independently within Variation in apothecial form.—Although formation of different evolutionary lineages of Pezizales has been an apothecial ascomata is normally the rule in confirmed and refined by ascus septal ultrastructure, members of the Pezizales, in some cases the ascomata number of nuclei in spores and molecular phyloge- develop cleistothecium- and perithecium-like netics (summarized by Læssøe and Hansen in review). morphologies (Corner 1931, Do¨bbeler 2004, Hansen On the other hand, Thelebolus and related genera et al 2005b). In other cases there is a reduction or loss (Thelebolaceae) were excluded from the Pezizales of sterile tissues entirely. Brummelen (1967) de- based on ascoma development and ascus structure scribed the developmental patterns in the genera (e.g. Samuelson and Kimbrough 1978) and molecular Ascobolus and Saccobolus, and this system has been phylogenetic studies (Landvik et al 1998). These taxa adopted widely across the order. Development may be now are considered as allied with the Leotiomycetes. cleistohymenial or gymnohymenial. Cleistohymenial Nevertheless, Thelebolaceae show a wide range of ascomata never open or may open at different stages ascus dehiscence mechanisms (operculate, bilabiate in development of the hymenial layers. Thus, hyme- or inoperculate; Brummelen 1998) and some taxa still nia of cleistohymenial types may be exposed early in might belong to the Pezizales. development of the ascoma, before asci are formed or mature, or opening of the ascoma may occur only at Subordinal classifications.—Chadefaud (1946) and Le the final stages when asci are fully mature. Cleistohy- Gal (1946a, b) introduced the idea that there are two menial types that remain closed might be confused types of operculate asci: thin-walled asci with terminal r FIG. 1. Examples of ascoma types and habits in the Pezizales. a–b. Pezizaceae and Ascobolaceae (lineage A). a. Peziza succosa apothecia exuding yellow milk where cut, on disturbed soil (KH-98-34, C). b. Saccobolus sp. apothecia with protruding asci, dark colored by purplish spores, on dung (JHP-96.006). c–d. Discinaceae-Morchellaceae (lineage B). c. Gyromitra californica (KH-97-26, FH). d. Morchella esculenta. e. Rhizinaceae: Rhizina undulata (TL-5357, C). f. Psilopezia juruensis (T. Læssøe, AAU 59604, C). g. Caloscyphaceae: Caloscypha fulgens, insert shows the green color of the apothecia when brushed (KH-97-17, FH). h.–o. Pyronemataceae-Ascodesmidaceae-Sarcosomataceae-Sarcoscyphaceae
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation
    Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Peziza and Pezizaceae Inferred from Multiple Nuclear Genes: RPB2, -Tubulin, and LSU Rdna
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 (2005) 1–23 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Evolutionary relationships of the cup-fungus genus Peziza and Pezizaceae inferred from multiple nuclear genes: RPB2, -tubulin, and LSU rDNA Karen Hansen ¤, Katherine F. LoBuglio, Donald H. PWster Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Received 5 May 2004; revised 17 December 2004 Available online 22 April 2005 Abstract To provide a robust phylogeny of Pezizaceae, partial sequences from two nuclear protein-coding genes, RPB2 (encoding the sec- ond largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) and -tubulin, were obtained from 69 and 72 specimens, respectively, to analyze with nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA gene sequences (LSU). The three-gene data set includes 32 species of Peziza, and 27 species from nine additional epigeous and six hypogeous (truZe) pezizaceous genera. Analyses of the combined LSU, RPB2, and -tubulin data set using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches identify 14 Wne-scale lineages within Pezizaceae. Species of Peziza occur in eight of the lineages, spread among other genera of the family, conWrming the non-monophyly of the genus. Although parsimony analyses of the three-gene data set produced a nearly completely resolved strict consensus tree, with increased conWdence, relationships between the lineages are still resolved with mostly weak bootstrap support. Bayesian analyses of the three- gene data, however, show support for several more inclusive clades, mostly congruent with Bayesian analyses of RPB2. No strongly supported incongruence was found among phylogenies derived from the separate LSU, RPB2, and -tubulin data sets. The RPB2 region appeared to be the most informative single gene region based on resolution and clade support, and accounts for the greatest number of potentially parsimony informative characters within the combined data set, followed by the LSU and the -tubulin region.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Isolation: Evidence That Ascobolus Stercorarius and Ascobolus Furfuraceus Are Two Species, Not One
    Fungal Genetics Reports Volume 51 Article 10 Reproductive Isolation: Evidence that Ascobolus stercorarius and Ascobolus furfuraceus are two species, not one G. N. Bistis Drew University Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Bistis, G. N. (2004) "Reproductive Isolation: Evidence that Ascobolus stercorarius and Ascobolus furfuraceus are two species, not one," Fungal Genetics Reports: Vol. 51, Article 10. https://doi.org/ 10.4148/1941-4765.1140 This Regular Paper is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fungal Genetics Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproductive Isolation: Evidence that Ascobolus stercorarius and Ascobolus furfuraceus are two species, not one Abstract Strains obtained from the germination of 30-40 year old ascospores from seven stocks of the heterothallicAscobolus stercorarius - furfuraceous complex were mated in all combinations. All st X st and fu X fu pairings were fertile (ascospores) whereas all st X fu pairings were sterile (no ascospores). Based on this reproductive isolation between st and fu strains I conclude that the complex consists of two species. The block that segregated the two species is probably some stage in the establishment of the dikaryotic phase in ascogenous hyphae. One hypothesis is that this block is at the stage of nuclear recognition. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol51/iss1/10 Bistis: Reproductive Isolation: Evidence that Ascobolus stercorarius and Number 51, 2004 23 Reproductive Isolation: Evidence that Ascobolus stercorarius and Ascobolus furfuraceus are two species, not one.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Coprophilous Ascomycetes in Kenya – Ascobolus Species from Wildlife Dung
    Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/1 Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes in Kenya – Ascobolus species from wildlife dung Mungai PG1,2,3, Njogu JG3, Chukeatirote E1,2 and Hyde KD1,2* 1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3Biodiversity Research and Monitoring Division, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Mungai PG, Njogu JG, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD 2012 – Studies of coprophilous ascomycetes in Kenya – Ascobolus species from wildlife dung. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 2(1), 1-16, Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/1 Species of coprophilous Ascobolus were examined in a study of coprophilous fungi in different habitats and wildlife dung types from National Parks in Kenya. Dung samples were collected in the field and returned to the laboratory where they were incubated in moist chamber culture. Coprophilous Ascobolus were isolated from giraffe, impala, common zebra, African elephant dung, Cape buffalo, dikdik, hippopotamus, black rhinoceros and waterbuck dung. Six species, Ascobolus amoenus, A. bistisii, A. calesco, A. immersus, A. nairobiensis and A. tsavoensis are identified and described. Ascobolus calesco, A. amoenus and A. bistisii were the most common. Two new species, Ascobolus nairobiensis and A. tsavoensis are introduced in this paper. In addition, two others, Ascobolus bistisii and A. calesco are new records in Kenya and are described and illustrated. The diversity of coprophilous Ascobolus from wildlife dung in Kenya as deduced from this study is very high. Key words – Ascobolus amoenus – A.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LARGER CUP FUNGI in BRITAIN - Part 2 Pezizaceae (Excluding Peziza & Plicaria) Brian Spooner Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE
    Field Mycology Volume 2(1), January 2001 THE LARGER CUP FUNGI IN BRITAIN - part 2 Pezizaceae (excluding Peziza & Plicaria) Brian Spooner Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE he first part of this series (Spooner, 2000) provided a brief introduction to cup fungi or ‘discomycetes’, and considered in particular the ‘operculate’ species, those in T which the ascus opens (dehisces) via an apical lid or operculum.These constitute the order Pezizales and include most of the larger discomycete species. A key to the 12 families of Pezizales represented in Britain was given. In the present part, a key to the British genera of the Pezizaceae is provided, together with brief descriptions of the genera and keys to the species of all genera other than Peziza and Plicaria.These two genera, which include over sixty species in Britain alone, will be considered in Part 3. A glossary of technical terms is given at the end of the article. Pezizaceae Dumort. Characterised by operculate, thin-walled, amyloid asci and uninucleate spores with thin or rarely somewhat thickened walls. Key to British Genera of Pezizaceae 1. Asci indehiscent; ascomata subhypogeous or developed in litter, subglobose or irregular in form; spores globose, ornamented, purple-brown at maturity, eguttulate . Sphaerozone 1. Asci dehiscent; ascomata epigeous, rarely hypogeous at first, on various substrates, cupulate to discoid or pulvinate, sometimes short-stipitate, rarely sparassoid; spores globose or ellip- soid, smooth or ornamented, hyaline or brownish, guttulate or eguttulate . 2 2. Ascus apex strongly blue in iodine, rest of wall diffusely blue in iodine or not .
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of Aspergillus Allahabadii and Penicillium Sizovae
    MYCOBIOLOGY 2018, VOL. 46, NO. 4, 328–340 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1550169 RESEARCH ARTICLE Four New Records of Ascomycete Species from Korea Thuong T. T. Nguyen, Monmi Pangging, Seo Hee Lee and Hyang Burm Lee Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY While evaluating fungal diversity in freshwater, grasshopper feces, and soil collected at Received 3 July 2018 Dokdo Island in Korea, four fungal strains designated CNUFC-DDS14-1, CNUFC-GHD05-1, Revised 27 September 2018 CNUFC-DDS47-1, and CNUFC-NDR5-2 were isolated. Based on combination studies using Accepted 28 October 2018 phylogenies and morphological characteristics, the isolates were confirmed as Ascodesmis KEYWORDS sphaerospora, Chaetomella raphigera, Gibellulopsis nigrescens, and Myrmecridium schulzeri, Ascomycetes; fecal; respectively. This is the first records of these four species from Korea. freshwater; fungal diversity; soil 1. Introduction Paraphoma, Penicillium, Plectosphaerella, and Stemphylium [7–11]. However, comparatively few Fungi represent an integral part of the biomass of any species of fungi have been described [8–10]. natural environment including soils. In soils, they act Freshwater nourishes diverse habitats for fungi, as agents governing soil carbon cycling, plant nutri- such as fallen leaves, plant litter, decaying wood, tion, and pathology. Many fungal species also adapt to aquatic plants and insects, and soils. Little
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascomyceteorg 09-01 Ascomyceteorg
    Barssia peyronelii comb. nov. (Pezizales) for the old Mattirolo’s species Stephensia peyronelii Carlo AGNELLO Abstract: Thanks to the study of the original material of Stephensia peyronelii Mattir., recently discovered in Vasileios KAOUNAS the herbarium of the university of Turin, we propose a new combination in the genus Barssia. The work is accompanied by micrographs, an old plate by O. Mattirolo and an updated key to the genus Barssia. Keywords: Europe, Helvellaceae, hypogeous fungi, taxonomy. Ascomycete.org, 9 (1) : 1-5. Riassunto: Grazie allo studio del materiale originale di Stephensia peyronelii Mattir., recentemente emerso Janvier 2017 nell’erbario di Torino, viene proposta la nuova combinazione nel genere Barssia. Il lavoro è corredato da foto Mise en ligne le 07/01/2017 al microscopio, tavola antica di O. Mattirolo e chiave del genere aggiornata. Parole chiave: Europa, funghi ipogei, Helvellaceae, tassonomia. Introduction del peridio. Questa specie alpina fu raccolta dal prof. Beniamino Pey- ronel, del quale porterà meritatamente il nome, a m. 1400 s.l.d.m., il 3 agosto 1925, tra le radici di un larice, a Rioclaretto, in regione la “Tiriero”, In a recent article we described the new species Barssia hellenica nella valle di Perrero (Pinerolo). La frase diagnostica è la seguente: Kaounas, Agnello, P. Alvarado & Slavova (KAOUNAS et al., 2015). We also reported the absence of original material of Stephensia peyro- Stephensia Peyronelii. Mattirolo. (Species nova). nelii Mattir. after the information given by CERUTI (1960) and Fungus ab Pisi molem varians, globosus, semiglobosus, vel irregula- ŁAWRYNOWITZ & SKIRGIEŁŁO (1984). In the same article we had hypothe- sized that the characters of S.
    [Show full text]
  • MMA MASTERLIST - Sorted by Taxonomy
    MMA MASTERLIST - Sorted by Taxonomy Sunday, December 10, 2017 Page 1 of 86 Amoebozoa Mycetomycota Protosteliomycetes Protosteliales Ceratiomyxaceae Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa var. fruticulosa Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa var. poroides Ceratiomyxa sp. Mycetozoa Myxogastrea Incertae Sedis in Myxogastrea Liceaceae Licea minima Stemonitidaceae Brefeldia maxima Comatricha pulchella Comatricha sp. Comatricha typhoides Stemonitis axifera Stemonitis fusca Stemonitis sp. Stemonitis splendens Chromista Oomycota Incertae Sedis in Oomycota Peronosporales Peronosporaceae Plasmopara viticola Pythiaceae Pythium deBaryanum Oomycetes Saprolegniales Saprolegniaceae Saprolegnia sp. Peronosporea Albuginales Albuginaceae Albugo candida Fungus Ascomycota Ascomycetes Boliniales Boliniaceae Camarops petersii Capnodiales Capnodiaceae Scorias spongiosa Diaporthales Gnomoniaceae Cryptodiaporthe corni Sydowiellaceae Stegophora ulmea Valsaceae Cryphonectria parasitica Valsella nigroannulata Elaphomycetales Elaphomycetaceae Elaphomyces granulatus Elaphomyces sp. Erysiphales Erysiphaceae Erysiphe aggregata Erysiphe cichoracearum Erysiphe polygoni Microsphaera extensa Phyllactinia guttata Podosphaera clandestina Uncinula adunca Uncinula necator Hysteriales Hysteriaceae Glonium stellatum Leotiales Bulgariaceae Crinula caliciiformis Crinula sp. Mycocaliciales Mycocaliciaceae Phaeocalicium polyporaeum Peltigerales Collemataceae Leptogium cyanescens Lobariaceae Sticta fimbriata Nephromataceae Nephroma helveticum Peltigeraceae Peltigera evansiana Peltigera
    [Show full text]
  • Orbilia Ultrastructure, Character Evolution and Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
    Mycologia, 104(2), 2012, pp. 462–476. DOI: 10.3852/11-213 # 2012 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Orbilia ultrastructure, character evolution and phylogeny of Pezizomycotina T.K. Arun Kumar1 INTRODUCTION Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108 Ascomycota is a monophyletic phylum (Lutzoni et al. 2004, James et al. 2006, Spatafora et al. 2006, Hibbett Rosanne Healy et al. 2007) comprising three subphyla, Taphrinomy- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, cotina, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina (Su- St Paul, Minnesota 55108 giyama et al. 2006, Hibbett et al. 2007). Taphrinomy- Joseph W. Spatafora cotina, according to the current classification (Hibbett Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon et al. 2007), consists of four classes, Neolectomycetes, State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Pneumocystidiomycetes, Schizosaccharomycetes, Ta- phrinomycetes, and an unplaced genus, Saitoella, Meredith Blackwell whose members are ecologically and morphologically Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 highly diverse (Sugiyama et al. 2006). Soil Clone Group 1, poorly known from geographically wide- David J. McLaughlin spread environmental samples and a single culture, Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, was suggested as a fourth subphylum (Porter et al. St Paul, Minnesota 55108 2008). More recently however the group has been described as a new class of Taphrinomycotina, Archae- orhizomycetes (Rosling et al. 2011), based primarily on Abstract: Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate information from rRNA sequences. The mode of that the monophyletic classes Orbiliomycetes and sexual reproduction in Taphrinomycotina is ascogen- Pezizomycetes are among the earliest diverging ous without the formation of ascogenous hyphae, and branches of Pezizomycotina, the largest subphylum except for the enigmatic, apothecium-producing of the Ascomycota.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome of Xylona Heveae Provides a Window Into Fungal Endophytism
    fungal biology 120 (2016) 26e42 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio The genome of Xylona heveae provides a window into fungal endophytism Romina GAZISa,*, Alan KUOb, Robert RILEYb, Kurt LABUTTIb, Anna LIPZENb, Junyan LINb, Mojgan AMIREBRAHIMIb, Cedar N. HESSEc,d, Joseph W. SPATAFORAc, Bernard HENRISSATe,f,g, Matthieu HAINAUTe, Igor V. GRIGORIEVb, David S. HIBBETTa aClark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bUS Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA cOregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA dLos Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA eAix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, UMR 7257, Marseille, France fAix-Marseille Universite, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France gKing Abdulaziz University, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia article info abstract Article history: Xylona heveae has only been isolated as an endophyte of rubber trees. In an effort to under- Received 12 August 2015 stand the genetic basis of endophytism, we compared the genome contents of X. heveae Received in revised form and 36 other Ascomycota with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We focused on 18 September 2015 genes that are known to be important in the hostefungus interaction interface and that Accepted 5 October 2015 presumably have a role in determining the lifestyle of a fungus. We used phylogenomic Available online 22 October 2015 data to infer the higher-level phylogenetic position of the Xylonomycetes, and mined ITS Corresponding Editor: sequences to explore its taxonomic and ecological diversity. The X.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]