DOCSLIB.ORG

Dune Vegetation Action Plan Rationale

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dune Vegetation Action Plan Rationale Vegetation Management Plan Henley South & West Beach Dune Reserve Simon Cordingley and Claire Petherick for the City of Charles Sturt May 2005 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN, HENLEY SOUTH AND WEST BEACH DUNE RESERVE This Vegetation Management Plan is designed to be a flexible and dynamic document that should be adapted according to changes in the dune environment over time and as further information becomes available. This report may be cited as: Cordingley, S. P. and Petherick, C. E., 2005, Vegetation Management Plan for the Henley South and West Beach Dune Reserve, City of Charles Sturt, Adelaide. Information in this document may be copied provided that a full acknowledgement is made. ii VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN, HENLEY SOUTH AND WEST BEACH DUNE RESERVE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. RESERVE IDENTIFICATION......................................................................................... 2 2. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN............................................................................................... 2 3. PLAN CONTEXT ........................................................................................................... 3 3.1 COAST PARK ..............................................................................................................3 3.2 MANAGEMENT PLANS ....................................................................................................3 3.2.1 Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan................................................................... 4 3.2.2 City of Charles Sturt Coastal Management Plan 2002 - 2007................................................. 4 3.2.3 Report of the Review of the Management of Adelaide Metropolitan ........................................ 6 4. BACKGROUND, HISTORY AND STATUS OF RESERVE.................................................... 6 4.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................15 4.1.1 Topography/ Landform.................................................................................................. 15 4.1.2 Soils........................................................................................................................... 15 4.1.3 Climate....................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 VEGETATION ............................................................................................................15 4.2.1 Indigenous Vegetation .................................................................................................. 15 4.2.2 Plant Species Richness.................................................................................................. 17 4.2.3 Significant Flora ........................................................................................................... 18 4.2.4 Significant Plant Communities ........................................................................................ 18 4.2.5 Condition .................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 FAUNA ...................................................................................................................20 4.3.1 Native Fauna ............................................................................................................... 20 4.3.2 Introduced Fauna......................................................................................................... 21 5. ADJOINING LAND USES AND VEGETATION ............................................................... 21 6. RESERVE VALUES...................................................................................................... 21 6.1 CONSERVATION VALUE ................................................................................................21 6.2 EDUCATIONAL VALUE ..................................................................................................21 6.3 AESTHETIC VALUE......................................................................................................22 6.4 SCIENTIFIC VALUE .....................................................................................................22 6.5 OPEN SPACE VALUE....................................................................................................22 7. RESERVE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 22 8. NATIVE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ISSUES ............................................................ 23 8.1 WHOLE RESERVE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ............................................................................23 8.1.1 Weeds ........................................................................................................................ 23 8.1.2 Fire ............................................................................................................................ 33 8.1.3 Access and Fencing ...................................................................................................... 33 8.1.4 Erosion ....................................................................................................................... 35 8.1.5 Introduced fauna ......................................................................................................... 36 8.2 MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND STRATEGIES WITHIN EACH MANAGEMENT ZONE ....................................39 8.2.1 Management Zone 1..................................................................................................... 39 8.2.2 Management Zone 2..................................................................................................... 44 8.2.3 Management Zone 3..................................................................................................... 49 8.2.4 Management Zone 4..................................................................................................... 54 8.2.5 Management Zone 5..................................................................................................... 59 9. SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS/ SUGGESTIONS.......................... 62 10. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND APPROXIMATE BUDGETS ................................. 65 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 73 iii VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN, HENLEY SOUTH AND WEST BEACH DUNE RESERVE APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT................................................................................................. 77 INTERNATIONAL ............................................................................................................. 77 NATIONAL .................................................................................................................... 77 Coastal Zone Inquiry .............................................................................................................78 Australian Coastal Policy ........................................................................................................78 Coast and Clean Seas ............................................................................................................79 STATE ........................................................................................................................ 79 REGIONAL.................................................................................................................... 80 Mount Lofty Ranges and Greater Adelaide.................................................................................80 SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program......................................................................................83 ADELAIDE METROPOLITAN COAST......................................................................................... 84 Coast Park ...........................................................................................................................84 LOCAL ........................................................................................................................ 84 Local Government.................................................................................................................84 Community Groups ...............................................................................................................85 APPENDIX 2: PLANT SPECIES LIST FOR HENLEY SOUTH AND WEST BEACH DUNE RESERVE................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX 3: PRIORITY WEED SPECIES ....................................................................... 89 APPENDIX 4: WEEDING CALENDAR FOR HENLEY SOUTH AND WEST BEACH PRIORITY WEEED SPECIES........................................................................................135 APPENDIX 5: COMMON WEED REMOVAL TECHNIQUES ............................................... 136 APPENDIX 6: BUSHLAND WEEDING CODE .................................................................. 138 APPENDIX 7: COASTAL INDIGENOUS SPECIES ........................................................... 139 APPENDIX 8 SEED COLLECTION AND PROPAGATION.................................................. 164 COLLECTION OF NATIVE PLANT MATERIALS ............................................................................ 164 APPENDIX 9: REVEGETATION METHODS....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grass Genera in Townsville
    Grass Genera in Townsville Nanette B. Hooker Photographs by Chris Gardiner SCHOOL OF MARINE and TROPICAL BIOLOGY JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY TOWNSVILLE QUEENSLAND James Cook University 2012 GRASSES OF THE TOWNSVILLE AREA Welcome to the grasses of the Townsville area. The genera covered in this treatment are those found in the lowland areas around Townsville as far north as Bluewater, south to Alligator Creek and west to the base of Hervey’s Range. Most of these genera will also be found in neighbouring areas although some genera not included may occur in specific habitats. The aim of this book is to provide a description of the grass genera as well as a list of species. The grasses belong to a very widespread and large family called the Poaceae. The original family name Gramineae is used in some publications, in Australia the preferred family name is Poaceae. It is one of the largest flowering plant families of the world, comprising more than 700 genera, and more than 10,000 species. In Australia there are over 1300 species including non-native grasses. In the Townsville area there are more than 220 grass species. The grasses have highly modified flowers arranged in a variety of ways. Because they are highly modified and specialized, there are also many new terms used to describe the various features. Hence there is a lot of terminology that chiefly applies to grasses, but some terms are used also in the sedge family. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence (The flowering part) is the spikelet. The spikelet consists of 1-2 basal glumes (bracts at the base) that subtend 1-many florets or flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Jervis Bay Territory Page 1 of 50 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region (Blank), Jervis Bay Territory
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology, Habitat and Growth
    Technical Article No. 7.1 - ecology, habitat and growth INTRODUCTION Spinifex (Spinifex sericeus R.Br.) is the major Spinifex often occurs with other indigenous sand indigenous sand dune grass that occurs on binding species on the foredune including pingao foredunes throughout most of the North Island (Ficinia spiralis), nihinihi (sand convolvulus, and the upper part of the South Island. Sometimes Calystegia soldanella), and hinarepe (sand referred to as silvery sand grass, or kowhangatara, tussock, Poa billardierei). it is the dominant sand binding plant on the seaward face of the foredune where its long trailing runners and vigorous growth make it an ideal sand dune stabiliser. In many North Island dunes, spinifex forms a near continuous colony for long stretches of sandy coastline. Technical Handbook Section 7: Native vegetation on foredunes Technical habitat and growth 7.1 Spinifex - ecoloogy, Article No. 7.1 - Spinifex - ecology, habitat and growth PLANT DESCRIPTION Spinifex is a stout perennial grass with strong on both surfaces (McDonald, 1983). At intervals of creeping runners or stolons. Leaves are usually 10-15 cm, new nodes are formed from which roots 5-10 mm wide and up to 38 cm long (Craig, 1984). emerge, take root and eventually a discrete plant The stolons can be up to 20 m long with internodes will form where there is sufficient space that is up to 38 cm long. Each node produces adventitious independent of the original stolon (Hesp, 1982). roots and upright, silvery green leaves that are hairy Vigorous spinifex on a foredune showing the upright silvery green leaves and long creeping runners or stolons that spread rapidly to occupy bare sand.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of Stockton/Port Hunter Sandy Foreshores
    Flora of the Stockton and Port Hunter sandy foreshores with comments on fifteen notable introduced species. Petrus C. Heyligers CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, AUSTRALIA. [email protected] Abstract: Between 1993 and 2005 I investigated the introduced plant species on the Newcastle foreshores at Stockton and Macquaries Pier (lat 32º 56’ S, long 151º 47’ E). At North Stockton in a rehabilitated area, cleared of *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata, and planted with *Ammophila arenaria interspersed with native shrubs, mainly Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae and Leptospermum laevigatum, is a rich lora of introduced species of which *Panicum racemosum and *Cyperus conglomeratus have gradually become dominant in the groundcover. Notwithstanding continuing maintenance, *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata has re-established among the native shrubs, and together with Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae, is important in sand stabilisation along the seaward edge of the dune terrace. The foredune of Little Park Beach, just inside the Northern Breakwater, is dominated by Spinifex sericeus and backed by Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae-*Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata shrubbery. In places the shrubbery has given way to introduced species such as *Oenothera drummondii, *Tetragonia decumbens and especially *Heterotheca grandilora. At Macquaries Pier *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata forms an almost continuous fringe between the rocks that protect the pier against heavy southerlies. However, its presence on adjacent Nobbys Beach is localised and the general aspect of this beach is no different from any other along the coast as it is dominated by Spinifex sericeus. Many foreign plant species occur around the sandy foreshores at Port Hunter.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Production and Processing of the Indigenous Coastal Sand-Binding Plant Spinifex Sericeus 99
    Seed Production and Processing of the Indigenous Coastal Sand-Binding Plant Spinifex sericeus 99 Seed Production and Processing of the Indigenous Coastal Sand-Binding Plant Spinifex sericeus © Robert Southward Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North Email: [email protected] Spinifex sericeus R.Br is an important indigenous sand-binding grass growing on coastal foredunes throughout the North Island and northern South Island of New Zealand. Utilising seed rather than vegetative propagation techniques has typically been more successful in establishing plants for sand dune sta- bilisation in New Zealand. Since 1998, caryopses (naked “seeds”) have been mechanically extracted at Massey University from 43 collections (or sub-col- lections) sent by interested parties from 16 North Island beaches. Although most collections received were from five beaches of the south western coast of the North Island (25), especially Hokio beach near Levin, a number were also received from a further five west coast and six east coast beaches. Weights of extracted whole seeds ranged from as little as 2.9 g (approximately 210 seeds) to 142 g (approximately 11,270 seeds) per “packed” fertiliser bag of spinifex seedheads (ave. 51.1 g, about 3790 seeds). The ten highest yields obtained were collections from Hokio (8), Foxton (1), and Himatangi (1) beaches. Low yields were more typical of east coast beaches, although the lowest yields recorded were from the west coast beach of Oakura, near New Plymouth. Fungal smut or rodents were identified as causes of low seed yield in some cases. Thousand seed weight varied from 11.7 g (Patea) to 15.6 g (Muriwai).
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Currents in the Dispersal of Introduced Seashore Plants Around Australia
    The role of currents in the dispersal of introduced seashore plants around Australia Petrus C. Heyligers CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia Qld 4067. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the role of currents in the dispersal of seashore species with buoyant propagules. Four introduced species which have now attained a wide distribution in southern and eastern Australia were used as indicators: Cakile edentula, Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae), Euphorbia paralias (Euphorbiaceae) and Arctotheca populifolia (Asteraceae). None arrived in Australia unaided, as all early collection localities are near ports and early long-distance dispersal within Australia was often due to shipping. Buoyancy and viability of propagules were tested to assess dispersal and colonisation potential. Propagule spread was analysed using information from herbarium specimens and fieldwork. A progression of herbarium specimen collection dates could often be explained by regional current regimes, as revealed by stranding locations of drift bottles and drift cards. The eastward spread of Euphorbia paralias from King George Sound, Western Australia, correlated well with stranding patterns of drift bottles released south of the Sound. The colonisation by Arctotheca populifolia of the southern extremity of the Eyre Peninsula and the south-east of South Australia was achieved through fruits carried from Western Australia by the Leeuwin Current. These and other congruencies between patterns of spread and the results of drifter releases are analysed and discussed. Cunninghamia (2007) 10(2): 167–188 We know remarkably little about long-distance transport of the propagules in water, although there are reports of strandline plants having travelled great distances (Guppy 1906; Ridley 1930).
    [Show full text]
  • Host Range Testing of Tetramesa Romana and Rhizaspidiotus Donacis
    The host ranges of Tetramesa romana and Rhizaspidiotus donacis, potential control agents for giant reed, Arundo donax. Introduction Arundo donax, or giant reed, is a tall, woody grass that has been proposed as a target for biological control in New Zealand. It originates from Eurasia, but has become a serious environmental weed in many southern hemisphere countries and in North America. A global account of its distribution, impact and management can be found here: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=112 . Although still of limited distribution in New Zealand, it is consider to be a serious future threat to wetlands, riparian areas and other habitats. More information about its potential impact in New Zealand can be found in the application, or can be accessed here: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/science/plants-animals- fungi/plants/weeds/biocontrol/approvals/current-applications . Two control agents have been selected for introduction to New Zealand 1. Arundo wasp, Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) 2. Arundo scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Arundo wasp lays its eggs into the shoots of giant reed, inducing a gall. Larvae feed within the shoot gall. Growth can be severely stunted and with sufficient attack stems can die. Like pest scales of pot plants and fruit trees, arundo scale extracts the products of photosynthesis from the phloem of giant reed rhizomes, reducing the productivity and growth rate of plants. The New Zealand initiative can draw heavily on a biological control programme against giant reed that has been underway in USA and Mexico for over ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • Poaceae in the Greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Of
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Fritschiana Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 31 Autor(en)/Author(s): Teppner Herwig Artikel/Article: Poaceae in the Greenhouses of the Botanic Garden of the Institute of Botany in Graz (Austria, Europe) 1-42 © Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Poaceae in the Greenhouses of the Botanic Garden of the Institute of Botany in Graz (Austria, Europe) By 1 Herwig TEPPNER Summary: TEPPNER H. 2002. Poaceae in the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden of the Institute of Botany in Graz (Austria, Europe). - Fritschiana (Graz) 31: 1 - 42. - ISSN 1024-0306. 76 species, or as the case may be, taxa of Poaceae, grown in the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden of the Institute of Botany of the University of Graz are listed. Along with the origin (collection data) of the respective material, data of sowing and germination, synonyms, vernacular names, etc., as well as some annotations are given. Some characteristics of the seedlings of Pharus latifolius, Streptochaeta sodiroana and Streptogyna americana are also featured. Moreover, aspects of anthesis are also dis- cussed for Pharus, Pseudosasa japonica and Stenotaphrum secundatum. Information on distribution and ecology is presented for the Peruvian Muhlenbergia flexuosa. The presence of myrmecochory in Rottboellia cochinchinensis is referred to. Results of chromosome counts are reported for: Antho- xanthum amarum (2n = 86, 88), Anthoxanthum odoratum (2n = 10, 10 + 1B), Cymbopogon citratus (2n = 60), Dactylis smithii subsp. hylodes (2n = 28), Dactylis smithii subsp. smithii (2n = 14), Muhlen- bergia flexuosa (2n = 40, n = 20), and Stenotaphrum secundatum (2n = 18).
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Foredune Vegetation in Wellington Conservancy
    Coastal foredune vegetation in Wellington Conservancy Current status and future management Coastal foredune vegetation in Wellington Conservancy Current status and future management by Randall Milne and John Sawyer Published by: Department of Conservation P. O. Box 5086 Wellington NEW ZEALAND Prepared by: Randall Milne & John Sawyer Department of Conservation Wellington Conservancy P. O. Box 5086 Wellington Tel: 04 472 5821 ISBN: 0-478-22337-4 © 2002 Department of Conservation Cover photo: Austrofestuca littoralis near the Pencarrow lakes, Wellington. Photo by Mike Orchard. CONTENTS Executive summary 5 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Goal for conservation of coastal foredunes 7 1.2 Objectives of this investigation 7 1.3 Classification of dune vegetation communities 8 1.4 Coastal dunes 9 1.5 Description of the five species 11 1.6 Conservation status of coastal foredune vegetation 14 2. M ethods and results 19 3. Discussion 25 4. Protection and restoration of coastal foredune vegetation 27 4.1 Protection of coastal foredune vegetation 27 4.2 Ecological restoration of coastal dune vegetation 28 5. Key sites for management of coastal foredune vegetation 32 Foxton Ecological District 33 Cook Strait Ecological District 34 Aorangi Ecological District 34 Wairarapa Plains Ecological District 34 Eastern Wairarapa Ecological District 35 Tararua Ecological District 36 6. Recommendations for protection and recovery of coastal foredune vegetation 37 7. Acknowledgements 38 8. References 39 Appendix 1 Preliminary list of indigenous plant species associated with coastal dune vegetation in Wellington Conservancy 45 Appendix 2 Native and exotic bird species associated with coastal dune systems 47 Appendix 3 Preliminary list of adventive plant species associated with coastal dune systems that have the potential to become pests in Wellington Conservancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinifex Sericeus
    Spinifex sericeus COMMON NAME Spinifex, kowhangatara SYNONYMS New Zealand plants have long been referred to Spinifex hirstutus Labill. a species that is now considered quite unrelated and confined to Western Australia FAMILY Poaceae AUTHORITY Spinifex sericeus R.Br. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON No New Chums beach, Whangapoua, February. Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Grasses NVS CODE SPISER New Chums beach, Whangapoua, February. CHROMOSOME NUMBER Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth 2n = 18 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened DISTRIBUTION Indigenous. Common throughout New Zealand. Also present in Australia HABITAT Strictly coastal where it is confined to sandy beaches. This is the main dune forming indigenous plant in New Zealand. It is usually found at the front of actively accumulating foredunes. Its does not tolerate stable dune systems and does not compete well with other introduced dune plants. FEATURES Stoloniferous, often forming colonies stretching to 80-(160) m along sand dunes, with much-branched, knotted, rope-like, hard, creeping culms. Leaf-sheath leathery, strongly-nerved, silky-hairy. Ligule minute, ciliate, hairs very dense to 6 mm. Leaf-blade c.300 mm, inrolled and c.1.5 mm diameter, leathery, strongly nerved, silky-villous. Culm 2.5-6.0 mm diameter, internodes glabrous, silky-villous below inflorescence. Dioecious*: male inflorescence with numerous pedunculate racemes, 0-120 mm, bearing up to 15 silky-villous spikelets, each terminated by a short bristle c.10 mm; raceme clusters subtended by spathaceous bracts ¡Ü raceme. Male spikelets 100 mm; glumes ¡Ü spikelet, 7-9-nerved; lemmas similar to glumes but less villous, 5-nerved; each floret with 2 emarginate lodicules 0.6 x 0.3 mm, and 3 pollen-filled anthers to 6 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on Grasses in the Auckland Region
    Observations on Grasses in the Auckland Region M. D. Wilcox Introduction Browns Island Motutapu Rakino Motuihe and Grasses (Gramineae or Poaceae) feature prominently Waiheke — owes much of its character to grass in the man made or modified vegetation of the covered slopes which are green for much of the year Auckland region particularly in farm pastures but brown in long dry summers when the grass dries roadside verges playing fields racecourses golf off. courses and lawns. They are well adapted to grazing and mowing because new growth continually takes Grasses rarely seem to have been locally or regionally place below the leaf blades from the protected surveyed in New Zealand. This paper records and sheath enclosed growing points at the base of the discusses the indigenous adventive and cultivated plant. Many grasses also occur as weeds of grass species occurring in the region defined here as wasteland cultivated soils and disturbed sites as the territory administered under the Auckland components of maritime vegetation and a few species Regional Council (see Fig. 1) comprising the cities of are prominent in forest and forest fringes. The Auckland (including most of the Gulf islands) Auckland city hillscape — exemplified by the volcanic Manukau Waitakere and North Shore the whole of cones of North Head Mt Eden Mt Hobson Mt St the districts of Rodney (including Kawau Island) and John Mt Roskill Mt Albert One Tree Hill Mt Albert Papakura and the northern half of Franklin district. Mt Wellington and Mangere Mountain — and many of Altogether there are some 203 grasses recorded from the inner islands of the Hauraki Gulf — especially the region.
    [Show full text]