Presa Sătmăreană Despre Intrarea României În Primul Război Mondial1

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Presa Sătmăreană Despre Intrarea României În Primul Război Mondial1 PRESA SăTmăreANă DESPRE INTRAREA ROMÂNIEI ÎN PRIMUL RăzbOI MONDIAL1 Greta PETER Abstract: During the First World War, there were three more important towns in Satu Mare County. The most important and also the biggest one was Satu Mare, followed by Carei and Baia Mare. The town of residence was Ca- rei. Among other activities there was also journalism in these three towns, as newspapers and magazines were printed. All the magazines and newspapers were written in Hungarian, even if 54% of the population was Romanian. For the purpose of our study we focused our attention on the following publications: Szatmári Hirlap and Szamos (which came out in Satu Mare), Nagybánya és Vidéke (Baia Mare), and Nagykároly és Vidéke (Carei). Szamos was the only publication that used to come out daily, during the year of 1961. This paper had been printed ceaselessly since 1868. Szatmári Hirlap was a catholic paper that appeared twice a week. All the other papers used to appear weekly in 1916. The newspapers from Satu Mare, especially Szamos, were mostly interested in the news that came from Bucharest or from other capital cities, news that referred to Romania’s attitude towards the war. The attitude of the Romanian soldiers from the Austro- Hungarian army was also one of the papers’ preoccupations. The patriotism and devotion of certain Romanian soldiers and officers towards the two-headed monarchy are also emphasized. There were many propaganda articles referring with kindness to the Romanian people from Transilvania, but at the same time these articles remained neutral when talking about the Roma- nian people that lived beyond the Carpathians. The moment Romania entered the war, denigrator articles about Romania and the Romanian people from the extra- Carpathian territory appear in all the papers studied by us. These articles are also intended against the leaders of the Romanians from Transylvania, lea- ders who do not express their loyalty towards the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. We notice the demeaning articles against Vasile Lucaciu, the most popular leader of the Romanians from Sartu Mare County. As it is well known, he refused any compromise and he settled in Romania at the end of 1914. After Romania’s en- 1 Lucrarea, realizată sub coordonarea prof. Radu David, a fost premiată în cadrul Concursului Național de Referate și Comunicări ale elevilor de liceu, 2016. Satu Mare - Studii și Comunicări, nr. XXXII/II, 2016, p. 153-168 Presa sătmăreană despre intrarea României... tering the war the Hungarian press from Satu Mare continues to have a benevo- lent attitude towards the Romanians from Transylvania, and especially towards the people from Satu Mare. This thing was happening due to the declarations of loyalty to the monarchy, declarations repeatedly made by the political and church leaders of the Romanians from Transylvania, Banat, Crisana, and Maramures. This subject is a delicate one and it is usually avoided by historians. We think that it’s easy to make accusations today, as we now know the course the historical events. But these personalities couldn’t have foreseen the future, and probably wishing to avoid massive persecution of the Romanians from Austro-Hungary, they chose to obey the authorities. Once the prospect of the Unification was more and more clear , and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a matter of days, the political and the clerical leaders of the monarchy changed the topics of their speech, feeling relieved of the pressure imposed by the Hungarian autho- rities and by censorship, they started to express their adhesion to the national politics of the groups created in the fall and the winter of 1918, but also to the Great National Gathering from Alba Iulia on the 1st of December 1918, event that led to the unification of the territories inhabited by the Romanians from the former Empire with Romania. These facts prove that the messages, leaflets and declarations of loyalty to the country and dynasty, all of them being conceived during the war, were written under pressure. The Romanian political leaders had been demanded to devise such documents with the purpose of making the ordi- nary people more docile, knowing the fact that the political leaders’ attitude has a certain influence on the people from the cities but also on the people already gone on the battlefield. Keywords: Satu Mare, papers, romanians, hungarians, war propaganda, World War I 1. Presa sătmăreană la începutul secolului al XX-lea și în anii Primului Război Mondial Conform recensământului din 1910, populația comitatului Satu Mare era de 361.324 locuitori. Reședința comitatului era la Carei (16.078 locuitori în 1910)2, dar orașul cel mai mare și mai dezvoltat din punct de vedere economic și edilitar era Satu Mare. Paralel cu dezvoltarea economică, a avut loc și o adevărată „explozie demografică”, populaţia orașului triplându-se în mai puţin de un se- col. Câteva date, credem, sunt edificatoare: în 1815 orașul avea 9.928 locuitori, în 1850 – 13.325 locuitori, în 1869 – 18.353 locuitori, în 1890 – 20.736 locuitori, în 1910 – 34.892 locuitori3. Desigur că această creștere demografică nu poate fi pusă pe seama sporului natural al populaţiei, ci pe seama sporului migratoriu specific zonelor aflate într-o perioadă de accentuată dezvoltare economică. Al treilea oraș ca importanță economică și demografică al comitatului era Baia Mare (12.877 locuitori în 1910). 2 Datele demografice pentru recensământul din 1910 la: Traian Rotariu (coord.), Recensământul din 1910: Tramsilvania, București, Ed. Staff, 1999. 3 Doru Radosav, Ghid de oraş. Satu Mare, Bucureşti, Ed. Sport-Turism, 1984, p. 29. 154 Greta Peter În aceste trei orașe exista și activitate publicistică, fiind editate ziare și reviste. Toate acestea erau în limba maghiară, deși 54% din populația comitatului era româneas- că. În anii Primului Război Mondial în cele trei orașe apăreau mai multe ziare. Ne-am concentrat atenţia asupra publicaţiilor Szatmári Hirlap și Szamos (care apăreau la Satu Mare), Nagybánya és Vidéke (Baia Mare) și Nagykároly és Vidéke (Carei). În anul 1916 singurul cu apariție cotidiană era Szamos. Acesta apărea neîntrerupt din 1868. Szatmári Hirlap era un bisăptămânal catolic. Toate celelalte aveau o apariție săptămânală în 1916. 2. Informațiile despre război în ziarele sătmărene Ziarele sătmărene acordă o importanță deosebită știrilor despre război, fiind puublicate știri despre toate fronturile. De asemenea este urmărită atitudinea soldaților români din armata austro-ungară. Sunt subliniate atitudinile patriotice și devotamentul unor soldați și ofițeri români față de monarhia bicefală. Spre exemplu, în Szamos este prezentată o scrisoare a locotenentului-major Dumitru Flontaș, către un anume Thurner Albert. Despre Dumitru Flontaș ni se spune că în civilie era funcționar la Satu Mare și, de asemenea, membru în Asociația Pompierilor Civili din Satu Mare. Autorul articolu- lui are doar cuvinte de laudă despre acesta: „Dumitru Flontaș, funcționar la noi în oraș, s-a înrolat în armată la începutul războiului și de atunci a luptat vitejește pentru țară în bătăliile de pe frontul de sud. Soldații săi sunt oameni viteji și fără frică”4. În continuare este citat eroul articolului: „Vreau să îți spun că sunt bine, doar nemernicii aceștia de munți, zăpada și frigul acesta de nesuportat, mă deranjează. Mă bucur dacă mai dăm de inamici că așa ne mai încălzim și noi”. Menționăm că sătmărenii au fost mobilizați în două regimente, Regimentul 5 de linie Satu Mare și Regimentul 12 de honvezi Satu Mare, ambele unități luptând în Galiția, iar din 1916, pe frontul italian5. Desigur că articolul are un rol propagandistic, chiar dacă personajul este real, având rolul de a atrage pe românii din Austro-Ungaria și în particular pe românii săt- măreni alături de cauza Puterilor Centrale. Odată cu izbucnirea războiului, era firesc ca autoritățile politice și militare maghiare să-și manifeste îngrijorarea față de modul în care vor răspunde românii la „chemarea patriei”. Reacția românilor la ordinul de mobili- zare a fost surprinzător de bună. Pentru oamenii de rând a avut un rol important „mitul bunului împărat” și educația de tip patriarhal, care predica supunerea față de autorități. Intelectualii au ascultat de manifestul „Către fiii neamului român”, publicat în ziarul Ro- mânul de o parte a liderilor Partidului Naţional Român în frunte cu Theodor Mihali și Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, urmat de circularele celor doi mitropoliţi și ale episcopilor greco-catolici și ortodocși, care îi îndemnau pe români să răspundă la mobilizare și să manifeste ascultare faţă de autorităţi6. Articolul din Szamos venea în siajul acestora. Alţi lideri ai românilor ardeleni, precum Vasile Lucaciu și Octavian Goga s-au opus acestei iniţiative, având o atitudine intransigentă. 3. Presa sătmăreană despre ultimele zile de neutralitate ale României Ziarele sătmărene, și în special Szamos-ul, urmăreau cu atenţie știrile ce veneau dinspre București sau cele care veneau din alte capitale, dar făceau referire la atitudinea 4 Szamos, Satu Mare, anul XLVIII, nr. 39, 8 februarie 1916. 5 Ioan I. Șerban, ”Românii în armata austro-ungară în anii Primului Război Mondial”, în Annales Uni- versitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, nr. 2-3, 1998-1999, p. 206. 6 Ibidem, p. 204. 155 Presa sătmăreană despre intrarea României... României faţă de război. La 17 august 1916, Szamos își informa cititorii despre manevrele pe care le realiza armată rusă, care sugerau trecerea trupelor rusești în Dobrogea. Soldaţii ruși discutau despre trecerea Dunării ca despre ceva foarte apropiat7. La pagina următoa- re, în articolul „Situaţia României”, este citat un editorial semnat de Constantin Mille, la 16 august, care considera că prim-ministrul Brătianu nu luase încă o decizie cu privire la implicarea României în conflict8. În ziua următoare, același cotidian, în grupajul „România ţinută în șah”9, repro- duce mai multe materiale de presă referitoare la România. Este rezumat un articol din Kőlnische Zeitung, care citează un diplomat american aflat la București, conform căruia guvernul român este conștient că batalioanele germane, bulgare și turcești ar putea ajun- ge în cinci zile la București, în caz de intrare a României în război de partea Antantei.
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