NORMAN F. BARKA, Newsletter Editor, Department of Anthropology, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795,Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795

VOLUME 25 NUMBER 1 MARCH 1992

INDEX In his opening remarks, Prof. Rex Nettleford, Chairman of the Quincentennial Commission, took from our meeting theme - PAGE "SOD years of change: contact and the consequences of interac­ tion." In his positive manner, Prof. Nettleford observed that the PRESIDENT'S CORNER ...... 1 half millennium of "chaos and turbulence" following Columbus' SHA NEWS...... 3 landing has allowed Jamaica to become a cultural crossroads, SHA '93 KANSAS CITY ...... 3 where "creativity and daring" have challenged adversity. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION ...... 7 According to West African lore brought to this hemisphere, ANNOUNCEMENT ...... 7 crossroads are commonly the meeting place of powerful worlds FIELD SCHOOLS/WORKSHOPS ...... 7 - energetic places where things happen. For me, thinking of EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ...... 8 historical archaeology as situated near this kind of crossroads PAST CONFERENCE/WORKSHOPS...... 9 has highlighted the successes of our 25th Meeting. Of course, FUTURE CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS...... 10 simply being in Jamaica, a good step away from North Ameri­ CURRENT PUBLICATIONS ...... 11 ca, placed us in the midst of Nettleford's cultural crossroads. OVERSEAS CHINESE RESEARCH GROUP ...... 13 And, I would like to thank the Conference Committee and URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM ...... 15 especially Douglas Armstrong, Jim Parrent, the Jamaica MILITARY SITES ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM ..... 15 National Heritage Trust and all of their staff members for OPINION-First Person Pronouns Revisited...... 17 helping us get there. CURRENT RESEARCH In addition to the stimulating West Indian environment, our Mid-Atlantic ...... 18 program of papers and activities emphasized still more Midwest...... 21 intersections, thanks in large part to an eXciting and varied Southeast ...... 22 program arranged by Conrad Goodwin, Faith Harrington and Gulf States ...... 26 Donald Keith. Historical archaeology is, arguably, the most Central Plains ...... 26 wide-ranging historical discipline. We combine unique Pacific West ...... 28 terrestrial and underwater archaeological skills, and we sit quite Pacific Northwest ...... 30 close to the intersection of the sciences and humanities. We Southwest...... 31 also pursue exciting research that draws students and the larger Canada-Prairie ...... 32 public close to our scholarship, providing us the opportunity to Caribbean ...... 33 better know other people and giving others the chance to share West Africa ...... 33 what we are learning. Both the scholarly papers and Society Mexico, Central and South America ...... 34 business at our Jamaica meeting show that we are firmly Oceania...... 34 established near these crossroads, where the traffic seems to be Underwater...... 35 increasing and becoming more interesting. PEOPLE YOU SHOULD KNOW ...... 38 While including a core of papers on North American sites ACUA PHOTO COMPETITION ...... 42 and topics, our 25th Meeting expanded to receive a large number of papers from around the world - one full-day of papers from Middle and South America, for example. It also PRESIDENT'S CORNER included a session on gender and cultural diversity, another on historians and archaeologists, three panels and a workshop on Two months ago in Kingston, our Society joined the Jamaica the African American past, a series of exciting presentations on National Heritage Trust and the Jamaica Quincentennial the archaeologist as storyteller, and a lengthy session criti­ Commission in observing two milestones - the 25th Annual queing historical archaeology. There was even a gathering of Meeting of SHA and the quincentennial of sustained contact Past Presidents where constructive criticism and advice joined between Europe, Africa, the West Indies and the Americas. Society history and nostalgia.

1 r

These sessions demonstrate that historical archaeology is how these societies can better serve the large community. Our expanding and that we are maintaining a healthy state of Governmental Affairs Committee has secured SHA a seat on unrest. Moreover, I appreciated the outstanding quality of the National Preservation Coordinating Council, and they have many of the presentations I was privileged to hear. Since the been tracking legislation and governmental policy. To help with quality and scope of our scholarship is the heart of historical this effort, in December, 1991, the Society contracted with archaeology - providing sole support for proposed research, Culture, Environment, Historic Preservation, Inc. (CEHP) to preservation efforts, and education - this is certainly cause for gather information for SHA and to help track legislation, celebration. And, I would like to encourage members who regulations and documents. They will also make recommenda­ presented papers at the meetings to submit their polished tions for action we might take in matters of special interest to products to Historical Archaeology for peer review and publica­ historical archaeology. tion. Our journal provides the most economically accessible While these committees have looked outside the SHA, the means available for students, professionals, and others to learn Women's Caucus has studied the Society itself. Spurred by the substance of historical archaeology. Mary Beaudry's provocative paper from the 1991 meeting, the The Society's Board of Directors and several committees are Questionnaire Committee distributed more that 1600 question­ actively seeking to expand opportunities for members to naires, designed to provide a profile of our membership. They interact with students, professionals and laypeople, and, in report an unprecedented return of more that 50%. To me this turn, to expose those with common interests to our activities. return indicates the seriousness members attach to equal Two committees - Membership and Regional Coordination - are representation within the Society, and I look forward to our working together to insure that we place signs, posters and using the final report in crafting future Society policy. The exhibits in college hallways and local archaeological societies, Caucus has also raised issues for the Editorial Advisory directing people to historical archaeology. Additionally, the Committee. That Committee has taken these issues under Inter-Society Relations Committee seeks to insure that scholars advisement, and in one case has already responded by making outside the Society know of our activities and that we maintain plans to canvass the entire membership for a journal peer an awareness of other fields and areas. We now have liaisons review panel. with twelve organizations including three added at our 25th On Saturday evening in Jamaica the 1992 Board of Directors Meeting -the American Folklore Society, the Australian Society met to discuss the actions of these committees and to make for Historical Archaeology, and the World Archaeological plans for the coming year. This year the Board changed by Congress. Reinforcing this effort the three active Presidents three seats. Glenn Farris and Alaric Faulkner completed their (Immediate Past, Present, and Elect) have been attending the tenure as Board Members and Rick Sprague retired as Immedi­ President's Council of Anthropological Societies where we ate Past-President (for the second time!); to fill their slots, James exchange policy information and most recently have discussed Ayres and William Lees came on as Board members, and Barto

Published Quarterly in March, June, October and December Subscription Rate: Individual (S50), Student, full-time (S30), Adjunct (S10), Sustaining (S100), Patron (S150), Life (Sl,OOO), Institutional (S65). All U.S. Funds. N.w.l.tt.r Bditor: Norman F. Barka D•• ktop Publi.hinq: Jean Belvin Speci.l New. Bditor.: Governmental Affairs: John Seidel Overseas Chinese: Paul Chace Archaeological Conservation Forum: Curt Moyer Urban Archaeology Forum: Pam Cressey Employment Opportunities: Sarah Mascia Current Publications: Priscilla Wegars Military Archaeology Forum: Daniel Crouch Public Education and Archaeology Forum: Julia Longenecker Current a •••• rch Bditor.: Northeast: Faith Harrington Northern Plains & Mountain State: Canada-Atlantic: To Be Named Mid-Atlantic: J. Mark Wittkofski Steven G. Baker Canada-Quebec: Reginald Auger Southeast: Maurice Williams Pacific Northwest: Caroline Carley Canada-Ontario: Jon Jouppien Gulf States: Charles Ewen Alaska: David P. Staley Canada-Prairie: Peter Priess Midwest: Vergil E. Noble Pacific West: Judy D. Tordoff Canada-Western: To Be Named Central Plains: William Lees Southwest: James E. Ayres Caribbean: David Watters Europe, Asia: Norman F. Barka Mexico, Central & South America: Underwater: Toni Carrell Janine Gasco Iditori.l Addr.s.: The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 Bu.in••• Addr.s.: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751 (New Subscriptions, Changes of Address, Subscription Fulfillment Matters).

1992 The Society for Historical Archaeology 3rd Class Postage Paid at Ann Arbor, Michigan

2 Arnold, III, came in as President-elect. Thanks to those retiring, • Program!Abstracts for the Kingston SHA Conference can be and a warm welcome to those joining the Board. purchased for $6.75 (includes postage) from the Society for I would also like to thank the membership for giving me the Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, Arizona 85751. opportunity to serve you as President for 1992. In the spirit of our 25th Meeting, I look forward to a year wherein Society • New Membership Category: you can now become a Life members continue pursuing rigorous and creative historical Member of SHA for only $1,000. This category was established archaeology. I also hope that during this year members will by Board action in Jamaica. continue to raise issues, make suggestions, volunteer, serve and join together in celebrating our successes. Our mid-year Board meeting will be held in Washington on • Notice of Deaths: May IS, and this is a time when we would like to hear from Edwin Dethlefsen died in 1991. He was well known for his the membership about our directions and activities. I encour­ pioneering gravestone studies and other achievements; age every member to examine the People You Should Know he was a past President of SHA. section of this Newsletter and contact committee chairs or Robert L. Stephenson died on January 14, 1992. Long officers about your interests and concerns. active in archaeology, he held many positions, including Best wishes for a good year! that of director and state archaeologist of the Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Univ. of South Leland Ferguson Carolina.

SHA NEWS SHA '93 KANSAS CITY SECOND CALL FOR PAPERS

• Lost, Strayed or Stolen: one list of people requesting a brochure to order copies of Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia [Note: Recent decisions of the SHA Board effected certain AD 200-1200 was misplaced during the Jamaica meetings. changes in the rules of eligibility. Please read passages in bold Persons wishing to obtain a brochure for ordering the volume type carefully before submitting an abstract.] at the meeting rate of US $50.00 should contact: Flemming Rieck, Skibshistorish Laboratorium, Institute of Maritime The Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA) and the Archaeology, Strandengen 37, P.O. Box 304, DK 4000 Roskilde, Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology (ACUA) are Denmark. pleased to announce that the 1993 Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology will be held January 6-10 at the Hyatt Regency Crown Center in Kansas City, Missouri. The confer­ • Deagan Receives First Award of Merit: Kathleen A. ence host is the Kansas State Historical Society. Key conference Deagan was presented with the Society for Historical personnel include William B. Lees (Kansas State Historical Archaeology'S Award of Merit at the Annual Meeting in Society), Conference Chair; Vergil E. Noble (National Park Kingston, Jamaica. President Julia Costello made the presenta­ Service), SHA Program Chair; Sheli O. Smith (Los Angeles tion in a ceremony following the plenary session. The Award Maritime Museum), ACUA Program Chair; Christopher M. recognizes achievements of individuals and organizations Schoen and Carolyn Wallingford (Kansas State Historical which advance the mission of SHA. Society), Local Arrangements; and Lawrence Babits (Armstrong In remarks delivered at the presentation, Jerald Milanich State College), Exhibits Chair. cited her more than two decades of work in St. Augustine and Kansas City, Missouri, is located on the edge of the mid- her efforts in site interpretation and preservation in Florida, 19th

3 r

ATIENDANCE FIGURES 1992 CONFERENCE ON HISTORICAL AND UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY KINGSTON, JAMAICA Pre-Conference Conference TOTAL Students 79 46 125 Members 239 127 366 Non-Members 38 156 194 Accompanying Guests 96 30 126 TOTAL 811

Registration by U.S. State or Territory: Alabama 4 Minnesota 4 Alaska 4 Montana 1 Arizona 14 Nebraska 4 Arkansas 5 Nevada 9 California 43 New Hampshire 2 Colorado 8 New Jersey 21 Connecticut 5 New Mexico 16 Delaware 12 New York 63 District of Columbia 18 Ohio 35 Forida 42 Oregon 5 Georgia 22 Pennsylvania 21 Hawaii 1 Puerto Rico 1 Idaho 4 Rhode Island 2 Illinois 13 South Carolina 12 Indiana 2 South Dakota 6 Iowa 1 Tennessee 9 Kansas 6 Texas 45 Kentucky 7 Utah 4 Louisiana 9 Vermont 1 Maine 3 Virgin Islands 5 Maryland 29 Virginia 64 Massachusetts 37 Washington 11 Mississippi 2 West Virginia 3 Missouri 3 Wisconsin 5 Michigan 8

Canadian Registration: Alberta 1 Ontario 13 British Columbia 3 Quebec 4

International Registration Australia 4 Ireland 1 Belize 1 Israel 1 Belmpoan 1 Jamaica 96 Bermuda 2 Martinique FWI 1 Cuba 1 Mexico 5 Denmark 3 Scotland 1 Finland 2 South Africa 3 Grand Caymen Island 3 Spain 3 Grand Turk 1 Sweden 5 Holland 1 United Kingdom 4

4 Major Paper: theoretical, methodological, or data synthesizing Acceptance: In keeping with SHA/ ACUA policy, a Program papers that cover broad regional or topical subjects; based Jury will review all conference submissions for professional upon completed research (20 min.). quality and consistency with organizational standards and by­ Research Report: papers on finished, small-scale studies or laws. Submissions may be rejected or reassigned to a different works in progress with tentative findings (10 min.). program category. Rejected contributors may chose to have Symposium: a set of major papers (at least four) organized their filing fees refunded or applied to conference registration. around a central theme; at least one discussant is required. Topical seminars and workshops will also be considered. Luncheon Round Tables: In addition to formal presentations Poster Session: poster/photo/ printo ut presentations with text, above, the now-traditional luncheon round tables also will be demonstrations, and other visuals that remain on display for offered at Kansas City. Anyone wishing to lead such a the entire meeting (does not include publications and other discussion group may volunteer by contacting Conference Chair promotional displays coordinated by the Exhibits Chair). William B. Lees at (913) 296-2625. The discussion leader's meal will be provided. Abstract Submittal: Each contributor should submit a title and abstract using a copy of the 1993 Conference Abstract Submittal SHA Ethics Statement: The following statement was adopted Form. Symposium organizers should submit a complete by the Society for Historical Archaeology as its corporate package that includes a title and abstract for the symposium position: The Society supports the conservation, preservation and each paper, as well as the names of any discussant~s) and and research of archaeological resources, including both land the proposed order of presentations. Abstracts are to be typed, and underwater remains. The collecting, hoarding, exchanging, double-spaced, and should not exceed 150 words. In addition buying or selling of archaeological artifacts and research data, to hard copy, abstract submissions on disk (WordPerfect 5.0 for the purpose of personal satisfaction or financial gain, or the or ASCII) will be appreciated. indiscriminate excavation of archaeological sites, including Contributions that are not submitted as organized symposia underwater wrecks, are declared contrary to the purposes of will be grouped, in so far as possible, into thematic general The Society. To support this position, The Society shall initiate sessions with respect to region, time period, or topic. A session or endorse efforts to discourage unnecessary destruction of chair will be assigned and, if appropriate, a discussant will be archaeological resources by public and private institutions, drafted. In order to assist the assignment of major papers and agencies and corporations. Further, The Society encourages its research reports to a general session, the Abstract Submittal members not to condone the use of their name or research Form solicits regional and temporal affiliations, as well as two findings by others engaged in illegal or unethical activities, and key words describing the general content. to report knowledge of such activities to appropriate authorities Any special audio-visual needs also should be identified on and professional societies. the Abstract Submittal Form. A standard carousel slide projector and lectern will be provided in each meeting room.

Deadline: The deadline for all abstract submissions is May 1, 1992. Be sure to send submissions to the appropriate Program Chair. The ACUA Program Chair (Smith) will receive all proposed symposia, major papers and research reports that address topics in underwater archaeology. The SHA Program Chair (Noble) will deal with all submissions concerning terrestrial site topics, as well as all poster session proposals regardless of topical context. South Elevation 5 • Eligibility: A ruling from the SHA Board of Directors on January 11, 1992, eliminated the SHA membership require­ ment for appearance on the conference program. All present­ ers will now be required to affirm in writing their support for the SHA ethics position, as reprinted in this Call for Papers. Participation is limited to one formal paper per individual, though a presenter also may be a contributing author for another paper and serve as a session chair or discussant. ~west/South profile Filing Fee: Please note that a $25 fee must be remitted with all 2-: abstracts proposed for the program, including each individual paper in a symposium package. The fee will be credited West Indian House. toward the principal author's conference registration. A refund St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles. of the fee may be granted only if the contributor withdraws Drawing by Sue Sanders. before the program is made final. No requests will be honored after October 1, 1992. Each participant must pay any balance due on applicable fees when registering for the conference.

5 r

SHA '93 KANSAS CITY

ABSTRACf SUBMmAL FORM

SHA Program Chair: ACUA Program Chair:

Dr. VergH E. Noble Dr. Sheli O. Smith National Park Service Los Angeles Maritime Museum Federal Bldg, Room 474 Berth 84 Lincoln, NE 68508-3873 San Pedro, CA 90731 Phone: (402) 437-5392 Phone: (213) 548-7618 Fax: (402) 437-5098 Fax: (213) 832-6537

PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE ALL INFORMATION

NAME:

ADDRESS:

INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION:

PHONE (WORK): ______(HOME):

I wish to submit a title, abstract, and filing fee for a:

[ 1 major paper ($25 fee) [ 1 research report ($25 fee) [ 1 symposium" ($25 fee) [ 1 poster session ($25 fee)

.. Submitted package must include a title and abstract for the symposium and each paper (the $25 fee applies to each symposium paper). Please identify the organizer/chair, discussant(s), and order of presentations.

TITLE:

KEY WORDS: (1) (2)

REGION: PERIOD:

SPECIAL AUDIO-VISUAL NEEDS: ______

ABSTRACf: Submit abstract (double-spaced, ISO-word maximum) on the back of your xeroxed submittal form or on separate page. Disk copies (WordPerfect 5.0 or ACSII) of text are welcome.

The conference Program Jury will review each submission for quality, as well as its compliance with SHA/ ACUA standards and by­ laws. Submissions may be rejected or reassigned to a more appropriate program category if warranted.

A check for your filing fee should be sent with your submission and made payable to KANSAS ST ATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, INC.

I have read and, by my signature, subscribe to the SHA ethics statement:

DATE

ALL ABSTRACfS ARE DUE NO LATER THAN MAY 1, 1992

6 REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION In DUTCH WEST INDIES: The College of William and Mary will hold its annual field school in St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles, from June 22-July 31. The 6 week session is designed • Barns: Anyone with information pertaining to late 19th and to introduce serious students to field and lab methods in early 20th C. barns, particularly construction techniques and/ or historical archaeology. styles, please contact Kay Adams at 303/980-6921 or write to The main focus of the 1992 field school will be the study of 10871 W. Dartmouth, Lakewood, CO 80227. I am doing historic material culture, utilizing an outstanding collection of research for my Master's thesis on a barn built in Denver, excavated 17th through 19th C. archaeological materials. c.1870. The barn's builders are believed to have migrated to Contact: Programs Abroad, Reves Center for International the West from Pennsylvania. I am attempting to trace the Studies, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williams­ continuity of styles from the East to the frontier West. burg, VA 23187. Phone 804/221-3594.

• Historical Cemeteries and Burials: I am seeking final In KENTUCKY: the University of Kentucky will conduct an contributions of references and materials for a comprehensive 8-week summer field school at a restored Shaker village from bibliographic publication on historical mortuary behavior and June ll-August 6. The site dates from 1808 and includes over material culture. The bibliography will include studies of 30 restored structures and over 220 archaeological structures. mortuary sites, materials, and death practices dating from the Work will focus on the central village and will include survey period of European expansion (15th-20th C.): archaeological and full-scale excavation. Contact: Dr. Kim A. McBride, cemetery studies, whether or not excavation was undertaken; Program for Cultural Resource Assessment, 101 American locational studies for known or suspected graves; studies of Bldg., Univ. of Kentucky, LeXington, KY 40506. 606/257-1944. cemetery landscapes, grave markers and artifacts from the grave; physical anthropology; historical studies of death ways; In LOUISIANA: UCLA at Oakley Plantation, from June 22- law and the reburial controversy; and archaeological and July 31. Students will participate in the archaeological excava­ anthropological method and theory regarding death ritual and tion of slave and tenant quarters. The plantation is located two its material culture. The bibliography will be indexed by hours north of New Orleans, near the historic town of St. keyword; an abstract and/or description of contents for any Francisville. Students will be involved in excavation, mapping references would facilitate the indexing process. Conference and preliminary artifact processing. Contact: Dr. Paul Farnsw­ papers will be included only if a copy of the paper is sent; for orth, Office of Summer Sessions, Univ. of California, Los other unpublished materials, please indicate its repository. Angeles, CA 90024. 504/388-6102. Please address inquiries to: Edward L. Bell, Massachusetts Historical Commission, 80 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02116. In MAINE: Shoals Marine Laboratory, courses in Archaeology Underwater (August 1O-17}and Archaeology of Maritime Communities (August 17-24). Contact: Shoals Marine laborato­ ry, G-l4-E Stimson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. 607/255-3717. ANNOUNCEMENT In MAINE/NEW HAMPSHIRE: The Univ. of Southern Maine will offer a two (or four) week field school at the Isles of • Proto-Colonial Research, an annual newsletter for the study Shoals from August 3-15 (or the 29th). Dr. Faith Harrington of European Expansion, has just issued its 5th issue in 1991. It will direct the investigations of this island community formed contains a wealth of information on research opportunities, in the 1620s as an offshore fishing settlement. This summer's events, and reports of completed projects during the Quincente­ excavations will concentrate on locating and identifying nnary year. Subscription rates are $5.00, payable to Robert L. structures such as stages, flakes, sheds, living quarters and Hoover, Social Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State other facilities associated with the early fisheries on Appledore Univ., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407. Please state that you are and Smuttynose Islands. Contact: Rosa Redonnett, Univ. of paying for the 1991 issue, containing a 1992 calendar of events. Southern Maine Summer Session, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04103. Phone 207/780-4076.

In MASSACHUSEITS: Old Sturbridge Village will hold its Field School in Historical Archaeology at the James Johnson FIELD SCHOOLSIWORKSHOPS Sawmill and Dwelling, occupied from 1820 to 1857. The field school will run from June 22-August 7 and is under the direction of John Worrell, Director of Research, and Martha In CALIFORNIA: Cal Poly at Mission San Antonio de Padua, Lance, Research Fellow in Historical Archaeology. The from June 21-July 31. A second year of excavations will take curriculum this year will emphasize the effects of industrializa­ place in the shops wing of a Spanish mission, 1771-1834. tion on the countryside and rural industries. For more informa­ Students live and work at the mission as guests of the Francis­ tion write or call: Martha Lance, Archaeology Field School, Old can friars. Contact: Dr. Robert L. Hoover, Director, Social Sturbridge Village, 1 Old Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge, Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State Univ., San Luis MA 01566. 508/347-3362. Obispo, CA 93407. 805/544-0176.

7 Boston University will conduct a field school at the geographic information systems. Contact: Meredith Moodeyor Spencer-Pierce-Little Fann in Newbury from June 22-July 31 Gregory Brown, Dept. of Archaeological Research, Colonial under the direction of Mary C. Beaudry. The Spencer-Pierce­ Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA Little house is a late first-period (c.1680) brick-and-stone 23187. Phone 804/220-7334 or 7335. dwelling with cruciform plan. Field instruction will include all of the techniques involved in routine survey and excavation in Flowerdew Hundred Foundation Summer Institute in addition to lectures on field conservation, zooarchaeology, Historical Archaeology, 'The Emergence of Modern America, environmental archaeology, architectural history, and local 1760-1840", to be held at Flowerdew Hundred Plantation, June history. Contact: Dr. Mary Beaudry, Boston Univ., Dept. of 24-July 29, under the direction of James Deetz. The program is Archaeology, 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. for full-time college and university faculty. Educators, includ­ Phone 617/353-3415. ing those in museums, libraries, and archives, whose teaching may benefit from studying this time period from the perspec­ Harvard University will conduct a summer field school in tive of historical archaeology, are encouraged to apply. historical archaeology at Brook Fann from June 29-August 21, Participants in the Institute will assist with an ongoing research under the direction of Robert Preucel and Steven Pendery. project. Enrollment is limited to 25 and early application is Brook Farm was founded in 1841 and it is nationally known as encouraged. Contact: Robert W. Wharton, Executive Director, the location of a utopian community. This summer's project Flowerdew Hundred Foundation, 1617 Flowerdew Hundred will investigate the ruins of Brook Farm's main building, the Rd., Hopewell, VA 28860. 804/541-8897. Hive, and its various outbuildings and gardens. Contact: Harvard Summer School, Attn: Promotions/BF, 51 Brattle St., In WASHINGTON: Pacific Lutheran University, in coopera­ Cambridge, MA 02138. tion with the US Forest Service, will host a field school at sites along a section of Stevens Pall rail line in use between 1897 In NEW YORK: The 1992 Archaeology Field School on Rogers and 1929. The research design focusses on the contributions of Island at Fort Edward will be held from June 8-July 17. Dr. minorities in construction camps. Students will participate in David Starbuck will direct this second season of fieldwork all aspects of field and lab work. There will be 2 four week which will concentrate on uncovering the soldiers huts, sessions separated by a one week break between June 22 and barracks, gardens, blockhouse, warehouses, and hospital. For August 25. Contact: Dr. David R. Huelsbeck, Dept. of Anthro­ more information and registration materials, contact pology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447, before Adirondack Community College, Bay Rd., Queensbury, NY April 15. 12804-1498. Phone 518/793-4491, ext.236.

In TENNESSEE: The Hennitage will hold its 4th year of internships in historical archaeology from May 31 to July 3 and July 12 to August 14. The program is intended for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who have had some field training and are looking for more experience in a research­ EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES oriented setting. Several areas of the Hermitage's formal garden, established in 1820, are scheduled for excavation. Send Reported by inquiries to: Larry McKee, Staff Archaeologist, The Hermitage, Sara F. Mascia 4580 Rachel's Lane, Hermitage, TN 37076. Application deadline is April 10. • Reminder: Please send all correspondence for the Clearing­ house for Employment Opportunities to: Sara F. Mascia, Dept. In VIRGINIA: Poplar Forest, 4th Annual Summer Seminar in of Archaeology, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Ave., Landscape Archaeology, June 22-July 25. The Corporation for Boston, MA 02215. Telephone: 617/353-3415 (Office) FAX: Jefferson's Poplar Forest and the Division of Continuing 617/353-6800. DO Nor send Clearinghouse mail to the SHA Education of the Univ. of Virginia will offer a 5-week archaeo­ offices. logical seminar at Poplar Forest. The course is designed to teach fieldwork and methods in landscape archaeology and offers both the untrained and experienced student the op'portu­ • Employment Seekers: Send one copy of your resume, nity to learn the practical skills of excavation and recording. including a daytime phone number, along with a cover letter Apply by April 15 to Dr. Barbara Heath, The Corporation for stating any preferences such as region, type of job or duration jefferson's Poplar Forest, P.O. Box 419, Forest, VA 24551. of job to the above address. Once received, your resume is placed on file and as jobs open that fit your qualifications and Colonial Williamsburg and the College of William and requirements, notice of these will be sent to you. It is also Mary will offer two five-week field schools, from June I-July 3, possible that you may be called by a prospective employer (if and from July 6-August 7. Each sessions will offer participants you do not wish to be called, please so note in your cover an introduction to the methods and theory of historical letter). It is up to you to respond to the notice, following archaeology through survey and the excavation of a colonial normal or specified application procedures. period site in Williamsburg's historic area. In addition, instruction will be provided in the use of computer-based

8 • Employers: Send a position description and note any resume and letter indicating availability to: John P. McCarthy, relevant requirements such as a regional experience or special­ John Milner Associates, Inc., 309 North Matlack Street, West ized skills. Copies of the description will be sent to qualified Chester, PA prospects. An application deadline or notification once a job is filled would be appreciated. If for any reason you do not want your position advertised in the Newsletter please note that at the • Ceo-Marine, Inc.: Historical Archaeologist. top of your announcement. If a position must be filled Geo-Marine, Inc. is seeking an archaeologist with specializa­ immediately, call and a check through the files may provide tion in historical archaeology. Knowledge and ability to some leads. conduct archival research a plus. Qualifications: M.A. in anthropology, an emphasis in CRM, and an ability to conduct cultural resource studies to comple­ Job Opportunities tion. Knowledge/experience: in state and Federal regulations; • Sonoma State University: Assistant or Associate Professor design and implementation of research; ability to identify, The Department of Anthropology invites applications for a record, and map sites; laboratory analysis of cultural material; full-time, tenure track position in Archaeology beginning Fall ability to prepare reports and communicate findings. (late August) 1992. Duties are split between half-time teaching Please submit current resume or vitae with cover letter and (graduate and undergraduate) and half-time administration and references to: Mr. Duane E. Peter, Senior Archaeologist, Geo­ the successful candidate will teach courses in Archaeology and Marine, Inc., 1316 Fourteenth Street, Plano, TX 75074. EEO CRM, supervise M.A. thesis research, special studies and internships. Additional Duties: responsibility for administrat­ ing and directing the Anthropological Studies Center contract • National Park Service: Archaeologist. and grants program. The National Park Service anticipates recruitment to fill a Qualifications: Ph.D. awarded before 1992 with experience in permanent, full-time archaeologist position at the GS-ll/12 several long term investigations. A Prehistoric and Historical level. The incumbent will work closely with the Denver Service Archaeologist with SOP A qualifications in "field research" and Center, Eastern Applied Archaeology Center, in Silver Spring, in one of the following: Archaeological Administration, Maryland. Qualifications: The position requires an M.A. or Archaeological Resources Management of Historical Archaeolo­ Ph.D. in anthropology or archaeology. Knowledge of industrial gy. sites in western Pennsylvania. Responsibilities: Major duties For more information call 707/664-2312 or FAX 707/664- involve conducting background research and directing archaeo­ 2502, Anthropology Department Secretary by March 27, 1991. logical excavations in conjunction with Denver Service Center AA/EEO planning, design and construction projects. For more informa­ tion on application procedures, and to obtain a copy of the NPS recruitment bulletin for this position, you many phone the job • Cray &; Pape, Inc.: Historical Archaeologists. hotline at 303/969-2010. Leave your name, address, and a Gray & Pape, Inc., a cultural resources consulting firm, has request for job bulletin #DSC 91JOB04, or write to: National positions open for historical archaeologists at the Principal Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Div. of Personnel, 12795 Investigator and Field Director levels. West Alameda Parkway, P.O. Box 25287, Denver, CO 80225. Qualifications: The position of Principal Investigator requires an M.A. in anthropology or related field and experience in historical archaeology and cultural resources management at the supervisory level. Field director position requires B.A. in PAST CONFERENCESIWORKSHOPS anthropology or related field and experience in field direction and report writing. Experience in cultural resources manage­ ment preferred. Competitive salaries and benefits package. Papers presented at the 14th International Congress for Send vitae to Gray & Pape, inc., 1318 Main Street, Cincinnati, Caribbean Archaeology (Barbados, 1991): OH 45210. 513/287-7700. Agorsah, E. Kofi Recent developments in archaeological research in Jamaica. Cherub in, Ginette • John Milner Associates: Field and Laboratory Technicians Parc archaeologique de Navidad [Haiti]. and Supervisors. Cummins, Alissandra John Milner Associates, Inc. anticipates several openings in European prints and paintings as markers in ethnohistorical the spring for archaeological technicians and supervisors. research in the Caribbean. Assignments will primarily be in the Middle Atlantic and Haviser, Jay and Nadia Simmons-Brito northeastern regions of the U.S., assisting and supervising in Sub-surface archaeological testing in the Punda district of historic and prehistoric archaeological survey, evaluation, and Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. data recovery projects. Leshikar-Denton, Peggy Qualifications: Vary according to position (B.A. or higher). Underwater investigations of the eighteenth-century wreck Previous experience is preferred. Wages are competitive and of the Ten Sail, Cayman Islands, British West Indies. commensurate with experience. To apply please send a current

9 Loftfield, Thomas each issue had its unique aspects, there was a clear need for The Bendeshe/Byde mill sugar factory in Barbados. interaction with the general public to gain their understanding Lueiro Perez, Jorge and support on nearly all issues. EI naufragio de la Almiranta Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes [Cuba]. Marchena, D.M. Notas para la ethohistorica culinaria de la region FUTURE CONFERENCESIWORKSHOPS Orinoquense [Venezuela]. Mezin, Louis Indes occidentales: images de l'amerindien [Martinique]. • 10th Annual Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Rodriquez, Marisol, Virginia Rivera, and Maria Cashion Historic Archaeology: to be held on March 13-15, at the Arqueologia del Barrio Ballaja, San Juan, Puerto Rico. McClung Museum, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville. Contact Charles H. Faulkner, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Tennes­ see, Knoxville, TN 37996. Telephone: 615/974-4408. The Annual Conference of the Australian Society for Histori­ cal Archaeology (ASHA) was held on 19-22 September 1991 in • Alternative Archaeology, a symposium to be held by the Melbourne, Victoria. The Conference began with a cocktail Nova Scotia Archaeology Society on 1-2 May in Halifax, Nova party and ended at a Turkish restaurant. In between was a Scotia. Speakers from the United States (John Cole, Kenneth workshop on 19th C. ceramics, papers on material culture, Feder, Alice Kehoe, Wade Tarzia) and Canada (Birgitta Wallace, urban archaeology, trade, and contact archaeology, a day long David Kelley, Paddy Reid, Eric Mullen, Bernie Francis) will field trip to the Central Victorian goldfields and the inevitable address such topics as claims for Pre-Columbian Trans-Atlantic Annual General Meeting. The papers covered both land sites and Trans-Pacific contacts, Psychic Archaeology and Creationist and shipwrecks. Texts. The symposium will also include a panel discussion, led General opinion was that it was the best Conference yet, by Michael Michlovic, on the controversial issue of how even the historians and architectural historians found it archaeologists should respond to explanations of the past that interesting! Particularly gratifying was the attendance of six lie outside the mainstream of archaeology. Contact: Charles archaeologists from New Zealand (Ian Smith, Rod Clough, Lindsay, c/o Canadian Parks Service, Historic Properties, Brenda Sewell, Neville Ritchie, Peter Douglas and Nigel Upper Water St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1S9. 902/426-6115. Prickett) and one from the Philippines (Dr. "Bong" Dizon). Abstracts of the papers are to be published in the ASHA • Driving In and Moving Out: Auto Mobility in Postwar Newsletter and some of the papers are likely to be published in America, a conference organized by the Society for Commercial The Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology. For those Archaeology, to be held August 6-8 in Los Angeles. The interested in ASH A, details of the Societies activities are conference will focus on the transformation of the American available from the ASH A Secretary, Box 220, Holme Bldg., cultural landscape and built environment after WW II, empha­ Univ. of Sydney, N.S.W., 2006, Australia. [submitted by lain sizing the roles played by the automobile and the highway. Stuart]. Contact: H. Lee David, Society for Commercial Archaeology, 4901 Murietta Ave., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423. 818/788-3533.

Common Ground Conference: on March 9,1991, the Council for Maryland Archeology hosted a one day conference at • American Society for Ethnohistory Annual Meeting: to be Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, St. Leonard, Maryland. held on 12-15 November at the University Park Hotel, Salt Lake The conference was designed to bring together representatives City, Utah. Papers, organized sessions, special events, and from various state professional archaeological organizations to speakers that treat any world area are encouraged. Contact: compare functions, organizational structures,and common goals Dr. William R. Fowler, P.O. Box 6307-B, Vanderbilt Univ., and problems. Sixty archaeologists attended, representing the Nashville, TN 37235. For local arrangements contact: Dr. Pennsylvania Archaeological Council, the Council on West Mauricio Mixco, Linguistics Program, 213 Stewart, Univ. of Virginia Archaeology, the New York Archaeological Council, Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. the Council for Maryland Archeology, the Council of Virginia Archaeology, the Washington D.C. Council for Public Archaeol­ ogists, and the Delaware Bureau of Archaeology, History and • Environment and Archaeology, IV Conference on Rescue Museums. Archaeology in the New World and Inventory Strategies and The morning session consisted of presentations by each state Technologies in Tropical Forests Worldwide, to be held in San organization on their membership composition and require­ Juan, Puerto Rico, on 6-12 December. Contact: Dr. Agamem­ ments; past, present and future activities; and issues of special non Gus Pantel, Conference Chairman, USDA-Forest Service, interest. The afternoon session consisted of moderated discus­ Call Box 25,000, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928-25000. Fax sion groups on current archaeological legislation, CRM stan­ 809/250-6924. dards and guidelines, state plans, human remains, public education, syntheses and predictive modeling, agency reviews, and lobbying. The discussion groups were aimed at problem • A Meeting of Two Worlds: The Bureau of Land Manage­ definition. Summations of the discussions indicated that while ment, in partnership with the Universitys of Arizona and New

10 Mexico and other federal agencies, is planning a Quincentenary Martin, Andy commemorative event consisting of a one-day symposium in 1991 - Blasting Cap Tin Catalog. Tucson: Old Adit Press. 80 Tucson, a 5 day bus tour, and a 2 day closing symposium in pages, illustrations (drawings, photos of can tops and New Mexico, on 3-9 October, 1992. The event will focus on labels). No index. Price $8.00 (pb) includes shipping and Spanish exploration of the Southwest and the contributions the handling; this price good through 1992. Foreign orders, add Spanish and Native American Peoples have made to the $2.00. Order from Andy Martin, 420 East 18th St., Tucson, cultural heritage of the Southwest. Contact: Gail Acheson, AZ 85701. BLM, P.O. Box 16563, Phoenix, AZ 85011 or call 602/640-5504. Describes and illustrates over 200 blasting cap cans, dates them, and presents brief company histories. Arrangement is alphabetical, and includes some foreign companies, especially those whose products were used in the United States. All known blasting cap tins are listed. CURRENT PUBLICATIONS

Reported by Oliver, Sandra L., editor and publisher Priscilla Wegars Food History News. Four issues per year; subscriptions are $10.00 for individuals and $12.00 for institutions. Order from the editor at HCR 81, Box 354A, Islesbaro, ME 04848, check payable to Food History News. Write for information about back To obtain a listing in this section, send information on your issues. publication, (typed, double-spaced, following the format below) The issue seen for this annotation was Volume 3, No.3, to Priscilla Wegars, Current Publications Editor, SHA Newslet­ Winter 1991, 10 pages. The lead article described how Victorian ter, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Christmas observances are interpreted for visitors to Villa Louis ID 83843. Please include price and ordering information. museum and mansion in Prairie du Chien, WI. Other features included reviews of historical-interest cookbooks; historical Claassen, Cheryl, editor cooking practices (pumpkin, squash, and sweet potato pies); 1991 - Annotated Bibliographies for Archaeologists: A Computerized news, notes, and queries; and announcements of conferences Journal. Available on Macintosh or IBM disks, and food-related events. Not to be read on an empty stomach! $1O.00/volume, two issues per year; $6.50 for single issues; photocopy available also. Order from the editor at Depart­ ment of Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, Russ, Kurt C. NC 28608, (704) 262-2295. 1990 - The Fincastle Pottery (44B)304): Salvage Excavations at Contents of Volume I, No. I, Fall 1991 (not seen for this a Nineteenth-Century Earthenware Kiln Located in Botetourt annotation): Gender Issues and Women in Development: A County, Virginia. Technical Report Series, No.3. Richmond: Select Bibliography of Fugitive Literature, by Noel D. Young Virginia Department of Historic Resources. 54 pages, and Tod L. Meyn, 166 pages; and Ethnoarchaeology and illustrated (map, plan, feature photos, conjectural sketches, Archaeological Experiments in Mexico and Middle America artifact drawings), bibliography, appendices. No index. Price since 1958,by Cheryl Claassen, 50 pages. ABA also solicits $5.00 (pb); add $2.00 shipping/handling for amounts of topical annotated bibliographies of any length. Contact the $10.00 or more. Order from Virginia Department of Historic editor for specifications or see Vol. I, No.1 for details. Deadline Resources, Attn: Publications Program, 221 Governor Street, for the Fall issue is 1 August; for the Spring issue, 15 Decem­ Richmond, VA 23219. Make check payable to Department of ber. Historic Resources. Salvage excavations conducted in 1988 documented a "groundhog"-type kiln; documentary research established Klatka, Thomas S. possible potters associated with it. Chapter contents include the 1991 - An Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Craig environmental setting, the archaeological and historical County, Virginia. Survey Report Series, No.2. Richmond: background, the field investigations and findings, and an Virginia Department of Historic Resources. 116 pages, analysis of artifacts. One appendix is a list of finds. illustrated (maps), bibliography, appendices. No index. Price $10.00 (pb); add $2.00 shipping/handling for amounts of Waselkov, Gregory A. $10.00 or more. Order from Virginia Department of Historic 1991 - Archaeology at the French Colonial Site of Old Mobile Resources, Attn: Publications Program, 221 Governor Street, (Phase 1:1989-1991). University of South Alabama. Anthropo­ Richmond, VA 23219. Make check payable to Department of logical Monograph 1. Mobile, Alabama. 212 pages, 126 Historic Resources. illustrations (maps, photos, drawings), 23 tables, bibliogra­ A 1989 survey located and documented 87 prehistoric and phy, appendices. price $12.00 (pb), includes postage and historic archaeological sites and 8 standing structures. Chapters handling. order from Department of Sociology / Anthropolo­ present the environment of the area, an overview of the gy, BMSB #8, University of South Alabama, region's prehistory and history, the survey design and field Mobile, AL 36688. methodology, and an analysis of the survey data. Two appendi­ This volume includes the archaeological history of the first ces provide locational information. town established in the French colony of "Louisiana," occupied

11 from 1702 until 1711, and detailed descriptions of the recent Archaeology, Pointe Lynch, 97231 Robert, Martinique, French excavations. Other chapters include descriptions and illustra­ West Indies. tions of the excavated artifacts, as well as artifact distribution maps for two structures, a domestic dwelling and a black­ smith's forge site. Some of the artifact types discussed in detail 11th Congress (Puerto Rico, 1985) are bricks, tiles, white clay pipes, gun flints, worked catiinite, Barka, N.F. coins, lead seals, aboriginal ceramics, Asian porcelain, and The potential for historical archaeological research glazed earthen wares and stonewares. The assemblage includes in the Netherlands Antilles. a diverse mixture of French, Native American, and Spanish Da-Prato-Perelli, A. colonial artifacts. A final chapter summarizes the present state La mano de obra indigena en el Oriente of knowledge about French domestic architecture on the Gulf Venezolana Siglo XVII. coast. This volume is the first of three descriptive reports to Deagan, K. NEH, which provides funding for the project. The search for La Navidad in a Contact Period Arawak town on Haiti's north coast. de Passalacqua, J .L.A. Wittkofski, J. Mark Legal aspects of underwater archaeology in the waters of 1991 - Theses and Dissertations Relevant to Virginia Archae­ Puerto Rico. ology, Architecture, and Material Culture. Bibliography Series, Ewen, c.R. No.3 (Revised). Richmond: Virginia Department of Historic Spanish colonial adaptation to the new world: current Resources. 224 pages; indexed. Price $10.00 (pb); add $2.00 research at Puerto Real, Haiti. shipping/handling for amounts of $10.00 or more. Order Glazier, S.D. from Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Attn: To have but not to hold: Spanish Trinidad from 1498 to Publications Program, 221 Governor Street, Richmond, VA 1592. 23219. Make check payable to Department of Historic Le Roux, Y. Resources. Presentation generale de l' archeologie historique en Guyane. The more than 1900 listings are in order of the university Nagelkerken, W. that awarded the degree; entries give author, title, date, degree, Preliminary report of the wine bottles of Orange Bay, St. and discipline. Indexes by author and keywords provide access. Eustatius. Nicholson, D.V. Afro-Antiguan folk pottery and emancipation. Zeller, Nancy Anne M. (editor) Reitz, EJ. 1991 - A Beautiful and Fruitful Place: Selected Rensselaerswijck Early Spanish subsistence at Puerto Real, Hispaniola. Seminar Papers. Albany: New Netherland Publishing. 400 Righter, E.J. pages, illustrated (maps, plans, photos), index. $19.50 (pb). Land use history and environmental management at Order from The Friends of the New Netherland Project, P.O. Plantation Zufriedenheit between A.D. 1683 and A.D. 1817. Box 2536, Empire State Plaza Station, Albany, N.Y. Smith, R.c. 12230-0536. Ships of discovery in the Caribbean. This book contains selected papers from the first ten Williams, M.W. Rensselaerswijck Seminars (1979 through 1987) and makes Sub-surface patterning at 16th C. Puerto Real, Haiti. available to historians and archaeologists the most recent research in the field of New Netherland and early New York history. It includes 31 papers by 28 different authors addressing 12th Congress (French Guyane, 1987) numerous subjects including merchants and traders, slaves, Barbotin, P.M. agriculture, Dutch Indian relations, and archaeology. The book Les gisements de la Guadeloupe et less grandes !ignes de includes an introduction by Charles T. Gehring, translator of leur classement chronologique. the New Netherland Project, giving the history of the Seminar. Moreau, J.P. Among the articles are "Dating the Emergence of the League of Nouvbelles donnees sure les indiens caraibes recuellies par the Iroquois" by Dean R. Snow, "Seventeenth Century un flibustier francais ayant sejourne onze mois a la Dutch-Indian Trade: A Perspective from Iroquois" by William Martinique in 1619. A. Starna, and "The Archeology of Fort Orange and Beverwijck" by Paul R. Huey. 13th Congress (Curacao, 1989) Agorsah, E.K. International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology: the Evidence and interpretation in the archaeology of Jamaica. Proceedings from three Congresses were published in 1990 and Allen, R.M. 1991. Articles dealing with historical archaeology and related The folk material culture related to food quest and food topics are listed below by Congress number, location and date. production in Curacao culture. Persons interested in the Proceedings should write to: Bernard Armstrong, D.V. Petitjean Roget, International Association for Caribbean Recovering an early 18th C. Afro-Jamaican community: archaeology of the slave village at Seville, Jamaica.

12 Barka, N.F. contributing buildings in the two-block district along the town's The merchants of St. Eustatius: an archaeological and main street. Most of the structures were built in 1926 following historical analysis. a major fire which swept the community. The Asian business­ Bequette, K. men and residents contracted with the local lumber company Shipwrecks of St. Eustatius: a preliminary study. to raise the new structures. Architects were not involved; de Passalacqua, J.L.A. locally familiar designs were simply duplicated and adapted. Recent legislation affecting underwater archaeolQgy in The resulting buildings were rectangular in plan and generally Puerto Rico. not elaborated with decorative details. The Chinese generally Finamore, D. selected the American Movement commercial style, with Documentary evidence of frontier settlement and social parapeted or false fronts and second story balconies. The change in an eighteenth century Caribbean community. exterior horizontal board walls were covered with scraps of Garcia, Arevalo, M.A. pressed tin or with stucco for fire prevention. The ground Influencias hispanicas en el alfareria taina. floors generally housed commercial enterprises, while the Haviser, J. and C. De Corse second floors were residential or boarding areas. Only the two­ African-Caribbean interaction: a research plan for Curacao story lodge hall of the Bing Kung Tong retains any distinctive Creole culture. Chinese design inspirations; its lower floor served as a commu­ Heath, Barbara nity hall. Some Japanese preferred gable or hip roof buildings, Afro-Caribbean ware on St. Eustatius: a preliminary without false parapets. (This contrast with the false and typology. stepped parapet fronts preferred by the Chinese may well Kelly, K.G. and D.V. Armstrong reflect a concern for feng shui, a Chinese wind and water Archaeological investigations of a 19th century free laborer philosophy not shared by the Japanese.) A few brick commer­ house, Seville estate, St. Ann's, Jamaica. cial buildings were capitalized by the American land owner Nagelkerken, W. and rented out; their fronts were faced with yellow brick. The 1989 survey of the Dutch frigate "Alphen" which exploded district still has numerous, characteristic rear and side gardens. and sank in 1778 in the harbour of Curacao. Overall, the cultural history of this community as reflected in Righter, E.J. these worthy structural artifacts warrants future interpretive The importance of soil sampling and analysis to interpreta­ elaboration, but this successful nomination report clearly tion of archaeological sites. specifies the significant architectural, historical, and ethnic Rodriguez-Loubet, F. contexts for the surviving structural elements registered in this French regulations for the protection of archaeological sites historic district. in Martinique and French Guyana. The design features of the five oldest surviving Chinese Simmons Brito, N. community temples in California are addressed in a new The revelation of Willemstad as a historic center. publication. ''The Oldest Chinese Temples in California, A Watters, D.R. and J.B. Petersen Landmarks Tour" is a 19-page report by Paul G. Chace pub­ The Harney site slave cemetery, Montserrat: archaeological lished as the June 1991 issue of Gum Saan Journal (Vol. XIV, No. summary. 1, available from the Chinese Historical Society of Southern California, 4205 S. La Salle Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90062; $2.00 plus 66¢ for tax and postage). The society organized an excursion to these landmarks in the fall of 1990. From nine­ teenth-century California, only five Chinese community temples OVERSEAS CHINESE RESEARCH GROUP still survive, and all are in rural towns. Other Chinese temples, in California urban centers, are all in twentieth-century Reported by buildings, although many originated as nineteenth century Paul G. Chace institutions. The oldest original temples are the Bok Kai Temple at Marysville dedicated in 1880, the Place of Assorted Gods at Oroville dating from 1863, the Temple Amidst the More Architecture and Building Design Studies: The Isleton Forest Beneath the Clouds at Weaverville rebuilt and rededicat­ Asian American Historic District was accepted onto the ed in 1873, the Kuan Ti Temple at Mendocino dating from National Register of Historic Places in March 1991. The district before 1883, and the Wu Ti Temple building at Cambria still reflects "a strong sense of time and place," the 1926-1940 surviving probably from the 1880s. The essay presents the period when Asian American commercial districts flourished in cultural geography, the architectural design and features, the the rural towns of the agricultural Sacramento Delta of Califor­ interior furnishings and altars, and the principal deity figures nia. Mary L. Maniery writes that along with Locke and Walnut from each temple. Each temple was one-story, complete, Grove, now all three Asian American communities in the community hall for worship, distinct from shrines, chapels, and Sacramento Delta area which still include standing structures temporary 'matshed' temples. They all were geographically of the Chinese and Japanese are listed on the National Register. located near the edge of the settlements, seemingly as spiritual Maniery's 33-page report, National Register Nomination, Isleton barriers, facing toward the water courses which flowed beside Asian American Historic District (PAR Environmental Services, the community. They appeared to reflect a Chinese geomancy Inc., P.O. Box 160756, Sacramento, CA 95616-0756, December or orientation with respect to feng shui (wind and water) and 1980), briefly describes each of the 41 contributing and 23 non- chi (flowing positive energy). The three large and elaborately

13 constructed temples were at mining centers where great wealth that each Overseas Chinese community carries forth its own was extracted. These temples were furnished with ornately cultural history, clearly they all are intertwined in the evolving carved and gilded altars, probably imported from China. In architectural history of America -- and the world. On the other contrast, the small temple structures at Mendocino and hand, with the domination of neoclassical Renaissance, Roman­ Cambria were similar in design and features. These simple esque, Moderne, etc. in America, there appears to be only a wood-frame buildings appeared to have been supported by little to distinguish Overseas Chinese buildings. modest Chinese populations with far less conspicuous economic fortunes. Their altars apparently were crafted by local carpen­ ters, built against the temples' rear walls, and painted green. Plumas County Chinese: Eugene Itogawa of the California Unlike the larger temples, these two small temple buildings State Historic Preservation Office has provided a copy of the appeared to have had neither sills nor spirit doors protecting newsletter of the Plumas County Museum Assn. Inc., Vol. 3, the entrances. Issue 1, of May 1991 (P.O. Box 10776, QUincy, CA 95971). This A third important study addresses the Chinese buildings of issue is devoted to the Chinese In Plumas County written by San Francisco. Philip P. Choy, a practicing San Francisco Barbara Pricer. It is six pages, with five old photographs. Two architect and former member of the city's Landmark Preserva­ photos are of old Chinese structures; one is a rural cook house tion Advisory Board, has prepared 'The Architecture of San with a shake roof. The second is a "Joss House" at Silver Creek. Francisco Chinatown," which appeared with 16 illustrations in This wood-frame building is two-stories with a loft, constructed Chinese America: History and Perspectives, 1990, pp. 37-66, the of board-and-batten side walls and a shiplap-sided front annual volume from the Chinese Historical Society of America, exterior. There is a signboard over the temple doors on the in San Francisco. Although the gold rush resulted in the rail-enclosed second floor balcony; the signboard translates as importation of a number of prefabricated Chinese homes and " ... Heavenly Palace," but the first of the three characters is an opera theater, Choy found that in the following decades the unclear. Chinese came to occupy the previously existing buildings in the Pricer's historical article focuses on the exclusively Chinese commercial center of the city, which were thoroughly American occupied town of Silver Creek, an 1850s mining settlement that in architecture. Often they added front overhangs and balco­ later became an agricultural center which supplied surrounding nies, which were decorated with porcelain flower pots and Caucasian communities. Entry was restricted through the huge silken lanterns as the only really distinctive Chinese town-gate, and only Caucasians with proper business were features. The fronts had signboards in Chinese, and distinctive allowed into the village. Fires in the 1920s burned out the area, flags were flown atop the Chinese businesses and association and subsequent dredging and logging reportedly have obliterat­ headquarters. Choy concludes that up to the 1906 earthquake, ed this town site (although something revealing might catch an the Chinese in San Francisco "apparently had accepted Ameri­ archaeologist's eye). Pricer mentions other smaller Chinese can architectural fashions and made no radical changes." In communities throughout Plumas County, one with a carp rebuilding following the 1906 destruction, the Chinese mer­ raising pond, to provide fresh fish for the local Chinese. chants hired American architects, who employed Western Although this popular article does not include specific referenc­ construction methods and local materials in accord with local es, Pricer and the Plumas County Museum obviously have building codes. Initially, these architects were encouraged to assembled a considerable archive of sources on the Overseas pursue an exotic vernacular, "veritable fairy palaces," and in Chinese in the region. Hopefully, this summary article and San Francisco this became "Oriental Design." The new struc­ these rich resources will be expanded into a full expoSition. tures were inflexibly Western simplified commercial-residential They warrant an ethno-history-archaeology thesis. Being structures of brick and concrete, and they usually filled the nearby, numerous comparisons of cultural patterns might be property lines. Imagined "Oriental" elements were designed by made from the larger publication 'The Chinese in Siskiyou the American architects which could be fabricated in sheet County, A Glimpse from Yreka," described in the March 1991 metal. These simulated structural elements simply were added OCRG column. as visual treatment. Multitiered eaves to emulate pagodas were added atop corner buildings. Colorful "Oriental" cornices imitated bracketed roof supports (tou-kung). False parapet Respect-Repatriation-Repose: The Chinese Historical Society facades depicted curved roof lines. The top floor often was of America in their monthly Bulletin for November 1991 ran the slightly recessed to provide an enlarged loggia or porch with following story under the headline "Chinese Artifacts and a simulated overhanging "Oriental" roof with up-curved eaves. Human Remains Unearthed." The story is quoted here In the spirit of Americanization, the largest Chinese district essentially in full. This represents another example of scientist organization had its new building devoid of any "Oriental" and community recognizing their needs to understand one decoration. Many brick buildings were decorated with another and to work harmoniously together. "In July 1991, standard neoclassical ornaments available in sheet metal numerous Chinese artifacts were unearthed in the millrace area catalogues, as Choy writes, "creating instant Renaissance or of the Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park. In addition Gothic Revival style buildings." to ceramics and bowls, a small segment of woven bamboo Following upon the commentary regarding "Overseas basketry was found with human bone fragments. The findings Chinese Architectural Design" in the June 1991 OCRG column, are being stored in the laboratory of the Department of Parks these three additional studies suggest the broad range that the and Recreation Inland Regional Headquarters in Lodi, Califor­ field of Overseas Chinese architecture and building design nia. CHSA has been contacted by the Department concerning needs to consider and interrelate. While it sometimes appears the handling and disposition of the human remains. Any

14 feeling and/or suggestions on the matter should be addressed research strategies. Included are two case studies describing to Mr. Gary Reinoehl, State Archaeologist, Dept. of Parks and cultural resources management programs in Alexandria, Recreation ... Lodi, California 95241." Traditionally, many Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh case Chinese cemeteries have a shrine from departed 'good brothers' study will feature the use of geographical computer systems in where the unfortunately unidentifiable could be buried and archaeology. their souls respectfully entreated. Bob Fryman submitted a proposal to present preliminary results of his and Ron Carlisle's recent work at the pottery district in East Liverpool, Ohio. The New Yorker: Priscilla Wegars in her Asian Comparative Charles Cheek is organizing an Urban Archaeology Work­ Collection Newsletter of September 1991 first called our attention shop, which will take place on Wednesday, April 8, with to Gwen Kinkead's major 48-page literary essay, a depiction of morning and afternoon sessions. The workshop will return to New York's Chinatown, "A Reporter at Large, Chinatown" (The the issue of achieving comparable data in urban archaeology New Yorker, June 10 and 17, 1991, Vol. 67, Nos. 17 and 18). reports. As we discovered in the Atlanta SHA meetings, there However, this may not be what is appears. are minor and major differences in the procedures archaeolo­ Kinkead's description in the first half of her monograph gists use to classify and analyze artifacts which make compari­ focuses upon the immigrant generation and their solitary son difficult or impossible. This workshop will address this endeavors to accumulate U.S. dollars. She masterfully presents issue by focusing on functional classification systems of urban a sensory and vivid word account of New York's Chinatown assemblages, especially the South system, and the problems, street scenes, with the forlorn conditions of sewing shops, street values and comparability in such classifications. hawkers, old tenements, friendless workers, etc. The second Furthermore,the workshop will explore what decisions are half of this discourse is Kinkead's perception of the major currently made in placing certain artifact types in existing organizations of Chinatown society. She asserts to portray the classes within the South functional classification system. This re-emerging dominance by Chinatown's traditional institutions, system is currently the most widely used and has been the particularly the tong powers with their linkages to youth gangs. basis of comparison among and within cities. The workshop In updating the acknowledged Chinatown writings of Peter will compile formal statements of how individuals have made Kwong, Kinkead really is lamenting the ineffectiveness of decisions about classifying artifact types which were not American unions, social service agencies, and police. As for included in South's original scheme. Such statements would be literary criticism, one notes her authority rests mainly in useful in increasing the utility of the South system for compari­ quotations from frustrated law enforcement officers and their son for those who choose to use it. We will also discuss informants. Kinkead's thesis, that the Chinese traditional documenting classification decisions so that others may utilize organizations through their powers isolate the entire ethnic our material in their own comparisons, whether or not they are community from outside intervention, really is a literary using a functional classification. Those with comments or ideas expose' regarding a perceived "American" dream. As archaeol­ for this workshop can contact Charles Cheek at John Milner ogists and social scientists, we would do well to dissect the Associates, Inc., 5250 Cherokee Ave., 4th Fioor, Alexandria, VA culturally constructed framework for Kinkead's literary effort, 22312. It would also be useful to send copies of artifact and then apply the lesson to our own writing frames. Because catalogues currently in use, including functional categories. Kinkead's writing is so beautifully vivid, the lesson raises to Persons interest in adding their names to the Urban consciousness the meanings we apply to ethnicity and to Archaeology Forum'S 1992 Mailing List are asked to submit Overseas Chinese. their name, address, phone number, geographical area of interest or experience (including cities in which you have conducted research), and topical interests and expertise in urban archaeology no later than July 1 to: Ronald C. Carlisle, 714 Carriage Circle, Pittsburgh, PA 15205. The next list will URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM include all submissions that have been received since Septem­ ber,1991. If you are already carried on themailinglist.itis not Reported by necessary to send another request for listing. Amendments to Pamela Cressey the previous list, however, also should be submitted by July 1.

• SAA Annual Meeting: a variety of events are planned for the Society for American Archaeology meeting on 7-12 April, MILITARY SITES ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM including a reception at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and tours of the Polar World and Ancient Egypt Reported by Anthropology Halls, tours of the Carnegie Museum Anthropol­ Daniel J. Crouch ogy and Conservation Laboratories, tour of the Ethnology and Archaeology collections at the Carnegie Museum Annex. A symposium entitled Archaeology "IN" and "OF' Cities is on the program for Saturday morning, April 11. Organized by Big Hole Battlefield Studied: the following is provided by Verna L. Cowin, the proposed papers address the current status Doug Scott of the National Park Service. During the month of of archaeology in American cities and offer directions for future August the Midwest Archeological Center, National Park

15 Service, fielded a crew directed by Douglas Scott to cond uct of the Siege Area test was to determine the construction fieldwork in Big Hole National Battlefield, Montana. The technique used to dig the rifle pits and to determine their battlefield is the site of an Indian victory over elements of the current condition. The rifle pit in the Siege Area was Seventh U.S. Infantry Regiment on August 9-10, 1877. The cross-trenched. This excavation did not yield any artifacts, but infantry, in a pre-dawn attack across the North Fork of the Big a profile of the entrenchment was defined. Preliminary interpre­ Hole River, captured a Nez Perce village of about 89 lodges. tation concludes the pit was dug as a hasty entrenchment The soldiers were quickly forced to retreat by regrouped Nez according to prescribed methods. Perce warriors. The army was subsequently forced to entrench Two one meter square excavations were placed at a concen­ and was besieged until relieved by other army units on August tration of artifacts in a small depression near the north end 11. of the village. This excavation was very successful. A large Archeological fieldwork consisted of two components: quantity of cartridges, several percussion caps, melted lead, and inventory and testing. The inventory employed electronic metal a number of seed beads were recovered. No evidence of detectors, visual survey methods, and piece-plot recording burning was noted. Tentatively this site is interpreted as a tepee techniques to locate battle-related and other evidences of location. If this is the case this is a previously undocumented human use of the area. The final report of investigations is tepee site. expected during the summer of 1991. Data recording was facilitated by the use of the Lietz SET3C total station transit with a SDR33 data recorder. Each transit Questionnaire Sent: beginning in December, questionnaires shot was recorded on the data recorder and given a previously have been sent out to those who in the past expressed interest established identification code. At the completion of a given in military sites archaeology. The response to these question­ day's work the data was downloaded onto a laptop computer naires will be used to formalize a list of individuals, their containing the SOKKIA software program MAP. The raw file specializations, and recommendations on a variety of pertinent was processed by the computer and a map of that day's find topicS. A mailing will be made with the results of the question­ was then displayed. naire when everyone has had a reasonable amount of time to The field investigations yielded slightly over 1000 artifacts. reply. Individuals who wish to receive a questionnaire should The majority are battle-related finds. Most are also firearms (395 send their request to me at: 6402 Capriole Drive, Austin, Texas, cartridge cases, 45 cartridges, and 250 bullets) related. Among 78745. the other finds are 13 brass trade rings, several butcher or camp knives, a cleaver, forks, a brass spoon, glass seed beads, suspender hooks, trouser adjustment buckles, haversack Tum of the Century Cache Found at Ft. Robinson: a cache of adjustment hook, clothing fasteners, three 1872 pattern bootees, thousands of 1880s to early 1900s artifacts have been found a Model 1841 Mississippi Rifle, and a trowel bayonet. during remodeling of the Post Playhouse at Ft. Robinson State The gross artifact pattern is generally consistent with the Park, Crawford, Nebraska. The building was erected in 1892 for historic record. The village area appears to be entirely con­ use as a quartermaster warehouse. The artifacts, many of which tained within the current park boundary. The area east of the were found in a crawlspace, are in the hands of the Nebraska village was an area of combat and that zone of combat may Game and Parks Commission which is in the process of extend in an easterly direction beyond the east boundary fence. identifying and cataloging them. Many of the items were still The distribution of cartridges, cartridge cases, and bullets in unopened boxes. Included are the following: a branding iron, appears to denote lines of attack and retreat through the tools, widow latches, cut nails, cartons of rubber bands, stencils, willows west of the village, into the village, and the subsequent pulleys, screws, hinges, horseshoes, marking stamps, horseshoe retreat across the river, through the willows, and into th~ Siege hammers, equipment tags, scale weights, plumbing supplies, Area. Cartridge cases, bullets, and some possible sabot strap­ glass chimneys for kerosene lamps, trumpet mouthpieces, a ping were recovered in the vicinity of the replica howitzer on wooden sabre, and a military haversack and tin cup. The oldest Howitzer Hill. items are 1880s barracks lamps. The cache represents a Two areas yielded information that definitely enhance the cross-section of quartermaster supply items from the period. historic record. A line of cartridge cases and bullets was found Significant also is the quantity of certain items. The collection along the Nez Perce Trail that follows the base of the slope to which is being compared to that of the Bertrand, will be added the north of the Siege Area. These artifacts may represent the to the collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society. location of the reserve companies and indicate they gave (Heliogram #218:8) supporting fire to the attack or retreat. The other area of cases and bullets was located to the east of the center of the village and continued to the eastern boundary fence line. This artifact Artifact Studies: the Spring 1991 issue of Military Collector and concentration may be the area of Captain Brown's charge Historian has three items of interest in its "Collectors Field toward the fleeing Nez Perce. It may also indicate the area of Book" section. The first ("Knapsack of N.B. Johnston, 1st attack by the Nez Perce in their effort to retake the village. Virginia Artillery, ANY" - pages 38-39) is a description of a Application of firearms identification procedures during the knapsack in the hands of the Richmond National Battlefield artifact analysis should provide more definitive answers to Park, National Park Service. It had been used by a private with these preliminary interpretations. an artillery unit of the Army of Northern Virginia, and was Testing consisted of a total of five one meter square units donated to NPS by his descendant. It is a "fold over type excavated in the Indian Camp and the Siege Area. The purpose knapsack; made of oil cloth covered canvas." Frederick C.

16 Gaede who authored the description suggests that this knap­ already occurred. However, it was apparently sunk in action as sack either itself or its style could have dated to before the it still carries its torpedoes and small items such as dishes. No Mexican War. Perhaps this is an issue on which archaeology bodies of the crew have been found. (Heliogram #218:4) might provide illumination. Of particular interest are the measured drawings of the individual parts of the knapsack. One of these is of a SIB-inch, black-painted iron button, three Camp McPherson Studied: after years of neglect Camp Date of which secured its inner flap. Creek, Arizona, originally known as Camp McPherson, has Stephen E. Osman ("Contents of a Mess Chest, 1823" - page been nominated to the National Register. The site had infantry 40) comments on both ceramics ("transfer printed pearl ware") and cavalry contingents from 1867 to 1873 and had architecture and tableware which was marked either with a unit designation often associated with larger and more permanent posts. Rock or by the letter "M." The latter is suggested to stand for "Mess." and adobe were used in construction, some of which still These items were found during excavations of 1820s to 1850s stands. The site was also regularly visited by Indians receiving deposits at Ft. Snelling, Minnesota, and Ft. Atkinson, Nebraska. rations. It is expected that the archaeology of the site will reflect This is to some degree reminiscent of the personal initials occupations of both the military and the Indians. However, to scratched into the bottoms of tinware recovered from the Civil date little archaeology has been done and primary attention is War ship USS Cairo, Vicksburg Battlefield. It also calls to mind being given to preventing further unauthorized digging. This the unit markings which have been found on earthenware outpost is of particular note archaeologically for two reasons. sherds at military sites on the Plains. First, it was active for a very short period. Second, that period Two other very interesting features complete this short was after the end of the Civil War but before army efforts piece. The first is measured drawings of the straps which towards new standards were well in place. (Heliogram #218:7) secured the mess chest. Unfortunately, the author does not note their source. Finally, he lists the contents of an August 1823, regimental mess chest. This list is based on a document in a somewhat obscure (and fully cited) spot in the National Archives. The list is not only of interest in itself, but demon­ OPINION strates the value of thorough research. The third item of interest concerns a discussion of the "horizontal pistol belt" produced by the Mills Woven Cartridge FIRST PERSON PRONOUNS AND THE MYfH OF Belt Company between 1914 and World War 1 ("Mills Horizon­ UNMEDIATED TRUTH: RESPONSE TO POTTER tal Pistol Belt" by William Phillips and Carter Rila - pages 43-45). The catalog, being worn by a Marine in 1916, and an extant specimen apparently in excellent condition. The latter Mary C. Beaudry photo very clearly shows not only the snaps, slides, and buckle Boston University associated with this belt, but also show the two types of rivet used in the belt itself. The catalog, Woven Military Equipments, is also recommended as a particularly good reference on the Parker Potter's remarks in the October, 1991, issue of the range of Mills' products. SHA Newsletter are right on the mark for many of us. He is not the only one who has chafed at editorial efforts to create an illusion of objectivity through forced elimination of first person Ft. Davis Closure: a good portion of the most recent issue of pronouns, plural or Singular, even though Potter's writing, and the Heliogram, newsletter of the Council on America's Military purpose for writing, was far from objective. It is bad enough Past (November 1991) concerns the disposal of recently-active that many others of us have had similar experiences in present­ military posts. Many of these posts have long and ditinguished ing interpretations of the results of our research in Historical histories. One such is Fort Davis, Salt Lake City, Utah. The Archaeology, but it seems especially absurd that reviews and post was closed after 129 years although most of it remains in critiques should be subjected to the same pseudo-scientific state or Federal hands. Much contention exists over the way editorial cannon! that the reservation was segmented. Certainly, archaeology Potter speaks to my condition as well as others'; I have had must have been considered in the handling of this facility, many a conversation with colleagues who have had a similar although I am unaware of what work has been done. However, experience with articles they hoped to publish in Historical no mention is made of archaeology in spite of the number of Archaeology. More than one person has told me that they National Registry listings for buildings at Ft. Douglas. In allowed the first person pronoun to be deleted because their October some of the final 119 of the original 2500 acres of article was to appear as part of a thematic issue of the journal, reservation was turned in over to the University of Utah and so they went along with the changes because they didn't want some was turned to a newly created Reserve Center. to let the others in their group down. One colleague, however, felt so strongly about the fact that it was her own research she was discussing that she withdrew an article that had been Nazi Submarine Found: a previously unknown World War 11 reviewed and accepted by Historical Archaeology because submarine was found last Labor Day by sport divers 65 miles publication was contingent on revising "I" into purportedly off of Point Pleasant, New Jersey. Because of the 230 foot depth, objective passive voice constructions. examination of the wreck has been difficult; one fatality has

17 Awkward and circuitous constructions are the inevitable CURRENT RESEARCH result of writing devoid of the first person, as Potter demon­ strates so entertainingly. Yet there is more to this issue than bad writing and the epistemological tyranny of logical positiv­ MID-ATLANTIC ism and its adherents' faith in "brute facts." Behind the insistence of removing the researcher from his or her interpreta­ Reported by tions of that research, use of the non-involved third person Mark Wittkofski stems from a particular way of knowing and of communicating knowledge, as well as a means of restricting and controlling access to knowledge. PENNSYLVANIA Feminists have noted that claims of unmediated truth arise from a carefully constructed male realm of objectivity that is Bourse GaragelOmni Hotel at Independence Park, Philadel­ grounded in method, rule, and law-governed behavior (see, for phia: John Milner Associates, Inc. (JMA) has recently complet­ example, Hawkesworth 1989, esp. pp. 538-540). In archaeology ed an archaeological data recovery within a project area many cling to the illusion championed by the process.ualists bounded by Chestnut Street, South Fourth Street, Ranstead that our discipline is more a natural science than a human Street, and the Bourse Building as a result of this development science, and the structure of language helps maintain the project. Portions of six 18th-century and 12 19th-century shaft illusion. It also unwittingly embodies and serves to perpetuate features were identified during the course of archaeological the power structure within the discipline by privileging the field investigations. The Philadelphia Historical Commission authority of "logic" over discourse. The current editorial policy recommended that data recovery include excavation of six shaft is so deeply embedded in a particular theory of knowledge that features pre-dating the 19th century. Analysis of these resourc­ it serves as a barrier to admission for alternative theoretical es has focused on variation in shaft feature depositional positions. It is no accident, then, that, the rare exception aside, sequences with an emphasis on Philadelphia's earliest sanita­ our journal presents historical archaeology in such a consistent tion practices and the problem of "site-relatedness" of the and seemingly unified voice. artifacts found within these features. The field excavations In a recent article, Elisabeth Young-Bruehl notes that "many were directed by Michael Parrington, while the data analysis of the most interesting scholars now writing in the humanities and report preparation were completed by Belinda Blomberg. and social sciences use the personnel narrative to tell complicat­ Over 28,000 artifacts were analyzed from the Bourse ed stories of entangled experiential roots, cross-cultural and Garage/Omni Hotel at Independence Park site. Findings of intracultural migrations" (1991:18). She attributes the move particular significance include: an extraordinary deposit of away from the passionlessness and supposed detachment of 1,605 goat and cattle horns in one shaft feature and 530 cow American academic prose (what she calls "sedentary generic and pig feet in another; large quantities of early 18th-century American academese") to the influences of feminist theory, but wine bottles in one feature and engraved Stiegel tableglass in it is clearly an outgrowth as well of the general trend of post­ two others; and quantities of locally manufactured red earthen­ modernist critique that has developed over the last three ware and grey stoneware in four shaft features. Grey stone­ decades. ware, a Philadelphia specialty, appears to have been produced I for one agree with Potter that it is time for our journal to in the colonial period only by Anthony Duche, a French acknowledge the current climate in scholarship and move away Huguenot potter. Duche's house and kiln were west of the from the pseudo-objectivity and false authority sustained by project area on Chestnut Street between Fourth and Fifth limiting pronominal usage. As Young-Bruehl points out, use of Streets. The assemblage also contained evidence of pottery the first person does not necessarily lead to self-aggrandizing manufacturing such as wasters and kiln furniture, probably self-advertisement. By continuing to demand good, scholarly originating from Duche's pottery, which was active from 1724 writing, our editors can avoid the danger of finding themselves to 1763. The recovery of fragments of two red earthenware knee-deep in manuscripts devoted to "self-stereotyping and its vessels bearing Anthony Duche's stamp represents the first near neighbor, glamorizing or valorizing difference, ... as when known evidence for Duche's manufacturing of red earthenware scholars rally 'round "I" to insist that only those who share in Philadelphia. Several molded red earthenware "stove" tiles their identity are qualified to understand their stories" (ibid.: dating from ca. 1760 may further demonstrate Duche's handi­ 17). Permitting the well-tempered "I" might open all of our work. These tiles are a unique find in America and a fine eyes to new and varied perspectives and to the realization that example of colonial decorative arts. multiple interpretations are pOSSible, if not desirable. The historical data indicate that the project area experienced intensive development during the middle decades of the 18th century, as did the city as a whole. In the later half of the References century, the majority of properties in the project locality were Hawkesworth, Mary not occupied by those who paid taxes on the property. The 1989 Knowers, Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and fact that the properties were predominantly rentals may have Claims of Truth. Signs 14(3):533-557. had some effect on the maintenance behaviors associated with the privies, with short-term solutions to problems favored by Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth both owners and renters. Time factors, historical events, and 1991 Pride & Prejudice: Feminist Scholars Reclaim the variations in sanitation behaviors of household occupants had First Person. Lingua franca 1(3):15-18.

18 a direct effect on the formation process of the final deposits southwest wall of the current church. The outlines of six evident in the shaft features excavated within the project area. unmarked grave shafts oriented east to west were defined in an As population and land use increased over time in the area of 225 square feet. The locations of the redefined graves project area, so did privy depths. Despite increasing depths, were marked, and excavation was then halted. A report privies in Philadelphia became a nuisance and posed serious summarizing the history of the church, the field methodology, health risks. Philadelphia enacted an ordinance in 1769 and the results of the excavations was prepared by Ronald C. restricting privy depths and im posing fines for non-compliance. Carlisle for the property owners and the preservation auxiliary. Evidence from the site indicates that percolation deposits, A public lecture on the archaeological project and its relation­ composed of dense concentrations of ceramics, glass, and bone, ship to efforts to preserve the church and its grounds was given were used to percolate liquid waste. Another function of the at the church on September 24, 1991. deposits found in the mid-18th-century privies was to raise the bottom of the shaft to comply with Philadelphia's first sanita­ tion ordinance. Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia: Archaeologi­ A final report has been submitted to the client, the Kevin F. cal data recovery in a four block area bounded by Arch, Race, Donohoe Company/Bourse Garage Associates, and copies are Eleventh, and Thirteenth Streets in center city Philadelphia, was on file at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission recently completed by John Milner Associates, Inc. (JMA). and the Philadelphia Historical Commission. Excavation of six privy shaft features at 1103, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1229, and 1231 Arch Street and two backyard areas at 112 and 114 Camac Street was carried out on properties prior to the Dendrochronological Study of Log Structures; Three western demolition of standing structures on these blocks. Michael Pennsylvania structures were studied in 1991 by Ronald C. Parrington directed the field excavations, while Belinda Carlisle, Renee M. Bonzani, and Frances B. King with funding Blomberg and Philip Car stairs completed the artifact and soil provided by a Local History Project Support Grant from the analyses and report preparation. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. The study Analysis of the Arch Street resources focused on the was designed to expand the researchers' earlier work in relationship of archaeological evidence and the range of dendrochronology that began with their examination of oak behaviors representative of 19th-century medical practices. and pine excavated in 1987 from lift lock no. 4 of the Pennsyl­ Documentary research demonstrated that four of the six privies vania Canal in Pittsburgh (published in 1991 in North American excavated in the Convention Center project area were associat­ Archaeologist 12(2):61-73). The more recent work examined ed with medical households. Philadelphia's health care cores from the ca. 1785 Neville House, a National Historic professionals usually maintained offices within their residences. Landmark, and the ca. 1790 Walker-Ewing home, both located Despite the increasing numbers of medical schools that in Allegheny County, and log sections from "Ft. Gaddis," the ca. appeared in the mid-19th century in Philadelphia, the preven­ 1774 home of Monongalia County, Virginia, militia leader, tion and cure of disease progressed slowly. Bleeding was a Thomas Gaddis. The Gaddis home, listed on the National common treatment in hospitals as well as in private practice Register of Historic Places, is now within Fayette County. In and patients often bled until some physiological effect was total, five samples provided good crosses with the Shawangunk produced after a loss of, on average, six to 12 ounces per Mountains (New York) master chronology to provide dates; treatment. however, the results were frequently at odds with historical The nature of 19th-<:entury medical practices could not be dates for the structures. The deviations are probably due to addressed through artifact analysis alone, since medical small sample size, complacency in tree ring growth, the absence equipment was extremely rare in all of the features investigated of a local master chronology, and to mechanical difficulties in on Arch Street. Rather, medical practices in the project area is obtaining the cores. Nevertheless, the project represents an more evident from an analysis of soil samples taken from the important initial attempt to apply dendrochronological tech­ features than from the artifacts recovered. The Hemoccult test, niques in the study of western Pennsylvania historic structures. a standard pharmaceutical test for fecal occult blood, was used A report on the project was submitted to the Pennsylvania to determine the presence of hemoglobin in soil samples from Historical and Museum Commission on October 31, 1991. the Arch Street privies. Implementation of the Hemoccult test produced excellent preliminary results in the identification of blood residues in soils from archaeological deposits associated Old St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Allegheny County: Archae­ with documented medical profeSSionals. The results confirm ologists Ronald C. Carlisle, William C. Johnson, and Edward J. that bleeding was a common mid-19th-century medical Siemon conducted limited archaeological testing in the side treatment in Philadelphia and blood was frequently deposited yard of this church in Scott Township, in May and June 1991. in residential privies. The current building (1852) is the third known church to The investigation of privies in relation to household and city occupy the property, but St. Luke's parish dates to at least the sanitation practices formed a further research focus. Excavation 1790s and perhaps as early as 1765. The parish is reputed to be of the backyard archaeological contexts on Camac Street also the earliest west of the Allegheny Mountains. A small portion provided an opportunity to study urban household activities of the adjacent graveyard was tested at the request of the and landscapes in the 19th century. A final report has been Friends of Old St. Luke's, an auxiliary of the Pittsburgh History submitted to the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corpora­ and Landmarks Foundation, to determine whether unmarked tion, and copies are on file at the Pennsylvania Historical and burials were present in a rectangular area that abuts the

19 Museum Commission and the Philadelphia Historical Commis­ VIRGINIA sion. Belvoir Manor, Fairfax County: The Fairfax County History Commission has awarded a grant to Martha Williams to fund Philadelphia Gateway Development: John Milner Associates, the re-cataloguing and analysis of collections excavated from Inc. OMA) was retained by Realen Gateway Development Belvoir Manor, the home of Colonel William Fairfax, construct­ Associates, L.P. and its general partner, Realen Gateway ed ca. 1741. Excavations on the site were conducted between Development Corporation, to provide cultural resources 1973 and 1976, under the direction and auspices of the U.S. services in connection with an unusual private-public develop­ Army Corps of Engineers, by high school students from the ment of a block owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Fairfax County Public Schools Summer Seminar in Historical Transportation. The project was located adjacent to the Vine Archaeology. The collection contains approximately 40,000 Expressway in the northwest quadrant of Center City Philadel­ artifacts that were recovered from three dependency buildings phia. and other ancillary features such as drains and brick clamps. A Phase IA level historical and archaeological evaluation of To date, approximately one-quarter of the collection has been the project area was conducted in late 1990 by John P. McCar­ recatalogued. The collection contains cultural remains typical thy, Principal Archaeologist/Project Manager, assisted by of mid-eighteenth century high-status households, including the Jeanne A. Ward, Project Archaeologist. Historic map and full range of imported British, Oriental, and German ceramics, census research indicated that the block had contained a series and a large faunal component. The most significant material of interior residential courts and alleys from the mid-19th­ from the site, however, was a large collection of African colono­ century through the early years of the 20th century. The ware, that previously had been identified as aboriginal ceram­ residents of the small "band-box" or "trinity" row homes ics. Inventory and analysis are continuing; the expected date jammed into these areas were predominantly of Irish birth or for completion of the inventory is mid-1992. extraction, employed in unskilled occupations. Based upon previous research in Philadelphia, especially along the Vine Expressway corridor, artifact-bearing features were expected to Centreville: The Northern Virginia Chapter of the Archeologi­ be present that reflected the documented Irish occupation in the cal Society of Virginia conducted excavations in Centreville, a project area. Based on these results, an archaeological work­ late 18th-century town in western Fairfax County, from April plan was developed for Phase IB/II location/evaluation and to October 1991. The primary focus of the investigation was to Phase III data recovery investigations. locate remnants of a tannery that had existed ca. 1800-1850. Eight features (including 5 privy shafts) associated with the Several large features were excavated. One circular pit was Irish occupation of the block were identified and excavated in eight feet in diameter and five feet deep, cutting one foot into subsequent Phase IB/II and Phase III field investigations in the bedrock. It was determined to be a tanning vat based on a spring of 1991. Over 24,000 artifacts and food remains were biochemical analysis of soil taken from the bottom. This recovered. The work was supervised by Project Archaeologists sample was saturated with fatty acids, most of which were Billy R. Roulette, Jr. and Thomas A. J. Crist, under John probably sheep. Sheep raising was one of the more important McCarthy's direction. The project's research design focused economic activities in western Fairfax County during the early primarily on issues of consumer choice and dietary variation in 19th century. the context of Irish-immigrant/lrish-American ethnic identity A second aspect of the investigation was to locate Civil War and socio-economic status. However, the investigation hopes period remains. All large features excavated were filled with to also assess the efficacy and appropriateness of various Civil War rubble and trash. The town was occupied by interpretative frameworks, or contexts, in urban archaeology, Confederates during the first winter of the war, 1861-1862, and including the contexts of privy, household, and community. sporadically by Union troops from 1962-1865. The tanning vat Central to such an assessment is the analysis of site formation contained large amounts of architectural rubble, military processes, reflecting depositional behaviors, and the nature of ordinance, bottles, and machinery parts, probably from a steam associative links between archaeological assemblages and the engine. The previous tanning activities on the site produced documentary record. excellent preservation in the soil, quantities of leather, wood, Artifact processing and analyses are being completed in and bullets with casings attached were recovered. William JMA's Philadelphia laboratory by Thomas Crist and Ronald Leigh was field director for the project, under contract to the Gardner; Lisa D. O'Steen is conducting the analysis of faunal Fairfax County History Commission. Larry Moore, Fairfax remains. A report detailing the goals, background, and County Heritage Resources Branch Archaeologist, was the conclusions of the Phase IB/II and Phase III investigations is in principal investigator. Further field work is planned for the preparation. It is anticipated that the collections will be curated spring of 1992. at the Atwater Kent Museum upon the completion of the project. Preliminary results addressing interpretative contexts in urban archaeology were presented in a paper delivered at Downtown Norfolk Corridor: Phase II archaeological testing the annual meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical of an area containing 10 different commercial buildings within Archaeology in Newark, Delaware in November 1991. the right-of-way of the proposed Downtown Norfolk Corridor project in Norfolk was recently conducted by John Milner Associates, Inc. OMA). The work was done for the Virginia Department of Transportation and DeLeuw Cather and

20 Company of Virginia under the direction of Donna J. 'Seifert although two are within 300 feet or less of a road and do not and Charles D. Cheek. The buildings were located at the appear on the historic maps of the area. Two sites were intersection of Park and Brambleton Avenues in a section of recommended for Phase II work. One was a cellar foundation, Norfolk that developed from a mixed-race, working-<:lass dry-laid stone wall and associated artifacts. Artifacts and map neighborhood to an all African-American working class data indicate the site was occupied from the 1870s to the early neighborhood in the early 20th century. At most, six of these 20th century. The second site consisted of a late 19th-century buildings were in existence at one time. During at least part of house foundation, two standing outbuildings, and an associated the occupation period the area in back of the buildings was cemetery. open and test excavations were concentrated in this area. Field The submerged survey under the direction of J. Lee Cox, Jr., investigations resulted in the identification of several architec­ examined two alignments, one of which passed over an area tural features, fill deposits, and destruction/ construction layers that was previously an island in the Roanoke River and now is dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In most of the under the waters of the John H. Kerr Reservoir. The survey project area, post 1920 construction has destroyed earlier did not locate any potentially significant sites related to deposits. The majority of the deposit represent either 20th­ maritime activities such as shipwrecks, ferry crossings, docks, century fill related to post-1920s construction or modem etc. However, the work did identify four acoustic targets and destruction debris and fill. The project area was originally on one magnetic target. The acoustic targets are related to the edge of marshy land which had been filled to create inundated historic features, foundations, roads, or other cultural commercial property. One test unit penetrated below the features that appear on a 1941 Crops of Engineers map of the modem water table and revealed a relatively undisturbed submerged island. The magnetic target is not consistent with sequence. The sequence provided evidence that fill was still signatures suggestive of maritime resources. No further being deposited in the 20th century to create dry land for underwater archaeological investigations were recommended. building sites. No deposits were linked to any of the commer­ However, three previously recorded prehistoric and historical cial establishments and the project area was not recommended archaeological sites were known to exit on the island and a eligible for the National Register for Historic Places. diving survey to further research these sites was recommended should this alignment be selected.

Prince William County Waste-to-Energy Site: John Milner Associates, Inc. (JMA) was retained by Camp Dresser and McKee to conduct Phase I archaeological investigations of this proposed facility for Prince William County. The 50-acre MIDWEST project area is located two miles east of Gainesville, in the Piedmont lowlands. Under the direction of J. Sanderson Reported by Stevens, the Phase I investigation identified three historic Vergil E. Noble archaeological sites: (1) a mid-19th century domestic site with no structural remains that had been disturbed by a transmission line; (2) an early 20th-century domestic site with a dry-laid MICHIGAN stone house foundation, a stone outbuilding foundation, a stone well, brick chimney, and flagstones; and (3) a late 19th- to early Upper Peninsula Industrial Archaeolgy Projects: During the 20th-<:entury domestic site. Also in evidence was a small trash summer and fall of 1991, crews from the Archaeology Laborato­ dump. All of the features and deposits contained few artifacts ry at Michigan Technological University (MTU) conducted and were severely eroded, and none was recommended eligible several archaeological investigations in Michigan's Upper for the National Register of Historic Places. Peninsula. The projects were directed By Patrick E. Martin as part of MTU's new Master's Degree Program in Industrial Archaeology, now anticipating final approval in May of 1992. Route 58, Clarksville Bypass: John Milner Associates, Inc. Support for two projects within state parks was provided by (JMA) conducted Phase IA and IB cultural resources investiga­ a statewide bond issue to upgrade recreational facilities. At tions for the proposed Route 58 bypass around Clarksville in Fort Wilkins State Park, in Copper Harbor, excavation focused Mecklenburg County. Undertaken for the Virginia Department on the ruins of a blacksmith-shop-turned-<:arpenter-shop, with of Transportation and Harland Bartholomew and Assqciates, an eye toward reconstruction of the building in 1992. Built in Inc., the work included terrestrial archaeological and historic 1844, this lowly workshop warranted only scant mention in the architectural investigations of three alternative alignments. documentary record, though it appears on several maps. Two Submerged cultural resources were investigated by Dolan blacksmiths kept tools in repair, forged hardware for construc­ Research, Inc. The Phase IB terrestrial survey, under the tion of the fort, and kept four yoke of oxen in shoes during the direction of J. Sanderson Stevens, identified five prehistoric early occupation of this isolated U.S. Army post (1844-1846). sites, seven historic sties, and one site with both components. When the fort was reoccupied after the Civil War (1867-1870), All historic sites were located in areas identified through map blacksmithing was done on a contract basis by local citizens, research as having high probability of containing historic and the shop was then used for carpentry. archaeological sites. The historic archaeological sites generally Though buried in fill by WP A crews and bisected by represent artifact scatters associated with historic structure waterline trenches in 1937 and 1974, the ruins are in reasonably locations identified on either an 1870 or 1941 historic map, good shape. The building was a simple log structure,S m x 6.5

21 m, laid on a coursed rubble masonry foundation. The stone sawmill that operated during the last half of the 19th century. base of the forge lies in the southwest corner of the building, The Historical Society wishes ultimately to reconstruct the mill surrounded by a wooden sill at the grade level. Nearly 21 kg as part of their interpretive complex, but questions remain as of slag were collected in the immediate vicinity of the forge, to precise location, type of power transmission, and other along with nearly 4 kg of coal. Ox shoes, files, punches, and details not answerable through documentary research alone. various iron and brass scrap reflect the smithing activities that The MTU crew exposed substantial portions of the oak-framed took place in the building. Very little material related to foundation of the structure and recovered numerous fragments carpentry was recovered. Reconstruction and refurnishing is of the cast iron turbine that provided power. Preservation of planned for 1992. the framing elements has been enhanced by wetness of the site The second bond-supported project took place at Fayette and the silt that has sealed out aerobic bacterial action. State Park, located on Lake Michigan's Garden Peninsula. Complete excavation will be recommended, and it seems likely Fayette was an iron-smelting village constructed by the Jackson that at least portions of the original structure can be incorporat­ Iron Company in 1867 as a base for two blast furnaces and a ed into a reconstruction. complex of woodlands and charcoal kilns. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources plans to construct a new building within the ghost town of Fayette to house visitor services and has chosen to locate that structure on the ruins of a large stock barn. The barn, which measures some 40 tn x 17 SOUTHEAST m, housed the horses used extensively in the smelting and charcoal burning operations at the site. Excavation focused on Reported by exposing the foundations, as well as collecting architectural Maurice W. Williams details and artifacts from the structure to guide design of the new building and minimize information loss from the ruin. In addition to the stock barn project, the crew located and ALABAMA excavated a large privy associated with a standing hotel. Demolished early in the century, the two-story wooden privy McNeil-Glover Site: The University of Alabama's Division of was located 15 m behind the hotel and was connected to the Archaeology is conducting research on two nineteenth century second floor of the hotel by a catwalk. The privy vault had homesites located in west Alabama, the McNeil-Glover site limestone walls 75 cm thick, measured 2 m square on the (lM046) and the Gaineswood Plantation site (1M056). The inside, and was nearly 4 m deep. Deposits from the later years project is being conducted by Catherine Clinton with oversight of the site's operation, the early 1890s, made up a very rich by Dr. Vernon J. Knight of the Anthropology Department. assemblage of furnishings and trash from the hotel. This Research funds are provided by Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line collection will provide a dramatic counterpoint to contemporary Corporation of Houston, Texas. The work centers on the materials collected from the nearby laborers' houses. McNeil-Glover site, a two-story log homesite and farm in the After working at Fort Wilkins and Fayette, the MTU crew, Flatwoods region of Alabama. The archaeology of this site is headed by graduate students Wendell Greek and Karyn Pletka, being evaluated in comparison to nearby Gaineswood, the moved to the Bay Furnace site near Munising. Located on the plantation mansion of General Nathan B. Whitfield situated in shore of Lake Superior, this site functioned as an iron-smelting the black Belt region. Historical research and artifact analyses complex from 1869 until it burned in 1877. The site is now the are being undertaken concurrently. Comparative research is location of a U.S. Forest Service campground, dominated by the aimed at distinguishing differences between artifact assemblag­ remains of a large masonry blast furnace. The Hiawatha es recovered from a modest Flatwoods farmer site and an elite National Forest plans to stabilize the ruins and interpret the site Black Belt planter site. Analytical approaches include ceramic for visitors-hence the historical and archaeological study by analyses utilizing Miller's Index Values, decorative type and MTU. Excavation located ruins of a second furnace and other vessel form frequencies, functional artifact groups, and hypoth­ support structures, as well as specific activity areas, such as esized status indicator frequencies. places used for charcoal storage and iron casting. Additional work planned for the spring of 1992 will refine our understand­ ing of the site, including the possible location of a fur trade component dating to the 1820s. FLORIDA

Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the SR706/Indian­ town Road Realignment: An archaeological survey was WISCONSIN undertaken along a section of SR706 (Indiantown Road) in Jupiter, Palm Beach County, in August of 1991. This land has Herrling Sawmill: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, experienced only minor land modification through time. This with support from the Kohler Foundation, contracted with survey was undertaken by the Florida Atlantic University Michigan Technological University (MTU) to conduct test Department of Anthropology and directed by Scott P. Lewis excavations during October, 1991, within the Old Wade House and Dr. William Jerald Kennedy. Testing of the area was State Park in Greenbush, Wisconsin. The particular site under funded by the Palm Beach County Department of Public Works investigation is the Herrling Sawmill, a water powered vertical - Roadway Production.

22 The majority of the area is represented by seasonally wet, track of the present SR706 to approximately SOO feet east of the improved pasture, and cypress swamp along the Loxahatchee existing bridge over the eastern slough of the Loxahatchee River and its eastern slough. Testing consisted of 140 shovel River. At this point, the trail veered west-southwest, crossing test pits. Two stages of subsurface testing were used. The first a narrow man-made causeway raised about 2 feet above the stage involved a series of systematic shovel tests stratified on slough bottom, and continued slightly over a mile until it the basis of the prehistoric and historic importance of the merged with the Ft. Van Sweringen - Old Ft. Jupiter military Loxahatchee River drainage basin and the homogeneity of the trail. This trail was first blazed in 1838 by Jessup's column pre-drainage environment beyond it. preceding the Battle of the Loxahatchee River and the establish­ The archaeological field survey resulted in the discovery of ment of Old Ft. Jupiter. The causeway linking this trail to two sites. The SFWM Midden (8Pb6862) is located on the west Jupiter was built of soil transported to the site, creating a dry bank of the Loxahatchee River, to the immediate NW of the track across the eastern slough with a bridged channel left to SR706 crossing of the river. Overall site dimensions are allow drainage. In 1913 a new alignment of the Indiantown - estimated to be 50 feet by 50 feet. Both faunal remains and Jupiter connection was designed and grading began. By 1917, pottery were recovered from the site. On the basis of the this road was completed to Jupiter and included a bridge at the pottery recovered, 8Pb6862 would date to somewhere in the Loxahatchee River and the eastern slough, just to the north of Glades Periods, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1750. A more specific date the earlier causeway. The slough was then nearly level and 100 cannot be determined due to the lack of diagnostic artifacts or more feet wide. recovered. Artifacts recovered from the site have been analyzed and a The Guildan Right-of-Way and Bridge/Causeway (8Pb6863) report has been submitted to the Palm Beach County Depart­ is located in the eastern slough of the Loxahatchee River, just ment of Engineering and Public Works, P.O. Box 2429, West to the south of the SR706 crossing of the slough. Investigation Palm Beach, Florida 33402 - Attn: Omelio Fernandez. of the site revealed a distribution of sawn lumber and nails scattered over an area approximately 20 feet north/south by 80 feet east/west. It was concluded that this artifact scatter St. Augustine-Fountain of Youth Park: In the fall of 1991, field probably represented a bridge/causeway that once traversed excavations were conducted at The Foundation of Youth Park, the slough. Research of the historic document record revealed believed to be the original settlement founded by Pedro that several Indian and later military trails passed through or Menendez de Aviles in St. Augustine, Florida. The project was close-by the survey area, providing a record of road and trail directed by Dr. Kathleen Deagan, and supervised by Gardner construction and use dating from the second and third q1:larters Gordon, both of the Florida Museum of Natural History. The of the nineteenth century to the present. However, no Palm excavations were funded by the Bureau of Historic Preservation Beach County records specifically dealing with this section of of the State of Florida and The Foundation of Youth Park, Indiantown Road before 1951 could be located. Therefore, an owned by Mr. John Fraser. The goals of the project were to additional phase of investigation of the site was deemed delineate both the site boundaries and major structures and to necessary in order to more precisely define it. recover samples representative of the past occupant's lifeways The artifacts recovered from the survey have undergone at this early St. Augustine settlement. cataloging and analysis, and a report describing the survey has The Fountain of Youth Park is a multi-component site; the been submitted to the Palm Beach County Department of focus of the 1991 field season was to explore the sixteenth Engineering and Public Works - P.O. Box 2429, West Palm century Spanish component that was located during the 1985 Beach, Florida 33402 - Attn: Omelio Fernandez. and 1987 field seasons. During the 1991 field season possible foundation ditches and wall trenches were located that indicat­ ed the presence of large rectangular structures. Large deep set Guildan Right-of-Way and Bridge/Causeway: Between posts, numerous smaller posts and trash pits also were ex­ November 8-12 of 1991, a data recovery excavation under the posed. These features contained both Spanish and aboriginal directorship of Scott P. Lewis and Dr. William Jerald Kennedy artifacts, including beads, buttons, a hawk's bell, majolicas and was conducted by archaeologists form the Florida Atlantic aboriginal pottery, that suggests they were part of the Spanish University Department of Anthropology at the Guildan Right­ pre-1570 component of the site. Analysis of material is in the of-Way and Bridge/Causeway site (8Pb6863). The project was beginning stages and will continue through the spring of 1992. funded by the Palm Beach County Department of Public Works - Roadway Production. The Guildan Right-of-Way and Bridge/Causeway site was identified during an initial survey New Smyrna: The Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research of the proposed realignment of SR706 (Indiantown Road). provided technical assistance to the Southeast Vol usia County Located just south of the present SR706 crossing of the eastern Historical Society for the emergency excavation of a small Slough of the Loxahatchee River, the site consists of surface poured tabby structure in the vicinity of the 1768 English remains of a small bridge and causeway and subsurface Colony of New Smyrna (Henry Baker). The structure was remains of another bridge. scheduled to be destroyed by the construction of a condomini­ Several roads and trails passing through or near-by the site um. Controlled excavation of the site was carried out by are illustrated on historic map sources from different time volunteers. A final report on the project will be available early periods. Map overlays revealed that in the last decade of the in 1993. nineteenth or the beginning of the twentieth century an Florida Archaeology No.6 is in press and will be available in unimproved trail extended due west from Jupiter along the the spring of 1992. This volume is entitled Archaeology at San

23 Luis: Part One, the Apalachee Council House; Part Two, the For information and copies of the report on this site please Church Complex by Gary Shapiro and Bonnie G. McEwan and write to Dr. Leland Ferguson or Niels Taylor, Department of Gary Shapiro and Richard Vernon respectively, with contribu­ Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC tions by others. An order form and list of the Bureau's 29208,803/777-6547. publications may be obtained by writing to: Bureau of Archae­ ological Research, Division of Historical Resources, The Capitol, Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250, FAX 904/488-3353. TENNESSEE

Excavation at the Hennitage Field Quarter Site During 1991: NORTH CAROLINA This is a summary of the 1991 continuation of a long-term study of the field slave quarter at the Hermitage, home of St. Philip's African American Moravian Church and Parish Andrew Jackson, located in Davidson County near Nashville, Graveyard: Nineteenth century African Americans in Salem, Tennessee. The work last year confirmed the presence of North Carolina, were in the peculiar situation of being held as foundations of four "duplex" brick cabins configured in a slaves by the Moravian congregation, while being permitted to square arrangement. This year the project took on an examina­ join the Moravian church as communicant members. White tion of the area around outside of one structure (Cabin 3) and Moravians maintained a contradictory system that simulta­ half of the interior of a second (Cabin 2). neously allowed for human enslavement and spiritual equality. The 1991 project was crewed by 14 students in an archaeo­ In the late 18th and early 19th century, these African Americans logical field school class sponsored by Vanderbilt University, by participated in services side by side with whites; some even 8 participants in the Hermitage's summer arChaeological lived in the dormitory-like residences of the Moravian Brothers internship program, by 18 participants in an Earthwatch and Sisters. The Moravian settlers in Salem, who had tried to research expedition, and by volunteers from both the local insulate themselves form secular influences, inevitably began to community and from other parts of the U.S. feel the strain of the racially divisive attitudes that were a part The 1991 season began with the excavation of 172 1 by 1 ft. of the new capitalist order in America. In 1805 African test pits across the 3 acre area surrounding the central core of Americans in Salem were barred from white services, and, in the site. This operation added to information gained from the 1823, they were directed to build a log church outside the town previous year's testing program, in which shovel test pits were limits. This church, demolished in the early 20th century, the put in across a much more extensive area of this part of the associated graveyard, and the extant brick church building, Hermitage property. The 1991 tests have provided a much built in 1861 about 50 yards northeast of the 1823 church, were finer-grained look at the surface topography and subsurface the focus of research conducted in May and July by a team of distribution of artifacts and structural remains. When the archaeologists from the University of South Carolina, and analysis of this data set is completed it will provide an impor­ volunteers from Winston-Salem, under the direction of Dr. tant guide for future exploration at the site. Leland Ferguson. This research was funded by a federal A main project goal during the summer of 1991 was to Survey and Planning Grant and the Ad Hoc Committee for the expose the yard area adjacent to one of the brick cabin founda­ Preservation of St. Philip's Church. tions. A 20 by 50 ft. strip of ground adjacent to the east end of The team used a combination of coring, probing, and the structure designated as Cabin 3 was opened up in an excavation to find graves within the Parish graveyard, a fence attempt to gather evidence on how the cabin occupants made surrounding the graveyard, and an outbuilding behind the use of this part of their living space. This part of the 1991 existing 1861 brick church. Directly to the south, the site of the excavation was under the direction of Jennifer Bartlett, of 1823 wooden church, which had been capped by gravel as the Vanderbilt University. The work so far has provided informa­ result of the construction of a parking lot, was tested using a tion on the pattern of density of yard trash, concentrated backhoe. These tests revealed a 19th century cultural stratum; toward the southerly, presumably front side of the structure, when combined with photographic documentation this evi­ and on several scattered stone features in the yard, which to dence allowed the team to determine a probable location for the this point have defied precise intt'rpretation. The yard excava­ 1823 church building. tion has also revealed several artifact scatterings and features Although this initial archaeological testing focussed on which appear to predate the construction of the cabin, and the verifying the presence of graves in the Parish graveyard and edges of an second distinct midden zone probably associated beneath the 1861 church and locating the 1823 church building, with an additional, and so far undefined dwelling to the east of future research will be aimed at exploring and understanding Cabin 3. Partial excavation of this second midden zone turned the changing social relations between the 19th century Europe­ up the summer's most exciting artifact, a small copper alloy an American and African American communities in Salem. The charm in the shape of a closed human hand. This is the third Parish graveyard will be the topic of a Master's thesis by USC such charm found in excavations of slave contexts at the student Niels Taylor. Taylor hopes to discover what burial Hermitage. Although the charms are clearly meant to represent patterns can reveal about the Salem African American commu­ the exact same image down to the look of the garment around nity's cultural responses to increasing racist and segregationist the wrist, none of the three are identical in their details of sentiments within the context of a system that somehow manufacture. Research on the meaning and origins of these reconciled slavery and spiritual equality. intriguing objects continues, and anyone with knowledge of

24 similar artifacts is encouraged to get in touch with Larry McKee was carried out in addition to other metal working activities, at the Hermitage. the research conducted in support of the Tennessee project The second major operation of the 1991 season, under the failed to find any example of an archaeologically excavated and direction of Scott Shumate of the University of Tennessee, reported American gunmaker's shop site. The project investiga­ involved the exploration of one half of the interior of the tors would be very interested in hearing from anyone who foundation labeled as Cabin 2. The artifact-bearing layers knows of an excavated example of this site type. excavated in and around this structure are much thinner, and contain a much lower density of debris than those around Cabin 3. This may reflect actual behavioral differences in the Wessyngton Plantation: The Midwestern Archaeological ways the occupants of the two cabins used their living space, Research Center of Illinois State University conducted archaeo­ or it may be due to some more intense post-occupation logical investigations on Wessyngton Plantation in Robertson disturbance at Cabin 2. County, Tennessee, between September 9th and 22nd, 1991. By the end of the summer of 1991, approximately two thirds Funding for these investigations was provided by a survey and of the interior of Cabin 2's east half had been excavated. The planning grant from the Tennessee Historical Commission and most notable feature found during the summer was a second the National Park Service. Wessyngton raised tobacco and small pit cellar, without a brick lining, alongside the 2.5 by 4 ft. hogs under a slave regime before the Civil War, and tobacco brick-lined cellar uncovered at the end of last year's excavation. under a tenant/sharecropper regime after the war. It was This matches the set of small cellars encountered in 1990 in the founded by Joseph Washington, second cousin to President excavation of the west half of Cabin 3. George Washington, in 1796, and continued by his son, George Significant artifacts found during the excavation of the Augustine Washington, through and after the Civil War. interior of Cabin 2 include a blue transfer-print earthenware Investigations on Wessyngton Plantation consisted of testing shard chipped and ground into a disk (probably a "gaming of three slave cabin sites close to the central settlement of the piece"), a thin copper-alloy disk watch face, and a hand-crafted plantation. Two 1 x 2 meter units were dug on each of the silver finger ring set with an 1868 nickel three-cent piece. The three cabin sites. These units revealed strong soil deflation on ring has a five-pointed star, perhaps an owner's mark, roughly one cabin site on the upper reaches of a slope near the main scratched into the surface of its interior. house. An intact mid-19th century midden was found on the More complete reports on the work conducted so far at the northern side of an abandoned crib-built cabin, down slope and Hermitage field quarter site are available - write to the Hermit­ away from the main house area. Another intact midden, dated age if interested. Reports on the faunal and floral remains from to the early-to-mid 19th century by several sherds of ceramics the site are currently in preparation. The site will not be and glass, was found on the northern and western sides of the excavated in the summer of 1992, as the Hermitage archaeology third cabin, also crib-built, and now restored as a farm­ program will be performing further study of the site's formal manager's house. garden in preparation for a major horticultural restoration As a large plantation with a somewhat unusual range of project. Study of the field quarter assemblages will continue products, Wessyngton may provide archaeological information during 1992, and excavation at the site may resume in 1993. related to important questions concerning the antebellum and post-bellum history of western Tennessee. In light of the results of the investigations so far conducted, it seems likely Survey of Historic Period Gunmaking in Tennessee: The that the archaeological remains of Wessyngton Plantation will Tennessee Division of Archaeology has completed the eighth in be able to shed light upon questions of social relations between a series of major historic archaeological site survey projects (a master and slaves, of how these social relations may have been project series first initiated in 1977). The most recent project affected by the crop and product regime of this plantation, and has focused on traditional gunmakers and their shop sites, a how these relations were influenced by the settlement pattern theme that proved to be much more complex than was initially of the plantation. Having shown that data applicable to these envisioned. Archival information collected during the project questions are present among the archaeological remains of suggests a potential state-wide total of between 350 and 400 site Wessyngton Plantation, nomination of the plantation to the occurrences, but only a small sample of these sites could be National Register of Historic Places will proceed as part of the recorded during the time allocated for the project. "Traditional" current project. gunmaking in Tennessee occurred primarily from the 1790s At present, the project is processing and cataloging artifacts through the 1860s, but continued as a rural occupation in a few found during September. Research in documents related to areas past the end of the 19th century. The gunmaker survey Wessyngton Plantation is proceeding in the extensive collection project was conducted by Fred M. Prouty and Benjamin C. of Washington Family Papers at the Tennessee State Archives, Nance, directed by Samuel D. Smith. A final report, entitled A and in oral history and genealogical archives compiled by the Preliminary Survey of Historic Period Gunmaking in Tennes­ descendants of the African-Americans once confined to see, is currently being printed for distribution as Tennessee Wessyngton Planation. The Midwestern Archaeological Division of Archaeology Report of Investigations No.8 (1991). Research Center anticipates delivering a report on this project One of the more Wide-ranging conclusions reached during the to the Tennessee Historical Commission in the spring or early Tennessee gunmaker survey concerns the paucity of archaeo­ summer of 1992. logical data for what was a major North American craft industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Though there have been a few investigations of sites where gunsmithing activity

25 GULF STATES CENTRAL PLAINS

Reported by Reported by Charles R. Ewen William B. Lees

LOUISIANA IOWA

Oakley Plantation, Louisiana: In the summer of 1991, a Mines of Spain Recreation Area: In June, 1991, Fred A. Finney Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and and Shirley Schermer (Office of the State ArchaeolOgist, The Anthropology, archaeological field school taught by Dr. Paul University of Iowa) completed a Phase I-II investigation at the Farnsworth undertook test excavations at Oakley Plantation, mouth of Catfish Creek in the Miries of Spain Recreation Area, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. Locally, Oakley is- most Dubuque County, for the Iowa Department of Natural Resourc­ famous as the short-term residence of John James Audubon; es. The mouth of Catfish Creek is the reported location of Audubon worked as a tutor for the Pirrie family for a period Julien Dubuque's principal lead mining operation between 1788 of 4 months in 1821. While at Oakley, Audubon worked on a and 1810 as well as post-1830 American mining operations. number of his "Birds of America" paintings. However, Mines of Spain is listed on the National Register of Historic Audubon's stay is only a minor footnote in the long working Places as an archaeological and historical district. The survey history of Oakley Plantation which spans the years 1799-1942. located eight new sites and revisited six previously recorded The plantation was a major cotton producer in the area and sites. Archaeological testing at two sites, 13DB17 and 130862, was the home of over one hundred slaves. After Emancipation, revealed the presence of sub-plowzone middens from historic a significant number of African Americans remained on the Euro-American components. The occupation of 13DB17 relates plantation as tenants, and African Americans continued to live to a mid to late 19th century habitation occupation. Results of and farm at Oakley until 1942, when the plantation was sold to the Phases I-II investigations are in Contract Completion Report the State of Louisiana as a commemorative area. Today, Oakley 302, available from the Office of the State Archaeologist. Sites House and one hundred of the plantation's original acres, 13DB17 and 13DB62 are the subject of a Phase III investigation comprise the Audubon State Commemorative Area. that began in November 1991. Preliminary findings include Archaeological investigations at Oakley, funded by the lead mining and smelting debris. Louisiana Division of Archaeology, were directed at locating and testing African American residences dating from the period of slavery through the Depression. Through archaeology, it is The Fann House (t3SR122): The Farm House is a National hoped that new light will be shed upon the social, family and Historic Landmark located on the campus of the Iowa State working lives of African Americans during the nineteenth and University within the city limits of Ames, in Story County, twentieth centuries. During the course of the field school, under Iowa. Begun in 1860, this simple yet picturesque building was the direction of Laurie A. Wilkie Farnsworth, 35 features were the first to have been erected for the "State Agricultural College tested with 70 one meter by one meter excavation units, 50 and Model Farm" (now Iowa State University). The bricks used shovel test pits and over 100 postholes. Large numbers of in its construction were manufactured at the farm. Initially, the ceramic, glass, and metal artifacts, together with faunal Farm House was a post office and home of the farm manager. materials, were recovered associated with domestic structures. However, in subsequent years - and with several alterations In addition, the foundations of a storage building and one and additions to the structure -- it served as the home for a house were located. With the aid of United States Census series of farm superintendents, deans of agriculture, and other records and a 98-year-old oral informant, it has been learned college professors. In 1970 a decision was made to preserve the that this house was occupied by a family of domestic servants house as a museum and to restore it to its appearance during during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In addition, due the period 1900 to 1910. to a large concentration of early 19th century construction Late in May and early in June of 1991 personnel from the materials and domestic garbage found in the yard area of the Iowa State University Archaeological Laboratory, under the house, it is believed that this was also the location of the earlier direction of David Grad wohl and Nancy Osborn, undertook domestic slave quarters. The one tenant dwelling still standing field investigations to explore a utility crawl space beneath the on the property was also tested. kitchen and back hall of the Farm House prior to the installa­ Materials recovered from the 1991 excavations are now tion of a supplementary support system under the floor of the being processed and analyzed by LSU students under the late nineteenth century portion of the historic structure. The direction of Laurie A. Wilkie Farnsworth. Thus far, preliminary initial archaeological work was made possible by a grant from results suggest that the archaeological research will provide the State Historical Society of Iowa and was administered by new information about race relations in the South, rural African Mary Athlerly, curator of the Farm House Museum. Archaeo­ Americans' economic and family life, and their ethnicity. logical investigation was called for since it was assumed that Further excavations are planned for the summer of 1992 in the the soil below this addition might contain artifacts pertaining area of the servants' house and earlier slave quarters. to the earlier occupations of the Farm House and these would be destroyed by the soil removal and shoring that was sched­ uled to take place.

26 A trench laid by the archaeologists along the south exterior Nevertheless, valuable historical information was documented wall of the kitchen revealed that the foundation of this addition and saved which will add to the interpretation of this National was extremely shallow - a mere three courses of brick situated Historic Landmark. well above the frostline. Evidence of former landscaping in the form of a shrub or tree root ball, plus artifactual items (con­ struction materials as well as domestic debris such as a metal latch fragment, a portion of an embossed glass medicine bottle, KANSAS a red glass container segment, bisque flower pot sherds, several white ironstone fragments, and a portion of a metal screw-type 14GR332, an 1850s Fannstead in Greenwood County: During earring) all were uncovered in the trench fill. four weeks in October and November 1991, members of the Within the crawl space a discontinuous level of horizontally­ Kansas State Historical Society (KSHS) under the direction of oriented bricks was recorded immediately below the floor joists Christopher Schoen participated in mitigative excavations and is thought to represent portions of a brick pavement which, around a small limestone domicile at site 14GR332 in east­ according to some archival sources, was installed in 1866 in central Kansas. The site will be destroyed during road con­ conjunction with additions made to the north and east of the struction designed to improve a crossing of the Verdigris River original house structure (dates 1860-1861). This paving on Kansas Highway 57. Limited test excavations at 14GR332 apparently extended around a then-extant cistern which still indicated that intact archaeological deposits, relating to the can be seen today along the northern exterior wall of a earliest years of occupation of the site, were present around the screened porch. The fill in this area also contained massive stone cabin. patches of cinders which probably had served to form a surface Archival research revealed that the limestone cabin at for the original kitchen yard prior to the installation of the brick 14GR332 was constructed about 1857 for William Martindale. pavement. The discovery of segments of a brick foundation, six It is believed to be one of the first homes built in Greenwood courses wide and oriented north-south under the eastern end County. Martindale came to the Madison township with two of the kitchen, indicates that the constructional history of this other men, Elwood Holderman and Mark Patty, in 1857. portion of the Farm House is more complicated than fo~merly Holderman died soon after their arrival. Patty, a stone mason, was assumed. Charred floor joists at the east end of the crawl established the Patty Mill near Madison. Martindale soon space suggest that a portion of the Farm House may once have became established as a successful cattleman in the region. burned. Martindale was also a founder of the First National Bank of Most of the artifactual inventory recovered from the fill of Emporia and invested in other enterprises. He served terms as the crawl space consists of construction debris from various an elected county and state official. By 1869, Martindale had phases of building and rebuilding at the Farm House: wooden built a large, two-story frame house, referred to locally as "the joists and vertical supports, tongue-in-groove flooring boards, mansion" and "the bunk house," for his growing family, and wooden molding and wall paneis, dry-wall fragments and this structure became the domestic focus. The frame house was lumps of plaster, bricks and stones, nails and screws, and located some 30 meters (l00 feet) west of the stone cabin. At linoleum and vinyl flooring fragments. Of particular interest its height the ranch complex, which evolved around the stone are several fragments of slate which may represent the first cabin, included the cabin, the frame house, barns, stables, roofing material used on the Farm House. The domestic carriage house, milk house, poultry house, granary, fruit cellar, artifacts, though fewer in number, are associated with the well, water tower, stone fences, stone corrals, hog pens, and occupation of this historic structure and include fragments of post and barbed wire fences. In 1899 the court forced William porcelain dishes and stoneware containers, segments of a white Martindale to sell his property to cover losses at the First clay TO smoking pipe, glass and shell buttons, glass bottle National Bank of Emporia, resulting from illegal speculation by fragments, portions of glass kerosene lamp chimneys, a the bank president and a cashier. cylindrical dry-cell battery (1893 patent date), shreds of burlap Between 1899 and 1910 title to the land was transferred and maroon-colored cloth, newspaper fragments (one bearing several times, probably to clear the title and transfer the a date of 1901), gold Christmas tree tinsel fragments, and a red property to the court. One owner was a mule trader named pipe cleaner attached to a fastener for a Christmas tree orna­ Warrenberg, who stabled his animals in a large stone bam ment. Bones of both wild and domesticated animals and birds, north of the cabin about 60 meters (20 feet). In 1910 title to at some bearing knife marks or cut butchering surfaces, also are least the land on which the structures were located transferred present. Materials present not associated directly with the to B. M. and Mary Sutton. Sutton divorced his wife in 1912 occupation of the house include utility debris (e.g., gas and and deeded the property to her. Informants suggest that she water pipe segments, electrical wiring, solder waste) left by and her two children probably lived in the stone cabin until various workmen over the years. 1920. B. M. Sutton appears to have retained or retrieved title Unfortunately for the archaeologists, asbestos insulation to the property, however, because the land was used to secure used around some of the pipes also was encountered. Rodents a mortgage in 1914. In 1920 title transferred from B. M. Sutton had pressed some of this fibrous material into "adaptive reuse" to Henry and Mary (Frankhauser) Imthurn. The buildings were as a nesting resource and had dragged it throughout the crawl occupied by their daughter, Ida (lmthurn) Luthi, and her space. As a result, the university's Office of Environmental husband Dan Luthi at that time. A few oil workers lodged in Health and Safety closed down the archaeological excavation the stone house during the oil boom between 1920 and 1925. just prior to its completion for compliance with national In 1926 extensive damages caused by a major flood of the guidelines and to safeguard the health of the excavators. Verdigris River probably made continued occupancy of the

27 cabin impossible. The cabin was then used as an outbuilding were recovered in the lower cultural levels, and wire nails were for several activities including butchering hogs and sheltering found in the middle and upper levels. Window glass was cattle, and as a garage and granary. A large poultry house, common in all occupation levels. The artifacts are being constructed on extruded hollow tile brick and lumber, was prepared for analysis and curation. A report of the excavations erected one foot west of the cabin sometime between 1926 and will be completed by the end of May 1992. 1935. The large frame house continued to be the primary residence for the owners and ranch hands until another massive flood in 1951. The flood destroyed several buildings, and the frame house was dismantled. Posts from the veranda of the house and other structural timbers were used to convert the loft PACIFIC WEST of the cabin into a granary sometime later. A water tower and barns north of the cabin were also razed. In the mid-1960s the Reported by limestone foundation of the frame house and a stone-lined Judy D. Tordoff storm cellar were removed and used for county road repairs. After the 1951 flood, Dan and Ida Luthi built a new residence CALIFORNIA on higher ground to the west. A total of 49 units were excavated around the stone cabin at San Diego Home Avenue Dump (SDi-lO,258H): Excavations 14GR332 to investigate archaeological evidence of natural and at the 1908 to 1913 city of San Diego municipal dump were cultural soil deposition and the use history of the site, including conducted by RECON in 1987 under the direction of Stephen the methods of construction and renovation, activity areas, and R. Van Wormer and the final report has just been completed. household waste disposal patterns. Thirteen units encompass­ A total of 652.090 kilos of material was analyzed resulting in ing a total area of 9 square meters (29.5 square feet) were identification of a minimum estimated number of 12,249 items. excavated during Phase III testing. Another 36 units, totaling The refuse was a homogeneous deposit from all major neigh­ 43.5 square meters (142.7 square feet), were hand excavated borhoods and sections of urban San Diego. The artifacts during Phase IV mitigation activities. An additional area of 448 assemblage, however, exhibited analytical patterns indicating square meters (1,470 square feet) was mechanically excavated the deposit is dominated by higher status Anglo-American using a small front end loader called a Bobcat. household refuse. As can be expected, excavations yielded thousands of Analysis included cross-site comparison of functional and artifacts. They also revealed numerous structural, utility, and economic data from the San Diego assemblage to those of activity features. Features exposed inside the cabin include the assemblages from Ventura, Santa Ana, Phoenix, and five rural base of a fireplace at the center of the south wall, evidence of farmsteads. Economic analysis of ceramic and bone assemblag­ a stone floor, and a burned earth feature at the center of the es indicated San Diego citizens enjoyed a higher standard of cabin. On the south exterior side of the cabin the limestone living than the inhabitants of Phoenix, Santa Ana, or rural San foundation of a frame addition, two small oval features 10 Diego County farmsteads. Functional artifact pattern analysis, meters (32.8 feet) south of the cabin, 3 wooden posts, and a cross-site comparison, and bottled product consumption pattern gravel drive were all exposed. A tile pipe drainage line was analysis were also indicative of higher status households for the uncovered in excavation units placed along the north side of San Diego assemblage. The dominant Anglo-American the cabin and east of the cabin's northeast corner. A trench population was reflected through ceramic vessel form, butch­ excavated north of the cabin exposed the remains of a stone ered bone, and culinary bottle consumption patterns. wall 14.7 meters (48 feet) north of the cabin, and two other tile The exceedingly high economic status indicated by the San pipe drainage liens 16 meters (52.5 feet) and 17 meters (55.8 Diego assemblage was unexpected. It had been expected that feet) north of the cabin. ceramic economic index values and other analytical patterns The artifacts collected at the site represent common domestic would more closely resemble those exhibited by Phoenix and activities characteristic of a nineteenth and early twentieth Santa Ana. The general overview histories of San Diego century ranch. Sherds from yellow-ware and whiteware dishes, consider the period between 1890 and 1910 as one of slow utilitarian crockery, and bottle glass fragments were pervasive economic growth described as quiet consolidation. Research across the surface of the site and throughout the cultural revealed that population statistics, as well as data on annual deposits. Buttons and suspender clips were common clothing numbers of building permits, bank deposits, and the value of items. At least three coins were found at the site: an 1859 new construction, indicate that an economic boom began in penny inside the cabin, an 1865 two-cent piece west of the 1906 and continued to accelerate throughout the rest of the cabin, and a 1948 dime at the northeast exterior corner of the decade, thereby confirming the results of the artifact analysis. cabin. A silver napkin ring, fragment of porcelain dolls, and a In addition, functional artifact profiles were defined for pocket knife are interesting domestic items. Other artifacts three types of early twentieth century households. Middle and excavated at the site are harness buckles and studs, a horse­ upper middle class urban households were characterized by shoe, pieces of farm machinery, and wagon hardware. Bone higher frequencies of consumer items (bottled products), was uncommon in the excavation units. followed by kitchen items. Small-town and urban working Structural artifacts found at the site include rough-hewn class households are dominated by kitchen items followed by limestone, common brick, bolts, screws, door and window consumer items. Rural farmstead households exhibited high hardware, and porcelain doorknobs. One brick fragment had percentages of kitchen items followed by consumer items in "ST LOUIS" impressed on the upper surface. Square cut nails addition to relatively higher frequencies of hardware and

28 munitions than urban households. The assemblage also assemblage represents refuse of a rural farmstead population in provided data on the introduction of machine made bottles, San Diego County that was deposited between 1920 and 1930. indicating that mechanization of the bottle industry between Temporal and feature activity profile analysis resulted in 1908 and 1913 was concentration on culinary bottles and wide definition of three distinct types of deposits and two deposi­ mouth jars with continuous threaded closures. tional phases. Refuse pits represented daily household kitchen The report of this project: Even the Kitchen Sink: Archaeologi­ refuse disposal that occurred between 1920 and 1925. The cal Investigations of SDi 10,258. The 1908 to 1913 San Diego City cellar and cisterns located adjacent to the house site contained Dump, by Stephen R. Van Wormer, is currently available from household debris deposits during a clean-up operation after RECON, 7460 Mission Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92108. 1925 when the house and outbuildings were torn down and the cisterns and cellar filled in. Assemblages from cisterns located within the former barnyard contained artifacts representing Robert Israel Adobe: Excavations of the Robert Israel Adobe, barnyard items and equipment parts deposited during the same near Escondido, San Diego County, were conducted by Brian clean-up operations. Mooney and Associates in October, 1990, under the direction of Cross-site comparison reveals a rural artifact pattern for San Stephen R. Van Wormer and Jerry Schaefer. The investigations Diego County farmsteads consisting of higher hardware resulted in the recovery of a vast and varied assemblage of frequencies than urban assemblages (approximately 8-10%), artifacts as well as architectural information. Analysis of the higher percentages of kitchen items than bottled products, data provided answers to specific research questions concerning beverage bottles constituting less than 30 percent of bottled lifestyles and vernacular architectural adaptation of 19th and products, and ceramic index values of less than 2.0. Economic early 20th century farmers in San Diego County. Cobble analysis of the equipment represented by the livery item and foundations and adobe wall remnants reveal Yankee construc­ agricultural implement assemblages, however, indicates that a tion techniques and floor plans adapted to local Hispanic adobe low ceramic economic index value for farmsteads does not materials. necessarily mean a deprived standard of living. Built as a single integrated plan, the architectural remains The report of this investigation is titled Results of a Monitor­ and contents of one privy constitute the sole material legacy ing Program for the East Mesa Detention Facility: The Schott from the family of Robert Israel, San Diego's first lighthouse Farmstead (SDi-1O,668-H), San Diego County, California, by keeper at Point Loma, whose family occupied the adobe Roxana Phillips and Stephen R. Van Wormer. It is available between c. 1871 and 1896; sold by the Israels in 1896, the adobe from ERCE, 5510 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121. passed through two families before Eli Taylor purchased it in 1912. They resided there until the early 1920s after which the structure was used for storage. The adobe finally burned Santa Ines Mill Complex: The existing structures of the mill sometime between 1924 and 1928 with all its stored contents, complex of Mission Santa Ines were cleared and mapped by which were recovered through excavation. Other concentrated volunteers under the direction of Dr. Robert Hoover. The refuse scatters and equipment remains were encountered mission itself was founded in 1804. Sometime between 1810 around the structure. Recovery and analysis of this assemblage and 1820, a grist mill and adjacent holding reservoir were revealed material from various aspects of rural San Diego constructed of mortared stone. The grist mill was a two story County life, including livery items, tools, armaments, furniture, structure containing a horizontal water wheel in the lower consumer products, and kitchen and personal items. Spatial room. A vertical shaft connected the wheel to the millstones in associations of items in each room reflected emic patterns of the upper room. This type of mill has been called "Greek" or activity association and use patterns of a rural storeroom and "Norse" and was first mentioned by Antipater of Thessalonika workroom. The artifact assemblage on the whole was represen­ in the second century B.C. The adjacent reservoir was paved tative of late 19th and early 20th century rural communities. with ladrillos covered with a layer of cement. A second larger Ceramic economic scaling, however, indicated the Taylors had reservoir was added before 1820. It had a cobble foundation a slightly higher purchasing power more typical of urban covered with a layer of cement. dwellers. The final structure was a small fulling mill built into the The report of this project: Hardscrabble Ranch: Archaeological hillside against the wall of the larger reservoir. Mission records Investigations at the Robert Israel Adobe by Stephen R. Van indicate that it was built by Joseph Chapman, a New Englander Wormer and Jerry Schaefer, is available from Brian Mooney captured by the Spanish off the ship of privateer Bouchard. and Associates, 9903-8 Businesspark Avenue, San Diego, CA Chapman designed and built a number of advanced technologi­ 92131. cal features at several of the missions in exchange for parole. At the fulling mill, woven textiles were washed in a basic solution of "fuller's earth," containing lime, etc., to remove Schott Farmstead, San Diego County (SDi-l0,668-H): Environ­ excess grease and cause the fibers to interlock. This was mental and Energy Services Company, under the direction of accomplished by pounding the cloth with wooden hammers Roxana Phillips and Stephen R. Van Wormer, recently conduct­ operated by a vertical water wheel. Impressions in the plaster ed archaeological excavations at the Schott Farmstead on Otay floor and walls provide clues as to the nature and placement of Mesa in San Diego County. The Schotts homesteaded on the the machinery. mesa in the 1890s and lived there until the late 1920s. A wide Above the entire mill complex was a distribution channel variety of household, barnyard and implement remains were with three sluice gates and an aqueduct that originally extend­ recovered from cisterns, refuse pits, and a cellar. The historic ed about three miles eastward to Zanja Cota Creek. There are

29 plans to restore the mill complex with the assistance of architect archeological monitoring will be undertaken during highway Norman Caldwell and architectural historian Norman Neuer­ construction. burg.

WASHINGTON

PACIFIC NORTHWEST San Juan National Historic Park Investigations: In 1987 the National Park Service published the Historical Landscape Report; Reported by American Camp and British Camp by Cathy A. Gilbert of the Caroline Carley Cultural Resource Division, Pacific Northwest Region. The report features the historic occupation of the 1&59 to 1872 military camps on San Juan Island, Washington. The previous IDAHO historical and archaeological investigations of the sites were summarized, cultural and natural features were identified, and Downtown Moscow: Idaho Transportation Department topographic maps reconstructing historical landscape features archeologist Jenna Gaston conducted excavations at 10-LT-255 were compiled. in downtown Moscow as a result of a proposed highway Archaeological and Historical Services at Eastern Washing­ realignment. Testing was undertaken to determine National ton University contributed to the above study during the course Register significance of the site. Historian Priscilla Wegars of general park field work. A reconnaissance of the hillside (University of Idaho) assisted in the excavations. Wegars had utilized by the British as officers' quarters identified and excavated a Chinese laundry and a female boarding house at inventoried several historical landscape features. Included 10-LT-146 within the vicinity in 1983. were large stone retaining walls and terraces that stabilized the Background research utilizing 1891-1928 Sanborn Fire slope and created level building sites and a series of rock Insurance maps revealed initial occupation during the 1880- alignments that defined roads, pathways, ornamental struc­ 1890 period. Historical photos of town indicated at least two tures, and "yards". These features were recorded on a mea­ structures within the block after the turn of the century. Since sured survey of the park at 1:20 scale. Test excavations on all structural remains had been removed and the block filled selected features documented construction sequences and and leveled in the 1970s, no clues were present. Substantial techniques. The data form these excavations are curated by the subsurface disturbance was expected. Pacific Northwest Region. In contrast to our expectations, test excavations seem to verify the Sanborn map documentation that this area was primarily a residential area, occupied from 1890-1920. Some Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Investigations: The evidence of the auto repair shop was recovered, but little National Park Service, in conjunction with Archaeological and material from the 1891-96 livery stable was noted. Features and Historical Services (Eastern Washington University), under the artifacts encountered related directly to domestic activities. In direction of Bryn Thomas, conducted data recovery excavations particular, a trash pit and slate "patio" were located in the back at the "Fur Store" building site at Fort Vancouver National yard of a dwelling dating to the 1890s. Historic Site in Vancouver, Washington. Fort Vancouver was Numerous glass, porcelain, ceramic, and crockery fragments the depot of the Hudson's Bay Company's operations in the represented dishes, glassware, canning jars, medicine vials, Pacific Northwest from ca. 1829 to 1860. The Fur Store was one liquor bottles, milk bottles, flower pots, and light bulbs. of approximately twenty-five buildings located inside the Buttons, a buttonhook, carbon battery cores, ink-bottle frag­ stockaded Fort in 1845. The Store was a large two-story ments, doll parts, glass beads, and a coin suggest a family structure about 100 x 40 ft. and built with square timbers in the dwelling. Canadian "post-on-the-sill" construction technique. It was It is notable that few artifacts representative of 193Os-1980s utilized for storage and processing furs prior to shipment to activity were present. The assemblage represents a fairly London. Following a general decline in Oregon Country fur narrow chronological window between primarily 1890-1920. trade, the Company rented the Store to the U.S. Army in 1&50. Little intrusive, more recent material has been introduced. The Army used the building as a commissary and quartermas­ Also of interest is the massive amount of cut bone, possibly ter storehouse until the late 1850s. The building was destroyed representing meal discard. This is the most abundant domestic sometime between 1860 and 1865. As part of a long term activity suggested at this part of the site. reconstruction program, the National Park Service is rebuilding The saw marks on the bones suggest home-butchering based the Fur Store to appear as it was in 1845. A portion of the on the odd angles and cut locations. Preliminary observation building will be utilized to interpret the Hudson's Bay Compa­ of the bones suggests many are joint-type segments, possibly ny fur trade and the rest will be adapted for artifact and pig. Beef bones are less common in the collection. The archival research and storage of material relating to Fort knuckle-type cuts may be indicative of the economic status of Vancouver. the neighborhood. The Fur Store site was first excavated by J. J. Hoffman and The excavation provided a glimpse of domestic and com­ Lester A. Ross in 1972. The excavations recorded 43 wooden mercial activity in the area. After evaluation of the site, it was block foundation footings around the perimeter and along the determined to be ineligible for the National Register. However, center axis of the building. Some of the footings were obvious

30 replacements of the original foundation and others exhibited teenth century. In 1752, a military establishment (presidio) and metal spikes or pins embedded in the wood, which suggested civil town were founded at the location. Tubac remained an that the Company was recycling timbers for construction. The important army post through 1854. Between 1856 and 1861, the 1972 excavations also recovered 92,356 artifacts that were settlement was the largest mining and commercial center in associated with the building. The distribution of the artifacts what would become Arizona Territory. During the later suggested that the building was subdivided into three rooms nineteenth century, Tubac continued as a relatively small utilized at various times for coopering, storage of Indian trade agricultural and ranching village. Ethnic groups present at items, and fur processing. Tubac prior to 1900 include Pimans, Opatas, Yaquis, Apaches, Hoffman and Ross left the Fur Store foundation footings in Piros, Chinese, Mexicanos, Africans, other Hispanos, Germans situ after the 1972 investigation. Therefore, to avoid an adverse and Anglo-Americans. Additional ground penetrating radar effect to these features because of the reconstruction, another and magnetic resistivity work has been undertaken by Carl data recovery excavation was initiated in June 1991 to: 1. Glass of the University of Arizona, in cooperation with the document different periods of construction and repair from Center. wood species preferences and stratigraphic association; 2. Between 1988 and 1990, Center investigations focused on recover evidence of a "1834/36 - 1841 Columbia River Hood defining the site's boundaries. These were found to correspond Deposit" that was reported in the southeastern Fort area at an closely to those indicated on a map made in 1766 by Josef de elevation similar to that at the Fur Store site; 3. recover and Urretia. Through a series of fortunate small shifts in the town's curate wood samples from the Store foundation and fur press geographic center, much of the southern half of the Spanish which would otherwise be lost due to the reconstruction. colonial site has not been disturbed since its abandonment in Nineteen of the original Fur Store footings, along with a the middle nineteenth century. portion of the fur press, were excavated in 1991. In addition, During 1990, investigations concentrated on unearthing the eleven 5 x 5 ft. grid units were excavated along the building south end of the Captain's house and a residence owned by the exterior that was to be disturbed by construction grading. A Otero family. Both these structures had been constructed out of total of 3406 artifacts was recovered. The wood samples adobes during the second half of the eighteenth century. collected from the footings and fur press were identified by Analysis of the remains suggested numerous modifications of Botana Labs, Seattle, Washington. All but two were Western each building between 1752 and 1900. hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). The exceptions were identified The 1991 Center investigations have taken place at the south as Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga douglasi) and unidentified conifer end of the site. Here an extensive midden deposit, dating to wood. The uniformity of the wood utilized in the foundations between 1752 and 1830, and a group of related adobe houses does not enable the identification of construction period by are being excavated. The ruins of these homes form a small difference in building material. However, the collected samples secondary plaza. The largest of the buildings (the casa de los will permit comparisons with other fort buildings that were osos) represents a walled compound with several interior constructed earlier or later than the Fur Store. There was no structures. This edifice was used during the first half of the evidence of flood deposits in the excavations despite the nineteenth century in connection with ore processing. occurrence of footing holes that would have entrapped over­ The major theoretical interests that are being focused on by bank sediments from the Columbia River. Center investigators, who include graduate students from the The artifacts recovered form the 1991 excavations have been University of Arizona and Arizona State University, involve field catalogued using a dBASE III Plus computer program. acculturation, status, ethnicity, external economic relations and The objects will eventually be museum catalogued with the ideology. Evidence at the site suggests the wide-spread National Park Service Automated National Catalogue System adoption of Native American technology by Hispanic settlers. program. The field records, photographs, and artifacts from the Many of these traits were apparently acquired through mecha­ excavations will be curated at Fort Vancouver National Historic nisms other than mestizaje. Site. A final report of the excavation is in preparat~on by Approximately 13 acres of the unoccupied south barrio have Archaeological and Historical Services. been set aside as an archaeological park. Maps, surveys, and test excavations suggest that 150 to 200 structures once covered this area. The Center has established its headquarters adjacent to the southern site boundary. Plans are being finalized for a multiphase investigation that is expected to continue through SOUTHWEST the next four decades. The archaeological site, which has a series of selfguided trails, is open to the public most weekends, Reported by year round. Work in 1992 will continue to focus on locations in James E. Ayres the southern half of the site.

ARIZONA

Tubac Archaeological Project: Archaeological investigations are continuing at Tubac under the direction of Jack S. Williams of the Center for Spanish Colonial Archaeology. Tubac served as a minor mission settlement during the first half of the eigh-

31 CANADA - PRAIRIE REGION Some of the features were in remarkably good condition, such as a cobble stairway associated with one of the larger struc­ Reported by tures, and some of the ten platforms which still contained their Peter J. Priess cobble retaining walls. The archaeological features identified are being grouped into areas which may reflect different community functions. This BRITISH COLUMBIA division of features by area is in part defined by site topogra­ phy which naturally influences where and how structures and Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site (proposed): From mid­ tent platforms were constructed. These divisions include two July to late August 1991 a Canadian Parks Service crew of commercial/industrial areas, various residential areas and seven, under the direction of Kevin Lunn, David Hems and governmental complexes. In general the commercial/industrial Peter Nieuwhof, conducted research at Bennett City, a Gold areas of the site were situated along the shoreline; the govern­ Rush period townsite. This project marked the fourth year a ment complexes were situated on the upper terraces in the long term inventory program by Canadian Parks Service along central portion of the site; and the various residential areas various nodes of the Chilkoot Trail. The main focus of the were located east, west and south of the government complexes research was to record and inventory the archaeological overlooking the commercial districts. The types of features resources at Bennett in order to make knowledgeable heritage visible in each of these areas appear to be distinctive in terms impact assessments for future site development. Subsumed of their construction, function and archaeological remains. under this was the goal to use the archaeological data to assist Analysis will focus on the refinement of the spatial divisions in interpreting and enhancing site themes as well as laying the for both research and management purposes because the foundation for a long term cultural resource management plan. constraints which affected the spatial organization of Bennett These goals naturally affected the established priOrities of City historically also apply to present site development plans. locations to survey and data to be gathered. Priorities were In fact the historic landscape modification which resulted from established to identify features and/ or artifacts in the follOWing settlement at Bennett have shaped and structured the develop­ areas: 1) those that would be directly impacted by site devel­ ment plans. Therefore, by placing an emphasis on the relation­ opment (e.g.: proposed campsite locations); 2) those which ships between features and feature areas to gain some insight would be indirectly impacted by site development through into community organization it is felt that there will be an increased visitor use (e.g.: adjacent to the church); 3) those increased understanding of site intra-relationships assisting which would not likely be impacted, but with features that immensely in determining developmental impacts on the site showed a high degree of integrity making them useful for as a whole. contributing to interpretation and enhancement of site themes; and 4) those containing features of a relatively common nature, not likely to be impacted, but which would assist in under­ MANITOBA standing Bennett as a functioning community. The focus of the project dictated a feature oriented approach The Forks: The third consecutive season of a public archaeolo­ meaning that the level of detail collected for artifact data is not gy program was conducted in 1991 at the site of Fort Gibraltar as great as in previous years. This was because a wide survey I, at the junction of the Assiniboine and Red rivers in Winni­ area was required in order that cultural remains could be peg. The fort was established by the Northwest Company in placed into a larger geographical and historical perspective. In 1810/11 and demolished and burned in 1816 by a group of men addition there appeared to be enough artifact displacement to from the Hudson's Bay Company and the Selkirk Settlers. question integrity for research and thus detailed data gathering. The program is funded by the Canadian Parks Service, the However, basic artifact data was recorded when artifacts were Manitoba Historic Resources Branch and the Forks Renewal found in association with features. Corporation and directed by Sid Kroker. As in previous The initial reconnaissance of the site showed that evidence seasons, the site was excavated by members of the public under for feature remains was more apparent than had been originally the guidance of professional archaeologists. During the 10- thought. It had been presumed that since most of the struc­ week field season more than 200 participants assisted in the tures had been destroyed or moved there would be very little excavations, laboratory processing and identification of artifacts in the way of feature remains. However, sufficient modifica­ related to this fur-trade post. The schools component, during tion of the topography and vegetation existed to determine the last three weeks of the field season, enabled 471 students to feature location. This topographic and vegetative modification obtain hands-on experience in archaeology. demonstrated an interesting common adaptation to limited Excavation of the company store structure - located in 1984 space at Bennett. The inhabitants had to continually excavate and partially excavated in 1990 - was completed. Further into the side of the hill and then build extended earth plat­ recoveries of trade artifacts, such as trade beads and lead shot, forms, supported by retaining cobbles on the upper terraces, or support the identification. The remnants of a third structure build wooden platforms extending over the water 'at the were discovered south of the store and storeroom or hangard shoreline. When larger structures were constructed thv •. fwn (identified through the 1989 and 1990 excavations). Only a consisted of two or more tiers of platforms created " the portion of this building was within the excavation area so its hillside. In total 268 archaeological features including \ ,,' ious overall dimensions remain unknown. However, the immediate­ tent platform types, structural remains, activity areas and ly adjacent presence of a large ash and refuse pit leads to the artifact clusters were identified during the 1991 field season.

32 interpretation of the structure as living quarters. To date, no parts of the four curtain buildings connecting the corner evidence of the external palisades has been located. flankers and two trash deposits outside of the curtain buildings. Two intriguing discoveries were made. The first was of a Fill in the cellars as well as the trash deposits contained large portion of a trigger guard within an apparently undisturbed quantities of late 18th and early 19th century artifacts including horizon below the Fort Gibraltar I strata. The artifact is the various fragments of cloth, bark or wood. Many of the artifacts front finial and has been identified as part of a French weapon are likely associated with the Octagon occupation and are thus (1730-60). A small mark, consisting of a crown over an "R", is generally earlier than many of the artifacts recovered thus far known for specimens from Michigan and the southern United from York Factory. States. The artifact may relate to a visitation during or shortly The structural information will be assessed both to better after the French Regime. understand the Octagon as well as develop an appropriate The second discovery was of numerous impressions in a design for a new Depot floor which is at present scheduled to silty clay stratum immediately below the sand layers deposited be installed in 1992. The artifacts will be evaluated to deter­ by the massive 1826 flood and overlying the charred remnants mine their relationship to the Octagon and their contribution to of Fort Gibraltar I. These impressions are of cattle and horse an interpretation of the early 19th century economic and social hoofprints, narrow-wheel tracks and at least one clearly defined life at York Factory. human moccasin print. The preservation of such an ephemeral occurrence appears to be the result of a specific sequence of events. After the destruction of the fort, the clay stratum was deposited by spring high water. The impressions were made when the clay was damp - either after a rainstorm (1817-25) or during the 1826 spring thaw. If the latter, these prints may CARIBBEAN represent the occupants of Fort Gary (formerly Fort Gibraltar II) fleeing northward in advance of the flood. In either case the Reported by soil would have had to be frozen as the flood waters rose in David R. Watters early May. The deposition of a sand horizon on the impres­ sions preserved their integrity. This may be the first instance of footprints being recorded in an archaeological clay strata BARBADOS rather than in a volcanic horizon. The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, in conjunc­ tion with the Barbados Museum and Codrington College, St. York Factory National Historic Site: York Factory, on the John, has begun an extended excavation at Codrington College Hayes River near Hudson's Bay, was a major facility of the under the direction of Thomas C. Loftfield. The project began Hudson's Bay Company fur trade empire for almost three with the excavation (still in progress) of Charles Towne on the centuries. In 1788 the fort was relocated to its present location Cape Fear, a failed Barbadian colony in southeastern North with construction of a four-flanker fort commonly referred to Carolina dating to 1664-1667. In order to better understand the as the "Old Octagon." By the 1820s the Octagon had noticeably socio-economic statuses of the Barbadians who came to deteriorated and become inadequate for company operations. Carolina it was deemed necessary to produce a model of 17th Thus, in 1831, construction began on a replacement, accom­ C. life in Barbados. After an extensive survey of the island in plished over a 7-year period by dismantling sections of the 1990-91, Codrington was chosen as the place to begin excava­ Octagon and replacing them with components of a new tions because its use as a college has precluded the destructive­ building known as the Depot. In the end the Octagon was ly deep plowing that marks most of the 17th C. sites in the gone and in its place stood a large square structure about 100 island. In addition to contributing to the model of 17th C. life feet on a side and with a large central courtyard. in Barbados, the project will also investigate the development The Depot's deteriorated ground floor requires attention and of Codrington from its c.164O origins as Consett sugar planta­ it is planned to install a new floor. However, since the tion through its early 18th C. transformation into the leading building is known to occupy the same area as the Octagon and Anglican college in the Caribbean. previous archaeology has demonstrated that components of the The work at both Charles Towne and at Codrington is being earlier structure still remain, the Canadian Parks Service performed as part of summer field schools in historical archae­ undertook major archaeological investigations under the Depot ology by the Univ. of North Carolina at Wilmington. floor, both to recover information on the existing floor system and to determine the nature and extent of Octagon remains. Both types of information are necessary for development of a design for a new Depot floor which retains the appearance of WEST AFRICA the original while preserving other, earlier, cultural remains. The project, directed by Peter J. Priess and assisted by Biron Ouidah, Republic of Benin: In July and August, 1991, Ebell and Eric Simonds, removed major portions of Depot students under the direction of Kenneth G. Kelly (UCLA) began flooring from all but one of the rooms and exposed extensive preliminary archaeological and ethno-historical research in the remains of a multi-layered flooring support system as well as towns of Ouidah and Savi, in coastal Benin. This project has major sections of the Octagon. The most substantial Octagon been initiated to study the effects of the slave trade on social, remains exposed consisted of four large log-cribbed cellars, political, and economic life for the inhabitants of two important

33 West African coastal trade towns. The research focuses on the Initial findings of the steamship anchorage were presented changing nature of European trade to West Africa and the at a conference sponsored by INGUAT, the Guatemalan changes in African society resulting from the significant Tourism Bureau, and the Embassy of Great Britain to Guatema­ European presence. Change in trade and African society is la in September, 1990. Artifacts, recovered underwater and being addressed by studying Savi, the capital of the small including a wide range of mid-nineteenth century British trade Hueda state until 1727, and Ouidah (also known as Whydah), goods, were then displayed at the MuseD Nacional de Historia the port of trade for the state of Dahomey, that was established de Guatemala until January, 1991. A second field season began in 1727 after the subjugation and destruction of Savio in March, 1991. Work completed in 1991 consisted of a survey of Ouidah to The project is directed by Dr. Richard Bronson, Rebecca locate the oldest portions of the town and to identify the Orozco, and Elsa Chang under the auspices of the Ruta Maya locations of the European forts that had existed in Ouidah. Foundation and with the support of a grant from Shell Additionally, a series of test pits were excavated in a variety of Exploradora y Productora de Guatemala, a branch of Shell locations in Ouidah and Savi to determine the integrity of International Petroleum. For further information write to archaeological deposits dating to the 17th, 18th and 19th Rebecca Orozco, 7a Ave. 14-20, Zona 9, Guatemala, Guatemala. centuries. Results from the preliminary tests were favorable, demonstrating the presence of extensive deposits at Savi dating from the protohistoric period through Savi's destruction in 1727. Excavations in Ouidah also revealed the presence of strata dating from the 18th as well as the 19th centuries. OCEANIA Artifacts recovered help demonstrate the range of materials exported to West Africa, and will help improve the understand­ Reported by ing of the process of change in West African material culture. Conrad "Mac" Goodwin

GUAM

Agana: During May and June, 1991, archaeologists from MEXICO, CENTRAL AND International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (lARII) SOUTH AMERICA completed work on two sites in downtown Agana, the island's capital. Reports on these projects, outlined below, will be Reported by available in the summer of 1992. Janine Gasco Phase 1-2 testing and subsequent data recovery operations, directed by Dr. David Welch and Judith McNeill, were conduct­ GUATEMALA ed on the Academy of Our Lady of Guam property, on land that has been the site of a Roman Catholic church since the Lake Izabal: The Lago Izabal Archaeological Project is an 1670s. In addition to 4 prehistoric burials and a few other intact ongoing regional survey of the Lake Izabal area in eastern prehistoric deposits, the research team excavated several Guatemala. Lake Izabal is the largest body of fresh water in features from the Spanish era (c.1521-1898). The first was two Guatemala and is connected to the Caribbean by the Rio Dulce. parallel rows of wine bottles, 6 ft. apart and about 15 ft. long. The Survey focuses on the shores of the lake, but includes The dark green bottles, which seem to date to 1840-1870, underwater sites on the lake bottom and sites on rivers that apparently bordered a 19th C. path through the cathedral gates. drain into and out of the lake. The project seeks to define a The second feature was a hard-packed, smooth coral floor regional history of the area with emphasis on maritime pavement about 12 ft. square. The floor surface was about an commerce on the Lake Izabal drainage. inch thick and smoothed by slaking with water. It was covered For the several countries of Spain's rule of Guatemala, the with fragments of red clay roofing tiles. Historical maps and river and lake, then known as the Golfo Dulce, were of primary a few recovered pearlware/whiteware sherds suggest the importance to shipping from Spain to Central Merica. Heman structure was being used by church functionaries between Cortes first mentions the lake in a letter to Carlos V in 1526. c.1820-1840. A third feature was a circular drainage cistern, 4.5 From the mid 1500s to the end of Spanish dominance, much of ft. in diameter and just over 6 ft. deep (at the water table), Guatemala's commercial contact with Spain was via the lake made of dry-laid, cut coral limestone blocks. Its dome-shaped and river system. Prehistoric Mayan peoples also used the lake cover also was made of blocks; and the intake trough was stone for commerce and travel, as did post colonial English and lined. The cistern fill contained numerous Staffordshire ceramic American traders. It continued to be of major importance to sherds of the late 18th and early 19th c., export porcelain area commerce until the completion of a railroad to the sherds of Chinese and possibly Japanese and/or Korean caribbean coast at Puerto Barrios in 1908. manufacture, European crystal tableware fragments, some To date, the survey has located the site of a British steam­ pieces (possibly locally made) of coarse earthenware, and a ship anchorage, a mid sixteenth century Dominican resettle­ small quantity of faunal material. No definitive Spanish or ment colony, a site where Spanish ships replenished water Latin American ceramics were recovered, most likely because supplied, and numerous Mayan sites. The search continues for Guam is relatively close to Manila, the principal port from the Spanish sites of Nito and Bodegas and other sites important which the highly desirable Chinese porcelains emanated. to the maritime history of the region.

34 One block to the north another IARII research team, headed depressions and the stone alignments lessened wind damage to by Robert M. Holsen, conducted Phase 1/2 testing on the site the sweet potato vines. of proposed additions to the Guam Legislature Building. Additional research and analysis are currently underway. Before it was destroyed in 1944 by U.S. Naval forces prior to A report on the project will be ready in July, 1992. their retaking Guam, this block had been primarily a residential area housing many of Agana prominent families. The archaeo­ logical testing revealed the intensively destructive nature of the massive military bombardment and subsequent cleanup UNDERWATER NEWS operations; virtually all traces of pre-war occupation had been so destroyed or altered that no archaeological integrity re­ Reported by mained. Using historical maps and oral histories collected by Toni Carrell Drs. Welch and Goodwin, however, the research team has been able to partially reconstruct the house lots and their occupants.

HAWAII NEW YORK

Kalaupapa, Moloka'i: Between September and mid-November, International Council of Maritime Museums: At a recent 1991, Dr. Conrad "Mac" Goodwin (Dept. of Anthropology, meeting of the Executive Committee of ICMM during the Univ. of Tennessee) directed an IARII research team in data interim gathering, they reaffirmed resolutions developed by the recovery operations of a mid-19th C. Hawaiian farmstead. Underwater Archaeology Committee, chaired by Graeme Documents record that the farmstead was one of many on the Henderson, Head of the Division of Human Studies at the Kalaupapa peninsula that supplied sweet potatoes and other Western Australian Museums in Perth, Australia. The commit­ foods to Polynesian laborers who worked in California during tee was formed in 1987 to complete "a survey of existing the gold rush (c.1849). policies as regards museum acquisition of objects from under­ The farmhouse was a traditional Hawaiian structure water archaeological sites and to set recommendations for consisting of a large basalt stone platform, about 10x14 meters ICMM's position with regard to the acquisition of these in size and standing about half a meter high, with several objects." In 1990 the survey was completed and presented to attached and detached stone features. The whole was encircled the Executive Committee along with a series of six recommen­ on three sides by a stone wall encompassing nearly 1600 square dations. They are: meters. Basalt was, and is, the primary stone building material on the Hawaiian Islands. The platform (farmhouse) walls were • 1) In regard to collecting policy, ICMM member museums made of two rows of large, uncut dry-laid basalt boulders should follow the provisions of the ICOM Code of Professional stacked 3-4 courses high and nearly two meters wide. Smaller Ethics, the ICOMOS Charter, and the UNESCO Convention. rocks were placed between the boulders in a form of compound • 2) That ICMM member museums should follow sections 3.1 masonry. Much of the interior platform was constructed by and 3.2 of the ICOM Code of Professional Ethics and in stacking large flat basalt rocks two courses high. In the particular, "each museum authority should adopt and publish northwest quadrant of the platform, an area about 4x6 meters a written statement of its collecting policy ... [and] ... museum[s] had been leveled and paved with small, water-worn basalt should not acquire by purchase [or donation] objects ... where ... pebbles and small fragments of coral. On traditional Hawaiian their recovery involved the recent unscientific or international structures, this paved area was enclosed and covered· using destruction or damage of ... archaeological sites ... " Museums pole and thatch construction techniques; it was here that with collections from underwater archaeological sites should Hawaiians slept and stored many of their possessions. each adopt and publish either a written statement of their Although no post holes wer2 found, buried in the pebbles and general collecting policy or a written policy relating specifically rocks on the southern edge of the paved area were numerous to collections from underwater archaeological sites. wood, shell, bone, and metal buttons and a Macasser Oil bottle • 3) That ICMM member museums should follow Council of from London; Macassar Oil is a hair preparation originally from American Maritime Museum (CAMM) policy and "... not the port of Macassar, Celebes, Indonesia. The finds support the knowingly acquire or exhibit artifacts which have been stolen, functional interpretation for the area. In the southwest quad­ illegally exported from their country of origin, illegally sal­ rant archaeologists recovered several Staffordshire edged and vaged, or removed from commercially exploited archaeological transfer-printed sherds, fragments of glass tumblers and wine or historic sites" in recent times (ie. since the 1990 full Congress bottles, and numerous animal and fish bones suggesting that of ICMM). some food storage, preparation and consumption took place • 4) That ICMM member museums should report to the here. Supporting this hypothesis,S small (50x50 em.) cooking responsible authorities any illegal activity at underwater sites hearths were found immediately outside the west wall. or auction or sale of artifacts from illegally excavated underwa­ Two oval stone-enclosed agricultural fields are located in ter sites in their countries. shallow depressions about 25 meters south of the main com­ • 5) That ICMM member should recognize that artifacts from plex. A series of stone alignments about 50 cm. high, oriented underwater sites are integral parts of archaeological assemblag­ north-south horizontal to the prevailing trade winds, and two­ es that should remain intact for research and display. to-three meters apart, had been placed in the enclosed fields. • 6) That ICMM members should explore ways for more The stone wall minimized cattle and pig depredations while the member institutes to involve students from academic institu-

35 tions in the study of their underwater archaeological collections. The UAU staff spent the majority of their time on the river The resolutions will be placed before the entire members~ip for above Plymouth where seven hulks had been sunk by the ratification at the triennial meeting in Barcelona 1993. Union navy in a futile effort to prevent the Albemarle from coming down the Roanoke. Historical research indicated that this blockade was made up of two light-ships and five schoo­ NORTH CAROLINA ners; however, only three schooners and a light-ship were found during the summer's project. It is likely that at least two North Carolina Deparbnent of Cultural Resources, Underwa­ of the other sunken vessels were removed by the Corps of ter Archaeology Unit UAU: On November 24, 1991, the USS Engineers during channel clearing operations in the 1870s. Huron was designated as North Carolina's first Historic The four remaining wrecks were deeply buried in the sandy Shipwreck Preserve. This program is designed to promote the bottom and remarkably well preserved with the hulls still intact preservation and historical interpretation of historic shipwreck from the main deck level down. Chain plates, masts, and deck sites, while making them more accessible to the general public. windlasses were found in place, and in some cases the entire The USS Huron ran aground on a stormy night in November bulwarks remained intact buried beneath the bottom sediment. 1877. Tragically, the nearby Nags Head Lifesaving Station was These wrecks are by far the best preserved examples of mid­ closed, and the local residents who gathered on the beach were nineteenth century sailing craft found in North Carolina, and helpless to aid the ship's crew. Only thirty-four sailors made will be the focus of additional historical and on-site research. A it safely to shore, the rest of the Huron's 132 member crew had nomination is being prepared to place these vessels, along with perished during the night. The magnitude of the disaster the Southfield and other Civil War shipwrecks in eastern North shocked the nation, and eventually prompted Congress to Carolina, on the National Register of Historic places as a appropriate additional funding for the Lifesaving Service. By thematic shipwreck district. 1883, fifteen new stations had been built along the North Carolina coast. The remains of the Huron lie 250 yards offshore of Nags GREECE Head in twenty feet of water. In the years since the sinking, time and the elements have reduced the wreck, but the lower Oxford University, Maritime Archaeology Research (MARE): hull is well preserved, and portions of the bow remain intact During the summer of 1990, the Department of Underwater up to the main deck level. Antiquities at Athens working with a team from MARE Many divers currently visit the wreck, but few are aware of completed a survey for underwater archaeological sites off the the ship's history, and the thick layer of concretion and marine Greek island of Zakynthos (also known as Zante). Katerina growth that covers the wreck makes it difficult to discern the Depaportas of the Department and Mensum Bound of Oxford, vessel's structural features. In order to make the wreck site directed an II-person team based in the main town of more accessible, and to tell the story of the Huron, the North Zakynthos. All operations took place from a small gun-boat Carolina Department of Cultural Resources and the Town of crewed and run by the Greek Coast Guard. Nags Head placed buoys on the wreck and constructed an Among the ten sites examined were the remains of a small exhibit structure at the Bladen Street Beach Access. Funding wreck almost completely covered by silt in 10 meters of water. for the gazebo and exhibits was generously provided by the This wreck is considered to be of such importance that addi­ Outer Banks Community Foundation. Divers visiting the site tional field work is planned for the site. A second wreck, will be on their own, and trusted not to disturb the wreck or dating from the late Archaic-Classical period, was discovered remove souvenirs, but rather to leave the site as a "living near Pelouzo Island in Laganas Bay. An accreted stack of two­ museum" for all to enjoy. handled cups and a millstone were found among the broken amphorae. For three weeks this summer, field school students from East Carolina University'S Program in Maritime History and Underwater Research (ECU), and UAU staff members, explored TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS, BWI the remains of Civil War shipwrecks in the Roanoke River near Plymouth, North Carolina. Logistical support and housing for Ships of Discovery: A milestone for maritime archaeology in this project were generously provided by the Washington the Caribbean was achieved on November 23 when the Turks County Historical Society. and Caicos National Museum opened its doors. Located on the The ECU students made a detailed map of the USS South­ island of Grand Turk, the museum's nuclear exhibit tells the field site, and the information they gained will be used by story of the Molasses Reef shipwreck. In addition to being the graduate student Jim Spirek as he prepares his master's thesis oldest shipwreck discovered in the Americas, the Molasses Reef on this shipwreck. The Southfield was sunk in the Roanoke wreck is the first shipwreck site in the Caribbean to be scientifi­ River on April 19, 1864, after being rammed by the Confederate cally excavated, analyzed, reported and exhibited. ironclad CSS Albemarle. This action forced the withdrawal of the Excavated, conserved, and analyzed by the staff of Ships of remaining Union fleet, and led to the capture of Plymouth by Discovery, a Dallas-based publicly-funded non-profit research Confederate forces. The Union Navy was able to recapture institution, the Molasses Reef wreck may be that of a caravel. Plymouth in October, 1864, when Lt. William Cushing succeed­ Visitors to the museum will see the remains of the ship's hull ed in his daring attempt to sink the Albemarle. as well as the largest collection of sixteenth-century wrought-iron, breech-loading ordnance in the world. Although

36 the ship's identity has not been determined, it may have been PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST in the service of an entrepreneurial explorer operating out of Santo Domingo, the Spanish capital in the New World, making Archaeological Assistance Division short voyages to the pearl coast of South America and the 1991 Directory of Cultural Resources Training Courses for Lucayan islands. 1992 offered by Federal and State Agencies, Universities Ironically, the terminus ante quem for the Molasses Reef and Other Organizations. In Federal Archaeology Report wreck was not derived from the thousands of European (4)4. Request for copies: Federal Archaeology Report, artifacts recovered from the site, but from American Indian Archaeological Assistance Division, National Park artifacts-sherds of Palmetto ware, a ceramic type made only by Service, p.o. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 or the Lucayan Arawaks. Inhabiting the Bahamas and Turks and call 202/343-4101. Caicos Islands when Columbus arrived, the Lucayans were the first New World people to become extinct as a result of contact with Europeans. According to Frey Bartoleme de las Casas, chronicler of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean, the Lucayans were largely, if not completely, extinct by 1513. In addition to the Molasses Reef wreck exhibit, the Turks and Caicos National Museum also contains exhibits of the cultural and natural history of the Islands.

MEETINGS OF INTEREST

• March 21 Nautical Archaeology Society Southwest Section Annual Group Meeting, Polytechnic Southwest, Plymouth. For information contact Well Cottage, Galmpton Cross Near Hope Grove, Kingsbridge, S. Devon TQ7 3EW, UK.

• March 26-27 Waterlogged Wood Workshop. Designed for archaeologists, museum curators, and others who are concerned with the preser­ vation, conservation or management of wood artifacts recovered from (or associat­ ed with) underwater archaeological sites. For information contact Jane Wolff, North Carolina Maritime Museum, 315 Front Street, Beaufort, NC 28516 or call 919/728- 7317.

• April 6-8 Archaeology in Britain '92. Sixth Annual Conference of the Institute of Field Archae­ ologists to be held in Birmingham. For information contact Archaeology in Britain '92, c/o IFA, Metallurgy and Minerals Bldg., University of Birmingham, Birming­ ham B15 2TT, UK.

"Cello-shaped" Turlington bottle with date OCT 29 1751. • April 23-26 Vancouver Conference on Exploration and Found at Harney site slave cemetery, Monserrat, West Indies. Drawing provided by David R. Watters. Discovery, Vancouver, B.c. For information contact Dr. Hugh Johnson, Department of History, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 156, CANADA

37 PEOPLE YOU SHOULD KNOW

OFFICERS OF SHA - 1992

President Leland Ferguson, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208. W 803/777-6547. Fax 803/777-9558. H 803/754-8706. Immediate Past President . Julia Costello, Foothill Resource Associates, P.O. Box 288, Mokelumne Hill, CA 95245. W, H 209/286-1182. President-Elect J. Barto Arnold III, P.O. Box 12276, Capitol Station, Austin, TX 78711. W 512/463-6098. Fax 512/463-6095. Secretary-Treasurer Stephanie H. Rodeffer, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. W 602/670-6476. H 602/886-0182. Business Office 602/886-8006. Editor Ronald L. Michael, Anthropology, California Univ. of Pennsylvania, California, PA 15419. W 412/938-4045. H 412/438-0686. Newsletter Editor Norman F. Barka, Dept. of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187. W 804/221-1059. Fax 804/221-1066. H 804/565-0903. Chair, ACUA Paul F. Johnston, NMAH 5010/MRC 628, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560. W 202/357-2025.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS, SHA

1990-1992 Judy D. Tordoff, Caltrans, 650 Howe Ave., Suite 400, Sacremento, CA 95825. W 916/920-7678. H 916/454-3828. James A. Tuck, Archaeology, Memorial Univ., St. John'S, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7. W 709/737-8872,8869.

1991-1993 Henry Miller, P.O. Box 168, St. Mary's City, MD 20686. W 301/862-0976. H 301/862-3846. Donna J. Seifert, John Milner Associates, 5250 Cherokee Ave., 4th Floor, Alexandria, VA 22312. W 703/354-9737.

1992-1994 James E. Ayres, 1702 E. Waverly, Tucson, AZ 85719. H 602/325-4435. William B. Lees, Kansas State Historical Society, 120 W. Tenth, Topeka, KS 66612-1291. W 913/296-2625. Fax 913/296-1005.

SHA COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES FOR 1992

Standing Committees:

Budget Stephanie H. Rodeffer, Chair', Norman F. Barka, Ronald L. Michael, Donna J. Seifert, Glenn J. Farris

Nominations and Elections" Julia Costello, Chair, Judy Tordoff, James Tuck

Governmental Affairs (Site Destruction, Professional Standards) Henry Miller, Chair, John Seidel, Paul F. Johnston, Julia G. Costello, J. Barto Arnold III, Donna J. Seifert, Carter Hudgins.

Editorial Advisory Ronald L. Michael, Chair", J. Barto Arnold III, James E. Ayres, Julia G. Costello, Kathleen Deagan, Glenn Farris, Alaric Faulkner, Donald L. Hardesty, George L. Miller, Elizabeth J. Reitz, Daniel Roberts, Lester A. Ross, Peter D. Schultz, Robert L. Schuyler, Donna J. Seifert, Roderick Sprague, Sarah Turnbaugh, William Turnbaugh

Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology Paul F. Johnston, Chair", Toni Carrell (Vice Chair), George Fischer(Treasurer), Betty Seifert (Secretary), Anne Giesecke,J. Barto Arnold III, Robert Grenier, Paul F. Hundley, Sheli O. Smith, Melanie Stright, John Broadwater, Pilar Luna

38 Committees:

Business Office Oversight James E. Ayres, Leland Ferguson

Awards Robert L. Schuyler, Chair, Julia G. Costello, Donald L. Hardesty

Newsletter Editorial Advisory Committee Norman F. Barka, Chair, Karlis Karklins, Lester A. Ross

Publications Marketing J. Barto Arnold III

Membership Charles E. Orser, Jr., Chair, Julia G. Costello, George Fischer, James A. Tuck

Public Education and Information Parker Potter, Chair, Martha R. Williams, Louise E. Akerson, Carl Barna, Marley R. Brown III, Marsha A. Chance, LuAnn DeCunzo, Charles Ellenbaum, Victor Geraci, Susan L. Henry, Louise Jackson, William Kelso, Julia Longenecker, Sue M. Moore, Loretta Rivers, Karl Roenke, K.C. Smith, Gaynell Stone, Pam Wheat, Martha Zierden

Conferences Michael J. Rodeffer, Chair", Glenn J. Farris, Handbook Editor, William H. Adams, Douglas Armstrong, David Burley, William B. Lees, James Parrent, Timothy Riordan, Catherine Slusser, George Teague, Mark Wittkofski

Resolutions" Henry Miller, Donna Seifert

Parliamentarian Roderick Sprague

Long Range Planning Julia G. Costello, Chair, Mary C. Beaudry, Stephanie Rodeffer, Leland Ferguson

Procedures Manual Douglas D. Scott

Regional Coordination Judy D. Tordoff, Chair, J. Barto Arnold III, William B. Lees, Henry L. Miller

Inter-Society Relations Larry McKee, Chair, American Association for State and Local History Robert L. Schuyler, American Anthropological Association Norman F. Barka, Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology William H. Adams, Society of Professional Archaeologists Julia G. Costello, Archaeological Institute of America Roderick Sprague, Council on American Military Posts Theresa Singleton, African-American Archaeology Network Doug Scott, National Council for Public History Judy Birmingham, Australian Society for Historical Archaeology Susan Isaacs, American Folklore Society

Ad Hoc Committees:

Curation Standards Henry Miller, Chair, Norman F. Barka, Stephanie H. Rodeffer, Lysbeth Acuff, Michael Trimble, J. Barto Arnold III, Charles Cheek, Charles Fithian, Curtis S. Moyer, Robert Sonderman

39 Gender Issues Anne Yentsch, Chair, Margaret Purser, Charles Orser, Julia G. Costello, Donald L. Hardesty, Suzanne Spencer-Wood, Mary Beaudry

Society Organizations:

Urban Archaeology Forum Pam Cressey, Coordinator

Women's Caucus Anne Yentsch, Chair, Mary Beaudry, Linda Derry, LuAnn DeCunzo, Julia King, Margaret Purser, Elizabeth Scott, Donna Seifert, Suzanne Spencer-Wood, Carmen Weber, Martha Zierden

"Committee membership determined by the By Laws and/or Procedures

NEWSLETTER TOPICAL COORDINATORS

Employment Opportunities Sara Mascia, Dept. of Archaeology, Boston Univ., 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. W 617/353-3415.

Governmental Affairs John Seidel, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. W 301/405-1422. Fax 301/314-9346. H 410/647- 1297.

Archaeological Conservation Forum Curt Moyer, Archaeological Conservation Center, Dept. of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187. W 804/221-1322.

Military Sites Archaeology Forum Daniel J. Crouch, 6402 Capriola Drive, Austin, TX 78745. H 512/444-9202.

Overseas Chinese Forum Paul G. Chace, 1823 Kenora Drive, Escondido, CA 92027. H 619/743-8609.

Current Publications Priscilla Wegars, Lab. of Anthropology, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843. W 208/885-7075,6123. H 208/882-7905.

Urban Archaeology Forum Pam Cressey, Alexandria Archaeology, 105 North Union St., #327, Alexandria, VA 22314. W 703-838-4399.

Public Education and Archaeology Forum Julia Longenecker, 129 Edgewood Drive, Richland, WA 99352.

NEWSLETTER CURRENT RESEARCH COORDINATORS

Northeast (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont) Faith Harrington, New England Studies, Univ. of Southern Maine, 11 Granite St., Portland, ME 04103. W 207-780-4941. Fax 207/780- 4498. H 207/439-6613.

Mid-Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) J. Mark Wittkofski, Dept. of Historic Resources, 221 Governor St., Richmond, VA 23219. W 804/371-0827. Fax 804/225-4261.

Southeast (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee) Maurice W. Williams, Florida Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. W 904-392-1721.

Gulf States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas) Charles R. Ewen, Arkansas Archeological Survey, P.O. Box 1249, Fayetteville, AR 72702. W 501/575-6547. BITNET: SP27243@UAFSYSB. Fax 501/575-5453.

40 Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin) Vergil E. Noble, USDI-NPS, Midwest Archeological Center, Federal Bldg., Room 474, 100 Centennial Mall North, Lincoln, NE 68508. W 402/437-5392. Fax 402/437-5098.

Central Plains (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri) William B. Lees, Kansas State Historical Society, 120 W. Tenth, Topeka, KS 66612-1291. W 913/296-2625. Fax 913/296-1005.

Northern Plains and Mountain States (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) Steven G. Baker, Centuries Research, Inc., P.O. Box 1603, Montrose, CO 81402. W 303/249-2283.

Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, Washington) Caroline Carley, Lab. of Anthropology, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843.

Alaska David P. Staley, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, Univ. of Alaska Anchorage, 707 A St., Anchorage, Alaska 99501. W 907/257-2712.

Pacific West (California, Hawaii, Nevada) Judy D. Tordoff, Caltrans, 650 Howe Ave., Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95825. W 916/920-7678. W 916/454-3828.

Southwest (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah) James E. Ayres, 1702 E. Waverly, Tucson, AZ 85719. H 602/325-4435.

Canada-Atlantic Region (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) [send news to Newsletter Editor]

Canada-Quebec Reginald Auger, Celat, Faculte des Lettres, Univ. Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4. W 418/656-5510. H 418/656-2019.

Canada-Ontario Jon K. Jouppien, RR#l, St. Catharines, Ontario L2R 6P7. H 416/684-7986.

Canada-Prairie Region (Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territories) Peter J. Priess, Archaeological Services, Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada, 415-457 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 3E8.

Canada-Western Region (Alberta, British Columbia) [send news to Newsletter Editor]

Caribbean David R. Watters, Assoc. Curator of Anthropology, Carnegie Museum Annex, 5800 Baum Blvd., Pittsburgh, PA 15206. W 412/665- 2605. Fax 412/665-2751.

Mexico, Central and South America Janine Gasco, Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Dept. of Anthropology, Social Sciences 263, SUNY-Albany, Albany, NY 12222. W 518/442-3953.

Europe-Asia [send news to Newsletter Editor]

Underwater (Worldwide) Toni 1. Carrell, Ships of Discovery, P.O. Box 542865, Dallas, TX 75354. W 214/462-9219. Fax 214/462-8988.

41 ADVISORY COUNCIL ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTO FESTIVAL COMPETITION

The ACUA invites SHA members to enter the Archaeological Photo Festival Competition; conditions and instructions are given below. Entries must be received by Friday, December 4, 1992. Judging will take place on Saturday, January 2, 1993. Results of the judging will be sent to all entrants by January IS, 1993. Selected images will be displayed at the SHA Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology in Kansas City, Missouri, January 6-10, 1993.

General Conditions of Entry: 1. The competition is open to ALL SHA members and may be of TERRESTRIAL OR UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUBJECT MATIER pertinent to the specific categories; 2. All possible care of entries will be exercised, but no responsibility will be assumed by the ACUA for the loss or damage of entries in exhibit or in transit; 3. Permission to reproduce any entry for the promotional purposes of the ACUA will be assumed. No reproduction fee will be paid. No entry will be sold, but requests for purchase will be referred to the entrant; 4. The entry fee is US$5.00 per image. A maximum of four (4) images are allowed per category. Entries must be prepaid and include a return envelope or package with adequate funds for return. Entries received without entry form or return fees will not be judged and either will be returned to sender or held until return postage is received; 5. Previous award-winning entries from this annual competition are ineligible, as are images derived from the same original of a previous award-winner; 6. Each entry, except for artifact images, must be taken in the natural environment by the entrant. No composed shots, except for artifact images, will be allowed.

Print Entry Conditions: 1. Prints must be no less than 11 x 14 in. (28 x 35.5 cm.) and no greater than 16 x 20 in. (40.5 x 51 cm.) mounted size; NO SLIDES WILL BE ACCEPTED. 2. Prints must be mounted on foam core to facilitate judging and exhibition. No prints are to be framed; 3. Entrant's NAME & ADDRESS, CATEGORY, and PRINT TITLE must appear on the back of each image. Please indicate UP.

Six Categories: 1. Color Archaeological Site Images 2. Color Archaeological Fieldwork in Progress Images 3. Color Archaeological Labwork in Progress Images 4. Color Artifact Images 5. Black & White Images 6. Color Portraits

Definitions: 1. Composed entries include but are not limited to publication layouts, artifact assemblages, or microscope photography. 2. Black and White prints produced on black and white print paper. Toning, such as sepia, is acceptable. 3. Portraits can be either of an individual or group of people and can be above or below water.

Ethics Statement: Photo content must adhere to the ethical standards set forth by the Society for Historical Archaeology.

42 ENTRY FORM

NAME~ ______~PHONE( )______ADDRESS ______

CITY ______--'STATE __ ZIP __ COUNTRY ______

Category A: Color Archaeological Site Images 1. 2. 3. 4.

Category B: Color Archaeological Fieldwork in Progress Images 1. 2. ENTRY FEE 3. (US$5.00/IMAGE) 4. $_--

Category C: Color Archaeological Labwork in Progress Images 1. 2. RETURN POST AGE 3. $,---- 4.

Category D: Color Artifact Images 1. 2. RETURN INSURANCE 3. (VALUE $___ ) 4. $_---

Category E: Black & White Images 1. 2. TOTAL $,___ _ 3. 4.

Category F: Color Portraits 1. 2. 3. 4.

_ Check here and send self-addressed, stamped postcard if you wish acknowledgement of receipt of entry.

Mail all Entries, Fonns and Fees to:

1993 Archaeological Photo Festival, Attn. Dr. William Lees, Kansas State Historical Society, 120 W. 10th St. Topeka, KS 66612 USA.

43 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

The Society for Historical Archaeology is a non-profit scientific-educational organization which aims to promote scholarly research and the dissemination of knowledge concerning historical archaeology; to exchange information in this field; to hold periodic conferences to discuss problems of mutual interest relating to the study of historical archaeology; and to obtain the cooperation of the concerned disciplines for projects of research. The Society is also specifically concerned with the identification, excavation, interpretation, and conservation of sites and materials on land and underwater. The focus of interest is the era since the beginning of exploration of the non-European parts of the world by Europeans, with primary concern in the Western Hemisphere. The Society also concerns itself with European, Oceanic, African, and Asian archaeology having a definite bearing upon scholarly problems in the Western Hemisphere.

The Society invites the participation and support of all who share its interest in history as it emerges from archaeological research and the study of written records. Membership is open to both professionals and interested laymen. An application form is provided below for those wishing to join.

Society Officers and Board Members for 1991: Leland Ferguson, President; J. Barto Arnold III, President-Elect; Julia Costello, Immediate Past President; Stephanie H. Rodeffer, Secretary-Treasurer; Ronald L. Michael, Editor; Norman F. Barka, Newsletter Editor; Paul F. Johnston, Chair, Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology; Judy D. Tordoff, James A. Tuck, Henry Miller, Donna J. Seifert, James E. Ayres, William B. Lees, Board of Directors.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

I hereby apply for membership in the Society for Historical Archaeology, as checked below. All memberships are for the calendar year, and include four issues of HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, four issues of the NEWSLETTER, and one Special Publication.

Please Check One:

Individual $50.00 Sustaining $ 100.00

Adjunct (Spouse) $10.00 Patron $ 150.00

Student (Full-Time) $30.00 Life $1,000.00 (Enclose Student 10) Institutional $ 65.00

Name (Please Print or Type)

Address

City State Zip Code

Make checks payable (in U.S. funds) to: THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Mail to: The Society for Historical Archaeology P.O. Box 30446 Tucson, AZ 85751

44 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY .... Publications Available 1992 ....

HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Annual Issues, Volume 1-14 (1967-1980) Semi-Annual and Quarterly Issues, Volume 15:1-25:4 (1981-1991)* Price Each: $12.50, Index 1967-1986: $7.50

"Volume 16:1 and 16:2, ''The East Liverpool, Ohio, Pottery District: Identification of Manufacturers and Marks" by William C. Gates, Jr. and Dana E. Ormond, was published as a single issue. $25.00

SPECIAL PUBLICATION SERIES

No. 1. "A Descriptive Dictionary for 500 Years of Spanish Tradition Ceramics (13th Through 18th Centuries) by Florence C. Lister and Robert H. Lister (1976). $7.50. No.2. "Historical Archaeology and the Importance of Material Things" ed. by Leland G. Ferguson. (1977). $7.50. No.3. "Reconstructing Historical Subsistence with an Example from Sixteenth Century Spanish Florida" by Elizabeth J. Reitz and C. Margaret Scarry (1985). $10.00 No.4. "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" ed. by Paul Forsythe Johnston (1986). $15.00. No.5. "Living in Cities: Current Research in Urban Archaeology" ed. by Edward Staski (1987). $10.00. No.6. 'The Archaeology of Mining and Miners: A View from the Silver State" by Donald L. Hardesty (1988). $10.00. No.7. ''The Hoff Store Site and Goldrush Merchandise from San Francisco, California" edited by Allen G. Pastron and Eugene M. Hattori (1990). $10.00

"*20% discount on complete back issue set (all volumes of Historical Archaeology and the Special Publications Series issued before 1992 and the Index).

GUIDES TO TIlE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE of the Immigrant Experience in America

No. 1. ''The Archaeology of Spanish Colonialism in the Southeastern United States and the Caribbean: A Critical Bibliography" compiled by Charles R. Ewen (1990). $6.00.

READER

"Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists'compiled by George L. Miller, Olive R. Jones, Lester A. Ross, and Teresita Majewski (1991). $20.00

PROCEEDINGS

1991. "Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the 1991 SHA Conference" (Richmond), ed. by John Broadwater. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $15.00. 1990. "Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the 1990 SHA Conference" (Tucson), ed. by Toni L. Carrell. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $15.00. 1989. "Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference" (Baltimore), ed. by J. Barto Arnold III. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $15.00 1988. "Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference" (Reno), ed. by James P. Delgado. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.o. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $12.50. [Out of Print)

45 PROCEEDINGS (Cont'd.)

1987. "Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference" (Savannah), ed. by Alan B. Albright. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $12.50. 1986. "Archaeology in Solution: The 1986 Proceedings of the Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Sacramento), ed. by John W. Foster and Sheli O. Smith. Order from: Coyote Press, P.O. Box 3397, Salinas, CA 93912. $15.00 plus tax (when applicable) and mailing charges .. 1985. "Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Boston), ed. by Paul Forsythe Johnson. Special Publications Series No.4. Order from: The Society for Historical Archaeology, P.O. Box 30446, Tucson, AZ 85751. $15.00. 1984. "In Search of Our Maritime Past: The Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Williamsburg), ed. by Gordon P. Watts, Jr., et al. Order from: Program in Maritime History and Underwater Research, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. $10.00. 1983. "Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Denver), ed. by Calvin R. Cummings. Order from: Fathom Eight, P. O. Box 80505, San Marino, CA 91108. $19.00. 1982. "Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Philadelphia), ed. by Donald H. Keith. Order from: Fathom Eight, P.O. Box 80505, San Marino, CA 91108. $19.00. 1981. "Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (New Orleans), ed. by Gordon P. Watts, Jr. Order from: Fathom Eight, P. O. Box 80505, San Marino, CA 91108. $19.00. 1980. "Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Albuquerque), ed. by Calvin R. Cummings. Order from: Fathom Eight, P.O. Box 80505, San Marino, CA 91108. $17.00. 1979. "Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Underwater Archaeology" (Nashville), ed. by Wilburn A. Cockrell. Order from: Fathom Eight, P.O. Box 80505, San Marino, CA 91108. 1978. "Beneath the Waters of Time: Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Underwater Archaeology", ed. by J. Barto Arnold III. Order from: Texas Antiquities Committee, P.O. Box 12276, Austin, TX 78711. $9.00.

For the Proceedings volumes, order each volume from the address listed with each title. For volumes published in 1978-1984 and 1986, price incudes postage and handling. State tax may also apply.

...... All SHA publications should be ordered using a copy of the fonn which appears on the following page......

46 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLICATIONS ORDER FORM

Name ______

Organization ______

Street/P.o. Box ______

City ______State/Province ______

Postal Code ______Country ______

PUBLICATION ISSUE DATE PRICE TOTAL (HA/SPS NO. ISSUED QTY. EACH PRICE PRO/GAL)

PUBLICATION SUBTOTAL POST AGE & HANDLING CHARGES POST AGE & HANDLING

DOMESTIC Domestic First Copy $1.75 Each Additional Copy .25 Foreign-Surface

FOREIGN Foreign-Air Surface Mail First Copy $2.25 TOTAL Each Additional Copy .so

AIR MAIL First Copy $7.00 Each Additional Copy 4.75

20% discount on complete back issue set (all volumes of His/orical Archaeology and the Special Publica/ion Series issued before 1992 and the Index) .

.... All orders must be accompanied by payment or Purchase Order.... Make check payable in U.S. funds to The Society for Historical Archaeology

Send completed copy of order form and payment to: THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY P.O. BOX 30446 TUCSON, AZ 85751-0046 U.S.A.

47 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER

Please note the upcoming deadline for submission of news for the next issue of the Newsletter:

ISSUE DEADLINE

June 1992 24 April 1992 October 1992 24 August 1992 December 1992 21 October 1992

Members are urged to send any news relating to historical archaeology to appropriate Newsletter Coordinators well before the deadline listed above.

1993 SHA CONFERENCE (See Information in this Issue)

WHEN: 6-10 January 1993 WHERE: Hyatt Regency Crown Center

FUTURE SHA CONFERENCES:

1994 - Vancouver, British Columbia 1995 - Washington, D.C.

48

Society for Historical Archaeology P.O. Box 30446 Non-Profit Organization Tucson, AZ 85751 U.S. Postage PAID Forwarding and Return Postage Guaranteed Permit No. 116 Ann Arbor, MI

, . 7lSC00573ID/92 DOUGLAS D. SCOTT 1920 B ST LINCOLN NE 68502