DOCSLIB.ORG

Graves and Recover Other Information About Historic Period Cemeteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Graves and Recover Other Information About Historic Period Cemeteries 64 Lawrence B. Conyers unmarked graves and recover other information about historic period cemeteries. GPR can often determine grave attributes such as depth of burial, Ground-Penetrating Radar grave size, type of caskets and their orientation; Techniques to Discover numbers of graves in certain locations; and the spatial distribution of graves within certain areas and Map Historic Graves of a cemetery. This information can then be integrated with birth and death records, infor- mation found on headstones, or other historical ABSTRACT documents to provide a database on the lives and behaviors of the individuals buried there. Often Ground-penetrating radar is a geophysical technique that can be used to identify and map features commonly associated this information is not available by other means. with historic graves, including intact or partially collapsed Some Euroamerican cemetery characteristics coffi ns and vertical shafts. Data are collected by moving such as the depth, orientation, and spatial distri- radar antennas that transmit pulses of energy into the ground bution of grave shafts have changed over time. along parallel transects within grids, recording refl ections Often they refl ect the economic background, eth- of those pulses from signifi cant discontinuities within the ground. Visual analysis of radar refl ection profi les can be nicity, and religious, social, or aesthetic values used to identify both coffi ns and the vertical shaft features of both the dead and those doing the burying commonly associated with human burials. Spatial analysis (Farrell 1980). Although in some cases these of the reflection amplitudes within a grid consisting of characteristics are well documented (Crissman many profi les (when converted to depth using site-specifi c 1994; Sloan 1995) they have not generally been velocities) produces three-dimensional maps of these burial features. The identifi cation and mapping of graves can applied to the study of specifi c communities or identify remains for possible excavation and study, and the integrated with historic records, especially in results can also be used for statistical and spatial analysis older cemeteries where grave markers are moved when integrated with historical records. If identifi ed by these or missing. GPR has the potential to precisely methods, previously unidentifi ed graves can be preserved in map these graves and add an important data areas threatened by construction or erosion. layer to any historical study involving burials and burial practices. Introduction Lacking geophysical means, fi nding historic graves using traditional probing or excavation Locating, studying, and sometimes excavating methods has often been a “hit or miss” task historic period graves can produce a great deal for most archaeologists. Attempts to locate of information about the past not otherwise these subsurface features using visual analysis available from archival documents or other data of surface soils or vegetation changes are also sources. If the goal is to study skeletal remains fraught with problems. Head- and footstones for osteological or molecular studies, the fi rst that were once present in many historic cemeter- step must be identification of the graves of ies are often deteriorated, relocated, or missing. interest. Many historic cemeteries are poorly Written documentation about grave locations is maintained and often threatened by erosion, often incomplete, inaccurate, or absent. Fall- development, and agricultural operations, making ing trees can uproot underlying sediments as the identifi cation of graves important if they are well as human remains; animals can burrow to be preserved. Sometimes unmarked graves into graves; and the wood associated with need to be identified so that human remains coffi ns and surface markers quickly rots with may be removed if threatened by construction little or no trace. Often there is little to assist or even to make way for additional burials researchers in locating graves other than vague when cemeteries expand their boundaries or memories about where burials were located or fi ll in areas that appear to be vacant. poorly drawn sketch maps. Geophysical techniques such as ground-pen- Archaeologists have attempted to locate etrating radar (GPR) can be used to located graves by inserting probes in the ground in Historical Archaeology, 2006, 40(3):64–73. Permission to reprint required LAWRENCE B. CONYERS—Ground-Penetrating Radar Techniques to Discover and Map Historic Graves 65 an attempt to detect soil changes, voids, or in ground conditions that might be related to areas that might be less compacted (Killam the presence of graves. The differences in the 1990). Some have resorted to dowsing, with readings within the grid, when mapped spatially, little success (Barrett and Besterman 1968; can often be related to burial phenomena, such Reese 1985; Van Leusen 1998) or employed as the presence or absence of artifacts associated psychics (Goodman 1977), and a few have with human remains or geological changes that even attempted to use dogs, purported to have can be related to grave shafts. The human acute senses of smell, that are trained to sniff remains themselves cannot generally be detected out human remains (Killam 1990). since there is not enough contrast between them A more reliable method that has been used to and the surrounding material. locate and then map historic graves is the use GPR is one of the best methods to map of geophysical devices that can measure physi- graves because it is capable of measuring both cal and chemical changes in the ground. These physical and chemical changes in the ground in changes may be related to grave shafts, coffi ns, three dimensions; therefore, depth as well as the void spaces, and even the human remains them- spatial distribution of graves can be determined selves (Bevan 1991; Nobes 1999; Davenport (Bevan 1991; Davis et al. 2000). This can be 2001). The most common of these are mag- accomplished because radar pulses are trans- netic gradiometry, electrical resistivity, GPR, and mitted from a surface antenna and refl ected off electromagnetic conductivity. Magnetic methods buried discontinuities. The returning pulses are use passive devices that measure small changes measured in elapsed travel time. When time is in the Earth’s magnetic fi eld that are infl uenced converted to distance (using measurable veloci- by changes in soils and buried materials below ties common to each site), depth in the ground the surface. These changes can result from the can be readily determined. In addition, radar presence or absence of metal in coffi ns or even energy is readily refl ected from any disconti- minute differences in soil and sediment types nuity in the ground, including soil compaction that exist between grave shafts and undisturbed changes, mineralogical differences, sediment size adjacent materials. The other three most com- distinctions, void spaces, and the type and con- monly used geophysical methods use tools that centration of associated artifacts. Amplitudes of transmit energy into the ground and then mea- the refl ected waves can also be precisely mea- sure how that energy is affected by changes in sured, indicating differences in material proper- the ground related to the presence or absence ties within the ground, producing an additional of graves, grave goods, and soil changes. The measurement that is valuable in locating subtle resistivity method transmits an electrical current buried features. into the ground and measures the differences in GPR systems are compact and easily trans- voltage between the transmitting device and a ported to and from the fi eld. A typical system recording device some distance away. When consists of a radar control system and associ- mapped spatially, changes in these resistance ated computer, antennas, and a power source readings can be related to the presence or (Figure 1). Grids of data (up to 40 x 40 m) absence of graves. A similar method of energy can be collected in a day, depending on the transmittal is used in electromagnetic (EM) con- transect spacing and the number and complex- ductivity, where an EM field is induced into ity of surface obstructions. Refl ection data are the ground and measurements are taken, which easily transferred from the GPR system to a indicate how that fi eld is affected by the under- laptop computer for immediate analysis, with lying deposits. GPR is also an active method preliminary results often available just hours that transmits pulses of radar energy of differ- after collection. ing frequencies into the ground and measures properties of the refl ections derived from buried Grave Characteristics materials in the ground. All of these geophysical methods collect data Physical anthropologists have long concerned along a series of transects within a grid, which themselves with fi nding human remains, whether can be interpreted individually as two-dimensional intentionally buried or covered and preserved profi les or as a group to spatially map differences by natural means. A large body of literature 66 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 40(3) and its associated artifacts, (3) the backfill used to fill in the vertical shaft, and (4) the surface layers of sediment or soil that have accumulated on that shaft after interment. Of these four features, the contact between the shaft and the surrounding material, coffi ns containing remains, and sometimes associated artifacts are what can be readily imaged using GPR. When human bodies, coffi ns, urns, or any other grave goods are placed in the ground, a vertical shaft is excavated through surface soils and underlying sediment or rock units, producing an aerially FIGURE 1. This Geophysical Survey System Inc. (GSSI) distinct and often recognizable feature that can Subsurface Interface Radar (SIR) system model 2000 with be seen in GPR reflection profiles. During antenna and carrying case. (Photo by author.) excavation of a grave, the natural substrate and surface soils are almost always placed on the ground nearby and then returned to the grave addresses the detection of human remains for shaft after interment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UFO Film / a a AS and Psi Martin Gardners 'Notes of a Psi-Watcher'
    the Skeptical Inquirer ^ *^' ) Randi's Project Alpha: Magicians in the Psi Lab American Disingenuous: Cult Archaeology Responding to Pseudoscience Bogus UFO Film / A A AS and Psi Martin Gardners 'Notes of a Psi-Watcher' VOL. VII NO. 4 / SUMMER 1983 Published by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal Skeptical Inquirer THE SKEPTICAL INQUIRER is the official journal of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Editor Kendrick Frazier. Editorial Board George Abell, Martin Gardner, Ray Hyman, Philip J. Klass, Paul Kurtz, James Randi. Consulting Editors James E. Alcock, Isaac Asimov, William Sims Bainbridge, John Boardman, Milbourne Christopher, John R. Cole, C.E.M. Hansel, E.C. Krupp, James E. Oberg, Robert Sheaffer. Assistant Editors Doris Hawley Doyle, Andrea Szalanski. Production Editor Betsy Offermann. Office Manager Mary Rose Hays Staff Laurel Smith, Barry Karr, Richard Seymour (computer operations), Lynette Nisbet, Alfreda Pidgeon, Maureen Hays, Stephanie Doyle Cartoonist Rob Pudim The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal Paul Kurtz, Chairman; philosopher, State University of New York at Buffalo. Lee Nisbet, Executive Director; philosopher, Medaille College. Fellows of the Committee: George Abell, astronomer, UCLA; James E. Alcock, psychologist, York Univ., Toronto; Isaac Asimov, chemist, author; Irving Biederman, psychologist, SUNY at Buffalo; Brand Blanshard, philosopher, Yale; Bart J. Bok, astronomer, Steward Observatory, Univ. of Arizona; Bette Chambers, A.H.A.; Milbourne Christopher, magician, author; L. Sprague de Camp, author, engineer; Bernard Dixon, European Editor, Omni; Paul Edwards, philosopher, Editor, Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Charles Fair, author, Antony Flew, philosopher, Reading Univ., U.K.; Kendrick Frazier, science writer, Editor, THE SKEPTICAL INQUIRER; Yves Galifret, Exec.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychic Archaeology the Anatomy of Irrationalist Prehistoric Studies
    Psychic Archaeology The Anatomy Of Irrationalist Prehistoric Studies Kenneth L. Feder As a scientific enterprise, archaeology is relatively young. The use of objective, consistent, and meticulous field-techniques is barely 100 years old. As recently as 25 years ago archaeological theory—that is, a body of general theory explaining the nature of the relationship between human societies and the material remains of these societies—was so deficient that those who discussed it could state that it lacked even a name (Willey and Phillips 1958, p. 5). In the past twenty years archaeology has experienced a methodological and theoretical revolution characterized by the explicit application of statistical analysis, use of computers, a heavy emphasis on ecological relationships, and the growth of cultural evolutionary theory. Though scientific or anthropological archaeology is new, archaeology has never lacked fringe-area, pseudoscientific, and, at times, decidedly antiscientific approaches and theory. Archaeology and astronomy are probably the two sciences that have attracted the greatest number of serious and dedicated amateurs who go on to make valuable contributions. These two fields have also attracted the greatest number of individuals whose time would be better spent selling incense. It is truly mind-boggling to consider the number of frauds (Piltdown Man, the Cardiff Giant, the Davenport Stones), racist ideologies (Nazism), religions (Mormonism), and just plain crazy theories (ancient astronauts) that have utilized archaeology to "prove" their often preposterous hypotheses. It should come as no surprise that a "new" field of endeavor involving archaeology and the paranormal has been introduced: "psychic archaeology." After all, what could be more obvious? Psychics can find missing things; why shouldn't they be able to find archaeological sites? Kenneth L.
    [Show full text]
  • Fantastic Archaeology and Pseudoscience Lost Tribes, Sunken Continents, and Ancient Astronauts
    SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY TAOS SUMMER TERM 2019 ANTH 3334: FANTASTIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND PSEUDOSCIENCE LOST TRIBES, SUNKEN CONTINENTS, AND ANCIENT ASTRONAUTS Professor: Whitney A. Goodwin, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Anthropology Contact: [email protected] Course Time: Monday-Friday, 9:00am-12:00pm, 1:00-4:00pm Course Location: Fort Burgwin Archaeology Laboratory Office Hours: By appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION: Archaeology, like any other science, is no stranger to today’s world of half-truths and ‘alternative facts’. Fantastic claims have been made about everything in the field, from crystal skulls to entire civilizations. In this course, you will acquire the tools to form critical opinions about archaeological phenomena and become able to take apart shaky arguments based on incomplete, false or nonexistent evidence. At the same time, you will learn that science is never straightforward, neat, and simple. When it comes to many issues, legitimate controversies among scientists about what is known and what is knowable can turn into speculations about the past that go beyond any possibility of documentation. In fact, you will learn that sometimes these frontiers between the legitimate and the lunatic are the most dynamic and interesting of all. In this course we will also consider, thematically and periodically, the difference between legitimate controversy within scientific archaeology, what is termed a “Paradigm controversy”, and controversy pitting scientists against pseudoscientists and charlatans. As Ken Feder describes in the first two chapters of his book, Frauds, Myths and Mysteries, a controversy between legitimate scientists operates by clear and consistent rules of evidence, even if those scientists have very different interpretations of evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs Vol.4: S - Z
    Bruno Antonio Buike, editor / undercover-collective „Paul Smith“, alias University of Melbourne, Australia Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs vol.4: S - Z © Neuss / Germany: Bruno Buike 2017 Buike Music and Science [email protected] BBWV E30 Bruno Antonio Buike, editor / undercover-collective „Paul Smith“, alias University of Melbourne, Australia Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs - vol.4: S - Z Neuss: Bruno Buike 2017 CONTENT Vol. 1 A-D 273 p. Vol. 2 E-K 271 p. Vol. 3 L-R 263 p. Vol. 4 S-Z 239 p. Appr. 21.000 title entries - total 1046 p. ---xxx--- 1. Dies ist ein wissenschaftliches Projekt ohne kommerzielle Interessen. 2. Wer finanzielle Forderungen gegen dieses Projekt erhebt, dessen Beitrag und Name werden in der nächsten Auflage gelöscht. 3. Das Projekt wurde gefördert von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Sozialamt Neuss. 4. Rechtschreibfehler zu unterlassen, konnte ich meinem Computer trotz jahrelanger Versuche nicht beibringen. Im Gegenteil: Das Biest fügt immer wieder neue Fehler ein, wo vorher keine waren! 1. This is a scientific project without commercial interests, that is not in bookstores, but free in Internet. 2. Financial and legal claims against this project, will result in the contribution and the name of contributor in the next edition canceled. 3. This project has been sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany, Department for Social Benefits, city of Neuss. 4. Correct spelling and orthography is subject of a constant fight between me and my computer – AND THE SOFTWARE in use – and normally the other side is the winning party! Editor`s note – Vorwort des Herausgebers preface 1 ENGLISH SHORT PREFACE „Paul Smith“ is a FAKE-IDENTY behind which very probably is a COLLCETIVE of writers and researchers, using a more RATIONAL and SOBER approach towards the complex of Rennes-le-Chateau and to related complex of „Priory of Sion“ (Prieure de Sion of Pierre Plantard, Geradrd de Sede, Phlippe de Cherisey, Jean-Luc Chaumeil and others).
    [Show full text]
  • Dowsing and Archaeology Is There Something Underneath?
    Dowsing and Archaeology Is There Something Underneath? An examination of the available published evidence for dowsers' ability to trace hidden archaeological features shows that field tests were badly designed and executed. MARTUN VAN LEUSEN ext to buried treasure and water, archaeological remains have long been the object of dowsers' Nefforts. Professional and student archaeologists reg- ularly encounter local dowsers during fieldwork, sometimes accepting their offers to provide help by dowsing the site under excavation. Archaeological dowsing techniques are essentially identical to the techniques used for water dows- ing. The position of the dowsing rods, one held in each hand, is inherently unstable so the points easily deviate up to 90 degrees either side of the "straight forward" or resting position. The dowser moves over the area, interpreting and mapping the movement of the rods until archaeological fea- tures have been located (see Figure 1). SKEPTICAL INQUIRER March/April 1999 33 Figure I: The technique of archaeological dowsing as portrayed in Bailey et al. (1988, Plate 14 and figure 32). Note that the movement of the dows- ing rods at B and C precludes any uncertainty about the nature of the interfaces. The photo at right shows proper stance and hand position for dowsing. In my own work, studying the buried Roman city of Viroconium and its hinterland in modern-day Shropshire (U.K.), I have been offered help by local dowsers whose activ- ity at the site went back at least sixty years: A diviner who believed that gold treasure lay under the ruins theme within psychic archaeology in general (Cole 1980, 14), of Viroconium, the Roman city near Shrewsbury, was permit- ted to excavate at a spot where the divining rod appeared to such views do not win many converts among professional give the most pronounced indications of metal.
    [Show full text]
  • Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The problem of disenchantment: scientific naturalism and esoteric discourse, 1900-1939 Asprem, E. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Asprem, E. (2013). The problem of disenchantment: scientific naturalism and esoteric discourse, 1900-1939. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 8 Laboratories of Enchantment Parapsychology in Search of a Paradigm A collection of facts is not yet a science any more than a heap of stones is an edifice. They must be collated, sifted and ordered, according to a definite point of view, in order that we may draw conclusions from them. Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Phenomena of Materialisation (1923), 28.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There a Proven Alternative to Western Science? Don & Diane Wells © 2019
    Is There a Proven Alternative to Western Science? Don & Diane Wells © 2019 INTRODUCTION The Western Scientists will answer this question with an emphatic and loud NO! In some cases, their vocal outbursts about any methodology other than their own, can become stifling. And yet, if one were to gather all of the international facts about research methodologies associated with archaeology, anthropology and the rest of the Western Sciences and present them in a proper forum, would that make a difference in today’s acceptance of alternatives to the hard-core Western Science methodology. Unfortunately, the science community is averse to accepting alternatives or even acknowledging that the facts may prove them wrong. Charles C. Mann probably did more to open the eyes of society about western scientific study than anyone before him. In his bestseller book, 1491, New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, he single-handedly changed history as we knew it. A summary of Mann’s book stated how a new generation of researchers had come to new conclusions to include: • In 1491 there were probably more people living in the Americas than in Europe • Tenochtitian, the Aztec capital was far greater in population that any contemporary European city. It even had running water and clean streets unlike European cities. • The earliest cities of the Western Hemisphere were thriving before the Egyptians built the pyramids. • Pre-Columbian Indians in Mexico developed corn by a breeding process more sophisticated than had ever been used before or into the following centuries. • Amazon Indians learned how to farm the rain forest without destroying it.
    [Show full text]
  • Noah's Ark and Ancient Astronauts: Pseudoscientific Beliefs About the Past Among a Sample of College Students
    Noah's Ark and Ancient Astronauts: Pseudoscientific Beliefs About the Past Among a Sample of College Students Creationist views are tied to a deeply held set of values and world-view. Cult archaeology and other pseudoscientific beliefs are unrelated to most such variables. Francis B. Harrold and Raymond A. Eve OST PEOPLE are curious about the distant past, especially that of our own species. This curiosity has led to the rise of archaeology Mand related sciences, which have given us a growing understanding of human origins and prehistory; but it has also spawned some of the most outlandish pseudoscience on record. Many people readily accept baseless claims about the past—including college students, as one of us (an anthro- pologist) has come to learn while teaching courses in archaeology and human evolution. Students who held such beliefs when they entered these classes did not always change their minds when they were exposed to scientific ap- proaches to the past. One student wanted to leave no doubt as to where he stood; at the end of a test on the human fossil record, he wrote, "Of course I don't believe any of this. 1 believe in the Bible." Such encounters aroused our curiosity concerning these pseudoscientific beliefs among our students. The result was a research project, using the perspectives and methods of social science, to learn more about these beliefs: how widely and strongly they are held, by whom, and why. The research (for a more detailed report, see Eve and Harrold 1986) helped us progress toward answering these questions and suggested ways to deal with such beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 - $ 2.00 (Hardcopy)
    - 1 - $ 2.00 (hardcopy) AN EXPERIMENT IN DOWSING AND SELF-HEALING Copyright by Pete Warburton, Nov 2012 updated paper by email: [email protected] American Society of Dowsers: http://www.dowsers.org ASD West Coast Conference: http://www.dowserswestcoast.org/ San Jose chapter of ASD: http://sjdowsing.wordpress.com/ Ozark Research Institute: http://www.ozarkresearch.org Subtle Energy Research Institute: http://www.seri-worldwide.org Journal of Scientific Exploration: http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/ NOTE. In pdf file, web links are not in blue, but they link to the web anyway. Some publications block web access to a compete articles, but you get the author/title/publication/date, the equivalent of a footnote. A process for dowsing for self-healing is given on pages 11-12. The rest of the paper is written to support that page. The first version of this paper was written for the 1987 West Coast Dowsers Conference. Page 1.0 THE ROAD TO SELF-HEALING . 2 2.0 SELF-HEALING: TECHNIQUES IN THE DOWSER'S TOOL KIT . 6 Basic Process . 6 Clearing Emotions . 7 Affirmations . 8 Clearing Traumas . 9 Clearing Energies . 11 Model of Psyche Energies . 12 3.0 DOWSING TECHNOLOGIES . 14 Water Dowsing as a Technology . 14 Self-Healing as a Proto-Technology . 15 4.0 THE SCIENCE OF DOWSING and THE DOWSING OF SCIENCE . 17 Physics . 17 Consciousness . 18 Reincarnation and Past/Future Lives . 20 Earth Energies . 20 Biology . 21 Psychology . 22 The Social Sciences . 23 The Frontiers of Science and Religion . 24 5.0 DOWSING AND THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH . 25 Problematical Truth .
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropological and Archaeological Perspectives on Fugitive Slaves
    ANTH 390A: Archaeology and the Politics of the Past Monday Wednesday 2:20-3:50 PM Asbury Hall 007 Dr. Lydia Wilson Marshall Office: Asbury Hall 223 Email: [email protected] Phone: 765-658-4508 Office Hours: 2:30-4 PM Tuesday and Friday or by appointment. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course explores how archaeology is used in the political production of narratives about the past. We will consider how "history" is constructed, analyze the close relationship between power and the production of "history," and review how archaeological research is appropriated for nationalist and religious projects. Students will analyze the relationship between archaeologists and the media, consider why Native Americans often reject archaeological knowledge as foreign logic, and explore the public popularity and power of alternative archaeologies such as psychic archaeology and astroarchaeology. A final section of the course-- focused on archaeological tourism, collecting, looting, and repatriation--challenges students to more broadly engage the question "who owns the past?" COURSE TEXTBOOKS Thomas, David Hurst 2000 Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity. New York: Basic Books. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph 1995 Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press. All other assigned readings will be posted as pdfs in Moodle or placed on reserve in the library. 2 SUMMARY OF ASSIGNMENT AND EXAM DUE DATES 2/11: Analyzing Popular Histories Exercise due in hard copy in class 2/24: Take-Home Exam #1 due at 4 PM via Moodle (Note: not a class day.) 3/31: Take-Home Exam #2 due at 4 PM via Moodle (Note: not a class day.) 4/13: Analyzing Kennewick Man Exercise due in hard copy in class 5/11: Take-Home Essay Exam #3 due via Moodle by 4 PM CLASS SCHEDULE AND READINGS Monday, 1/26: The Present in the Past Wednesday, 1/28: NO CLASS (University-Wide Conversation on Inclusiveness) Monday, 2/2: The Past as a Political Resource Said, Edward W.
    [Show full text]
  • Author Title LC# Cutter Restricted Abbott, Carl Colorado, a History of the Centennial State F 776 a 22 FALSE Abbott, Edward Charles, We Pointed Them North
    Author Title LC# Cutter Restricted Abbott, Carl Colorado, a History of the Centennial State F 776 A 22 FALSE Abbott, Edward Charles, We pointed them north. Recollections of a cowpuncher. F 731 A 13 FALSE 1860-1939 Abbott, Shirley National Museum of American History E 169.1 A 117 FALSE Westward, westward, westward. The long trail west and the Abell, Elizabeth F 591 A 14W FALSE men who followed it. Western America in 1846-1847; the original travel diary of Abert, James William F 800 A 6 FALSE Lieutenant J. W. Abert Acuna, Rodolfo Occupied America; the Chicano's struggle toward liberation E 184 A 63 FALSE Adair, John Navajo and Pueblo silversmiths, The. E 98 S 55A FALSE Adams State College First fifty years. LD 18 A 562F FALSE Adams, Abigail New Letters, 1788-1801 E 322.2 A 21 FALSE Adams, Abigail Smith Book of Abigail and John, The E 322 A 29 FALSE Adams, Alexander B. John James Audabon. A biography. QL 31 A 9Z1 FALSE Adams, Alva Meditations in miniature PS 3501 D 16M FALSE Adams, Alva Meditations in miniature PS 3501 D 16M FALSE Adams, Alva Meditations in miniature PS 3501 D 16M FALSE Adams, Alva Blanchard Alva Blanchard Adams Memorial Services CT 226 A 21 TRUE Adams, Andy, 1859-1955 Cattle brands. A collection of Western camp-fire stories. PS 3501 D 16C3 FALSE Adams, Andy, 1859-1955 Log of a cowboy, The. A narrative of the old trail days. PS 3501 D 16L8 FALSE Adams, Andy, 1859-1955 Reed Anthony, cowman. An autobiography.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Beginning
    In the Beginning The first five years of the Skeptic Edited by Barry Williams The Original Aims of Australian Skeptics * To investigate claims of pseudoscientific, paranormal and similarly anomalous phenomena from a responsible, scientific point of view. * To publicise the results of these investigations and, where appropriate, to draw attention to the possibility of natural and ordinary explanations of such phenomena. * To accept explanations and hypotheses about paranormal occurrences only after good evidence has been adduced, which directly or indirectly supports such hypotheses. * To encourage Australians and the Australian news media to adopt a critical attitude towards paranormal claims and to understand that to introduce or to entertain a hypothesis does not constitute confirmation or proof of that hypothesis. * To stimulate inquiry and the quest for truth, wherever it leads. These aims will be pursued by: * Establishing a network of people interested in critically examining claims of the paranormal, * Publishing a periodical, the Skeptic and distributing relevant information. * Publishing articles, monographs and books that examine claims of the paranormal. * Maintaining a library. * Preparing a bibliography of relevant published material. * Encouraging and commissioning research by objective and impartial inquirers. * Conducting meetings, seminars and conferences. * Acting as a public information resource by making informed members and relevant expertise available to the news media and other interested groups. The skeptical attitude involves: * Seeking all relevant evidence concerning any extraordinary or putative paranormal event, claim or theory. * Keeping an open mind and not rejecting paranormal claims a priori. * Refusing to accept as true theories and explanations for which there is insufficient or ambiguous evidence and recognising that withholding belief is a preferable position to accepting claims for which there is insufficient evidence.
    [Show full text]