Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels

ORE Open Research Exeter

TITLE Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels

AUTHORS Rippon, Stephen

JOURNAL Medieval Archaeology

DEPOSITED IN ORE 17 March 2008

This version available at

http://hdl.handle.net/10036/20952

Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies.

A NOTE ON VERSIONS

The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology .Hl (eds.), Hall T. Temrhadhlig fteEgihCsecasbefore Cistercians English the of holdings marshland ‘The .Rippon, S. rdcins ihy n ntelgto h lotrlnls rn towards trend relentless almost o to to have the easy wetlands that however, of resources is, natural light it the of period, significance the post-medieval the and overlook in medieval the and during reclamation highly, so production used, is ‘historic approach the interdisciplinary within contained strongly evidence A with material were. documentary landscape’ resources rich wetland remarkably showing particular in integrating valued in estates it, Abbey’s surrounded Glastonbury highly that of landscape centre how medieval the the at reconstructs lay paper This House’, Somerset. Fish ‘Abbot’s its for famous MEARE, DOI: h nraigitniywt hc h adcp a xlie uigteHigh the during known. exploited well was relatively landscape reflecting is the wetlands, Ages, which reclaiming been Middle and with long water intensity has managing increasing landscape in the medieval role the their shaping and canals in recognized, of monasteries form of the significance in The the manipulation mills including powering its resource, and and a prevention, Pool, as flood Key Meare water fishing, Hides’. of navigation, in ‘Twelve for control occurrence islands used the the natural other was as its of landscape known series of this jurisdiction a of exploitation rights special with utilization the respective along successful in Meare their the sites of over to inclusion disputes Christian Cathedral the associated acrimonious Wells in their of of reflected and series Chapter as a and symbolically, by and Dean wetlands demonstrated there, the These reclaimed as Pool. and of materially, Meare Glastonbury areas both famous between and valued, the fields, and highly open pastures clearly manorial out common walled were which a laid extensive with by identified carefully landscape, surrounded the be village, meadow, on planned to had church, areas’ community and adjacent character lordship complex, ‘landscape both that distinctive impact of the reflect series a allows characterization (early eivlEpotto fWtadResources Wetland of Exploitation Medieval 1 ..J od Mnsi ae aaeeti ra rti:areview’, a Britain: Great in management water ‘Monastic Bond, J. E.g. 10 19 . 1179 aigteMs faBdSituation? Bad a of Most the Making hcnuy atgahcsucsadi aycsssili s oa.Hsoi landscape Historic today. use in still cases many in and sources cartographic th-century) lsobr be,Mae n the and Meare, Abbey, Glastonbury h rnfraino osa Wetlands Coastal of Transformation The : h atr ffils od,stlmnsadwtrore srpeetdo h earliest the on represented as watercourses and settlements roads, fields, of pattern the oatcArchaeology Monastic / 007660904225022816 nteSmre Levels Somerset the in (Oxford, By TPE RIPPON STEPHEN 2001 (London, ;H .Darby, C. H. ); 1 91 nasceyta o ausagricultural values now that society a In 2000 c ). . eivlFenland Medieval 1350 , ieu nd Nederlanden de in Citeaux . 88 – (Cambridge, 136 nG evl,M so,and Aston, M. Keevill, G. in 1940 , 9 ( ;R .Donkin, A. R. ); 1958 ff r These er. ), 262 – 75 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 92 eid,i .Bl n .Bada (eds.), Boardman J. and Bell forthcoming). M. in period’, n eln Reclamation Wetland and ao hresfrSw n Pouholt’, and Sowy for charters Saxon p i.i note in cit. op. 39 ( ilgsadoe ed,wihaogwt ubro te sae nSomerset, in estates other the of during number out a laid with been wetlands along have the which may into fields, out open extended and that villages covered bedrock ‘Pouholt’, of Glastonbury. as peninsula of period long west pre-Conquest a the Hills, in Polden known the estate, major One them. situation’. ‘bad a occupying as regarded being from far was Meare that eivlpretoso hs niomnswr,i otat eydi very agricultural contrast, in and were, environments topographical these impression, post-medieval of that perceptions confirm in medieval to appear found the would accounts in generally writings derogatory The drainage value. and wetlands comprehensive little Levels, of their being Somerset of until as the perceived that, were of expected areas areas such be century, the drained might poorly it High Valley, understanding most such Brue the the the as to during of amongst ‘heaths’ used was contribution and area ‘moors’ was peat-dominated this a landscape the in English as Lying the Ages. Middle reconstructed which with is intensity increasing period medieval the ag fntrlrsucsta ua omnte a xlie since exploited had communities human that resources times, natural Romano-British and of prehistoric range a oac ihitria ase oad h os,adetniefreshwater extensive and coast, the (Figs. towards backfens lower-lying marshes the in intertidal peatlands with mosaic, environment. reconstruct to order in mapping techniques, palaeogeographical fishing Artefacts at medieval attempt context. on the in little light Mere landscape is important Whittlesey there wider to shed but next have their platforms example, two in for of Fenland, excavation understood recent the be from recovered only can resources adcp oiae ywtr n t prahtwr tlzn uhadi a such to utilizing toward attempt a approach towards not its theme: Abbey, and does specific Glastonbury water, a institution, It of by on landowning focuses dominated Levels. manor major but landscape the Somerset a area, area: of the the of wetland perception of history the another landscape for backfens definitive this a eastern provide achieve the to in attempt Meare an is study This 1999 5 4 3 2 6 – .Abrams, L. .Rpo,‘ilso en n ok fsep h ecpino eln adcpsdrn h medieval the during landscapes wetland of perception the sheep: of flocks and beans of ‘Fields Rippon, S. .ClsadJ Coles, J. Cambridgeshire’, and Mere, Coles Whittlesea B. on fishery medieval ‘A Lucas, G. .AtnadC err,‘‘Uiu,taiinladcamn’:teSawc rjc,Somerset’, Project, Shapwick the charming’’: and traditional ‘‘Unique, ‘ Gerrard, C. and Aston M. NAELN H ADCP ITR FMAEADTHE AND MEARE OF HISTORY LANDSCAPE THE UNRAVELLING 55 wider ), lsobr be oiae h oestLvl n h sad within islands the and Levels Somerset the dominated Abbey Glastonbury yteErymdea eid h oestLvl nopse necological an encompassed Levels Somerset the Period, Early-medieval the By nL basadJ aly(eds.), Carley J. and Abrams L. in 1 – 58 .D otn Sm vdnefrnwstlmnsadfil ytm nlt nl-ao Somerset’, Anglo-Saxon late in systems field and settlements new for evidence ‘Some Costen, D. M. ; egira adcp ihnwihtefihr a u utoeelement. one just but was fishery the which within landscape seigniorial 3 nl-ao Glastonbury Anglo-Saxon , 160 – 65 (London, idem, ; we rc oGlastonbury to Track Sweet 5 h eivllnsaeo h odn a n fnucleated of one was Poldens the of landscape medieval The itrcLnsaeAnalysis Landscape Historic 1997 ). : oestDre oe Queries Notes Dorset Somerset hrhadEndowment and Church h rhelg n itr fGatnuyAbbey Glastonbury of History and Archaeology The tpe rippon stephen REVALLEY BRUE Geoarchaeology 10 (London, hcentury. th 3 n nti ae hi tlzto during utilization their paper this in and : eihrn h Countryside the Deciphering : 1986 adcp hneOe rhelgclTimescales Archaeological Over Change Landscape 1 (Woodbridge, – 3 ;S Rippon, S. ); , 31 .Teedi These ). 6 ( 1982 h adcp urudn the surrounding landscape The 4 eivlArchaeol Medieval u hspprwl hwhow show will paper this but ), 233 1996 h eenEstuary Severn The – ff 5 ,map ), (York, . rn elnso wetlands erent (Woodbridge, ,XI ( XLII ., 2004 6 .C oln,‘The Morland, C. S. ; ). : adcp Evolution Landscape 1998 ff 1991 rn and erent ), ni.J., Antiq. 19 ;Rippon, ); (Oxford, – ff ffi 44 18 ered cult . th 79 2 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology nldsrfrnet o otcatlr the chartulary lost now a to reference includes be r olce oehri h itre opldb ila fMalmesbury of William by compiled histories the in (c. together Godney, collected and are Meare Abbey Sowy. of of islands island small the including the south including the north to the Sedgemoor and to Valley Brue the of odn a,hwvr eydi very however, was, Poldens 1129 hsi eakbywl-ouetdlnsae h hreso Glastonbury of charters The landscape. well-documented remarkably a is This te etrsmnindi h eticuigtemdr ie ae teodcus fteBrue the of course old (the names river modern the including text the in mentioned features other h oestLvl,wt lcsta ol erahdb otfo lsobr niais and italics, in Glastonbury from boat by reached be could that places with Levels, Somerset The Channel Bristol n ono lsobr (c. Glastonbury of John and ) ssonwt ahdln) h sae fGatnuyAbyaeotie nabold. a in outlined are Abbey Glastonbury of estates The line). dashed a with shown is Taunton Bridgwater Estuary Severn Berrow Burnham Withy Lympsham Huntspill

Highbridge Rooksbridge

Par Uphill

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rett

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Sowy Shapwick Pilrow

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Wedmore . Clewer Brue ,teGetCatlr fc. of Chartulary Great the ), 1 0 MEARE Panborough ie Terrarum Liber

Sheppey

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Bleadney

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Wells e Baltonsborough Bristol Steanbow 1348 20 km Pilton (which Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 94 Soc. Carley, [henceforward nEiin rnlto n td fWlimo Malmesbury’s of William of Study and Translation Edition, An (London, a.Hist Nat. I–III hruayo Glastonbury of Chartulary .Phelps, W. Abbey, rhel eenEstuary Severn Archaeol. upb hD hss nv fExeter, of Univ. thesis, Ph.D. (unpub. h eivlpa or fteSmre Levels’, Somerset the of moors peat medieval the ao fBet td faLreWtadeg saeu to up Estate Wetland-edge Large a of Study a 1997 Brent: of Manor eln Research Wetland centuries’, Bristol, of Univ. thesis, Ph.D. Present & Past oorpia esetvsfo he fteSmre Hundreds Somerset Demesne the Abbey of Glastonbury Three from Perspectives Topographical adadPol circa Leeds, People and of Land Univ. thesis, Ph.D. (unpub. restatement’, hpe fWells of Chapter h adcp,adtewat fnnarra eore otie ihnits within contained resources non-agrarian attention. of of less structure far wealth received physical the have the estates, although and historians landscape, economic the and social from attention hpe fWells of Chapter ahmMo)ta a ato i ao fBlackford. of manor his of part was that Moor) Tadham 1257 1539 hs iprt ore feiec hog h nerto fbt h physical the both of integration the through evidence of sources disparate these Valley, Brue moors the the in of land side with (Fig. along northern held Glastonbury Meare, the Chapter of of north-west on north and the Dean Mudgley to Moor The and Tadham Cathedral. Wedmore including Wells of of manors Chapter the and Dean and Bishop imbalance. .Thompson, M. 20 Amesbury), (Abbot S. Morland. and Abrams 14 13 12 11 10 15 16 17 18 7 9 8 0000 ila fMalmesbury’s, of William er Sully, Henry Sawyer, H. P. Sre yRcadPladadToa ol,gnrlsreoso h igslands, King’s the of surveyors general Moyle, Thomas and Pollard Richard by ‘Survey Egerton Library British Egerton Library British Ibid. .J Elton, J. C. .Msrv,‘h eivlepotto n elmto fteiln etmosi h oestLevels’, Somerset the in moors peat inland the of reclamation and exploitation medieval ‘The Musgrove, D. basadCre es) p i.i note in cit. op. (eds.), Carley and Abrams .Bailey, S. .M Hembury, M. P. ;Arm,o.ct note cit. op. Abrams, ]; 5 AbtBeere), (Abbot ;R ot Woewr h rfiso iln on h boso lsobr n hi tenants their and Glastonbury of abbots The corn? milling of profits the were ‘Whose Holt, R. ); , 1189 . h hleg o h adcp rhelgs/itra st nert all integrate to is archaeologist/historian landscape the for challenge The the of those are attention less far received have that area this for archives Two – 1891 14 h hoil fGatnuyAbbey Glastonbury of Chronicle The ., 1344 . 2001 130 8 hr r loln eiso con n or ol hc o er cover Meare for which rolls court and account of series long also are There h itr n niute fSomersetshire of Antiquities and History The cnmcHs.Rev Hist. Economic (London, [henceforward ) eiso oatcsresas uvv for survive also surveys monastic of series A , cnmcHs.Rev Hist. Economic el ao fCnnGrange Canon of Manor Wells 116 ( I(London, II , [henceforward ) (London, I , 1986 Malmesbury etlae Custumaria et Rentalia eivlBso’ ossi nln n Wales and England in Houses Bishop’s Medieval (Dublin, ie erc eSlaoAbtsGlaston Abbatis Soliaco de Henrici Liber nl-ao Charters Anglo-Saxon and ( 1986 ), , 61 1875 8 h ihp fBt n Wells and Bath of Bishops The 1260 –I Smre e.Sc LIX, Soc. Rec. (Somerset I–III , ( ), – 1997 2001 1262 105 13 3 ;Jh fGlastonbury, of John ]; 10 ;ade.adtas .E Stacy, E. N. trans. and ed. and ); 3034 3321 – 1914 1907 to Amesbury 5 25 ., . 1964 n t sae eeaandsrbda h islto in Dissolution the at described again were estates its and ), ). 1260 .Mrad TeGatnuymnr n hi ao charters’, Saxon their and manors Glastonbury ‘The Morland, S. ; eAtqiaeGatneEcclesie Glastonie Antiquitate De 1256 ., 1351 7 Sully .J .Ki,TeEttso lsobr be nteLtrMdl gs(unpub. Ages Middle Later the in Abbey Glastonbury of Estates The Keil, E. J. I. ; 8 89 – eitradEtnso Abbots of Extents and Register : [henceforward ) 28 [henceforward ) and h ubr fteecatr nSwe r ie eeas here given are Sawyer in charters these of numbers The ( 1532 – 1955 ;R enr,‘h een fGatnuyAbyi h lvnhadtwelfth and eleventh the in Abbey Glastonbury of demesne ‘The Lennard, R. ); – 97 ]. ( : upb hD hss nv fLeicester, of Univ. thesis, Ph.D. (unpub. 1975 : 1334 3134 iheusd Ambresbury de Michaeluis and AbtFord), (Abbot nAnttdLs n Bibliography and List Annotated An dm h eivlEpotto ftePa or fteSmre Levels Somerset the of Moors Peat the of Exploitation Medieval The idem, ; 2 1999 1972 / ). 6 (Woodbridge, ), 17 ), (Stroud, Ford ere fAbtRcadBeere Richard Abbot of Terrier : upb ..ds. nv fBristol, of Univ. diss., M.A. (unpub. tpe rippon stephen respectively. ;ie,‘oeln adcp eeomn nawtadenvironment: wetland a in development landscape ‘Modelling idem, ); ;M .Topo,TePle ilMnr fGatnuyAbbey: Glastonbury of Manors Hill Polden The Thompson, G. M. ); 524 255 h ihphmefhl ela or(etof (west Moor Tealham held himself Bishop The respectively]. – – 7 6 303 el II Wells , el I Wells .E tcy h sae fGatnuyAbyc. Abbey Glastonbury of Estates The Stacey, E. N. ; .Corcos, N. ; 227 1 1985 rnc ieAtqiae lsoini Eccesie Glastoniensis Antiquitates sive Cronica (London, .Psa,‘lsobr sae ntetefhcnuy a century: twelfth the in estates ‘Glastonbury Postan, M. ; d .E Jackson, E. J. ed. , – 1540 16 42 1985 ;W .B Bird, B. H. W. ); ;W .Baildon, P. W. ]; 11 ]. (Oxford, D niutt lsoi clse (Woodbridge, Ecclesie’ Glastonie Antiquitate ‘De h i fti ae st drs that address to is paper this of aim The 1947 nB atr n .Hce (eds.), Hickey J. and Raftery B. in (Aldershot, d n rn.J Scott, J. trans. and ed. , – 1355 15 [henceforward ) 1640 uvy fteEttso lsobr Abbey, Glastonbury of Estates the of Surveys 1235 1836 LXIII, ; h A The hs rhvshv enmuch seen have archives These 1308 : 2002 – 1350 ). AbtMonington), (Abbot oiladEooi Problems Economic and Social 52 (London, – 1998 Y tRgr eFord de Rogeri et ;M clsoe ar rdcino the on Production Dairy Ecclestone, M. ); 55 iisadAtcdnso eivlSettlement Medieval of Antecedents and nities upb hD hss nv fLeicester, of Univ. thesis, Ph.D. (unpub. 1952 aedro h aucit fteDa and Dean the of Manuscripts the of Calendar nIqiiino h aoso Glastonbury of Manors the of Inquisition An 1189 aedro h aucit fteDa and Dean the of Manuscripts the of Calendar icuigMonnington). (including ). 1515 1997 18 .Glaston J. LXIV, ; 1996 1968 – ). 20 AbtSully), (Abbot h al itr fGlastonbury of History Early The ;J arsn h Composite The Harrison, J. ); ). . 1252 ] .A Watkin, A. D. .]; 1956 – [henceforward ) d n rn.J P. J. trans. and ed. , 1261 eetDvlpet in Developments Recent 12 1539 (London, oestArchaeol. Somerset Smre Rec. (Somerset and c ’, . 1086 9 1135 1050 569 1234 h Great The 1515 – – – – 1350 1967 1981 78 1201 1200 G.C. / in / 5 ’, ); ) : : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 280 oestLevels’, Somerset 161 ol n ekt n ibr’ oigi er Heath, Meare in sand coring Bed’ Hibbert’s ‘Burtle and interglacial Beckett of Burtle. and outcrops and Pool, lie Farm Meare Honeygar of east at Clay while Rhaetic Marl), Lias, Keuper Lower and (formerly and Group mudstones Mudstone clays, Mercian comprise the of Nyland) limestones and Marchey Castle, Fenny Panborough, 63 lsobr aeVillage Lake Glastonbury el,Smre:ItrmRpr upb.rp,Smre onyCuclEvrnetScin Taunton). Section, Environment Council County Somerset rep., (unpubl. Report Interim Somerset: Britain)’, Wells, Great Levels, (Somerset Valley Council Brue County the of layers Exeter, flooding of Holocene Univ. thesis, Ph.D. x aly r it ly fteUprWnloeFrain iigrs osisof soils to rise giving Formation, Wentlooge Upper the ‘Wentloog’/Newchurch of the clays alluvium silty are freshwater Valley, and Axe alluvium, estuarine peats, (Fig. car/reedswamp fen peat, bog (Figs. Glastonbury Meare. of origins be the then examine can and Period landscape Early-medieval medieval the di records, at monastic reconstructed the within contained those netgtos oal yHulyadclege,AlesegadSomerset and Aalbersberg colleagues, and Housley Council. palaeoenvironmental and County by stratigraphic recent notably of number investigations, a seen have Godney and luilsrtgah fteuprBu alyi h oestlvl ae nSi uvydt fthe of data Survey Soil on based levels Somerset the in Valley Brue Estuary upper Severn the Archaeol. of stratigraphy alluvial h adcp ob rkndw noasre fdsicietpsec ihastof the that set linking processes a By the with creation. of each their suggestive types behind distinctive is of lay morphology series whose a features’, into defining down ‘character broken (the be example to for landscape Meare, of the patterns of Map settlement representations Drainage and Valley cartographic networks earliest Brue road two the systems, managers, in landscape. field the shown countryside of of development and configuration and origins planners spatial the understand The by to used Characteris- made be also decisions Landscape can landscape which inform present ‘Historic the to in called evident order time-depth is the in understanding it of means (where a as used system ation’) increasingly be technique planning can a the This landscape, historic place-names). within the and of (field- analysis nomenclature an through its assisted and landscape the of fabric 19 21 20 22 23 – .Ficog n .Rippon, S. and Fairclough G. h elg n ol fti rahv enpbihdat published been have area this of soils and geology The O Records Somerset .Gdi,‘h er olrgo fteSmre Levels’, Somerset the of region Pool Meare ‘The Godwin, H. .A ose,‘h niomna otx fGatnuyLk Village’, Lake Glastonbury of context environmental ‘The Housley, A. R. – 82 and 90 .Huly Teenvironment’, ‘The Housley, R. ; er soeo eea erc sad yn ihntewtad etof west wetlands the within lying islands bedrock several of one is Meare 3 .C ekt n .A ibr,‘eeainlcag n h nuneo rhsoi a nthe in man prehistoric of influence the and change ‘Vegetational Hibbert, A. F. and Beckett C. S. ; 296 .Teods fteedpst,ws fBrl,nrho onyadi the in and Godney of north Burtle, of west deposits, these of oldest The ). ,wt h oiino h e-deaeddi lcsatrfilwr yteauthor. the by fieldwork after places in amended fen-edge the of position the with ), 1992 e Phytologist New , ER N H ATR REVALLEY BRUE EASTERN THE AND MEARE aaoniomna netgto faFedo Field a of Investigation Palaeoenvironmental A : (Taunton, 10 23 ffi ff e[ecfradSO Q/Rde SRO] [henceforward ce ( hr r ormjrwtaddpst rudMae raised Meare: around deposits wetland major four are There 1999 rn onsi ie ntal,hwvr ems obc othe to back go must we however, Initially, time. in points erent 1 – 1999 4 , ), 83 .Ms fteilns(er,Gde,Bro ilin Hill Barrow Godney, (Meare, islands the of Most ). uoesClua Landscape Cultural Europe’s 1995 11 ( ;G abrbr,A .BonadB .Cls Ple-yrlg fLate of ‘Palaeo-hydrology Coles, J. B. and Brown G. A. Aalbersberg, G. ); 1979 – 23 2 ;R .Huly .SrkradD .Cp,‘h ooeepa and peat Holocene ‘The Cope, W. D. and Straker V. Housley, A. R. ); 121 .Aleseg h luilFigso h oestLvl (unpub. Levels Somerset the of Fringes Alluvial The Aalbersberg, G. ; eis hc eedpstddrn a during deposited were which Series, ), 1806 577 21 – 36 – olwn ownserywr rudMeare around work early Godwin’s Following 600 nJ oe n .Mnit(eds.), Minnitt S. and Coles J. in n ih a n wr of Award and Map Tithe and er 95 meare . 19 121 (Brussels, hcnuyfil-adpaenmswith place-names and field- th-century 1 : R D/D/Rt SRO ; 50 , 000 hl rn.RylSc London Soc. Royal Trans. Phil. 2001 Gooia uvy n olSre,Sheets Survey, Soil and Survey, (Geological ). ff ht’ rv,Gde or Near Moor, Godney Drove, White’s h Holocene The 423 22 oestLvl Papers Levels Somerset nutiu n aryCivilised Fairly and Industrious h elnso Meare of wetlands the . otcmn;Somerset forthcoming; , 1844 1 e.B, Ser. , tmillennium st ), , 20 239 14 allows 19 1980 ( ( 1988 1955 : but The s’, ), ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology emr n edp ae narpoorpi vdnefrplecanladAleseg p i.note cit. op. Aalbersberg, and palaeochannel for evidence photographic air on Based Mendip. and Wedmore aly ihmjrrvr/aasadohrkypae etoe ntetx.Amr ealdmpigo the of mapping detailed more A text. the in mentioned places key other and rivers/canals major with Valley, vlto ftervradcnlsse nteSmre ees A Ntrl riaesse nteEarly- the in system drainage ‘Natural’ (A) Levels. Somerset the in system canal and river the of Evolution 23 neigteLvl ewe lsobr n el teWieae elk n hpe) C h Brue The (C) Sheppey). and Redlake Whitelake, (the Wells and Glastonbury between Levels the entering eivlPro,soigte‘l reBu’flwn otwrsit h x alybtenteIl of Isle the between Valley Axe the into northwards flowing Brue’ Brue ‘old the showing Period, medieval 0 figs. , Cossington Moor Huntspill Mark

Causeway 'new Brue 'new King's Sedgemoor Mark Moor 4 dryland fen-edge/

. Uphill 1 Parrett

Polden Chilton

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Edington POLDEN HILLS POLDEN

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Catcott Polden Hills Polden Mendip

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MEARE Bounds Ditch fig Sharpham Panborough

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Clewer Castle Fenny Hills Polden Axbridge Panborough Wookey landscapefeature other major Mendip Sedgemoor Queen's Coxley Burcott Cheddar c limit ofreclamation Nyland Street

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WELLS .1300 Redlake peat Glastonbury C B Wookey

ey Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology (Harpenden, n h rhelgclimplications’, archaeological the and Housley 1 omutla es the to continued least also and at Godney until around extensive form particularly were These peats. fen h ot n ot fMaeswtecniuddvlpeto asdbg that bogs raised of development continued the the least saw at Meare until of lasted south and north the b.c er aihmnradmjrsi-omtosi h readAeVles omrcus fteBu taken Brue the of course Former Valleys. Axe and Brue the in soil-formations major and parish/manor Meare 24 26 25

: aeldi aias oeta h otmoaylnsaecneto h rnaeMae‘aeVlae’was Villages’ ‘Lake Meare Iron-age the of context landscape contemporary the that Note capitals. in labelled

250

(leading to Pilrow) to (leading (leading to Pilrow) to (leading (

rmAleseg sFigure as Aalbersberg, from l asdbg hc snwsae yltralvu eoie fe h ieso fteBu n rudthe around and Brue the of diversion the after deposited alluvium later by sealed now is which bog, raised Brue 'new

abrbr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Aalbersberg, 1170 1080 e

aietasrsinudrslmrhconditions. saltmarsh under transgression marine . a Old Yeo Yeo Yeo Old Old

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1988 t o

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i e

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1965 p i.i note in cit. op. , w BP, BP, ) 786 880 ;S .Hsete l,‘h hnigetaieevrneti eaint ooeesea-level Holocene to relation in environment estuarine changing ‘The al., et Haslett K. S. ); – – 968 1020 Burtle Moor Burtle a.A:Aleseg p i.i note in cit. op. Aalbersberg, AD: cal. the Lichlake approx. lineof a.A:Smre onyCucl p i.i note in cit. op. Council, County Somerset AD: cal. 23 10 alluvium estuarine 2 parish boundary Meare Shapwick , Shapwick Heath 8 .Te‘sad’o lsobr be sm r culypootre)are promontories) actually are (some Abbey Glastonbury of ‘islands’ The A. 23 68 hto th hcentury, th , – 90 70 35 rne ftemdea er Pool. Meare medieval the of fringes (Harpenden, Honeygar

Level Westhay 5 km – Brue' 'new .Mcny .M ogo,J .Hli n .J Staines, J. S. and Hollis M. J. Hodgson, M. J. Mackney, D. ; – 2 53 10 Tadham Moor Castle Farm and nS ipn(ed.), Rippon S. in WESTHAY hcentury. th 198 25 er 97 meare 1983 – n hc eefigdb edwm and reedswamp by fringed were which and fig 201 alluvium freshwater Bounds Ditch Mudgley . ). Wall Counselles .C ida , Findlay C. D. ; Cowbridge 3 Meare Heath 26 (old courseoftheBrue) palaeochannel 23 surn Archaeology Estuarine MEARE eoepa-utn,dang and drainage peat-cutting, Before 'new Sh , 9 PANBOROUGH . Pool Meare Theale

eppey' 24 h ol fMni itito Somerset of District Mendip of Soils The peat reedswamp fencarr/ ttesm ieaesto areas time same the At BECKERY

23 'new Br 'new

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BLEADNEY eedfrthe for Legend Brue' 'old

bog raised Brue ( 2000 ); Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 98 1955 l det h abnt aeil:Aleseg p i.i note in cit. op. Aalbersberg, material): carbonate the to (due old approximately hpe htwr ietdtruhMaedrn h eivlpro (see period medieval the Series, during (Fig. Midelney Meare Gap the Panborough-Bleadney through of diverted soils below). were to o that rise ﬂowing Sheppey giving rivers alluviums, from recent derived freshwater most The extensive. are more been deposits have probably would peats these desiccation 27 28 abrbr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Aalbersberg, 1531 ), h GatnuyTev ie’budr,wt h ilns,adohrpae etoe ntetext the in mentioned places other and ‘islands’, the Morland with (after boundary, Hides’ Twelve ‘Glastonbury The Burtle 60 Clewer St Cuthlac'schapel, ± – 27 2 35 ida,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Findlay, ; Westhay nteplecanlo h omrBu/hpe utsuho the of south just Brue/Sheppey former the of palaeochannel the In BP, Valley Brue to 535 a.d 1984 – 599 . p i.i note in cit. op. , 1000 a.A,adt rmseladwihi hrfr xetdt ec. be to expected therefore is which and shell from date a AD, cal. 23 Meare . , V Valley Axe 28 93 Panborough A olwn ae usn es comm.). pers. Hudson, Hazel following 24 a Nyland .W Avery, W. B. ; , x l 122 ﬀ l e tpe rippon stephen 33 – Godney e

u nldn tCtlcscae nteCee promontory Clewer the on chapel Cuthlac’s St including but , h daetulns atclryteBu and Brue the particularly uplands, adjacent the 3 Marchey ose ta. p i.note cit. op. al., et Housley ; y 3 ,teosto hssdmnaini dated is sedimentation this of onset the ), Bleadney ol fteGatnuyDsrc fSmre (Sheet Somerset of District Glastonbury the of Soils Beckery fig . 4 GLASTONBURY Castle Fenny 23 , 93 . 23 , 0 19 documented 'island' ecclesiastical site other possibleEarly-medieval boundary ofthe'12hides' . West Pennard 400 296 – ) 500 (Harpenden, 5 km er too years very Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology aho,wa eaeteTev ie eeesnilyadyad‘oe around ‘core’ dryland a essentially were Hides Twelve the became what fashion, aohriln aldPnoog’ n atidiln aldAndersey’ late called the . in . . evolving Pennard), still Meare’, island (e.g. called was entries third island Domesday ‘a ‘an separate have included and and Panborough’, Hill]. tax, [Nyland called paid having island never ‘another as described are c. uidcinlpiiee htwr ofimdi yHnyIin I Henry by in confirmed in were that privileges jurisdictional raaon lsobr rne oteAbyi eiso hresdated charters of series a in Abbey the to granted c. Glastonbury around area etr,wihmgti tefrflc htteefehae akeswr fsome of Meare: were to backfens relate freshwater integrity, varying these of that charters, reflect Several significance. itself special in might which century, 956 725 No. 680 No. rne el o lrfigsvrlise eadn h onayclause. boundary the regarding issues several clarifying for Neale Frances AD Charter, Soc Hist. 670 29 31 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 S. S. II G.C. S. S. oln,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Morland, oln,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Morland, .Tr n .Thorn, F. and Torn C. oestDomesday, Somerset 1342 670 1217 353 29 ofimto ftegato ieadadln tPnoog oGlastonbury. to Panborough at land and vineyard a of grant the of Confirmation : h GetPiieeo igIe:asuiu hre htprot ob rn yKing by grant a be to purports that charter spurious a Ine’: King of Privilege ‘Great The : natetccatrof charter authentic An : / SAEADSGIIAC FTE‘LSOBR TWELVE ‘GLASTONBURY THE OF SIGNIFICANCE AND ESTATE 227 1249 250 626 fMaewr nnlsdmo,teemyhv ensm elmto ln the along reclamation some been have may north peatlands there the of moor, Island. most Wedmore of unenclosed while fringes that southern were indicates that Meare clause Levels. the boundary of in a island with of charter series only its including estates, its of number a to claim Glastonbury’s Glastonbury. of Abbot Haemgils, to Godney?] or Westhay and [Meare Meare n oGatnuyo aiu ad,icuigteiln fSw ot ftePles and Poldens, the of south Sowy in of island the including lands, a various of Glastonbury to Ine icetr ftrehdsa eg i tet erGatnuy n two and Glastonbury) near Street, (in Leigh at hides three of Winchester) of charter spurious a in confirmed was Ferramere oAbtBohwl tefis nl-ao bo fGatnuy fone of Glastonbury) of Abbot Anglo-Saxon first (the also Beorhtwald Finberg elements; Abbot basis. authentic authentic some to some with have probably may but it forgery suggests a as regards Abrams that 72 SAD NTEMS:TEERYHSOYO H MEARE THE OF HISTORY EARLY THE MIST: THE IN ISLANDS . yteearly the By er a mns h aletgat oGatnuyAbyi h late the in Abbey Glastonbury to grants earliest the amongst was Meare . confirmation ., h aletrfrnei osbyi hre fc. of charter a in possibly is reference earliest The : bas p i.note cit. op. Abrams, ; ; ; – 670 ,No. ..I G.C. n nteearly the in and , ; ..II G.C. 128 . 85 ..II G.C. 34 956 . , 32 ( h onso h wleHdsaedsrbdi c. in described are Hides Twelve the of bounds The 1984 ,No. 644 712 [ ’, ,No. Ferlingmere ,No. hsapast ea be to appears This rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. ; 36 ), Malmesbury 8 fa ale rn fln tMae ekr,Gde,Mrhy n Nyland and Marchey, Godney, Beckery, Meare, at land of grant earlier an of 199 – , 37 te lmnso htwr obcm ato h wleHides Twelve the of part become to were what of elements Other 638 639 21 18 12 ; dm p i.i note in cit. op. idem, ; . Malmesbury oedyBook Domesday ; ; 33 33 Malmesbury Malmesbury hcnuyMaelywti h GatnTev ie’ an Hides’, Twelve ‘Glaston the within lay Meare century th and ae er]wt w ml sad,wosadafishery. a and woods islands, small two with Meare] later , , ; Nos. , 5 35 Malmesbury , 124 ; 955 680 el I Wells 16 ,No. 36 and hcnuy(Fig. century th ,No. ,No. – eod h rn yHed,bso fteWs aos(at Saxons West the of bishop Haedde, by grant the records 8 , , : 42 75 42 ,No. 11 169 313 Somerset 36 , . 58 IE’(Fig. HIDES’ n hc ae noe atclrficland fiscal particular enjoyed later which and , 10 60 hcnuy lhuhaqie napiecemeal a in acquired Although century. th – ; . .Mrad GatnTev Hides’, Twelve ‘Glaston Morland, S. ; ..I G.C. 72 71 hcnuyceto,wihwsitne osupport to intended was which creation, th-century and 7 ; .P .Finberg, R. P. H. ; ,No. er 99 meare (Chichester, .Glaston J. 725 ,No. 69 , 29 ; 127 43 sebelow). (see .Glaston J. trcrsagatb igCnaho Wessex of Cenwalh King by grant a records It 366 .Hdo n .Nae TePnoog Saxon Panborough ‘The Neale, F. and Hudson H. ; ,No. ., ( 1983 4 . ). 1980 4 35 ), ) ,Nos. ., 3 37 . nDmsa h wleHides Twelve the Domesday In ), 55 h al hreso Wessex of Charters Early The ugsigta h jurisdiction the that suggesting 8 – 670 , 69 1 16 [henceforward iht hn ae usnand Hudson Hazel thank to wish I . uvvn nya ae copy later a as only surviving , and 42 oln,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Morland, ; 1121 rc oestAcao.Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. oestDomesday Somerset 1129 n er III Henry and (Leicester, 30 31 ,c. manentes cassatum hsgrant This 33 1263 ] 1964 . The 7 th at at 7 ), , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 100 loicue ntesuiu GetPiiee fIeof Ine of Privilege’ ‘Great spurious the in included also ekr hpl Glastonbury, Chapel, Beckery e nte sadpootr nisseiljrsito.Arm,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Abrams, jurisdiction. special its in island/promontory another yet of 16 possessions Wells’ of confirmation sad ihnteWesthay’ Sawyer 7 ( Hides Twelve the within islands (c. 6 95 301 1121 in Hides Twelve the of confirmation 5 8 No. 4 No. No. ofimto of confirmation 3 No. (S. (S. dated Ine 2 oreBceyBede onyMrhyMaeNln Barrow Nyland Meare Marchey 670 of Godney grant Cenwalh’s Bleadney 16 (Nos. Beckery Glastonbury’s (No. 1 Source lany,t hc lsobr aeseilcam(Tab. claim special and Hill (Beckery made ‘islands’ Glastonbury Barrow as which and to to referred mostly been Nyland, promontories Bleadney), have were Meare, two been to with Marchey, period, appear along have features (Godney, Panborough), pre-Conquest key by must islands The the bedrock way. what special in actual of a five waste in latter, viewed and or the valued moors that somehow undrained suggests Brue and the This in unenclosed wetland valleys. of area Axe large a and and Pennard) West (including itself Glastonbury Monington 38 oigo’ e oysysys sysyes of charter yes of charter of charter as yes, charter yes yes of charter no references: Other : yes Monington’s : er ’ e e e e e yes yes yes yes yes yes I’s Henry : , oedy( Domesday : igEgrsys sn e e e e yes yes yes yes yes no as yes, Edgar’s King : ofimto fysysysysysysno yes yes yes yes yes yes of Confirmation : amsuysysn e e e e no yes yes yes yes no yes Malmesbury’s : 1 hcnuyvrino h onso h lsobr wleHdswihmyrpeetalt tep oinclude to attempt late a represent may which Hides Twelve Glastonbury the of bounds the of version th-century ). , 250 1342 ). 782 h hre of charter The 42 ; (S. 71 60 42 49 .Glaston J. 36 ITRCLNSAECAATRTPSI ER PARISH, MEARE IN TYPES CHARACTER LANDSCAPE HISTORIC ( con of account ) ..I G.C. ; ). ; ). ; ; 227 n onof John and ) .Glaston J. ito ‘Meare- of list ) 1968 .Glaston J. Malmesbury Malmesbury 725 , ). 51 No. , . ). ,No. ., DB 971 ., ., 712 , Ireland’ , eest h be’ wesi ftrehdso nte rmnoya lany hc is which Bleadney, at promontory another on hides three of ownership Abbey’s the to refers 1967 on on e e yes yes yes no no no no ‘Little – 8 (Glastonbury, (Nos. Malmesbury 712 1065 (S. 40 tpe rippon stephen 1253 n osntapa nDmsa;i sol eerdt nteearly the in to referred only is it Domesday; in appear not does and , 69 ;of ); ) 1974 T ), be1 able 11 725 – tltrapast aebe ota ti nlddi a in included is it as lost been have to appears later It . 12 . (S. 1 8 959 680 712 1253 (S. ) 1249 5 (S. ) 1 , 46 ). 38 – 7 1761 .RhzadS Hirst, S. and Rahtz P. ; lsobr’ St Glastonbury’s x 5956 75 ) Panborough Hill, 1806 (S. 626 ) Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology .Cik Temrhligo niut:Gatnuyshsoia ose’ ibid., dossier’, historical Glastonbury’s antiquity: note of marshalling ‘The Crick, J. prta infiac,a oti o l h sad a soitoswt Christian with associations had islands more the a been all was have not also exploited if sites. may being most There time landowners. as was other significance, a landscape with spiritual at disputes the to boundaries which lead ill-defined with to liable had intensity which increasing the but when resources, wetland valued highly island. an Street, as including described Meare, (erroneously) listed is later Marchey, estates Glastonbury only .’; Godney, dryland . Sowy. productive . Ireland, and properties Shapwick more other Little church’s the agriculturally the than with other, called freer along be are . is shall . — Nyland . in which and located Glastonbury, Panborough, is Beckery, of God village of — ‘the that Mother starts: the way islands properties of of the Church list Old in confirmation the the the reflected In which example, Abbey. for the also to I, grants is Henry earliest the of islands amongst these being as of listed are they significance special The islands. 12 $ Malmesbury’s in Ine by confirmation spurious Glastonbury the of of History appearance the and promontory bedrock a on lay Valley. probably Axe also the below) in (see Clewer in chapel Cuthlac’s $ 42 44 41 43 45 40 39 Malmesbury .Rhz PgnadCrsinb h eenSea’, Severn the by Christian and ‘Pagan Rahtz, P. .Glaston J. .Aston, M. Malmesbury iht hn ae usnadFacsNaefrriigti possibility. this raising for Neale Frances and Hudson S. Hazel thank to wish I hcnuy lsobr ihdt sals h niut fiscamt these to claim its of antiquity the establish to wished Glastonbury century, th peirdvso’o lsobr’ hrhsmyi athv endet its to due been have part in this may to Meare churches of Glastonbury’s promotion the of and — division’ estates, Middlezoy major ‘premier for and minsters Moorlinch probably all Shapwick, were Butleigh, Street, Glastonbury, John’s Glastonbury’s of pattern wider the of some an part having significance. create forms Abbey special to it the a saint, having for order islands Irish context in early a invented the provide of been and relics site, have the may Glastonbury for account history of illustrious this John While and Beckery. Malmesbury at of William the chapel. how describe stone simple a with ekr a cuidb ml oatccmuiyascae iha with associated community monastic small a by (c. nearby while occupied cemetery site, monastic was early an as Beckery interpreted be now may Tor Glastonbury ftevrosilnsMaeso curdtems pca tts eetdas reflected status, special most the between acquired sometime soon promotion, its Meare islands various the Of hc lsobr edadhdeepinfo psoa n other and Episcopal Ine’s in from churches of exemption list the of had from Privilege’ absent ‘Great and been (having jurisdiction held ecclesiastical Glastonbury which 38 782 43 h infiac fteeilnsmyb wfl.Frty hylyi nae of area an in lay they Firstly, twofold. be may islands these of significance The h ogr facatrb ewl,agniecatro da in Edgar of charter genuine a Cenwalh, by charter a of forgery The , 37 ; Malmesbury ; Malmesbury ,No. ., oatre nteLandscape the in Monasteries ,No. Nos. , 95 73 42 . ,No. . 7 ,No. and th-/ 39 60 ugssta rmthe from that suggests , 60 5 12 41 ; hcnuyIihsitBigti adt aesetsm time some spent have to said is Bridget saint Irish th-century 8 .Carley, J. ; .Glaston J. ; ntels f‘rnil lcswti h wleHds even Hides’ Twelve the within places ‘Principle of list the In hcnuy) en elcdb rudthe around by replaced being th-century?), .Glaston J. 725 n da’ rvlg of Privilege Edgar’s and , (Stroud, ,No. ., ,No. ., lsobr Abbey Glastonbury 71 28 . 2000 . 971 er 101 meare ), 44 58 and fig. , 3 (London, – 37 10 25 1170 nArm n aly(d.,o.ct nnote in cit. op. (eds.), Carley and Abrams in at n is,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hirst, and Rahtz ; hcnuy n nraigyi the in increasingly and century, th 1988 ooeo h SvnChurches’ ‘Seven the of one to , 42 ), 21 970 – 217 2 ). and – 45 43 46 h te i St — six other The at n is,o.ct in cit. op. Hirst, and Rahtz ; . 10 38 hcentury th , 11 – 970 12 Early . , 40 6 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 102 eedo tIdatdsrbshssa t‘ws’ta a enietfidwith identified been Somerset has the of that marshes coastal ‘Hwisc’ the at on parish stay Shapwick Levels. of his part describes detached a Indract Withy, St of legend 20 the during quarrying the around remodeled island n lhuhteewsn erc/rln uco,ti ol lohv a the had have also could this ‘island’. outcrop, an of bedrock/dryland appearance no was there although and Glastonbury’s ato er,a ute pir’eitdi the in centre. existed hermit. their the ‘priory’ Walter a at Brother Burtle, Glastonbury at with Meare, of hermitages East or communities monastic Conquest at n is,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hirst, and Rahtz uha h a ciei h nla eino atr nln.HzlHdo a hw hti bo Beere’s Abbot in that shown has Hudson Hazel England. eastern of region Anglian in the perambulation in active was who Guthlac note yad tle costeYoadi soitdwt lc ald‘eypae hc a eietfida capital a as identified be can which ‘Selysplace’ called place a with in associated acquired is Clewer and in Yeo the tenement across lies It Nyland. $ $ $ $ systems’, 47 46 48 49 50 52 51 53 54 ..II G.C. Glaston J. S. .Collinson, J. Malmesbury .S Holmes, S. T. I G.C. aly p i.i note in cit. op. Carley, .Rpo,‘nedadoted h al tgso asln ooiainadteeouino eivlfield medieval of evolution the and colonisation marshland of stages early the outfield: and ‘Infield Rippon, S. inhumations, ’ lhuhRhzadHrtsgeti a nNln il ae usnhas Hudson Hazel Hill, Clewer. at Nyland was on it suggesting was in correct it is suggest Morland that Hirst shown and Rahtz although etsd fWdoeIln.‘tCtlcscae’i etoe nteearly the in mentioned is chapel’ Cuthlac’s ‘St Island. Wedmore 16 of side west obltr‘utactivity’. ‘cult bolster to olno etosacae tWshy‘ogsneriae’ huhteeare there though Malmesbury ruinated’, since references. ‘long Westhay earlier no at chapel a mentions Collinson In of charter a in to referred church a with island’ which ‘small the is Marchey eahdpr fMaeprs ni twstaserdt okyi the in Wookey to transferred was it until parish century. Meare of part detached itr:S eins icpeo tPtik ssi ohv salse a established St have of bones to the transferred said in Glastonbury, church is Abbey of the to Abbot Patrick, late Benignus Norman St the first the of during Thurstan, Meare disciple at a hermitage Benignus, St history: 33 1668 eea te sad ihnteSmre eesmyas aehdsalpre- small had have also may Levels Somerset the within islands other Several hcnuybud fteTev ie,tog o hs fc. of those not though Hides, Twelve the of bounds th-century , 676 48 , 54 53 ,No. 162 n S. and . – ,No. ., ag vlecouea ih sbs nepee sa al reclamation, early an as interpreted best is Withy at enclosure oval large A x 70 . Malmesbury ,No. 685 640 nT aeadJ oe (eds.), Coles J. and Lane T. in itr fSomerset of History 1675 h itr fteMnradPrs fWookey of Parish and Manor the of History The 86 1510 ; dnie onya aigtecae fteHl Trinity. Holy the of chapel the having as Godney identifies 73 Malmesbury Pouholt ; and . Malmesbury ; Malmesbury 52 hr r o aylnmrsbtenNln n tCtlcscae o tt eat be to it for chapel Cuthlac’s St and Nyland between landmarks many too are there 45 ehp eiicn ftecmtr tBcey ial,the Finally, Beckery. at cemetery the of reminiscent perhaps 705 , 107 19 dnie stecae fS Martin. St of chapel the as identifies sae en ate nWoe aih sasalbedrock small a is parish, Wookey in Castle, Fenny estate. ,No. x 1459 , 49 38 62 – hcnuyprotdyldt h icvr f‘padof ‘upward of discovery the to led purportedly century th 2 12 Nos. , 8 54 , (Bath, , 46 otn p i.i note in cit. op. Costen, ; 73 51 12 86 yJh n onSl SODD/SS/bundle (SRO Sely Joan and John by lsobr a logatdln tCee nthe on Clewer at land granted also was Glastonbury . hr spoal ocneto ewe hslclsitCtlcadSt and Cuthlac saint local this between connection no probably is There . aly p i.i note in cit. op. Carley, ; hslyotieteGatnTev ie,btwithin but Hides, Twelve Glaston the outside lay This 12 40 1797 tpe rippon stephen and hcnuyt raeamteadbie ate but castle, bailey and motte a create to century th hog e n Dry and Wet Through ;Smre SMR Somerset ); 69 1091 ; .Glaston J. nwa ok upcosylk nattempt an like suspiciously looks what in , 5 hcnuy hr eeetal died. eventually he where century, th (Bristol, 6 , ,Nos. ., 50 7 xvi;ie,o.ct nnote in cit. op. idem, xxxviii; , 23802 : and sasi ooro ai Hall David of Honour in Essays 13 1886 16 55 hcnuya es,ocpe by occupied least, at century th . and . ). 47 bas p i.i note in cit. op. Abrams, ; 6 47 no. 48 7 ace a a was Marchey ;Mrad p i.in cit. op. Morland, ); 45 (Sleaford, , 14 1263 50 712 and 7 2002 106 and , , and , 19 90 . – th ). 2 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology h egira complex seigniorial agriculture. the or for resources, potential natural their rich enhance their to exploiting order simply in drainage ways: the wetlands of improving low-lying variety open- surrounding a and the in while village utilized island, were planned dryland adjacent the windmill, occupied The church, system fishery. house, field and manor bishop’s vineyard a to included orchards, documented that dovecot, well contrast Abbey. complex and preserved in seigniorial the well a particularly and to is comprising Meare value abbots, at example great several The detail. of in of promoting were residence in that favoured palaces, resources role a a contained material was also Their more Meare Meare of other Glastonbury. manor the of to but range benefits, to financial significance shown had been clearly symbolic have pilgrimage them, to special ascribed associations have Christian early mythical or real igaayi flreokflo em ugs eln aei h ag of range the in date felling a suggest beams tree- floor Subsequent oak farmhouse. of present large side the south of to the entrance analysis to the added ring forms later and was wing porch A south courtyard. the the of corner north-east the nlddasalhl,srieros n omrvutdcla,btwt no with but cellar, vaulted former a and rooms, (now service windows a wings arched of hall, two evidence the seven small in with accommodation a Ground-floor chapel hall. former included the the to floor of doorway first a all and traceried large blocked) fireplace a and hooded has arched rare wing tall south a with plan and and L-shaped doorways, staircase, early moulded an external approached and former has hall, arched a open house first-floor windows, by large west manor a with the two-storey range, from Hall the main N.–S. that a comprising reports Group. Research Penoyre Building Vernacular Somerset Jane the by surveyed been has structure uthv ena ale os sAbtMcalAebr a rne the granted in was retirement Amesbury his Michael buildings’. upon Abbot Meare sumptuous as at other house house’ with earlier ‘country along an Abbey’s . been . have . must ‘chambers of construction ( a endpstdi h oestRcrsO Records Somerset the in deposited been has ao os,Mae Somerset’, Meare, house, manor much. niln aldMaei tahdt hs[lsobr]manor. [Glastonbury] vineyard, this acres; there. to is attached which is plough, Meare called island An 56 55 58 57 59 1291 oestDomesday Somerset note in cit. op. Thompson, .Ga,‘Meare’, Gray, H. Glaston J. ASre n eoto ao amos,Mae yteSmre enclrBidn eerhGroup Research Building Vernacular Somerset the by Meare’ Farmhouse, Manor on Report and Survey ‘A ntepeeigdsuso h sad n elnsws fMae n the and Meare, of west wetlands and islands the discussion preceding the In h rtdtie con ftemnro er si Domesday: in is Meare of manor the of account detailed first The h ao os (Fig. house manor The 56 14 – 1303 55 hcentury. th ,No. ., eyfwabtscutyhue aebe eonzd e ln studied alone let recognized, been have houses country abbot’s few very n ral mrvdb bo obr ( Sodbury Abbot by improved greatly and ) 139 H AO FMAEADISRESOURCES ITS AND MEARE OF MANOR THE 14 , 2 8 rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. hcnuykthnta rsmbylyi eahdbokstdin sited block detached a in lay presumably that kitchen th-century . , arpents 1 . 59 10 nytero a enrpae.Tecneprr E.–W. contemporary The replaced. been has roof the Only . 18 1 fishermen. . rhel J Archaeol. cob; 13 5 a adt aebe ul yAbtJh Kent John Abbot by built been have to said was ) ,X( X ., (Figs. cattle; 3 ffi seiswihpay which fisheries 1853 e ano;adseGa,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Gray, see and Taunton; ce, er 103 meare ), 4 5 130 – is Value pigs. ., 8 48 – ) 40 ( 1902 hls p i.i note in cit. op. Phelps, ; ), 41 20 . 20 s hnteabtaqie t as it, acquired abbot the when ; d meadow, ; 60 1322 ce fln.Ln for Land land. of acres 1252 14 , – 6 571 . 35 ce;woodland, acres; 58 . 58 hog the through ) h standing The .Nsit ‘The Nesbitt, A. ; 57 There a.d 6 1 . Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 104 nul,EgihHrtg etefrAcaooyRep., Archaeology for Centre Heritage English unpubl., etsd,nrho h rbbest fAbtBeesrne ti osbeta the that possible is it range, the Beere’s on Abbot originally of entrance site probable main the the of with north and side, hospitality, west for scope considerable ag a ersn h diinlacmoainta bo er ssi to said is Beere Abbot that c. accommodation constructed additional the have represent may range obr ( Sodbury 1315 range c.1520? siteofBere's 60 nrvn n ln(ihadtos ftemnrhuec. house manor the of additions) (with plan and Engraving .Big,Te igAayi fTmesfo er ao amos,S aysRa,Mae Somerset, Meare, Road, Mary’s St Farmhouse, manor Meare from Timbers of Analysis Ring Tree Bridge, M. – 43 1322 hc scnitn ihtecntuto en h oko Abbot of work the being construction the with consistent is which cellar cellar hall monk's – 35 later porch ). 60 1520 vdneo omrbidnso h etfac west the on buildings former of Evidence COURTYARD chambers monks chamber monk's h ag ieo h al( hall the of size large The . kitchen? siteof tpe rippon stephen 0 0 fig 103 tohall access first-floor former . 5 / 2002 1860 . atrPre,i ebt,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Nesbitt, in Parker, (after HALL 60 feet 20 m 14 . CHAPEL 8 mby ¸ d ftehall the of ade (from north-east) view above 6 . 9 suggests ) 59 ). Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ope n t tahdresources: House attached Fish its the and complex which within (and Award in Tithe complex, the manorial lies). in of now ‘Vineyard’ east called the field to immediately the probably was surveys subsequent uvvn aoilbidns ls oteln ftecnlzdBu,ti wall this Brue, canalized the of c. line of the height a to to close survives buildings, manorial surviving be olwn h islto ttstepeic a wle oagetheight great a to containing ‘walled encircled’ strongly was stone precinct of the . . states . Dissolution the wall, following a Abbey with complex manorial rbbylctda h otenedo ilac ae(ih a field Map (Tithe Lane Fig. Millbatch of end Close’, southern the at located probably rmr cesfo lsobr a i h aaie ie ret h ot of north Fig. the (see to south the Brue to river access canalized road the than rather via house, was the Glastonbury from access primary oee ihla,adteohrwt lt;wt ih hmes rprcae,wt a is with whereof chapel, half proper one a the chambers, hall, large eight o a with of having slate; houses other build, with all ancient and other pantry, of the and is buttery, and kitchen, manor lead, said with the covered of site The 61 62 63 64 .Glaston J. Ford ry p i.i note in cit. op. Gray, olr n ol,i hls p i.i note in cit. op. Phelps, in Moyle, and Pollard h ultx fthe of text full The bo obr sas adt aeeetdawnml tMeare, at windmill a erected have to said also is Sodbury Abbot , 203 . ,No. ., 12 139 h ot-atcre ftemnra rcntwall. precinct manorial the of corner north-east The .Advcti eoddin recorded is dovecot A ). eoddaanin again recorded , 58 ebt,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Nesbitt, ; 3 1539 (Fig. m 1343 63 uvygvsadtie con ftemanorial the of account detailed a gives survey / n in and 4 14 R /HLnReel T/PH/Lon SRO : 64 6 . er 105 meare 59 .Tevnyr eoddi oedyand Domesday in recorded vineyard The ). fig , 134 . 1539 6 3 hls p i.i note in cit. op. Phelps, ; ce and acres 1260 ffi uvyo h ossin fthe of possessions the of survey a evr eesr.Fnly h os is house the Finally, necessary. very ce . 62 9 Photograph . obr loecoe the enclosed also Sodbury 1 8 ec.T h ot fthe of north the To perch. ). 14 : h author the , 570 and . 574 61 . hc was which 398 ‘Mill : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 106 hrfr,ta plot that therefore, remaining 61 ebt,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Nesbitt, [ h qal arwplot narrow equally the 30 lcsa h etr n r prcal rae hnteohr (Nos. others the than broader appreciably are end western the at blocks Godley of common Common’, the ‘Godley-Moore with Moor, along Oke-Common’, Common’, ‘Brode ‘Heath-Moor and called Wood’ ‘Blackwars woods four were there h rln island: dryland the aisle south the of parapet the on appear initials (Fig. whose Selwood, Abbot by provided ( II ( early Henry the of to reign date the in recorded is Benignus. in who Sodbury, ennsbfr hywr oe oGatnuyin Glastonbury to moved were they before Begninus a o u nvle ni h igsHgns’pesr hri ekon loteeis there and a Also roaches, to miles, . tenches, made five . pikes, also . circuit of is in abundance Reference known. great to is be of are which kinds wherein therein other Mere, broad, divers have the here pleasure of half as called and is an Highness’ eels, which fishing, such and fish King’s one mile to of with one manor the manner saving and said replenished all wholesome, until the of well very full unto value, contained, orchards, not appertaining in them is three in put ponds thereof appertaining large not air three are the with whereunto trees; but fruitful therein; worship, of long man continued a for fit to odhsapoone ug,wihmymr h ieo aktpaeta by that place market a of site the mark the may tenements of which block bulge, 1806 this the pronounced of south of a the has edge enclosure To ‘croft’-like Brue. road former a the the with to waste), down to roadside northwards the on extended of fronting enclosure compound the end, ‘toft’-like (before a street southern with main their each at plots tenement buildings of containing series a comprises and complex a vrayuiomwdht hm huhcoet h tetfotg lt nthe in plots street-frontage the to close (Nos. though block them, open di to central pre-existing width a it uniform of, make any strips ever the boundaries was upon sinuous imposed or rather as, Their time field. same the at out laid been 66 65 67 1322 48 10 el I Wells Glaston J. aly p i.i note in cit. op. Carley, oee,ol cuyteeasternmost the occupy only however, , 130 bemn‘ed osreteKn’ and King’, the serve to ‘ready men able . 8 -year-old ono lsobr ttsta h hpla er a ul yAbbot by built was Meare at chapel the that states Glastonbury of John h ulu fMaevlaele meitl eto h church/manor the of west immediately lies village Meare of nucleus The 7 a nle ihctae c.Figs. (cf. cottages with infilled was – ]and m] ). 23 t[ ft 35 , 67 26 ,No. ., ,wienv slate is nave while ), ; 35 65 al e osreteKn’ and King’, the serve to men ‘able ..I G.C. 40 rsmbyti elcda ale tutr hthl h oe fSt of bones the held that structure earlier an replaced this Presumably . 1 139 65 4 – t[ ft ,No. ar oda eta;tegm fsas eosadpheasants; and herons swans, of game the Westhay; at wood -acre 39 Gray ; / 59 68 12 14 . , 1 6 1323 14 134 ; 14 45 : . hcnuy n a aebe h oko bo Sodbury Abbot of work the been have may and century, th el I Wells ] ltNo. Plot m]. 2 1902 , 265 , . 62 ak h rgnlesenlmto h eeetbok with block, tenement the of limit eastern original the marks ]apaigt aebe de ae.I ol appear, would It later. added been have to appearing m] 19 10 .Dunning, R. ; p i.i note in cit. op. , eiindBso rknfr o t eiaint St to dedication its for Drokensford Bishop petitioned , lne landscape planned , t[ ft 167 (c. 22 16 . 80 , 90 ya-l odof wood -year-old ferme 24 tpe rippon stephen . 8 15 t[ ft , ].Tebidnsb h tetfotg fPlot of frontage street the by buildings The m]). 9 29 xxvi hcnuy aigbe eul ihfinance with rebuilt been having th-century, oestMonasteries Somerset 27 lal nrahsuo h eeeyadlike and cemetery the upon encroaches clearly 58 , . 1154 hls p i.note cit. op. Phelps, ; 43 4 li. 8 ] a ealtradto.Tetenement The addition. later a be may m]) , xiii and 41 – 1 15 120 89 / s iii . bondman. 2 9 ). ode.I h ao fGodney of manor the In bondmen. , ) hs eeetposmyhave may tenement-plots These A). 53 66 d t[ ft 5 (Stroud, . ffi (Fig. ce tSyee Siea]and [Stileway] Styveley at acres h rsn hne n tower and chancel present The and utt sals hte there whether establish to cult 36 14 1091 . 6 , 2001 56 8 574 ]o hs‘ot,wt the with ‘toft’, this of m] ) ayi it from width in vary ) . ), seaoe,adwhich and above), (see 116 ry p i.i note in cit. op. Gray, ; 61 : 160 115 58 ft ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology lne ilg,psil aktpaeadpsil eeetpos(ih ednumbers field (Tithe plots tenement possible and place market possible village, planned h ot,aogttesriigtae fteoe ed.I hsfiuetera oGatnuyis Glastonbury to road the figure this In fields. open the of traces surviving the amongst south, the iead(ae nteTteMpfil-ae,tnmnspos(ih ednumbers field (Tithe plots tenements field-name), Map Tithe the on (based vineyard lno er ilg,bsdo h ih a,wt ao/hrhcmlx oaino the of location complex, manor/church with Map, Tithe the on based village, Meare of Plan

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e River Brue River y B Backwear I:East C A B Sheppey 1806 2 River for , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 110 lsobr upb.rp oestSRPRN SMR Somerset rep, (unpubl. Glastonbury note SMR Laurels’, ‘The at Recording fwihwr tl nnlsdwe er a rtmpe in mapped first parts was system, Meare open-field when medieval the unenclosed the of still skeleton were the which form of and island the of Meare? length in ‘fishermen’ ten lists Domesday that coincidence a it Is fdyaal ad u oeipydm rud(ae-lnan epagrimony, hemp (water-plantain, by ground indicative damp dominated mostly imply are assemblage some seeds but cereal weed land, The arable charred peas/vetch. dry a and of oats and some with slag, along smithing wheat, of Excavations amounts unclear. small is quem created ante were terminus Meare of plot village within nucleated and fields open ihfrhrtnmnsaddt h at(Nos. east the to added tenements further with plot er,‘itrclnsaecaatraes,admjrlnsaefaue,in features, landscape major and areas’, character landscape ‘historic Meare, 0 68 69 Ford .Hlirk n .Hlirk,A rhelgclEauto t‘h arl’ er optl er,near Meare, Hospital, Meare Laurels’, ‘The at Evaluation Archaeological An Hollinrake, N. and Hollinrake C. 16 14 15772 61 ot fMaevlae eiso ogl aallE–.budre u the run boundaries E.–W. parallel roughly of series a village, Meare of South ; as and A tabs. , 1311 hcnuyti a okdwti w-edsystem. two-field a within worked was this century th akn h etr ii,gvn oa ftnposc. plots ten of total a giving limit, western the marking ). / 12 Honeygar 68 er con olSOT/PH/Lon SRO Roll Account Meare : Westhay Island 4 Heaths Meare/Westhay Oxenpill Broadmead/ eeldocpto rmtelate the from occupation revealed . Meare Pool? earlier edgeof fta aefrteiiilboko tenements. of block initial the for date that of 60 tMr’ od er,Smre Eee rhel Rep. Archaeol. (Exeter Somerset Meare, Road, Mary’s St B tpe rippon stephen Meare Island 15752 fig , . er olGodney Island Meare Pool Moors Godney/Westhay 11 1993 5 km 2 / 611216 16 ;C .M hto n .Re,Archaeological Reed, S. and Whitton M. J. C. ); 9 and The Hammes , 10 2 / 10 and WestBackweir East/West Waste, 8107610 18 hor th n et(Nos. west and ) 1806 11 68 e Table See . , 120 2 hcnuygvn a giving century th / h aewe the when date The 511179 25 69 02 1809 twd [ wide ft Backwear East . id included Finds 52 ,( 3 el p i.in cit. op. Keil, ; 2002 o description. for 65 (Fig. 36 and ;Somerset ); . 9 6 .In ). 68 m], ). Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology tps:bok flnsaeta oss eti omncaatrsisi em of terms in characteristics common certain documentary possess that linking landscape of through blocks ‘types’: added (Tab. be landscape which historic can the by of dates reclaimed fabric absolute the been to while references suggested, had landscape be areas historic to sequence through certain An relative achieved Heath. a reclamation Meare allows from of intakes analysis process successive of the edge of the mark understanding south the to those while er sadrpeettefre de fMaePo seFigs. (see Pool Meare of edges of former north the the to represent Those fen-edge. Island the to Meare perpendicular roughly run that watercourses nnote in adcpso eydi text very the of in landscapes to referred places key with map), complete a (Fig. have highlighted we a which upon for embarked Figure date Glastonbury here reclamation. even of yet Levels, programme Somerset the of parts drained ugs iki h atrleooiso h w ra seblw.Aohrkey so Another below). and (see Figure areas Hills in two Polden identified all the landscape of the pattern historic economies the on pastoral field-boundary of droveways the manors component post-enclosure, in early other link later, of a Glastonbury’s the suggest pattern towards in distinctive south identified The radiate be selected. can are which landscape historic the (Fig. settlements and (Fig. watercourses roads artificial fields, major of series a to enclosu the the water: in with dealing detected be Heath. also Meare can from sequence region catchment. a Glastonbury of its the an top of very within suggesting exploitation and the palaeochannel cultivation trees in Sheppey intensity arable dryland the in in in decline sedimentation increase marked increased the a was around shows there herbs Godney clearance of in pollen-sequence north increase A time. Glastonbury moors this the at in the intensively landscape from more the exploited that being idea was the generally to area support some lends also evidence i.note cit. ouetdta usa vra prta eia,satdrbidn the rebuilding started lands. revival, lost spiritual many consolidated a and is it recovered oversaw whereas and demesne, Dunstan church, royal the to that appendage an documented than more little was Glastonbury er ilg lnsd hpik ntePle il,a osbybigthe being possibly as Hills, ( Polden Dunstan the Abbot on of Shapwick, creation alongside village Meare eg,rs n urs) ugsigete httecraswr npr rw on grown material. bedding part rush-based in contained were also cereals deposit the the that that or either land, suggesting reclaimed bulrush), and rush sedge, 71 70 73 72 bas p i.i note in cit. op. Somerset, Abrams, Meare, Laurels, the from assessment macrofossil Plant Jones, J. ekt n ibr,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Hibbert, and Beckett note in cit. op. Aalbersberg, vrl,tehsoi adcp a eboe onit eiso landscape of series a into down broken be can landscape historic the Overall, h o-yn ra rudMaeiln eeaogttems poorly most the amongst were island Meare around areas low-lying The The 69 16 . , 11 emnsat quem ante terminus . 9 ) h di The B). 5 , ff 7 rn hrce.I Figure In character. erent 23 so n err,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Gerrard, and Aston ; , 57 – ftelate the of 64 22 ff rn rcse fecoueaddang aerise gave drainage and enclosure of processes erent and , 940 594 93 . – . 64 10 9 er 111 meare hw er aihin parish Meare shows A .I h er edn pt i abbacy, his to up leading years the In ). ,ta ae oehrrsl nasre of series a in result together taken that ), 10 10 th/ eaddang ftewetlands the of drainage and re 73 hcnuy hl bu h aetime same the about while century, th 11 hcnuywudpaetedt of date the place would century th 9 ) ln ihvrospten of patterns various with along B), 6 10 aly p i.i note in cit. op. Carley, ; eea e opnnsof components key several A 2 72 ). 12 10 hstedo increased of trend This – 71 15 sasre fartificial of series a is A Palaeoenvironmental nWitnadRe,o.cit. op. Reed, and Whitton in 1806 9 45 and B teearliest (the , 10 tcy op. Stacey, ; 10 70 B), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 112 seplgnlfils ihltl elmto.Pattern reclamation. suggest fields narrow long- of Pattern post-Conquest. margins century? alluvial and little with fields, polygonal Fig. (see types sub- planning. overall Intermediate tenements; Island ?Westhay blocks discrete small in road out laid strips straight-sided narrow, roadside strips Short of along plots buildings. areas containing with frontage street at division sub- with plots narrow long areas pattern xa onais at li u c. out (laid century?). former of century) furlongs open-field to medieval post-Conquest mostly enclosure; waste plots Island Tenement Westhay strip-fields. former indicate of boundaries field in dog-legs Occasional roadside road boundaries. areas axial with curving/sinuous between out waste laid fields narrow long- roads and along rectangular of areas with coaxial Sinuous roadside planning. of overall sign of no or little with shape polygonal or rectangular irregular, of fields rn ino vrl century. Pool drained; Meare be of to part small Irregular, streams. natural former of lines meandering the Incorporates planning. overall of sign no or little with layout polygonal, largely irregular, of fields reua,large Irregular, 1 . il boundary Field 10 ITRCLNSAECAATRAESI ER PARISH, MEARE IN AREAS CHARACTER LANDSCAPE HISTORIC )arne rudrasd ffilssget a suggests fields of roadside around arranged B) onaisLvl oegrseveralty. Farm) in held Honeygar landscape severalty. Level) in held landscape a suggests fields of of (west Level Westhay Westhay Pattern reclamation. and/ post-medieval late- or of Areas on peat Backwear West West and East and Waste, (some alluvium Mostly Late-medieval coherence. Farm overall Honeygar waste of absent roadside degree giving boundaries axial straight Few, of number without a straight, around arranged fields, rectilinear of blocks II. High-/ of Areas coherence. Backwear, East waste overall lacking but boundaries alluvium axial straight of number farm a isolated straight, mostly and rectilinear of blocks small I. hr,asn betfneg eta sadEcoe meadow; Enclosed Island Westhay fen-edge absent absent short, : agl etnua ed,wt oeidcto frdmnaysrcue u oeiec for evidence no but structure, rudimentary of indication some with fields, rectangular largely : : lcssnos etitdt rln er sadEcoue(late Enclosure Island Meare dryland to restricted sinuous, blocks : : : eiso iuu,i tf’lk rln er sadPandvillage Planned Island Meare dryland ‘toft’-like in sinuous, of series ag betasn luimMaePo nlsr flast of Enclosure Pool Meare alluvium absent absent large ml iuu,msl peddyadMaeIln Piecemeal Island Meare dryland spread mostly sinuous, small waste 2 . Roads tpe rippon stephen 3 . Settlement T be2 able 4 . Soils 5 . Character meadow. common former a 6 . Interpretation 1806 10 10 19 th- th 17 th th Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology adcp etrsohrwtadvrosdates. various enclosure; and margins locations and edge wetland areas. character features/other landscape major between space Infill 10 ed,alo aefrigsgetepisodic suggest expansion. rhynes lateral at direction of Changes reclamation. Heaths Westhay peat types (highlighted Fig. on lost. landscape been have boundaries elements forming some that indicate legs dog- the Occasional of axial rhynes. and droveways longitudinal reclamation. droveways parallel long, around Moors Westhay structured orientation, funnel- same of all fields, peat fen shaped and narrow long, creating axis longitudinal dominant a with blocks planned landscape of element axial (longitudinal) major Regular outer landscape between fields polygonal) (occasionally rectilinear mostly C. 10 Fig. (see the of types sub- forming ‘blocks’. of series a axial create elements that rhynes and roads longitudinal parallel, long, around structured landscape planned (rectilinear) Regular oaini o evident. not is location adcp,icuigfil-adpaenms ihrfrne ntemedieval di the at reconstructed in be then references can (Figs. landscape time with in the points of place-names, nature the and sources, of written field- blocks including discrete landscape, (Tab. functioned entity are settlement and coherent created a which were and form they how areas’, that road of ‘landscape-types’, terms character more simplified in (of or be landscape then one morphological can comprising ‘historic results landscape, strongly the but fewer is patterns), field-boundary into analysis as well the (col. as of circumstances of patterns, significance of the set stage particular reflecting this topography/soil-type This in specific management (col. a water locations and to separate reclamation related several be in or to once, tend only occur may landscape-types hi e enn etrs(Fig. features defining key their seFig. (see sub- 74 B) )adeg fecoe area enclosed of edge and B) Sully : ylnigti nomto nteceto n tutr ftehistoric the of structure and creation the on information this linking By ml lt ligtevrosvrosotnfn aiu ra freclamation of Areas various fen- often various various the filling plots small p i.i note in cit. op. , 5 4 3 ed.cmo meadow common former a suggest 2 1 fields long-narrow of Pattern reclamation. medieval bog raised and fields narrow long, into peat further fen sub-divided fields ‘blocks’ rectangular B. predominantly creating undivided High- ‘blocks’ discrete A. A Hammes The alluvium, absent fields. strip- former of indicative absent legs dog- with fields, rectilinear small of blocks III. og arwfilswt aea sub-divisions lateral with sub-divisions fields lateral subdivisions narrow few longitudinal long, very short . with some fields and narrow lateral long, with . blocks broad relatively long, . og eaieybodbok ihltrlsub-divisions lateral with sub-divisions blocks lateral broad few relatively very long, with . blocks broad, relatively long, . 9 tagt betrie o onyand Godney bog raised absent straight, : , 28 ra,asn asdbgMaeadErypost-medieval Early and Meare bog raised absent Broad, : 12 – 9 10 . – 74 B). 13 ae ore,hwvr ocnanrfrne ospecific to references contain do however, sources, Later .In ). 1189 10 hr a oemao nMaetog its though Meare in meadow some was there , ;Tab. B; er 113 meare 2 col. , 1 – 3 3 .Teegnrchistoric generic These ). Fig. , 11 ). 18 th-century 5 ff ,but ), erent 4 ). Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 114 rao nemdaecaatrfre yasre fln xa onaisprle ihteBu.Wlim,op. Williams, Brue. the with parallel boundaries axial long of series note a in by cit. formed character intermediate of Area reclamation. discrete Level) (Westhay a Honeygar representing island, Meare of of Survey east Ford alluvium from the Documented on character intermediate of Area Stileway) of (SE Hammes The er n eta pedn nt h luimt h ot,rpeetn elmto otdo h fen- the fields. on these rooted through reclamation cuts representing Westhay) north, and Oxenpull the Meare between to (between dryland alluvium Road the the Homeway on to edge. landscape on Westmead) spreading and Westhay (Broadmead and intermediate Meare and (Splotts) irregular of Area akert h ot fGde il,aedsrbda rbei h etFedo ony hc mle that implies which Godney, of Field Oxenpill West reclaimed. and the been Broadmead in had arable moor as of described chunk are sizeable Hill), a Godney quite of south the to Backwear edwadpsuea lc called place a at pasture and meadow nla hte n elmto a curd In occurred. of had bounds reclamation ‘The any phrase whether The unclear pasture. as described was it rao nemdaecaatrsoiggetrrglrt ntees Ws aker hntews Es and (East west the than Backwear) of (West mention east first the The in Waterleaze). regularity and Waste, greater West showing character intermediate of Area Backwear West In and enclosure. Waste, West sub-rectangular to and a areas East defining to rhyne the continuous than near character a in by Survey irregular bounded Beere more and slightly south, Farm, and Batch west on the centred character, intermediate of Area have to appears Pool Meare Backwear of East enclosure and drainage The early Pool. the the in of started limit maximum original the represent ocnrcwt,DcyPo hn n hc akdtelmto odn on flooding of limit the one marked is which Rhyne and Decoy Rhyne Pool and may Decoy boundary (Fig. that with, this landscape boundary concentric between ‘infill’-type sinuous area of a the canalized and by drainage/enclosure; the wide north/west its post-date field the to which on limit Pool, Defined earlier Meare River). an former Weir represent the James of the area (now central/eastern Sheppey the River in character irregular of Area the (Fig. historically Godney though Upper Sheppey, at Pool the bedrock/fen-edge Meare to the next on alluvium lain the ground, have on the may lies on focus Godney) evident settlement (Lower really hamlet only (though modern The island ridge. bedrock the around and the on not landscape irregular mostly of Area fields. open former of suggestive landscape type (short- coaxial’ enclosures/reclamation south- ‘sinuous Island fen-edge to No Godney of tenements west. area planned and with of south dryland, block to on small landscape) soils fields possible type Irregular a strip Farm. with House Island, Manor Meare of of west end western at landscape Complex is Stileway form present its in Westhay In there cottages. mentioned and is type(s) farmsteads land’ Landscape of ‘building agglomeration though lose century, settlement later, modern a Three of reclamation. consists fen-edge Oxenpill planned some and and church landscape), adjacent (Fig. type precinct, foci coaxial walled (sinuous a fields within open complex village, manorial a comprising landscape Complex Meare area Character 1806 mdr xnil r rtmnindi the in mentioned first are Oxenpill) (modern 9 )o hc er ilg per ocmrs iceeboko lne eeet,whereas tenements, planned of block discrete a comprise to appears village Meare which of B) 88 a) ogsnosbudr usws rmGde amaogtewtrhdo h bedrock the of watershed the along Farm Godney from west runs boundary sinuous long A map). fig. , Estbackweare H ILNS FTEGATNUYTEV HIDES TWELVE GLASTONBURY THE OF ‘ISLANDS’ THE 12 17 hw hsae shvn enrcamdc. reclaimed been having as area this shows ) hcnuy(e below). (see century th sdsrbda rbei h etFedo Godney. of Field West the in arable as described is 1260 Henangre as tpe rippon stephen nemdaealluvium intermediate nemdaealluvium intermediate nemdae n nl alluvium infill and intermediate, nemdaealvu,fnpeat fen alluvium, intermediate nemdaeadirglralluvium irregular and intermediate adjacent and fen-edge dryland, irregular fen-edge adjacent and dryland plots tenement (?) and strips short intermediate, irregular, fen-edge plots adjacent tenement and dryland and strips short coaxial, sinuous intermediate, irregular, nemdaealvu n peat and alluvium intermediate Hammesmede 10 ) nemtetfil onayt h ot/eto,and of, north/west the to boundary field Intermittent B). or Henacre T Waterleas 1515 be3 able 1340 1355 . Bacchyngwere Westbackweare sdcmne from documented is MaeCutRl:SOT/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Court (Meare oigo Survey. Monington Wtrez)wsi h er uvyof Survey Beere the in was (Waterleaze) 1400 per in appears ’ and – 1600 Estbackweare alluvium 1301 tog oeiec sgvn,but given), is evidence no (though 16 Brodemede 1351 9 B). January / 2 ( el II Wells SOT/PH/Lon (SRO Ws n East and (West Boded and (Broadmead) 1947 , 617 might 2 huhi is it though ) / 410773 24 1515 1515 2 19 when / th- 14 ). Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology otat h ra ato er n ot fGde pert aeseen have around that to appear appear would Godney it of Overall, south Waterlease. and early and Meare the Backwear by of reclamation east considerable areas the contrast, rudMae eta n onywr elie yteearly the by reclaimed were Godney and Westhay Meare, around adodn n rcse flnsaeceto.Tedyadiln a a has island a with dryland community and The lordship both creation. of power landscape the reflects of origin whose processes landscape and di landholding very a in with evident is progress moors. work further the common little was as waste; remained land demesne which reclaimed of the peatlands, the areas of doubling large its near leasing of this This tenants management that Godney. direct of likely the of is from south it withdrawn soils and had alluvial demesne, Glastonbury the when on period made a being was advances greatest the with hr sals eua aotweeteae ewe h ue-otailrasadteprs onaywas boundary parish the and roads plots; axial narrow outer-most long, the into between subdivided area further the sub- are where are which (Fig. layout define of enclosed regular they some less blocks fields, a The roughly rectangular is boundary. two of there parish and variety northern rhynes, wide the and a with roads into concentric N.–S. divided out roughly laid of roads series oriented a E.–W. on based landscape planned Extensive of part south 3321 onyadWshyMoors Westhay and Godney iie nae rmtepa or otesuhsc sAeemd (Fig. Alenesmede as such south at arable the for with to used now but moors were Honeygar, meadows peat Meare former around the of Several and side from Hammes, northern intakes the the on limited Oxenpulle, fringes Broadmead, alluvial at the on island mostly were which meadows Stileway, (Fig. Moor, longitudinally long and these laterally of both Some sub-divided boundary. were parish south- others the the while to to further, 10 Rhyne obviously enclosed as Heath (most not far from direction were (as Meare), of fields Rhyne of change narrow Heath south-east slight then and a Westhay Rhyne, with of Paddock sometimes west and These extended, fen-edge fields. finally the narrow were between long, and initially and Honeygar), run boundaries have axial to spaced appear closely boundaries upon based landscape planned Extensive pre- area this of part southern Heaths the Westhay in and systems Meare reclamation field The active Burtle. of and because Westhay perhaps Rhyne. of needed, Heath islands was date the dues between and area rights the of in clarification that suggest sources century 11272 sad h s owihtepa or a u sdsusdbelow. discussed is put was moors peat the which to use The island. curdi h aemdea eid oefre edw eeue less and used heath, and were waste meadows as described former was Some which Done Broadmead Period. as Late-medieval such intensively, the in occurred huhn vdnei ie;i at eeecst edwo h ot ieo er sadin Island Meare of side south the on meadow to references fact, in cited; is evidence no though mliga nesfiaini adue(lose tSowy). at seen mid- (also the land-use by that in intensification an implying 75 ) ilas(p i.i note in cit. (op. Williams B). ugoe p i.i note in cit. op. Musgrove, .TeAcutRl for Roll Account The ). ,peual engn nwHnya am.Tefeunyo eeecst engn nearly in Hennigans to references of frequency The Farm). Honeygar (now Hennigans presumably ), ae-eivlMae hrfr,cnandanme flnsae,each landscapes, of number a contained therefore, Meare, Later-medieval h uvyo bo er in Beere Abbot of survey The hc a ecie s‘orta a fe newtr (Fig. underwater’ often was that ‘moor as described was which Henangre 10 Southeth ) Enclosed B). ff Hnya] n otietesuhpr of part south the ‘outside and [Honeygar], ’ 14 rn hsclfbi,rsligfo eydi very from resulting fabric, physical erent and hcnuysome century th 1343 Hethmor 15 1783 88 . fig. , / 4 SOQ/RDe (SRO a ersn h rtsaeo hsreclamation: this of stage first the represent may ) ecie wse at ‘waste’ describes 12 hw hsae shvn enrcamdi h period the in reclaimed been having as area this shows ) eua rciier ihtrerie o n e peat fen and bog raised variants three with (rectilinear) regular eua lniuia)wt asdbgpeat bog raised variants of series a with (longitudinal) regular 4 er 115 meare – 1515 125 5 ). qk a enrcamdaon Meare around reclaimed been had km sq 16 Hethmo hcnuy oal tEs n West and East at notably century, th ugsssm infiatcagshad changes significant some suggests suhof ‘south r Halperryparroke Orchardmede Hamwey PdokRhyne??]. [Paddock ’ ’[ams,‘usd the ‘outside [Hammes], e’ 75 vrl,i appears it Overall, ff Monington rn atrsof patterns erent and 16 9 1355 Horchardmede LEgerton BL : – hcentury, th 1640 11 a Allen’s (at 13 – qkm sq 1770 .In ). 14 12 , La th- ). Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 116 ntal ikdt h rso hne i h ie re hc rgnlyflowed was originally Glastonbury which Brue, rivers. river major the via several Channel of Bristol the canalization to the linked initially was Meare around al ragdbok ffilshv h perneo oegaul piecemeal gradual, rivers canalized more The of severalty. in appearance held the been have have irregu- to appear fields more and the the of reclamation, with where blocks contrasts Backwear arranged This in heaths. larly stages, created the of landscape enclose series to Late-medieval a a decision in essentially with extended coordinated Westhay, were a and that Meare of fields of suggestive narrow south long, bogs of peat landscape the distinctive on started also had reclamation edwetnigasotdsac rmtefneg.B the By fen-edge. reclaimed the of from areas distance small short and a fields, carefully extending village, open planned meadow communally-regulated adjacent and complex, laid-out (church/manor) seigniorial walled er c. Meare dovecot, orchardsandvineyard manorial complex, including windmill nte motn lmn fsinoilitreto notelandscape the into intervention seigniorial of element important Another Henangremor [Westhay Level]

Meare Pool reclamations moor dryland

1350 Brue ? raised bog(turbary) Henangre ecuigﬁhwis e Fig. see weirs: ﬁsh (excluding Hethmor Litelmor CroftemorC Croftemor r o f Parismede (Figs. t Rydons e Westhay m o r 1 Alenesmor – Coubrugg Hethmor 3 0

) Bounds Ditch -mede Alenes Southhethmor Brodemede Consailleswall

waste tpe rippon stephen Paddock Rhyne Paddock Oxenpull 14 Westhay Moor hwn h ao adcp lmnsadaeso land-use. of areas and elements landscape major the showing ) village raised bog(turbary) fig Meare Stiveleighmor Styveleygh manor . Ferlingmere 12

(fish andwildfowl) Botesme Cumesham

-mede Hammes de turbary, alders,reedsandsedges) (cattlegrazing,piggeries, Godney Moor fen peat

Middle Moor Brue Sheppey (Barrow Hill) Panborough Godney 5 km [East Backweir] ? 14 Monkenmede hcentury th Lineacre Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology nJ li (ed.), Blair J. in con ftecryn fS eins oe rmMaet lsobr yboat by Glastonbury to Meare from bones Benignus’ St of carrying the of account ietyws oteBitlCanla ihrde(Fig. Highbridge went at now Brue) Channel the it Bristol at called the watermill (where (now to and Mark watercourse port west artificial small to directly major another it the north Axe; to where a the northwards went Moor then on Yeo) via and Rooksbridge Burtle Old Pilrow) on diverted to (the name point partially channel its a changes One was to two. Meare Bristol Brue into past the the divided flowed and as that Glastonbury watercourse established, between artificial route been late alternative the had an By Brue’. Channel before ‘old the not as here if to however, referred is confusion avoid to and otwrstruhtePnoog-lanyGpit h x aly past Valley, Axe the (Fig. into Uphill at Gap sea the Panborough-Bleadney reaching Cheddar, the through northwards 76 er c. Meare .Rpo,‘aewy n ae rnpr nrcamdcatlmrhad:teSmre eesadbeyond’, and Levels Somerset the marshlands: coastal reclaimed on transport water and ‘Waterways Rippon, S. dovecot, orchardsandvineyard manorial complex, including [Westhay Level] ?

Meare Pool reclamations moor dryland

1500 Brue ae rnpr n aaeeti eivlEngland Medieval in Management and Transport Water ecuigﬁhwis e Fig. see weirs: ﬁsh (excluding raised bog(turbary) Henangre Hethmor Litelmor la Rydyng Parymede Westhay Aleynesmor

0 B ounds D

itch Conseleswall

Oxenpull Perrokhyme Hethmor 14 hwn h ao adcp lmnsadaeso land-use. of areas and elements landscape major the showing ) Westhay Moor er 117 meare village fig (closes) Meare manor . Ferlingmere 2 13

(fish andwildfowl)

A); Botesm Calesham 76

Ofr,forthcoming). (Oxford,

La Hamme ede hsrvrwsltrprl diverted partly later was river this alders,reedsandsedges) (cattle grazing,piggeries,tubary, Godney Moor Palmerswast (meadow) Fayebrooke (alderwood) and

2 Waterleas ) ono Glastonbury’s of John B). fen peat (alder wood) West Waste] ?

[East and

Godney Brue Sheppey (Barrow Hill) Panborough 5 km Backwear

West 11 Monkenmede Backwear

East hcentury, th Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 118 ipn p i.i note in cit. op. Rippon, ok nMdea Law Medieval in Works rnprigwn rmtevnyrsa abruh itnadMae to Meare, and Pilton Panborough, Bridge for Street at and responsible Clewer between vineyards Abbey waterways the the maintained the also for documented. He from from Glastonbury. well boatman is head flooding wine canals was carrying these prevent transporting Malerbe by of Robert to use though example, Abbey’s Glaston- areas, helped For the improve these and to they designed communications, of primarily moors bury’s they however, drainage so were, low-lying the channels and These passed in the upstream. they part across which a through freshwater ground played the have than cannot higher often were them re ocrytewtr ftouln tem teRdaeadWhitelake) and Redlake (the streams (Fig. Brue’ upland ‘new the two into and of Glastonbury of waters north Axe moors the the the through into carry northwards to flow order to continued the waters system some notably Valley), (though Brue’/Sheppey Levels Brue’ ‘old no ‘new Somerset the the is the into from diverted of there was which end Sheppey) where eastern modern (the the Highbridge into at flowing at creek streams Axe tidal place. the landing minor or joins port a medieval also ground a probably for Pilrow higher evidence was manors). through by what other cut Rooksbridge, owned into of of be (partly place property Wedmore to port/landing (the of as had Glastonbury’s Isle Pilrow coast Brue the along the flowed of current towards have west the to ground likely whereas low more Glastonbury), the is through Brue’ ‘new runs the this of course Mark. earliest the Old to the Meare along from northwards running swung parish mid- Mark/Wedmore originally the the Brue’ of and ‘new Yeo, line the the that and suggest Earthworks boundary case. Mark the been as always far have as waterways Abbey’s Glastonbury maintaining Bridge. for responsible be okbig hr hywr rnfre nt hrensalrvseswihsie oGatnuyvaMeare: via Glastonbury’, Glastonbury John’s to St. sailed of which vessels accounts smaller churchwardens’ thirteen ‘The to Daniel, on E. transferred W. were they where Rooksbridge h l e ads rsmbyPlo)i lopoal eerdt nti itof list this in to by referred probably existed also certainly is and Pilrow) duties, presumably drainage so (and Yeo Old The ujc fals fdang uiswihapast aet h later the to date to appears which duties drainage of list a of subject narvrin position, river a on XXVII, 161 89 78 77 79 81 80 82 83 – G.C Glaston J. Amesbury In CPE/UK Record Monuments National .Bradford, G. ..I G.C. ; 95 G.C . 1500 hs rica aewy evdanme ffntos ae-eeswithin Water-levels functions. of number a served waterways artificial These lsobr a lorsosbefrtecnlzto fohrrvr and rivers other of canalization the for responsible also was Glastonbury not may this but watercourse, important more the is Brue’ ‘new the Today, . II . 1911 No., , II 79 ,No. 82 o xml,S onscuc nGatnuyue w ot osi oesasfo rso to Bristol from seats some ship to boats two used Glastonbury in church John’s St example, for , ,No. , 77 ,No. ., 176 ), n h ataeRvrwihwsas tagtndadebne in embanked and straightened also was which River Hartlake the and 157 hl hs‘e re eto er,ps utet ihrde sthe is Highbridge, to Burtle past Meare, of west Brue’ ‘new this while 56 1015 – 648 rceig fteCuto h trCabri h eg fHnyVIadHnyVIII Henry and VII Henry of Reign the in Chamber Star the of Court the of Proceedings – 8 86 ; ; 62 1091 Wells .Hudson, H. ; ; C.P.R ; (London, .Hse n .Luker, B. and Hasler J. ; el I Wells el I Wells 3 , 16 I, 213 . 324 1313 ecie h rei t urn rdrce n canalized) and (redirected current its in Brue the describes , hcnuybud fMdlymnrdsrbste‘re as ‘Brue’ the describes manor Mudgley of bounds th-century , 226 . 226 1923 ; Wells – – e emr Chronicles Wedmore New – 17 8 8 . ), ol iet hn .Dnigfripoiguo h aiggvnin given dating the upon improving for Dunning R. thank to like would I ; , 131 II, 412 617 . – tpe rippon stephen 80 3 943036 1924 . ; h oorpyo h eesas ugssthat suggests also Levels the of topography The Amesbury h aiho Wookey of Parish The R DSSPR DD/SAS SRO ; , 38 (Wedmore, 1235 , 41 – 3 , hnRbr aeb a adto said was Malerbe Robert when 45 : e History New A 2002 , 81 47 ), hra h nwBu’runs Brue’ ‘new the whereas and 462 95 oestDre oe Queries Notes Dorset Somerset – 50 . 9 . ; (Wookey, Ford , 205 .T Flower, T. C. ; 1997 12 hcentury. th Sm e.Soc., Rec. (Som. 2 ), B). 30 ; 83 Castellak G.C , 4 . ( 1895 I Public ,No. 78 ), Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ihtersl httems ecnhp o sama umretn ie the (i.e. extent to summer limit southern mean The a extent. is winter year, for mean to its hope year and can from water) we varied open most have of the area to permanent likely that is result this the and with above, described is fluctuation t prxmt xetcnb salse (Fig. established be landscape, historic can the of extent interrogation an approximate to above its given references historical the h ihsoe rmtenwyrcamdln ttdta NwCts (Decoy Cutts’ ‘New that stated land reclaimed newly the Fig. from Rhyne: owed tithes the in turves and fuel in there; acres of hundreds many drained rud‘aeyafihpo’ n in and pool’, fish a ‘lately ground ntemid- the water. of in body substantial a as shown (London, .Nicholson, N. 1 ta aiga‘ici v ie,adoeml n nhl ra’ hl nteearly the in while broad’, half an and mile one and miles, five 1540 ‘circuit a having as it en n ieln n he-ureso iewd.The wide. mile a of three-quarters and long mile one being ogetHouse Longleat oestLvl,adt h ot fteiln hr a,utlthe until was, there the island of the part ill-drained of particularly north a the of to centre the and at Levels, lay Somerset Meare resource. a as water pool meare ieln,ada t etr n tfrsit olwfraotaml.Te h ae divides water [Pilrow]. the Rooksbridge Then to mile. good other a the a and about and is circumference, for Brue] Meare in [the hollow or Highbridge miles a lake to four This into flowing miles. forms is one three it Meare arms, is end the two average western winter into The its the miles. at in half and a highest long, and its mile two at lowest is its water at the when when . . . as known water open of area fluctuating but extensive an hounds. and and huntsmen Godney his and Nyland, cooks, Butleigh, and gear Brent, kitchen movable Meare, the Fig. to including Pilton; eight abbot with (near the boat a convey Steanbow of to coxswain was used and Glastonbury, men and Bridge Mark between and ol.Ti aewsfre ywtrpnigu eidterie o between bog raised the behind least ponding-up (Fig. Hills water Polden by the and formed Wedmore was lake This Pool). 84 86 85 87 88 89 H XLIAINO AUA ELN EORE NTHE ON RESOURCES WETLAND NATURAL OF EXPLOITATION THE – 13 Amesbury onLeland, John note in cit. op. Godwin, .Ravenhill, W. .Williams, M. ilas p i.i note in cit. op. Williams, . h xeto er olhsnvrbe rprympe,btb relating by but mapped, properly been never has Pool Meare of extent The ntecut aso atn( Saxton of maps county the On eaddsrbdMaePo thus: Pool Meare described Leland s h aaiaino iesi utoeeapeo o lsobr manipulated Glastonbury how of example one just is rivers of canalization The 2 1906 fdtiu mud. detritus of m , 176 : h oniso Britain of Counties The umr List Summary A ), 17 148 9 – h riigo h oestLevels Somerset the of Draining The Itinerary hitpe Saxton’s Christopher 8 )wsdgsome dug was B) .N rnil,‘oestdrainage’, ‘Somerset Grenville, N. R. ; hcnuy sin as century, th – 9 . eMere le d .TumnSmith, Toulmin L. ed. , 22 88 Smre e.Soc., Rec. (Somerset . , 106 s‘h ae a rie away’. drained was water ‘the as : . LSOBR ESTATES GLASTONBURY uo ta yJh Speed John by Atlas Tudor A 16 85 hCnuyMp fteCute fEgadadWales and England of Counties the of Maps Century th h er uvyof Survey Beere The 1 25 ,tgte ihalteabtsmnadkitchen, and men abbot’s the all with together ), 1630 er earlier. years 1641 3 (Cambridge, 81 87 er 119 meare h tnrr fJh eadi rAotteYears the About or in Leland John of Itinerary The ,adcrn a hw hti sfildwt at with filled is it that shown has coring and ), , 1575 rWlimFek sdsrbda having as described is Freake William Mr h rtsrosatmta t riaewas drainage its at attempt serious first The 1991 ihscae ob ado sig swans, fishing, on paid be to ceased tithes ), 1638 n pe ( Speed and ) rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. 87 (London, . 1970 89 hr srfrneto reference is there ), 106 1515 1995 9 ) h ereo seasonal of degree The B). .Harris, K. ; ), 88 158 ecie er olas Pool Meare described 1610 In Ferlingmere – 1539 9 . 1684 er oli still is Pool Meare ) (Shrewsbury, lsobr be eod at Records Abbey Glastonbury uvydescribed Survey neqiyinto enquiry an 17 ltrMeare (later ,LXI( LXXII ., 480 hcentury, th 1535 1992 ce of acres – 1543 ), 84 1926 40 86 – , 1 ), 1 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 120 edoetido h esfo h tetBig sey h etbiggatdto granted being rest the fishery, Bridge Street the from cellarer. eels the the of one-third held adno h seyadmoors. retained monks and the fishery though the house, country of a warden in as the manor a and to the manors, granted value other was latter’s Amesbury five the and reflecting Meare perhaps regained right Feringemere’, the of retained community. waters Abbey monastic The the a bishopric. ‘in to the amounting fish to manors to possessions, other Abbey’s eight the with of Meare, quarter assigned which dispute, resulting be’ cook. abbey’s di between divided ihpJcln( Jocelin Bishop 132 1967 note ihntese hc a eu yBso aai ( Savaric Bishop by begun Abbey was Glastonbury absorb which to see, attempt the unsuccessful within ultimately but long-running a of he seiswihpaid which fisheries three hn ici sapproximately is circuit Rhyne c. icmeec of circumference icmeec of circumference ie [ miles seisi oestwr niln ies pr rmMaewihwsbased was which Meare from apart rivers, inland on were upon Somerset in fisheries ocnrto ffihre nsuhwsenEngland. south-western in fisheries of concentration fishing ls iiaiyt h xet ecie bv:tesalrcruthsa raof area an has circuit a smaller bear the that above: areas Rhyne described define Decoy extents limits both c. the possible of to These line similarity the alignment. close continue concentric boundaries inner flooding field its the though of and clear, limit less the marked is Pool also latter (the north field- the and on concentric mark roughly south the might the and boundaries to Rhyne Three boundaries Decoy Pool: Brue’. the ‘new of embanked limit northern/western the clearly was Pool the 90 91 92 96 93 97 95 94 500 ainlMnmnsLbayCPE/UK, Library Monuments National .C Darby, C. H. Sully ..III G.C. ..I G.C. ..III G.C. G.C Glaston J. 1189 670 – 16 ). 5 222 , er a n fsvrlmnr prpitdb h ihp fWlsduring Wells of Bishops the by appropriated manors several of one was Meare yDmsa,teSmre eeswr h etn o h principal the for setting the were Levels Somerset the Domesday, By . 12 , Ferlingmere I January 28 , Nos. , ce,rmral iia oteae rie yWlimFek,adis and Freake, William by drained area the to similar remarkably acres, nH .DryadR elo in(eds.), Finn Welldon R. and Darby C. H. in huhisatetct si ob seaoe.A oedy er had Meare Domesday, At above). (see doubt in is authenticity its though 1 aly p i.i note in cit. op. Carley, ; 5 ,No. ,No. eod w seisworth fisheries two records – , . ,No. ., 3 128 9 . m coswt icmeec of circumference a with across km] 126 1301 1325 ; 96 el I Wells oedyEngland Domesday 110 97 , seya onywssi in said was Godney at fishery A 1947 140 . . h aletrfrnet seya er a etecatrof charter the be may Meare at fishery a to reference earliest The . . 1206 , 3 4 and 437 . . 2 ff 3 ssono A i photographs). air RAF on shown as rn etoso h be.In Abbey. the of sections erent . ie [ miles ie [ miles 147 – 94 42 ; 45 lsobr ucsflyapae ihtersl htit that result the with appealed successfully Glastonbury .Glaston J. ). (Cambridge, 20 , 93 25 5 6 d . – . In 1 9 9 ah n e semnaelse.TeSlySurvey Sully The listed. are fishermen ten and each, tpe rippon stephen akn p i.i note in cit. op. Watkin, ; km]. ,Nos. ., m,wietelretcruto onaisgvsa gives boundaries of circuit largest the while km], 1924 1218 1 30 1977 , 95 ieby mile 106 1063 d omsinwsetbihdt etethe settle to established was commission a ), h ihst oeo hs seiswere fisheries these of some to rights The e year. per , 110 . h oedyGorpyo ot-etEngland South-West of Geography Domesday The 279 – and 86 1 .Wleo inadP haly ‘Somerset’, Wheatley, P. and Finn Welledon R. ; 1275 113 . 3 92 7 1252 ; xl–xliii. , 3 ie [ miles el I Wells . 3 ohv lasblne othe to belonged always have to 1193 1191 ie [ miles h eiigAbtMichael Abbot retiring the , 168 91 90 1 o xml,teabbot the example, for , . – h atr ii fthe of limit eastern The oto h recorded the of Most and 6 1205 5 by . 359 3 m.TeDecoy The km]. n use by pursued and ) – 2 60 . 1 bas p i.in cit. op. Abrams, ; m,wt a with km], (Cambridge, 0 . 8 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology ot fWshy and Westhay, of north bo fGatnuy etigadsueoe h onsof bounds Monington] the [de between over Walter agreement dispute and an a Wells, in and settling mentioned Bath Glastonbury, Godney, of of of Bishop east Abbot Shrewsbury] the to [of Brue Ralph the of course Lichelake juxta Cockeswere Brudenwere er r eoddat recorded are weirs ece enn h onaybtenteettso h be n h bishop the of and weirs the Abbey to the access of and abbot estates the the allowed between which boundary the defining reached te‘e re]adtewoergtt s there. fish to right whole the and Brue’] ‘new [the of pool the s er r loo h re(Fig. Brue the on also are weirs fish ugssi a ls oMaeIsland, Meare to close lay it suggests t‘uhtwr n Sie worth ‘Swire’ and ‘Duchatswer’ at etoe gi in again mentioned er or ol R T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Court Meare aldCw rde costeBu meitl ot fWshy R DSSPR DD/SAS SRO Westhay: of north immediately Brue the across bridge’ Cowe called 11216 16 11272 98 99 100 101 102 Ford er con ol R T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Account Meare ..II G.C. 1343 1343 . Pariswere In , 205 / / .The 4 4 1260 ,No. fish weir boundary parish Meare canal raised bog fen peat alluvium freshwater alluvium estuarine bedrock . er or ol:SOT/PH/Lon SRO Rolls: Court Meare er or ol:SOT/PH/Lon SRO Rolls: Court Meare 1558 and Ferlyngmere 647 n seya er a audat valued was Meare at fishery one nWshy l nteda’ rpry h bo edtewoeof whole the held abbot the property; dean’s the on all Westhay, in ; eabltoso h onso h ao fMdlyrcr Wshysbig sometimes bridge ‘Westheyes record Mudgley of manor the of bounds the of perambulations el I Wells Lichelake (leadingtoPilrow) Old Yeo ,

1281

226 Brue er oladtelctbedcmne s weirs. fish documented locatable the and Pool Meare Brudenwer ihteryeo aecus ont h ieof dike the to down watercourse or rhyne the with Northwer – ; 8 / . otews’ hl the while west’, the to Schorteswer 2 2 of Lichlake stream approx. position / and Cockeswere 4107730 24 Pariswere [un-named] 2 yL Hamme, La by otewest. the to / 4112731 14 1347 99 . 14 2 2 er 121 meare Coubrigge Brudenwere Brudenwere B sunlocated. is / / / r rsmbyo h re ubro other of number A Brue. the on presumably 105 fig 6365 9 6365 9 u .In ). 8 d n htmao sas eoddthere recorded also is meadow that and , er or ol:SOT/PH/Lon SRO Rolls: Court Meare ; e . n 14 s w 101 ; ; e 1327 8 1300 1311 r and fishponds Fish House e d ute er r eodd‘between recorded are weirs Further year. a / / Hachwere Coubrigge 100 1 12 100 o xml,a gemn was agreement an example, for , er con ol R T/PH/Lon SRP Roll: Account Meare 102 Ferlingmere er con ol R T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Account Meare 1515 nteearly the In s er ln ihfihweirs fish with along year, a oewislyo h old the on lay weirs More 98 and er uvymentions Survey Beere

Panborough Cwrde utt the to just [Cowbridge]

h era Sie is ‘Swire’ at weir The Brue Northwer Jameswere Bordenwere 462 14 Bacchyngwere Landscherleghe

. hcnuyother century th Axe 2 / 511179 25 nMeare in Lichelake ; and 2 1340 / 2 14 / Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 122 .Hlic,‘rlmnr uvyo osa rhelg nldn h netdlzn ewe an Hill Wains between zone intertidal the including Somerset’, archaeology Somerset’, west coastal North weirs, (Worle), fish of Point ‘Tidal Sand survey and ‘Preliminary (Clevedon) Hilditch, M. n ae s er tMgrPl,GetLvl:catlcag n ehooia development’, technological and change coastal Levels: Gwent Pill, Magor at Estuary weirs fish later and today. re oke s rs o h al,tekthn tGatnuywudhave would Glastonbury with about at yard walled close kitchens ‘one and in the Wookey through at table, documented running In those the water live. to similar Abbey for with tanks the of fresh to system supplied a fish or needed preserved keep were to fish whether order clear not is it though uvvl tesms aeeitdi n rudteSmre ees el,for Wells, Levels. Somerset the costing the repairs being of around at subject all house and fish possibly in a chancel, held existed example, church have and must others house ( survival, manor Sodbury the Abbot of of work that the as between access same internal the no was there tackle; storing floors. which and end fish preparing west for the used at the upper room during two-celled projecting down the two-storey pulled on was a function by residential accessed a presumably partly floor, served have to appears which rhel a.Hs.Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. AbtsFs os’i w-trysoebuilding, stone two-storey a is House’ Fish ‘Abbot’s and Moor] [Mark Thorlemore of by ground there, common fish the catch on to More’. water instruments the other up and [nets] stopping ‘‘holies’’ place they ‘whenever h er s od n s house fish and ponds fish Meare The house. manor the of east n .Dnio,‘ihod nSomerset’, in ‘Fishponds Dennison, E. and (Oxford, seis ouetr ore,hwvr niaeteueo ohlrebaskets large both of in use while the In nets. indicate and however, (‘puttes’) inland/riverine surveys, of sources, archaeological nature the Documentary of for number fisheries. evidence a archaeological less to is due there known unfortunately well now is Channel Pool. Meare across Sheppey the fish. catching for there Jameswere weir a make to allowed Bacchyngwere 103 104 106 105 108 107 1351 .GdodadR unr Mdea s rp nteSvr Estuary’, Severn the in traps fish ‘Medieval Turner, R. and Godbold S. oestSRNo. SMR Somerset T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Account Meare ry p i.i note in cit. op. Gray, I Wells , h uvyof survey The h be’ otipratfihr a er olisl.Tenearby The itself. Pool Meare was fishery important most Abbey’s The h aueo netdlfihre ntenab ee sur n Bristol and Estuary Seven nearby the in fisheries intertidal of nature The 10 106 108 : 1988 105 el II Wells , ( 1999 285 h rsn tutr per odt othe to date to appears structure present The 1359 h spnswudhv loe s ohv enbe n stored, and bred been have to fish allowed have would fishponds The hs aei eetdi h oen‘ae erRvr hc takes which River’ Wear ‘James modern the in reflected is name whose bo er’ uvyo er eest Bthy’(otyr? othe to yard?) (boat ‘Botehaye’ a to refers Meare of survey Beere’s Abbot ,fig. ), . ), , Bcwa] hrb ohteBso n h bo eeeach were Abbot the and Bishop the both whereby [Backwear], 93 617 3 o xml,teBso fWlswsacsdo aigweirs making of accused was Wells of Bishop the example, for , – ., . 113 . 72 23782 ( ipn p i.i note in cit. op. Rippon, ; 106 1926 1539 l.Teefihod aepeiul ensree yRgrLeh e .Aston M. see Leech: Roger by surveyed been previously have fishponds These xli. , 1301 ry p i.i note in cit. op. Gray, ; ,xi ebt,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Nesbitt, xli; ), rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. 40 1322 eest he spns(e bv) hc tl survive still which above), (see fishponds three to refers / s 19 2 . 107 Rodwere hr srfrnet orat moor to reference is there – hcnuy ihtetrecle oe orpossibly floor lower three-celled the with century, th tpe rippon stephen 391 (Fig. 35 2 / 411272 14 – .Tog h er s os snwaunique a now is house fish Meare the Though ). 408 15 1 eietePlo u,wihin which Cut, Pilrow the beside , nM so (ed.), Aston M. in 220 ) 58 lwr p i.i note in cit. op. Flower, ; rhel eenEstuary Severn Archaeol. – dm TeAbtsFs os,Meare’, House, Fish Abbot’s ‘The idem, ; 5 . 59 , 103 134 The and ., eivlFs,FseisadFspnsi England in Fishponds and Fisheries Fish, Medieval 123 139 2 12 1515 14 ( n. 1980 tn ruh oke and keep to troughs stone . eivlArchaeol Medieval , 4 hcnuy n t tl is style its and century, th 8 79 ), ogby long m ( er uvymentions Survey Beere e utsjxaL Shirte, La juxta Puttes Les 1997 , 75 131 – ), 82 – 4 99 .Nyig ‘Medieval Nayling, N. ; . – 102 ., 38 1378 .McDonnell, R. ; 6 . ( 104 6 rhel Severn Archaeol. 1994 rc Somerset Proc. wide, m a the was though ), 19 – 34 ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology rneo bigo be tDa or am unr Oxon’, Cumnor, Farm, Court Dean at Abbey Abbingdon of grange Terrier’, Fednmsi h hpikcutrolls’, court Shapwick the in names ‘Field leain fteps nteDa’ ao fMdlyadteAbtsmnrof manor forgotten’. Abbot’s the and extent Mudgley of some that manor so Dean’s to — the from liberties on is was Glastonbury’s trespass that within of — right are allegations Meare which of monastery’s Godney, moor of north the moors the the entered negligence as not their far ‘in time as who long Glastonbury. Glastonbury a and of Wells for Abbots between had the disputes criticized of Glastonbury series of lengthy John a in illuminated is ‘moors’. areas and ‘heaths’ the as known land unenclosed tanks stone of set a a moors as the Oxfordshire, well in as Cumnor fishponds own at complex. its excavated kitchen with its been within Abbey have Abingdon tanks of Similar grange in’. fish water h ihhReport Eighth The .Landon, L. 109 110 111 h bo’ ihHue rmtesuhws.Fspnssriet h ot,suhadeast. and south north, the to survive Fishponds south-west. the from House, Fish Abbot’s The .Hasler, J. E.g. .Glaston J. er sadadteMaePo eesrone yetnieaeso open of areas extensive by surrounded were Pool Meare the and island Meare 41 Hethmor – oesthr Pleas Somersetshire 62 ,No. ., okyMnradParish and Manor Wookey nM so n .Cse (eds.), Costen M. and Aston M. in (Bristol, : 1343 115 / .E Chadwyke-Healey, E. C. ; 4 1998 er con ol R /HLnReel T/PH/Lon SRO Roll, Account Meare , I(oestRc o. XXXVI, Soc., Rec. (Somerset II , ). 109 1544 213 – 1841 – 16 Smre e.Soc., Rec. (Somerset nM so,T aladC err (eds.), Gerrard C. and Hall T. Aston, M. in er 123 meare h hpikProject Shapwick The oesthr Pleas Somersetshire fig author . 15 . 1923 ,Nos. ), Oxoniensia Smre e.Sc,XI, Soc., Rec. (Somerset I , 110 : 83 hr Report Third , h s fteeunreclaimed these of use The 137 1995 1 n e .Cse,‘bo Beere’s ‘Abbot Costen, M. see and ; I ( LIV , and 111 ), 4 .G le ta. Amedieval ‘A al., et Allen G. T. ; 144 (Bristol, 1994 In . ), 1272 430 1990 h hpikProject Shapwick The – 9 ;M Ecclestone, M. ); . Photograph 1897 hr were there Lichelake ,No. ), : the 572 , : Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 124 Smre e.Sc,I, Soc., Rec. (Somerset .Bro,S int n .Mres(d.,‘oestarchaeology ‘Somerset (eds.), Murless B. and Minnitt S. Burrow, I. n meitl ot ftefneg tMdlyaogwa snwcle h abruhDan(R DD/ (SRO Drain Panborough the called now is what along Mudgley at fen-edge PR the SAS of south immediately and 13 a o e nlsd(mligta oercaainhdarayoccurred already had the reclamation nearer called that watercourse some value, the equal nearer of that that and parts dean’s, two (implying in divided enclosed be elsewhere) yet not was Meare. et,adteareetta a ece svr eeln st h ag of range the to as revealing very is reached o was moors these that that agreement resources the and west’, bo a emte omiti i er called weirs his maintain to permitted was abbot the called dike the to called down water rhine the the by at east called the dyke on the stream] from [Panborough extended which Moors] Godney and Westhay ate nec te’ or.Teda eandpreso h orpreviously moor the of in parcels retained for Mudgley. dean of pasture The manor common his moors. and to within other’s abbot enclosed piggeries, watercourse the alders, each and the cutting dean in The turbary, with cattle, hours. of daylight Pool rights during there cattle boat retained Meare their by also water water in to the allowed across fishing were travel retained tenants of and abbot his and The that dean purpose. the that including although for Lichlake, soil rights, Dean’s the the of all needed he what taking and cue fbrigteda’ ibradgasi uge,adteda of dean the and Mudgley, in trees, grass taking and and Meare timber at dean’s houses the destroying burning of accused Mark dean and the Blackford and in Hartlake, sluices and the Wedmore. dykes of on west walls, weir the abbot’s to a the Moors with of along some again demolished destroyed was Godney or,btjs ormnh ae oen e r oteabtspa moors peat abbot’s the buildings destroyed to of allegedly bishop men moor the fire The his his of itself. within on set four Abbey after rights the abbot someone disputed the threatening excommunicated later the Glastonbury, then and settle months Priory to four Burtle men between just three but appoint to moors, agreed Sodbury of fMdlyo h seo Wedmore) from of running Isle line the a on along Mudgley acreage, of not though value in equal Bleadney Farm). from Garslade Brue’] of ‘old north [the the ‘watercourse (to the Lineacre’ of to east interests his relinquishing Moor. otneadin and continue ulcsand bullocks 116 113 112 118 114 115 117 – 31 1278 ..I G.C. G.C I Wells The ..II G.C. aedr fPtn Rolls Patent of Calendars C.P.R. . hslntyaddtie gemn i o,hwvr eov h su and issue the resolve however, not, did agreement detailed and lengthy This . 113 462 I 1558 Nos. , ,No. 112 , , 1324 226 643 h bo’ e etoe igr eogn oteda nGodney in dean the to belonging piggery a destroyed men abbot’s the .Ti soeo h eyfwmo onaybnsta ssilvsbe .Hdo,‘Wedmore’, Hudson, H. visible: still is that banks boundary moor few very the of one is This ). By eabltoso h onso h ao fMdlyrcr CuslsWl’rnigparallel running Wall’ ‘Counsells record Mudgley of manor the of bounds the of perambulations h ipt eae oa‘orcalled ‘moor a to related dispute The 158 – . – 157 8 27 . . 100 , , 1283 160 349 Thealmoor 1887 1327 .Hobhouse, E. ; ; 1327 iswrh£ worth pigs h bo osldtdhscamtee necag for exchange in there, claim his consolidated abbot the , ), 264 1313 – twsare odvd h iptdmosit w parts, two into moors disputed the divide to agreed was it 30 , , 271 – TahmMoor]. [Tealham 88 17 . , , ff 277 aedro h eitro onDoesod ihpo ahadWells, and Bath of Bishop Drokensford, John of Register the of Calendar 411 rd twsare htteprino h orthat moor the of portion the that agreed was It ered. tpe rippon stephen , – 115 279 200 12 and , In and . 117 118 1326 153 412 o‘h hn below rhyne ‘the to Lichelak uhasaeo a of state a Such . – 13 116 ihpDoesodadAbtAdam Abbot and Drokensford Bishop [henceforward 114 Padenesberthlak ntefloigya h bo was abbot the year following the In 12 o ahmMo;Fig. Moor; Tadham [on 1982 Hachwere In horses, aYelemore la 1315 ’, Ferlingmere rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. C.P.R oee,tepgeyat piggery the however, , , Bordenewere ff 60 .]. iscerycudnot could clearly airs ob h bo’.The abbot’s. the be to Coubrugg Consailleswalle oxen, mdr Tadham, [modern ol[er Pool] [Meare pool Lichelak Padenesbertheslak 50 [Cowbridge, and cows, 3 ob the be to Pariswere 1309 ]onthe (south – ., 25 100 1329 127 in , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology eo ad n amadHahHue hra tatal a otews fBud hn en h Moor the being Rhyne Bounds of west the to lay actually areas, it Blackford. this of whereas in manor Moor House, Tealham Bishop’s Heath place the incorrectly to and maps belonging Farm Survey Ordnance End modern Lands The west. below the to Rhyne Bounds and (Cambridge, a oewtwoln hni rsn ntelnsaetdy h bo of Abbot The today. landscape the in present is than that complained woodland Glastonbury wet more far A PR SAS ierneo ln eore o ohhmncmuiisadgaiganimals. grazing and communities human both of for dispute resources A plant of range wide of customs the resources in plant occur wildfowling of rights the the of Wookey. to and time Mudgley the references at other heronry above); a (see of have survey to the Abbey and Glastonbury Dissolution, of jurisdiction the within ihwtadrsucso hsae,btteewr tes h infiac of significance The Meare, others. of west were and ‘Henangre’ there bird, place-name the but wild by area, suggesting indicated this be may of wildfowling resources wetland rich the and Abbey the wildfowling between straightened. Glastonbury was River of Hartlake north the when moors Wells, the of Bishop in rights of division ananeuly(Fig. equally maintain ol o eipuddbtdie ak ohl en hs ihs the rights, these define help To and they back. (Hurn) made moors and Monkenmead respective driven straightened between their was Moor but of Bleadney each Godney out and northern impounded strayed Wookey, through other at be watercourse the moors of not bishop’s animals the would the in and if rights Panborough abbot’s that similar Bleadney, the agreed Meare, have in at to tenants grazing and his were have Polsham and to Marchey Burcott, abbot Wells) The Easton, of Godney. of south-west at hamlets Valley moor its Sheppey and and the Wookey alders (in of Coxley turbary, manor the have in to tenants allowed moors. in were the tenants of parties half chapter’s other’s both each and abbot’s in while the piggeries dean in Godney, pasture the of at rights of unlimited moor having certain Moor. still the Tadham Wedmore and and in having Mark common protected Wells Mudgley, to being of tenants of Chapter moor rights and nearest the Dean with the continued called however, and Intercommoning, close east a the of to corner Moors (Fig. Westhay’ east of the hamlet the opposite below directly Bridge] Westhay now 120 119 121 122 123 G.C G.C ..I G.C. 1301 .Wgewrh Tehrniso Somerset’, of heronries ‘The Wiglesworth, J. h iheooia oaco h reVle akeswudhv o have would backfens Valley Brue the of mosaic ecological rich The h iptsadareet ecie bv aerfrnet ayo the of many to reference make above described agreements and disputes The In . . 462 II / I , ,No. 2 ,No. 161 1327 er con ol R T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Account Meare alradLkr p i.i note in cit. op. Luker, and Hasler ; 1956 ; 157 el I Wells 647 1242 ), ; hr a eodareetcvrn h ih fteBishop’s the of right the covering agreement second a was there ; 11 ..II G.C. el I Wells , and 324 / 3 ,No. . 242 , 226 lutae oeo h eore htwr vial,notably available, were that resources the of some illustrates . 123 – 645 2 8 ) In C). n e the see and ; and anger 647 1539 41 1352 ugsigpasture. suggesting ahmMo a between lay Moor Tadham . e a yfreo rsetrdhsmosat moors his entered arms of force by had men 82 1557 3 rc oestAcao.Nt it Soc Hist. Nat. Archaeol. Somerset Proc. nldsrgt osas eosadpheasants and herons swans, to rights includes . ihGatnuyhvn er n Godney and Meare having Glastonbury with ) er 125 meare 12 ute gemn a ece vrthe over reached was agreement further a 2 uvyo Wookey of Survey / 411272 14 t[ ft 120 3 . 7 .H Smith, H. A. ; ]wd,wihec at a to was party each which wide, m] nHse,o.ct note cit. op. Hasler, in 122 Consailleswalle er a h nyplace only the was Meare nls lc-aeElements Place-Name English 121 ., 64 ( Bud ic oteeast the to Ditch /Bounds 1918 109 ), 68 , 37 – . 85 Parismead R DD/ SRO ; ff rda ered Part , henn 119 1 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 126 n ue,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Luker, and Archaeol oiae yctl,wietedyadmnr a he safrgreater far a as sheep cropping had diverse had manors manors wetland dryland was essentially the The groups livestock. two while the first of the cattle, and proportion of Valley economies eastern by the Brue and within southern the also dominated of element of which manors pastoral dryland fen-peat but The wholly and dryland Somerset. the thirdly bogs essentially and secondly the raised were Sedgemoor; Levels; on unreclaimed that Kings Somerset the manors centred the into other manors in extended Sowy and wetland and Hills mainly Brent Polden the Godney, the can with firstly manors Meare groups: Glastonbury’s of three topography islands physical into their divided Glastonbury of of be economy terms manorial In wider the estates. of context Abbey’s the in seen be must claimed, manors 29 6 h utvto fflxo h or.Ti a fe rw nessentially on for grown agricu water of often of patterns supply was and abundant meare This an for moors. need the the on to implies Wookey, retting. due in flax ‘Linmoor’ marshlands and of Hills unimproved Polden the cultivation of south the the to Sowy in ‘Liney’ et)suho h island. the of south Heath) omni h or o rzn hi ate n olcigtme orepair to timber collecting of and rights cattle, had their they grazing claimed fuel. for for men sedges The and moors bridges trees. the down in cut common and Bleadney and Godney srfrnet iptdrgt ftrayi h or ewe er and Meare between moors the in turbary perhaps of are rights there in In though (‘turbary’). disputed and peat fuel, cut to Mudgley, as to right reference burnt the be to is also references direct could few Peat surprisingly fuel. for brushwood sdsrbda en ntenrhr akof bank wood, another northern while the Godney, on of being north as moors described the is of part northern the in at recorded is bed withy 1327 h urn bo,tog msuycudtk htvrresh eddfor needed he reeds whatever take by retained could was Amesbury houses. reed-bed to his entire though retired roofing the Amesbury abbot, and of Meare current Michael of the fishery Abbot the former that the specified which Meare by agreement the while arwHl nPnoog,ado s,RwadKol or nteAxe the in moors around Knowle Barges’ and La Row on Ash, Mudgley, on Bleadney. below of and edge north Wookey, Panborough, moor in Valley the in to Hill close Barrow recorded also is 125 124 126 127 128 .C ihm Sm vdnefor evidence ‘Some Higham, C. M. ; – 32 Beere note in cit. op. Chadwyke-Healey, Ford el I Wells ..II G.C. R T/PH/Lon SRO ; h giutrlueo h elnsi er,bt elie n unre- and reclaimed both Meare, in wetlands the of use agricultural The The ,XXI ( XXXIII ., vrtergt ntemosbtenMaeadMdly hl in while Mudgley, and Meare between moors the in rights the over , LEgerton BL , 205 128 , , 226 643 ; 1260 .Glaston J. – ; 1262 8 er or ol R T/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Court Meare ; 1989 uvyo bo odrcrstecletn fresfo Meare, from reeds of collecting the records Ford Abbot of Survey oyCutRl:SOT/PH/Lon SRO Roll: Court Sowy : 3034 ,No. ., ), 38 2 1529 126 82 / fo. , 411272 14 – , 117 53 31 ono lsobr (No. Glastonbury of John . 102 . / . Pokedhule 30 ; 124 usn p i.i note in cit. op. Hudson, ; G.C 127 111 hr srfrnet ubr n‘aHah (Meare Heath’ ‘La in turbary to reference is there I Nos. II, . 12 lewosaercre nareet of agreements in recorded are Alderwoods tpe rippon stephen ,No. h and th- h eeec o‘iece in ‘Lineacre’ to reference The nteBeeSre nadrodi mentioned is alderwood an Survey Beere the In . 572 478 125 . 13 tr nglasto on lture hcnuylnnadwolntxieprocessing’, textile woollen and linen th-century and 2 / 08 2 10682 010757 30 647 82 ; Ferlingmere el I Wells , 93 115 / 23 ilas p i.i note in cit. op. Williams, ; – 5 alradLkr p i.i note in cit. op. Luker, and Hasler ; alr p i.note cit. op. Hasler, ; , lorcrstecletn of collecting the records also ) 50 , 226 MaePo) Alderwood Pool). (Meare – 8 ilas p i.i note in cit. op. Williams, ; br’ somerset nbury’s 1283 109 88 n indeed and , , , 37 29 1272 . and Fayebroke 1272 1301 58 82 Medieval there idem ; / ,map and 2 87 a , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology rvwy htcnb dnie ihntehsoi adcp (Fig. landscape historic of the series within the in identified and be Wells, the in and can both Glastonbury reflected that between is again This disputes droveways and land. once of Meare grazing which around series excellent moors Meare, lengthy provided and than have heaths unreclaimed must land the Godney dryland/reclaimed that demonstrate of to areas serves larger far had and ough produced it example, elmto a o eurdfrascesu atrleconomy. pastoral successful a for required not was reclamation aiuae t niomn a enepoe sacnrbto ounderstanding to contribution a as explored been has environment its manipulated lohdtelretdiypouto falGatnuysmnr:in manors: Glastonbury’s all of production dairy largest the had also rn and Brent onaya nMaewt ony oprdto compared Godney, with Meare in year a born atclrydsiciei htwt onyi a lsobr’ ao breeding major Glastonbury’s had it Godney cattle. of with herd that in distinctive at were particularly studs horse only Brent, the Baltonsborough, and for Sowy. Walton, at primarily and and were Brent were largest) swineherds which (the available), only Sowy cattle, not Abbey’s Meare/Godney, of are The herds data production. significant cropping dairy these only which Glastonbury’s (for had Godney also and Meare with along hysol ergre spr fapsoa eie uhwstecs nthe other on In case the crop. was cereal demesne Such the a regime. of proportions pastoral as (c. high beans a relatively with regarded with of sown manors part be four The as Levels. can case Somerset regarded which in they be fodder, for should cases grown they primarily these were replenish they to however, in regimes, order agricultural in and and with sale, soil, for sown the workers, extent land agricultural lesser and a demesne households to seigniorial of and (Tab. proportion Sowy, beans mainly and extraordinary legumes, (Brent the of wetland was of abundance area Baltonsborough) the greatest with the with larger manors much above). (see was heaths and available moors common pasture the on of grazing area the practice 46 averaged arable, n oalse xetot alteaal ntePle il a ntedryland the on was Hills Polden the di on These arable the manors). (all wheat the of oats Hills of cultivation extent Polden extensive component lesser the the a by whereas to dominated legumes, were and manors of dryland proportion wholly significant and a including regimes aduec. land-use 130 129 fisdmsesw sarable, as sown demesne its of % clsoe p i.i note in cit. op. Ecclestone, el p i.i note in cit. op. Keil, nti ae,tewyi hc n atclrmnsey lsobr Abbey, Glastonbury monastery, particular one which in way the paper, this In ihntegopo rmrl eln aos h cnm fMaewas Meare of economy the manors, wetland primarily of group the Within itntv lmn fteaal utvto ntoeo Glastonbury’s of those on cultivation arable the of element distinctive A 28 69 276 20 edwand meadow % 1300 arable, % . 0 130 nBet(te aoshvn c. having manors (other Brent in nSw ohrmnr aigc. having manors (other Sowy in h odnHlsadohrfneg aoshdo average on had manors fen-edge other and Hills Polden the : vrteperiod the Over 16 , 40 75 nBet oyadBlosoog;and Baltonsborough; and Sowy Brent, in % . 16 631 12 tabs. , edwand meadow % hee,cmae to compared cheeses, 11 4 5 .Baswr oeie rw o osmto by consumption for grown sometimes were Beans ). atr,weestewol rln manors dryland wholly the whereas pasture, % and c CONCLUSIONS 1274 11 m. er 127 meare 41 ff – rne r lorflce ntedemesne the in reflected also are erences 1315 edwand meadow % 10 pasture. % o xml,teewere there example, for , 20 240 356 32 rfwr.Maewt Godney with Meare fewer). or . 9 rls) hs te manors other These less). or nSowy, in nBaltonsborough, in 129 12 er,b otathad contrast by Meare, atr,tog in though pasture, % 329 100 nBaltonsbor- in 1311 nWithy), in % 56 . / 7 29 12 calves 10 64 . for , 6 A): % in Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 128 oatr ntecuty n hspoprt eet h xetade and extent the reflects prosperity this and country, the in monastery ies te rsucs eels agbe lsobr a ao eteof centre major of antiquity’, a canalization of was ‘marshaller the Glastonbury great through a tangible: example was less and for were pilgrimage landscape ‘resources’ Pool, the Other Meare as of product rivers. such material modification resources the natural the of were exploitation and ‘resources’ the these with along part, agriculture, In of resources. its of management ulihN aaN data No data No Wrington data Milton No Podimore Pilton data No Mells Marksbury data No Pennard East Doulting data No Ditcheat Batcombe data No Somerset Eastern/southern data No Ham High Glastonbury Butleigh Levels the Baltonsborough to on extending manors Other Walton Street Shapwick Greinton Ashcott Hills Polden Sowy Brent Meare Godney netlmtra,adpaenm vdnehv de otestory. the the what to within added with preserved have evidence as palaeoenvir- place-name records, buildings, landscape and standing topographical material, medieval archaeology, historical onmental Buried the of today. rich of integration of fabric landscape’ careful Abbey’s ‘historic physical the the the been of within survives has this contained the during to exploited information was Key landscape period. English the medieval which with intensity increasing the 131 ECNAEO H EEN ONWT EUE,WETAND WHEAT LEGUMES, WITH SOWN DEMESNE THE OF PERCENTAGE rc,o.ct nnote in cit. op. Crick, ttetm fteDsouinin Dissolution the of time the At ASO LSOBR BE’ OESTMNR IN MANORS SOMERSET ABBEY’S GLASTONBURY ON OATS 44 . atrKi,o.ct note cit. op. Keil, (after tpe rippon stephen T 1539 be4 able eue ha oats wheat legumes 33 0 31 33 33 21 30 23 51 38 18 45 06236 38215 47519 2851004744 07030 18017 01184 149 286 9 37919 15343 96213 07422 27517 28116 lsobr be a h wealthiest the was Abbey Glastonbury , 16 tab. , 131 12 ) otfmul illustrated famously most 1334 ff ective Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology er,stwti t xesv elns a n fGatnuysms important most Glastonbury’s of one was wetlands, manors. extensive its within set Meare, eeso neteti t hrhadmnra ope,adtefc hti a a was in it ( that Sodbury retirement fact notably the his and abbots, (upon complex, high several the manorial of grazed, in and reflected residence extensively church is favourite its clearly Meare in of also and investment significance were the enclose of these Finally, levels to pigs. as pressure and moor, cattle the by however, of lessened notably may, areas that It remaining pastoralism productivity. the on of drain emphasis level the respectable been grazing a particularly prices that have providing and suggests grain woodland as itself and alder perceived unreclaimed reeds, population remained were wildfowl, when areas fishing, large time as such such a resources that At fact he there! the as excommunicated rights high, even were his was during maintain Glastonbury valued of were, to highly Abbot clearly battled areas the were Ages: wetland and Middle ‘waste’ c. remaining High as the by regarded The being was, economy. from far pastoral what however, successful support most helped Abbey’s meadow predominantly of oqetpro,wtad rudtenrhr ieo h sadwr drained, were island the post- of the the side In of Glastonbury. northern sedimentation expansion agricultural around the increased the drylands reflecting around to the wetlands led from period, have flowed Conquest turn that in rivers may the cultivation/ arable within practice of agricultural more expansion this and in this Wedmore about and change on also Somerset, reorganized was Central/South-East similarly It in manors. been increasing late widely Hills have the Polden may an by other landscapes the place towards that and in time Shapwick been trend at have case wider to the late appear the was fields the open of its in and part exploitation village landscape form of Meare intensity in seen utilization exploited landscape was too a community. This was monastic significance. this the symbolic part by that great managed this suggests and given, within sites was promontories religious or of early possessed, number with which a Levels and Somerset ‘islands’ the the of of each of association uhvs xasso eln ugssta hi au a o ipyvee in viewed simply not was the (which value of potential their part contained agricultural that Hides’ their formed suggests ‘Twelve of wetland that the terms of become Levels expanses to Somerset were vast the what such That of into, estates. end projects earliest that partially eastern Abbey’s promontory a a (or the had of clearly dominates, exploiting end Glastonbury the and of of the at the west lies example earlier to islands Glastonbury Meare earlier The significance. century of special ends. an A island material small cash. represent for the history quick may from creating?) some Begninus in which St of Guinevere itself of need and bones Abbey the in Arthur moved monks had of the monks bodies left the fire of disastrous ‘discovery’ the by usnadFacsNa o omniguo nerirdato hsppr n to and Neale, paper, Frances this Hollinrake, of Nancy draft and earlier Charles an upon Ecclestone, commenting Martin for Brunning, Neal Richard Frances and Hudson acknowledgements h uhri xrml rtflt ikAtn ae od ai al Hazel Hall, David Bond, James Aston, Mick to grateful extremely is author The ept t togywtadcaatr ayo h rnsi landscape in trends the of many character, wetland strongly its Despite 1252 .Frfo mkn h oto a situation’, bad a of most the ‘making from Far ). er 129 meare 12 tta time that at hand th 1 tmillennium st 13 hcnuis n hs areas these and centuries, th ol aebe o) the low): been have would 1323 – 1300 34 1191 a.d n Amesbury and ) 10 h planned The . Glastonbury , hcnuy as century, th onatra after soon Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for Medieval Archaeology 130 rsiaWitnadSeeRe fEee rhelg o upyn unpublished supplying for of translation Archaeology a supplying Exeter for Hudson Hazel of thank to the Reed like particularly Steve would I and information. and Group, Research Building Whitton Vernacular Somerset the Cressida of Penoyre Jane Musgrove, David 1558 eabltoso h onso h ao fMdly(R DSSPR DD/SAS (SRO Mudgley of manor the of bounds the of perambulations tpe rippon stephen 462 ).