Technical Assistance for a Study on Forest Biomass Energy Conversion [Contract No: 3000080064] Third Progress Delivery Report Output Output 3.1 Deliverable: A report on the energyD3.1 demand by sector for the selected countries. (ENG) Third Progress Delivery Report Output D3.1 1 A report on the energy demand by sector for the selected countries A report on the energy demand by sector for the selected countries Executive Summary This output 3.1 report is part of the third deliverables (others include output 3.2 and 3.3) of the six deliverables of the CTCN commissioned study on biomass energy conversion in 15 countries in Central, West and East Africa whose objective is to: • Assess the bioenergy potential from sustainable biomass sources such as wood waste from forest harvesting operations and industry. • Improve afforestation and forest sector residues energy conversion, and • Identify market opportunities for the private sector that will bypass the exploitation of traditional biomass sources. The CTCN technical assistance is intended to promote projects that establish a sustainable industrial chain for forest biomass energy conversion using planted forest including agroforestry as raw material and forestry biomass and sawmill waste. It is anticipated to bring about the following impacts and co-benefits and contribute to country obligations to the Paris agreement through the Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals The main objective of output 3.1 was to identify the energy demands by sector for the selected countries in Central, East and West Africa and propose those sectors the forest biomass energy conversion potential can contribute, considering the current problem of traditional biomass consumption. As such output 3.1 report deals with the energy demand by sector for seven Central African countries, two East African countries, and six West African countries. Chapter 1, which forms the background of the report elaborates on the current trends in the energy industry. Energy assessment of the countries has been carried out to ascertain the future energy demand so as to design projects that will sufficiently, and sustainably supply reliable energy in the medium to long term. This has involved estimating the current needs based on historical trends and the future applications that may be included as the population increases, community continues to grow economically in size and complexity. The report used the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for each country as the main reference with regards critical sectors of the economy that will contribute to low carbon development while ensuring community resilience in the face of climate change. The energy sector being an enabler of sustainable development is a critical component of the NDC as it contributes about a third of greenhouse (GHG) emissions in a country. Chapters 2 to 4 outlines the energy demand by sector for each country in the three regions – Central, East and West Africa. Energy resources available and potential in each country are reviewed focusing on the potential, quantity, and installed capacity. Key economic sectors include agriculture, mining, forestry, industry, transport, and domestic/institutional sectors, though there is some variation from one country to another. The purpose of investigating key economic sectors as per NDCs was to assess the potential contribution of biomass energy in mitigating GHG as part of low carbon development in most energy intensive economic sectors. In Central Africa, Cameroon accounts for the largest biomass energy source consumed at 73%, followed by oil and gas (20%) and electricity (7%) as per 2011 statistics. The Rural Electrification Agency identified 37 sites with high potential for biomass energy production in the country. Cameroon’s energy potential from biomass sources is 1 GWh. The country is the third largest biomass giant in Sub-Saharan Africa with biomass from wood waste in the Eastern region and from rice fields in Ndop, respectively. Cameroon’s agricultural sector relies on biomass from animal dung and compost. Very few areas convert forest biomass to energy. The domestic/institutional sector is the greatest consumer of biomass energy. In 2010, forest biomass, mostly in the form of wood energy, contributed 72.6% of energy used in 2010, which was estimated to be 13,163 ktoe. Since the country has large biomass potential in its forests, biomass plants can be set up in sites which lack electricity but are areas of high population. The biomass plant sites in this area can manufacture valorised charcoal, bioethanol, and electricity to serve the surrounding population for their agricultural and household needs. 2 A report on the energy demand by sector for the selected countries Democratic Republic of Congo 99% of its electricity is generated from hydropower sources, about 2410 MW being produced. Firewood remains the dominant source of energy. Biogas, biofuel and geothermal remain to be largely unexplored sources of energy. The largest consumers of energy in the country are the household and light industrial sectors. Together they account for over 75% of the energy consumed in the country. Biomass accounts for the largest share of household energy consumption at 93%, and then followed by hydroelectricity at 4%. Oil and others account for 3% and 1% respectively. Biomass is also the major source of cooking energy in DRC. It is mostly used in the form of charcoal and firewood. The annual demand for biomass in the country is 45million cubic metres per year. Bioenergy plants can be set up in most places in the country which can be used to generate power for village uses, production of ethanol for the transport and for cogeneration in industries. The sites proposed for the construction of biomass plants due to the presence of large amounts of residue are Kinshasa, Kisangani and Mbuji-Mayi. The Republic of Congo has forest covers about 60% of the land area. Biomass, hydropower and solar are the energy resources with the greatest potential in Congo. Wood energy accounts for 80% usage in households. Hydropower has the largest energy potential in the country, at 1400MW, but only 209 MW is generated. The country also has large oil and gas reserves in its offshore fields. Biomass use accounts for over 80% of the energy used in households. This is followed by natural gas at 11%, and petroleum products at 75%. Cogeneration of electricity from logging is generated in Pokola, North West of the country by the Congolese Wood Industry Company. Four megawatts of electricity are generated of which 2MW are distributed to the surrounding population for free as part of corporate social responsibility. Biofuel, such as ethanol, is generated from the country’s sugar cane sector, while biodiesel is manufactured from oil palm plantations. Most biomass energy projects in the country are running on obsolete machines. On a positive note, most biomass-based factories are transitioning to second-generation machines which are more efficient. Biomass has the potential to supply energy to run the activities in the logging sites and domestic uses in households. The Gabonese Republic is rich in hydropower, biomass and fossil fuel reserves and the high precipitation levels and topography contribute to the nation’s large hydropower potential. Biomass resources are also in large quantity, a fact attributed to the country’s extensive and dense forest cover. The country has the fifth largest oil reserves in the continent. Hydropower potential of the country is estimated to be 10 billion kilowatts/hour per year and contributes 51.7% of the total electricity generated. The forestry sector represents the greatest niche where biomass can be used as an alternative energy source, especially in the running of logging machinery. The report recommends the logging factories in the concession sites to generate electricity using cogeneration from their wood residues. Republic of Chad: It is estimated to have 312 million hectares in the 1970s but due to deforestation, over 20 million hectares have been lost. The country has higher potential in developing solar and wind energy technologies compared to hydropower. Insolation intensities range from 4 to 6kWh/m2/hr per day over most of its landscape while windspeeds range from 3 to 9m/2 with the fastest speeds in the northern region. Chad has significant oil reserves and an oil refinery in the capital, N’djamena. This has made the country less reliant on its neighbours for oil, but production rates have been declining in the past few years due to technical problems and instability. In 2011, biomass accounted for 93% of the energy used in the country. The niches where biomass can contribute are in cogeneration of electricity, and production of biofuels for the transport sector. Most of the energy demand is situated south of the capital, N’djamena and which hosts most of the country’s industries. This area also has the largest forest cover and is thus able to provide residue for cogeneration from logged wood. Republic of Equatorial Guinea has one of the largest reserves of oil and gas in the continent. However, biomass contributes over 80% of the household energy needs while petroleum products and water contribute 18% and 2%, respectively. About 58% or 1626 million hectares of the country is covered under dense rainforest. Most of the biomass for household uses is collected from agricultural harvest (70%) while a lesser amount is collected from standing tree canopy (30%). Only 8% of the population uses Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). The country has significant potential to generate more power from hydroelectric solar and wind sources. The latter two are due to the equatorial climate and high wind speeds south of the country. The country was estimated to have 1,100 million barrels and 36.8 billion cubic metres of recoverable oil and gas reserves, respectively. The country generates only about 327MW of electricity as most of the households in rural areas rely on biomass.