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An Archaeology of a Chesapeake Neighborhood Through Enslavement and Emancipation, 1775--1905

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An Archaeology of a Chesapeake Neighborhood Through Enslavement and Emancipation, 1775--1905 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2013 Gathering Places, Cultivating Spaces: An Archaeology of a Chesapeake Neighborhood through Enslavement and Emancipation, 1775--1905 Jon Jason Boroughs College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Boroughs, Jon Jason, "Gathering Places, Cultivating Spaces: An Archaeology of a Chesapeake Neighborhood through Enslavement and Emancipation, 1775--1905" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623359. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-90ks-4q70 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gathering Places, Cultivating Spaces: An Archaeology of a Chesapeake Neighborhood through Enslavement and Emancipation, 1775-1905 Jon Jason Boroughs Providence Forge, Virginia Master of Arts, College of William and Mary, 2004 Bachelor of Arts, University of Virginia, 1997 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary January, 2013 © Copyright by Jason Boroughs 2013 APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by the Comratftee, July, 2012 Committee Chair Professor Brad Weiss, Anthropology The College of William andft^ry S...AG ,/ f Research ProfessorparleyjorWarley R. R. Brown Brc III, Anthropology The College of William and Mary Dittman Professor Grey Gundaker, Anthropology & American Studies The College of William and NEH Professor Michael BtaKeyyAntffropology The College of William andMary Assistant Professor Annawjbe-Davies, Anthropology The University of NomvCarolina, Chapel Hill ABSTRACT PAGE This study is a community-level analysis of an African American plantation neighborhood grounded in archaeological excavations at the Quarterpath Site (44WB0124), an antebellum quartering complex and post-Emancipation tenant residence occupied circa 1840s-1905 in lower James City County, Virginia. It asserts that the Quarterpath domestic quarter was a gathering place, a locus of social interaction in a vibrant and long established Chesapeake plantation neighborhood complex. By the antebellum period, as marriage “abroad," or off-plantation, became the most common form of long term social union within plantation communities, enslaved social and kin ties in the Chesapeake region were typically geographically dispersed, enjoining multiple domestic areas across dynamic rural plantation neighborhoods. Such neighborhoods came to comprise 1) Sets of interrelated places common across virtually all large Chesapeake plantations, and 2) Sets of social relationships that transcended plantation borders, becoming invested and embedded in local places overtime. This work examines the ways in which structures of community became embedded in a variety of familiar places across the Quarterpath neighborhood as enslaved persons appropriated plantation landscapes through habitual practices and meaningful bodily orientations. It expands the frame of reference beyond the core domestic homesites to embrace the other grounds and places where residents spent much of their time, places in which relationships were built with neighbors performing common tasks on familiar grounds. It offers new insights to archaeological analyses concerning African American domestic sites throughout the African Atlantic diaspora, envisioning home grounds as dynamic social configurations embedded within mosaics of local places that came to embody community, family, and roots. It is an archaeology of a community in transition but it is also an archaeology of landscapes. It adopts a methodologically innovative approach intended to address often overlooked interpretive contexts and horizons of meaning, exploring mechanisms of community development and associated processes of place-making in a pre- and post-Emancipation African American community. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv List of Tables vii List of Illustrations ix Introduction 1 Revisiting the Quarterpath Neighborhood 9 Landscape Perspectives and Archaeologies of Place 14 Part I: Laving Down Roots: Enslaved Social Networks and the Makings 21 of a Chesapeake Neighborhood Chapter 1: Mirrored Alliances: Plantation Development and the Geographic Expansion of Enslaved Social Networks in the Virginia Tidewater, 1618-1861 22 Early Settlement, 1618-1660s 23 Plantation Development and the Growth of Enslaved Social Networks Across Kingsmill Neck and Beyond, 1670s-1770s 27 Consolidation: Emergence of the Quarterpath Neighborhood, 1780s-1861 41 Chapter 2: Quarterpath Prelude: Mechanisms of Neighborhood Development in the Lower Chesapeake 58 Neighborhood Prelude: Population Density, Stabilization, and Growth in Enslaved Chesapeake Communities 59 Mechanisms of Neighborhood Development in Virginia’s Middle Tidewater 68 Chapter 3: Domestic Loci, Divided Residence: Architectural Form and the Dynamics of Community and Place in the Lower Chesapeake 97 Architectural Dynamics at the Quarterpath Site (44WB124/CWF 51 AG) 120 Archaeological Field Methods 120 Area 2: Domestic Complex 125 Chapter 3 Appendix: Archaeological Site Plans 139 Part II: A Neighborhood in Transition: Towards an Archaeology of 145 Social Landscapes Chapter 4: Wrought in the Landscape: Neighborhood, Community, and Place-Making at Quarterpath and Beyond 146 i Becoming (Re)emplaced: Reorientation to Chesapeake Plantation Landscapes 147 Wrought in the Landscape: Daily Practice, Bodily Orientation, and Habituality in the Quarterpath Neighborhood 159 Chapter 5: Creating Home Ground: Appropriation, Investment, and the Maintenance of Domestic Spaces at the Quarterpath Site 185 Creating Home Ground 186 Chapter 6: Civil War, Emancipation, and Neighborhood Realignment 228 Civil War, Emancipation, and Local Migration 231 “Right Living”: Self-Sufficiency and Self-Improvement 250 Bibliography 267 ii To Celine, the love of my life, my inspiration, and my joy and for my parents, who have been my greatest teachers ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation represents nearly a decade of fieldwork, research, academic conference presentations, and graduate course essays, each of which benefitted from the critical input of a variety of archaeologists, scholars, graduate colleagues, students, friends and family members, and other interested persons. Quite frankly, there are many people without whom this project would not have been possible. I conducted fieldwork at the Quarterpath Site while working as a project archaeologist for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s Department of Archaeological Research in 2003-2004. I am indebted to the field and curatorial staff at Colonial Williamsburg, many of whom have since moved on to pursue new projects in other locales. Excavations at the Quarterpath Site were generally overseen by Dr. Marley R. Brown III, the former director of archaeological research at Colonial Williamsburg. In addition to providing a means of financial support through continuous employment over many of the years in which I pursued graduate studies Marley also generously offered a great deal of advice and scholarly guidance for which I will always be grateful. He served as a member of my dissertation committee and has helped shape the trajectory of my graduate and professional careers. Colonial Williamsburg staff archaeologists Andrew Edwards and Ywone Edwards-Ingram also lent valuable insight and expertise over the course of excavations at Quarterpath as well as many other projects in which I have had the pleasure to collaborate with both of them. The skill, dedication, and hard work of Colonial Williamsburg archaeologists Andrew Butts, Lucie Vinciguerra, and Quintina Fields were invaluable in the field. A very special thanks to Andrew Butts in particular for his invaluable efforts when the field crew consisted for a time of just two archaeologists in a mosquito laden, extremely humid Virginia forest in the dead of summer. I would also like to thank Andrew for many years of friendship, for introducing me to the practice of taekwondo, and for helping me to retain my sanity through some pretty tough times. Thanks to retired Colonial Williamsburg archaeological collections curator Bill Pittman as well as curator Kelly Ladd, archaeological lab technician Susan Christie, and former lab technicians Dr. Maria Salamanca and Rebecca DeRosier for identifying, processing, and inventorying some 20,000 artifacts from the Quarterpath Site. I am also indebted to former William and Mary graduate student, Dr. Grace Turner, who spent an exceptionally hot summer piecing together pharmaceutical glass fragments and researching historic button patterns. Production of the technical field report would not have been possible without the expertise, technical assistance, and patience of Heather Harvey. Thanks are due as well to Erika Laanela, Dr. Robert “Buddy” Paulette, and Jenn Ogboume for assisting in the direction of two joint Colonial Williamsburg-William
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