The Assamiids Harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Assamiidae) from Champasak Province, Laos

Zootaxa 3964 (3): 335–351 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.3.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:823F6194-5EAE-4EE5-93A2-FFFDE1EA8A1F The assamiids harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Assamiidae) from Champasak Province, Laos

CHAO ZHANG & FENG ZHANG1 The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Three assamiids species are recorded from southern Laos, two of which are new: Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov. (male) and Simalurius suzukii sp. nov. (male and female). Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985, that was previously known only from the type locality in northern Thailand is redescribed here. The family Assamiidae was first recorded from Laos.

Key words: Arachnida, taxonomy, genitalia, Dampetrinae, Mysoreinae, Polycoryphinae

Introduction

The family Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884, currently including 267 genera and 483 species, is the third largest family in Laniatores after Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833, (829 species) and Cosmetidae Koch, 1839 (719 species) (Kury 2013). Although the subfamilial taxonomy of Assamiidae has not yet been settled because the numerous Roewerian subfamilies are unsupported. Kury (2007) thought that the assamiids are at least composed of five groups: 1) the dampetrines from Australia and Papua New Guinea, 2) the typical Indian/Nepalese Assamiinae, 3) the SriLankan/ Indian pseudonychiate genera known as Trionyxellinae, 4) the central African Erecinae, and 5) the small, blind, cave, or soil-dwelling, Irumuinae (Kury 2007: 175). The harvestmen fauna of Laos is rather poorly known, especially as no systematic study on Laotian assamiids has been completed. In this paper we describe three taxa belonging to three of the Roewerian subfamilies: Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985, of Mysoreinae, Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov. of Polycoryphinae, and Simalurius suzukii sp. nov. of Dampetrinae.

Materials and methods

Taxonomic methods follow the outline proposed by Acosta et al. (2007). The specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol, and examined and drawn under a Leica M205a stereomicroscope equipped with a drawing tube. Further details were studied using a compound microscope (Nikon YS100). The male genitalia were placed firstly in hot lactic acid, followed by distilled water to expand those parts for observation (Schwendinger & Martens 2002). The terminology of genitalic structures follows Macías-Ordóñez et al.(2010), Ubick and Briggs (2004) and Martens (1977). The type specimens were deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China (MHBU). All measurements are given in mm. The following abbreviations are used in the text: CI, capsula interna; CE, capsula externa; DS, distal setae; Fo, follis; G, glans; LS, lateral setae; Pb, pars basalis; Pd, pars distalis; S, stylus; SF, spiny funnel (‘Stacheltrichter’ in Martens 1977); VS, ventral setae.

Accepted by A. Gonzalez: 5 May 2015; published: 3 Jun. 2015 335 Taxonomy

Mysorea Roewer, 1935

Mysorea Roewer, 1935: 148; Suzuki, 1985: 102 [Type species: Mysorea brevipus Roewer, 1935, by monotypy].

Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985 (Figs. 1–25)

Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985: 102, fig. 19.

Types. Male holotype from Doi Sutep, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand; one female paratype, the same as holotype, deposited in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC), Denmark (not examined). Material examined. Two males and one female, Laos: Tad Etu [N 15°11´, E 106°06´], November 18, 2012, C. Zhang leg. (MHBU-Opi-12ZC 206–208). Diagnosis. Scutum piriform in dorsal view. Coxa IV considerably widened, prolaterally with conspicuous hair- tipped granules. The middle frontal area in front of ocularium with a spine. Area V with two enlarged median tubercles. Femur of pedipalpus without a setiferous tubercle on the medial distal side. Tarsi III–IV with a pseudonychium and two bare claws. Male femur IV ventrally with three enlarged spines and anal operculum with three enlarged spines; penis with a somewhat rounded distal portion (pars distalis) (dorsal and ventral view). Redescription. Male habitus as in Figs. 1–2. Coloration: entire body yellow, with brown paired patches on the dorsum; median area of carapace with dark brown reticulations; both lateral ridges of the carapace and scutum with blackish brown stripes; free tergites I–III each with a dark brown band; coxae with dark brown reticulations; free sternites with transverse band of dark brown; chelicerae and pedipalps reticulated above; trochanters of all legs pale yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with black reticulations, tarsi lighter. Dorsum (Fig. 2). Dorsal scutum pyriform in shape, widest portion of body at scutal area II. Anterior margin of carapace with two spines at the lateral portion and a single median spine; front margin of the ocularium with a broad median spine, a transverse row of small six tubercles on each side of this median spine. Ocularium small, oval, with a low and conspicuous median tubercle. Opisthosomal region of scutum with five areas. Area I with a median groove and two inconspicuous median hair-tipped granules, areas II–V each with two median tubercles, the larger located posteriorly. Free tergites I–II unarmed, free tergite III with a transverse row of six tubercles, the largest on the lateral. Anal operculum with three enlarged blunt spines. Venter (Fig. 14). Surface of coxa I tuberculated, disto-dorsally with a coarse tubercle on anterior, and a row of three tubercles prolaterally, and two rows of tubercles on the ventral surface. Coxa II with a row of marginal tubercles on the prolateral surface, and disto-dorsally with a coarse tubercle on anterior and an enlarged one on both posterior sides respectively. Coxa III with prolateral and retrolateral rows of tubercles. Coxa IV remarkably larger than others, similar length with opisthosomal scutum; prolaterally with many scattered hair-tipped granules, disto-prolaterally with a stout tubercle and disto-retrolaterally with three teeth. Genital operculum with a few hair- tipped granules. Free sternites smooth. Spiracles concealed. Chelicera (Figs. 3–5). Basichelicerite with distinct bulla, without prominent armaments. Cheliceral hand unarmed, with sparse hairs only. Fingers relatively short, inner edges toothed as illustrated (Fig. 5): moveable finger with 10 teeth, somewhat square, the proximal one inconspicuous; fixed finger with six teeth, somewhat crested. Pedipalpus (Figs. 6–8). Coxa unarmed. Trochanter ventrally with one short and one long distal setiferous tubercle. Femur compressed laterally, widest at the middle of its length, ventrally with a row of six homogeneous setiferous tubercles; dorsally with many low conical tubercles along the entire length; on the medial distal side without a setiferous tubercle. Patella ventromesally and ventroectally only with hair. Tibia ventromesally with two enlarged setiferous tubercles, and ventroectally with a fairly enlarged setiferous tubercle. Tarsus ventromesally with a row of two slightly enlarged and three small setiferous tubercles; and ventroectally expanded, with two slightly enlarged and three small setiferous tubercles. Tarsal claw slightly curved, shorter than tarsus. Legs (Figs. 9–11). Short. Trochanters I–IV with small hair-tipped granules on the ventral surface, trochanter IV retrolaterally with a stout tubercle. All femora with hair-tipped granules, but ventrally enlarged; femora III and IV

336 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG conspicuous curved, femur IV ventrally with three enlarged spines. Tarsi III–IV with a pseudonychium and two bare claws. Tarsal formula (I–IV): 5/9/6/6. Distitarsus I two-jointed and II three-jointed. The remaining leg- segments with hair-tipped granules. Penis (Figs. 19–25). The shaft slender, sides nearly parallel, then distended in apical portion (pars distalis). The distal end of ventral plate with a median elevation, somewhat bifid crested, two distal setae on each side of the elevation. Ventral plate depressed dorsally. Glans partially sunken into the dorsal depressed portion of the ventral plate, only exposing the margin of the spiny funnel. Spiny funnel with dense small spines, and another transparent membrane ventral bladder (capsula interna), connected to the spiny funnel. Stylus rodlike, blunt. Before eversion of follis (capsula externa), the inverted stylus with capsula interna sunken into the spiny funnel, and all parts mentioned above surrounded totally by the capsula externa (follis). Ventral plate with 16 setae (Figs. 22, 23, 25): 10 lateral setae, six ventral setae. Female. (Figs. 15–18). In general appearance similar to the male but lacking enlarged spines on body and legs. Inner edges of finger of chelicera toothed as illustrated (Fig. 23): moveable finger with 12 teeth; fixed finger with seven teeth. Tarsal formula (I–IV): 5/8/6/6. Ovipositor as illustrated (Figs. 17–18). Ventral surface with four setae and dorsal surface with six setae. Tip of each seta bifurcated. Measurements. Male (female): body 4.02 (3.36) long, 2.95 (2.60) wide at the widest portion, scutum 3.46 (2.94) long. Ocularium 0.27 (0.24) long, 0.35 (0.34) wide. Pedipalpus claw 0.23 (0.23) long. Penis 1.15 long. Measurements of pedipalpus and legs as in Table 1. Habitat. The specimens were collected by leaf litter sieving in dark moist places of the forest, under dense canopy.

TABLE 1. Pedipalpus and leg measurements of the male (female) of Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985. Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Pedipalpus 0.41(0.42) 0.75(0.72) 0.64(0.61) 0.43(0.41) 0.35(0.35) 2.58(2.51) Leg I 0.39(0.32) 1.31(1.18) 0.58(0.50) 0.93(0.83) 1.76(1.43) 0.90(0.82) 5.87(5.08) Leg II 0.45(0.40) 2.14(1.90) 0.70(0.62) 1.81(1.54) 2.44(1.86) 1.90(1.56) 9.44(7.88) Leg III 0.45(0.41) 1.78(1.55) 0.65(0.58) 1.28(1.05) 2.10(1.69) 0.84(0.77) 7.10(6.05) Leg IV 0.63(0.47) 2.54(2.02) 0.81(0.70) 2.30(1.66) 3.15(2.51) 1.03(0.94) 10.46(8.30)

Variation (the other male). Body (Figs. 12–13) 3.64 long, 2.76 wide at the widest portion, scutum 3.00 long. Ocularium without median tubercle except for two hair-tipped granules. Areas III with two and area V with one conspicuous median tubercles. Free tergite III with a transverse row of five tubercles. Distribution. Laos (Champasak Province: Tad Etu), Thailand (Chiang Mai Province: Doi Sutep). Remarks. Mysorea was originally considered monotypic, established on a single male of the type species M. brevipus Roewer, 1935 from Dekan (India), and originally placed in Assamiidae: Mysoreinae. There was no further study on this genus until Suzuki (1985), following the Roewer’s classification, described M. thaiensis from Thailand. Based on the findings presented here, there are some minor differences between our specimens and the original description/illustration of M. thaiensis: the area I without conspicuous median tubercles, the area IV only with a single enlarged tubercle (Figs. 1–2, 12–13, 15; Suzuki 1985: 103, figs. 19A–C), the distal margin of penis with four setae instead of two, the ventral plate of penis with 16 setae rather than six setae (Fig. 22; Suzuki 1985: 103, fig. 19L). Except for mentioned above, other external morphology and genital characters of newly collected materials fit well with the original description of M. thaiensis. Apparently, such differences are not adequate to consider both as independent species. Although Mysoreinae is sometimes considered as a member of Trionyxellidae (e.g., Suzuki 1985), taxonomic validity of Trionyxellidae is uncertain (e.g., Pinto-da-Rocha 2007, Sharma & Giribet 2011). However, based on molecular (Sharma & Giribet 2011) and morphological data, M. thaiensis should be placed in the Assamiidae. At least, M. thaiensis belongs to the one of five groups proposed by Kury (2007), i.e., the group of “the Sri Lankan/ Indian pseudonychiate genera”.

338 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 3–11. Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985. 3. Right chelicera of male, ectal view. 4. Same, medial view. 5. Cheliceral fingers of male, frontal view. 6. Right pedipalpus of male, ectal view. 7. Same, medial view. 8. Patella, tibia and tarsus of male right pedipalpus, dorsal view. 9. Right femur I of male, retrolateral view. 10. Right femur IV of male, prolateral view. 11. Terminal segment of right tarsus IV, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1mm (9–10); 0.5mm (3–4, 6–8); 0.25mm (5, 11).

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 339 FIGURES 12–18. Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985. 12. Body of another male, lateral view. 13. Same, dorsal view. 14. Same, ventral view. 15. Female body, dorsal view. 16. Right cheliceral fingers of female, frontal view. 17. Ovipositor, dorsal view. 18. Same, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.5mm (12–15); 0.25mm (16–18).

340 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 19–25. Mysorea thaiensis Suzuki, 1985. 19. Penis, dorsal view. 20. Distal part of penis, lateral view. 21. Same, dorsal view. 22. Same, ventral view. 23. Same (expanded), lateral view. 24. Same, dorsal view. 25. Same, ventral view. CI, capsula interna; CE, capsula externa; DS, distal setae; G, glans; LS, lateral setae; Pb, pars basalis; Pd, pars distalis; S, stylus; SF, spiny funnel; VS, ventral setae. Scale bars: 0.5mm (19); 0.25mm (20–25).

Paramaracandus Suzuki, 1976

Paramaracandcus Suzuki, 1976: 24; Suzuki, 1985: 97 [Type species. Paramaracandus fuscus Suzuki, 1976, by monotypy].

Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov. (Figs. 26–46)

Types. Holotype male, Laos: Champasak, Phou Salao [N 15°05´, E 105°48´], alt. 150m, November 15, 2011, C.

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 341 Zhang leg. (MHBU-Opi-11ZC1129). Paratype, one male (MHBU-Opi-11ZC1130), same collecting data as holotype. Diagnosis. Coxa IV prolaterally with many conspicuous hair-tipped granules. Femur of pedipalpus with a setiferous tubercle on the medial distal side. Ventral plate of penis somewhat triangular, and the tip of ventral plate nearly axe-shaped. Stylus long, cylindrical and gradually thickened towards base. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word “dolabratus” meaning “shaped like an axe”, referring to the shape of the tip of the ventral plate in the penis. Description. Male habitus as in Figs. 26–27. Coloration: entire body yellowish brown, with dark brown patches on the dorsum; median area of carapace with dark brown reticulations; both lateral ridges of the carapace and scutum with blackish brown stripes; free tergites I–III each with a blackish brown band; coxae with dark brown reticulations; free sternites with transverse band of blackish brown; chelicerae and pedipalps reticulated above; trochanters of all legs pale yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with black reticulations, tarsi lighter. Dorsum (Fig. 27). Dorsal scutum trapezoid in shape, widest portion of body at scutal area V. Anterior margin of carapace with two spines at the lateral portion and a single median spine: the lateral spines of similar length, the median a little smaller; front margin of the ocularium dorsally with a median spine, a transverse row of seven small tubercles on each side of this median spine. Ocularium small, oval, with a pair of conspicuous spines and two tubercles. Opisthosomal region of scutum with five areas, area II wider than others. Area I without a median groove. Area I with two median hair-tipped granules, areas II–III each with two median spines, the rear pair larger. Free tergites unarmed, with a transverse row of tubercles, similar to areas IV–V. Venter. Surface of all coxae tuberculated. Coxa I with a row of four tubercles prolaterally, and two rows of tubercles on the surface. Coxa II with a row of marginal tubercles on the prolateral surface, and disto-dorsally with an enlarged tubercle. Coxa III with prolateral and retrolateral rows of tubercles. Coxa IV larger than others, prolaterally with many scattered tubercles, and disto-retrolaterally with two teeth. Genital operculum with a few hair-tipped granules. Free sternites smooth. Spiracles concealed. Chelicera (Figs. 28–30). Basichelicerite with distinct bulla, no prominent armaments except a few small hair- tipped tubercles. Cheliceral hand unarmed, with sparse hairs only. Fingers relatively short, inner edges toothed as illustrated (Fig. 30): moveable finger with 13 teeth, most square except for the proximal and distal ones crested; fixed finger with seven teeth. Pedipalpus (Figs. 31–33). Coxa dorsally with two setiferous tubercles. Trochanter dorsally with two setiferous tubercles, and ventrally with one small and two distal setiferous tubercles. Femur compressed laterally, widest at the middle of its length, ventrally with a row of 20 homogeneous setiferous tubercles; dorsally with many low conical tubercles along the entire length; on the medial distal side with a setiferous tubercle. Patella disto- ventromesally with a conspicuous bifurcated and disto-ventroectally with a non-bifurcated setiferous tubercle. Tibia ventromesally with two enlarged setiferous tubercles and three small ones, and ventroectally with a fairly enlarged setiferous tubercle and two small ones on its distal side. Tarsus ventromesally with a row of two slightly enlarged and four small setiferous tubercles; and ventroectally expanded, with two slightly enlarged and five small setiferous tubercles. Tarsal claw slightly curved, shorter than tarsus. Legs. Short. Trochanters I–IV with hair-tipped granules on the ventral surface, the granules of trochanter I conspicuous. All femora with hair-tipped granules, femora III and IV curved. Tarsi III–IV without a pseudonychium, but with two bare claws. Tarsal formula (I–IV): 6/11–12/7/8. Distitarsus I two-jointed and II three- jointed. The remaining leg-segments with hair-tipped granules. Penis (Figs. 38–46). Shaft slender, gradually distended from base to apical portion (pars distalis), slightly undulate (best seen from lateral). Ventral plate somewhat triangular, arched ventrally and concave dorsally, distal end axe-shaped (seen from dorsal and ventral). Glans partly sunken into the truncus. Capsula externa extremely compressed after eversion (Fig. 45). Spiny funnel with many dense, small spines dorsally, and ventral small portion (capsula interna) lacking spines (Fig. 46). Stylus long, columnar, distally blunt, gradually thickened to base. Ventral plate with many short setae (Fig. 43). Female. Unknown. Measurements. Male: body 6.26 long, 4.12 wide at the widest portion, scutum 5.26 long. Ocularium 0.38 long, 0.69 wide. Pedipalpus claw 0.59 long. Penis 3.94 long. Measurements of pedipalpus and legs as in Table 2. Habitat. The specimens were collected by leaf litter sieving in dark moist places of the forest, under dense canopy.

342 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 26–31. Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov., Holotype. 26. Male body, lateral view. 27. Same, dorsal view. 28. Left chelicera of male, medial view. 29. Same, ectal view. 30. Cheliceral fingers of male, frontal view. 31. Patella, tibia and tarsus of male left pedipalpus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5mm (26–27); 1mm (31); 0.75mm (28–30).

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 343 FIGURES 32–37. Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov. 32–33. Holotype. 34–37. Paratype. 32. Left pedipalpus of male, ectal view. 33. Same, medial view. 34. Male body, dorsal view. 35. Left cheliceral fingers of male, frontal view. 36. Left pedipalpus of male, ectal view. 37. Patella, tibia and tarsus of male left pedipalpus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5mm (34); 1mm (32–33, 36– 37); 0.75mm (35).

344 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 38–46. Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov., Holotype. 38. Penis, dorsal view. 39. Same, lateral view. 40. Same, ventral view. 41. Distal part of penis, dorsal view. 42. Same, lateral view. 43. Same, ventral view. 44. Same (expanded), dorsal view. 45. Same, lateral view. 46. Same, ventral view. CI, capsula interna; CE, capsula externa; Fo, follis; S, stylus; SF, spiny funnel. Scale bars: 3mm (38–40); 0.75mm (44–46); 0.5mm (41–43).

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 345 TABLE 2. Pedipalpus and leg measurements of the male of Paramaracandus dolabratus sp. nov. Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Pedipalpus 0.75 1.66 1.19 0.84 0.89 5.33 Leg I 0.63 3.03 0.99 1.91 3.21 1.68 11.45 Leg II 0.71 5.57 1.33 4.57 5.42 3.07 20.67 Leg III 0.83 4.01 1.26 2.34 4.04 1.78 14.26 Leg IV 0.89 5.51 1.33 3.26 5.99 2.13 19.11

Variation (male paratype). Body 7.07 long, 4.31 wide at the widest portion, scutum 5.22 long. The single paratype, with larger body and rounded abdomen posteriorly (Fig. 34), and its finger teeth of chelicerae (Fig. 35) and pedipalpus (Figs. 36–37), shows only slight differences with the holotype. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The genus Paramaracandus encompasses three species, P. fuscus Suzuki, 1976 (type from Malaysia), P. sexdentatus Suzuki, 1985 (from Thailand) and P. dolabratus sp. nov. (from Laos).The latter two species seem more similar to each other than P. fuscus, e.g., dorsa are more swollen, ocular tubercles are provided with a pair of conspicuous spines, coxae IV possess many tubercles prolaterally (Fig. 26; Suzuki 1985: 98, fig. B), femora of pedipalps have a setiferous tubercle on the medial distal side (Fig. 33; Suzuki 1985: 98, fig. E) and ventral plates of penis are extended noticeably and covered with many short setae (Fig. 43; Suzuki 1985: 98, fig. I). However, P. dolabratus sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from P. sexdentatus and P. fuscus by the triangular ventral plate in the penis (Fig. 38; Suzuki 1985: 98, fig. G; Suzuki 1976: 25, fig. H). The appearance of the only paratype, having larger body size and especially the blunt round abdomen posteriorly, initially led us to consider it a female (Fig. 34). After we dissected the genitalia, we recognized it as a male. This is another example of species variation.

Simalurius Roewer, 1923

Simalurius Roewer, 1923: 1093; Roewer 1924: 149; 1935: 130; Suzuki, 1977: 45–46 [Type species. Simalurius jacobsoni Roewer, 1923, by monotypy].

Simalurius suzukii sp. nov. (Figs. 47–64)

Types. Holotype male, Laos: Champasak, Tad Etu [N 15°11´, E 106°06´], alt. 900m, November 19, 2011, C. Zhang leg. (MHBU-Opi-11ZC1212). Paratypes: one female and one male (MHBU-Opi-11ZC1213–1214), same collecting data as holotype. Diagnosis. Apical portion (pars distalis) of penis somewhat square, ventral plate depressed dorsally and ventrally, stylus nearly pagoda-shaped and the end of the stylus blunt (all from ventral and dorsal view). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of the late Prof. Seisho Suzuki (1914–2011), a scholar of Opiliones in Japan, and throughout Asia. Description. Male (holotype) habitus as in Figs. 47–48. Coloration: entire body rusty yellow, with black patches on the dorsum; median area of carapace with black reticulations; opisthosomal region of scutum with a rusty yellow median longitudinal stripe, both lateral ridges of the carapace and scutum yellow; free tergites I–III each with a black band; coxae with pale brown reticulations; free sternites with transverse band of black; chelicerae and pedipalps reticulated above; trochanters of all legs pale yellow, femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi with black reticulations, tarsi lighter. Dorsum (Fig. 48). Dorsal scutum trapezoid in shape, abdomen widely rounded behind. Anterior margin of carapace with two spines at the lateral portion and a single median spine, all similar spines directed horizontally. Ocularium oval, remote from anterior border of scutum, without spines and tubercles. Opisthosomal region of scutum with five areas, the scutal sulcus almost parallel to each other. Area I without a median groove. Areas I–V

346 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 47–52. Simalurius suzukii sp. nov., Holotype. 47. Male body, lateral view. 48. Same, dorsal view. 49. Right chelicera of male, ectal view. 50. Same, medial view. 51. Cheliceral fingers of male, frontal view. 52. Patella, tibia and tarsus of male right pedipalpus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1mm (47–48); 0.5mm (49–50, 52); 0.25mm (51).

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 347 FIGURES 53–60. Simalurius suzukii sp. nov., Holotype. 53. Right chelicera of male, ectal view. 54. Same, medial view. 55. Male body, ventral view. 56. Right tarsus III of male, dorsal view. 57. Right tarsus IV of male, prolateral view. 58. Cheliceral fingers of female, frontal view. 59. Ovipositor, ventral view. 60. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1mm (55); 0.5mm (53–54, 56– 57); 0.25mm (58–60).

348 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG FIGURES 61–64. Simalurius suzukii sp. nov., Holotype. 61. Penis, dorsal view. 62–63. Same, lateral view. 64. Same, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.25mm.

ASSAMIIDS HARVESTMEN FROM SOUTHERN LAOS Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 349 each with two paramedian hair-tipped granules, only those areas IV–V conspicuous. Free tergites with a transverse row of hair-tipped granules spread over its entire width. Anal operculum unarmed. Venter (Fig. 55). Surface of coxa I tuberculated, with some enlarged tubercles prolaterally and a row of small tubercles retrolaterally. Surface of coxae II–IV smooth. Coxa II with a row of marginal tubercles on the prolateral surface. Coxa III with prolateral and retrolateral rows of tubercles. Coxa IV larger than others, constricted in distal third, disto-retrolaterally with a stout tubercle. Genital operculum with a few hair-tipped granules. Free sternites smooth. Spiracles concealed. Chelicera (Figs. 49–51). Basichelicerite with distinct bulla, and few small hair-tipped tubercles. Cheliceral hand unarmed, with sparse hairs only. Fingers relatively short, inner edges toothed as illustrated (Fig. 51): moveable finger with 10 teeth, the proximal one enlarged, the distal two diminished; fixed finger with seven teeth, the proximal one inconspicuous. Pedipalpus (Figs. 52–54). Coxa unarmed. Trochanter ventrally with one short and one long distal setiferous tubercle. Femur compressed laterally, widest at the middle of its length, ventrally with a row of 12 homogeneous setiferous tubercles; dorsally with a row of seven low conical tubercles along the entire length; on the medial distal side with two setiferous tubercles. Patella with three ventromesal setiferous tubercles, and five ventroectal setiferous tubercles, the proximal one much reduced. Tibia ventromesally with two enlarged and three small setiferous tubercles; and ventroectally with one fairly enlarged and seven setiferous tubercles. Tarsus ventromesally with two slightly enlarged and one small setiferous tubercle, and ventroectally with two slightly enlarged and four small setiferous tubercles. Tarsal claw slightly curved, shorter than tarsus. Legs (Figs. 56–57). Slender and elongated. Trochanters I–IV unarmed above except for one or two hair-tipped granules on the ventral surface of the first. Remaining leg segments with scattered minute hair-tipped granules and hairs. Femora III and IV slightly curved. Tarsi III–IV without pseudonychium. Tarsal formula (I–IV): 6/11/6/7. Distitarsus I three-jointed and II four-jointed. Penis (Figs. 61–64). Basal third of the shaft slender, then distended until apical portion (pars distalis). Distal margin of ventral plate with a pair of small setae. Ventral plate depressed dorsally and ventrally. Glans somewhat cylindrical, and not protruding beyond distal margin of the ventral plate. Spiny funnel entirely sunken into the glans. Stylus protruding beyond the distal margin of the spiny funnel near its ventral margin; the head of the stylus slender, the remaining enlarged, the distal margin of the stylus blunt (seen from dorsal and ventral). Ventral plate with 14 large setae (Fig. 64): four dorsal, four lateral and six ventral. Female. (Figs. 58–60). Similar to the male, only with a slight difference in inner edges of finger of chelicera (Fig. 58): moveable finger with 11 teeth, the proximal one inconspicuous; fixed finger with eight teeth. Ovipositor as illustrated (Figs. 59–60). Ventral surface with four setae and dorsal surface with six setae. Tip of each seta bifurcated. Measurements. Male holotype (female paratype): body 2.90 (2.58) long, 1.80 (1.84) wide at the widest portion, scutum 2.02 (2.03) long. Ocularium 0.30 (0.25) long, 0.40 (0.42) wide. Pedipalpus claw 0.28 (0.29) long. Penis 0.87 long. Measurements of pedipalpus and legs as in Table 3. Habitat. The specimens were collected by leaf litter sieving in dark moist places of the forest, under dense canopy.

TABLE 3. Pedipalpus and leg measurements of the male (female) of Simalurius suzukii sp. nov. Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Metatarsus Tarsus Total Pedipalpus 0.34(0.33) 0.78(0.77) 0.55(0.58) 0.41(0.41) 0.35(0.34) 2.43(2.43) Leg I 0.23(0.28) 1.44(1.35) 0.53(0.47) 0.98(0.94) 1.62(1.59) 0.87(0.91) 5.67(5.54) Leg II 0.28(0.31) 2.37(2.32) 0.59(0.60) 2.01(1.94) 2.39(2.36) 1.80(1.74) 9.44(9.27) Leg III 0.32(0.36) 1.71(1.67) 0.52(0.56) 1.19(1.17) 1.96(1.92) 1.00(0.95) 6.70(6.63) Leg IV 0.32(0.39) 2.59(2.48) 0.72(0.67) 1.66(1.61) 2.88(2.82) 1.13(1.13) 9.30(9.10)

Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The genus Simalurius includes three species: S. jacobsoni (type from Simalur Island, now Pulau Island, Indonesia), S. palawanensis Suzuki, 1977 (from the Philippines) and S. suzukii sp. nov.. S. suzukii sp. nov. differs from S. palawanensis by having five spines instead of three on anterior margin of carapace; areas IV–V and

350 · Zootaxa 3964 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press ZHANG & ZHANG free tergites all have conspicuous hair-tipped granules, whereas in S. palawanensis the granules are inconspicuous (Figs. 47, 48; Suzuki 1977: 47, fig. 20A); the femur of pedipalpus has 12 homogeneous setiferous tubercles ventrally, rather than 15 (Figs. 53, 54; Suzuki 1977: 47, fig. D). S. suzukii sp. nov. may be separated from S. jacobsoni by a coxa IV constricted in its distal part, laterally resembling a false trochanter (Fig. 47), tarsus II with 11 segments and smaller body (2.9mm vs. 4mm).

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. A.B. Kury for providing valuable bibliography through his Omnipaper Poject. Cordial thanks are due to Drs. Abel Pérez-González and Nobuo Tsurusaki for providing literature. We are grateful to Dr. Jomo MacDermott and Alaine Hippee for kindly reviewing the English of the manuscript. For help with fieldwork, we acknowledge Drs. Shuqiang Li, Peter Jäger, Bounthob Praxaysombath and Liphone Nophaseud. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31471956, 31071885), and also by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei University (Nos. 2013-260, 14967611D).

References

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