Untersuchungen Zur Biologie Und Ökologie Der Herbstmilbe

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Untersuchungen Zur Biologie Und Ökologie Der Herbstmilbe Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Ökologie der Herbstmilbe Neotrombicula autumnalis (Acari: Trombiculidae) im Hinblick auf Bekämpfungsmöglichkeiten sowie zu ihrer Bedeutung als Vektor der Borreliose Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Arne Schöler aus Kiel Bonn 2003 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. W. A. Maier 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. C. M. Naumann Tag der Promotion: 24.06.2003 Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Anlass des Forschungsprojektes und Stand der Forschung 1 1.2 Zielsetzungen des Forschungsprojektes 8 2 Material und Methoden 10 2.1 Material 10 2.2 Methoden der Freilandarbeit 16 2.2.1 Methoden zum Fang von Herbstmilbenlarven 16 2.2.1.1 Kachelfangmethode (KFM) 16 2.2.1.1.1 Test der Kachelfangmethode 17 2.2.1.2 Lichtfallenfangmethode 17 2.2.1.3 Lockkegelfangmethode 19 2.2.2 Untersuchungen zur Charakteristisierung von Herbstmilbenherden 19 2.2.3 Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Herbstmilbenpopulationen von verschiedenen Umwelt-Einflussgrößen 21 2.2.3.1 Untersuchungen zum Befall und zur Verteilung der Wirte (Säugetiere) 21 2.2.3.2 Lokalisierung der euedaphischen Entwicklungsstadien der Herbstmilbe 23 2.2.3.3 Untersuchungen zur Bodenfauna 24 2.2.3.4 Bodenphysikalische Untersuchungen 26 2.2.3.5 Bodenchemische Untersuchungen (pH-Wert und Salinität) 30 2.2.3.6 Statistische Auswertungen 31 2.2.4 Dauermessungen von Umwelt-Einflussgrößen an ausgewählten Herbstmilbenherden (Dauermessstationen) 31 2.2.4.1 Datenerfassung in den Sommerhalbjahren 33 2.2.4.2 Datenerfassung in den Winterhalbjahren 36 2.2.5 Untersuchung regionaler Klimabedingungen und deren Bedeutung für die Herbstmilben 38 2.3 Taxonomische Methoden 39 2.3.1 Morphologische Spezies-Determinierung 39 2.3.2 Molekularbiologisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen 40 2.4 Methoden zur Untersuchung der Vektorkompetenz der Herbstmilbe 45 2.4.1 Erreger-Nachweis in Herbstmilbenpopulationen aus dem Freiland 45 2.4.2 Erreger-Nachweis in Herbstmilben aus Infektions- und Zuchtversuchen 45 3 Ergebnisse 49 3.1 Freilandarbeit 49 3.1.1 Ergebnisse des Tests der Kachelfangmethode 49 3.1.2 Charakteristisierung von Herbstmilbenherden 52 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.1.3 Abhängigkeit der Herbstmilbenpopulationen von verschiedenen Umwelt-Einflussgrößen 61 3.1.3.1 Bezug der Verteilung und des Herbstmilbenbefalls von Säugetieren zum Larvenbefall der Gärten 61 3.1.3.2 Funde der euedaphischen Entwicklungsstadien der Herbstmilbe 67 3.1.3.3 Bodenfauna-Bestimmung durch Berlese-Tullgren-Austreibung 68 3.1.3.4 Bodenphysikalische und bodenchemische Untersuchungen 70 3.1.4 Statistische Analysen 86 3.1.4.1 Analyse der bodenphysikalischen und bodenchemischen Daten 86 3.1.4.2 Analyse der Daten der Säugetier-Untersuchungen 94 3.1.4.3 Analyse der Daten der Bodenfauna-Untersuchungen 95 3.1.5 Dauermessungen von Umwelt-Einflussgrößen an ausgewählten Herbstmilbenherden (Dauermessstellen) 96 3.1.5.1 Datenerhebung in den Sommerhalbjahren 96 3.1.5.2 Datenerhebung in den Winterhalbjahren 144 3.1.6 Untersuchungen des regionalen Klimas und dessen Bedeutung für die Herbstmilben 153 3.2 Taxonomische Untersuchungen 157 3.2.1 Morphologische Spezies-Determinierung 157 3.2.2 Molekularbiologisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen 157 3.3 Untersuchungen zur potenziellen Vektorfunktion der Herbstmilbe 167 3.3.1 Untersuchungen von Herbstmilbenpopulationen aus dem Freiland auf Borrelien 167 3.3.2 Versuch des Borrelien-Nachweises in Herbstmilben aus Infektions- und Zuchtversuchen 167 4 Diskussion 170 4.1 Effektivität der Fangmethoden 170 4.1.1 Kachelfangmethode 170 4.1.2 Lichtfallenfangmethode 172 4.1.3 Lockkegelfangmethode 173 4.2 Variationen im Lebenszyklus der Herbstmilbe 175 4.3 Allgemeine Charakteristika von Herbstmilbenherden 180 4.4 Bedeutung verschiedener Umwelt-Einflussgrößen für die Populationsentwicklung der Herbstmilbe 186 4.4.1 Umweltbedingungen an der Bodenoberfläche 186 4.4.2 Bedeutung der Wirte 189 4.4.3 Bedeutung physikalischer und chemischer Einflussgrößen im Boden 194 4.4.4 Bedeutung der Bodenfauna 206 4.4.5 Bewertung und Methodenkritik 209 4.4.6 Mögliche Fragestellungen für zukünftige Forschungsansätze 211 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.5 Vergleich chemischer und ökologischer Bekämpfungsstrategien 221 4.6 Molekularbiologisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen 224 4.7 Potenzielle Vektorfunktion der Herbstmilbe für Borrelien 230 5 Zusammenfassung 237 6 Tabellenverzeichnis 239 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 241 8 Literaturverzeichnis 246 9 Anhang 263 VII Einleitung 1 EINLEITUNG 1.1 ANLASS DES FORSCHUNGSPROJEKTES UND STAND DER FORSCHUNG Bei den Trombiculiden (Laufmilben) handelt es sich um eine Familie weit verbreiteter Milben, deren Larven ektoparasitisch an Wirbeltieren leben. Beim Menschen führen die Stiche der Tiere zu einer unter Umständen bis zu 14 Tage andauernden und mit starkem Juckreiz einhergehenden Dermatose in Form rötlicher Papeln, die als Trombidiose oder Trombiculose+ bezeichnet wird. Dabei sind die Lenden- und Bauchregion und die Haut unter den Achseln besonders betroffen. Tropische und subtropische Vertreter der Trombiculiden sind zudem seit langem als Über- träger von Orienta tsutsugamushi, dem Erreger des Tsutsugamushi-Fiebers, bekannt (TRAUB & WISSEMAN, 1974). In Europa sind sechs Trombiculiden-Arten als Parasiten des Menschen nachgewiesen (DANIEL, 1957a). Die häufigste und am weitesten verbreitete Art in Mitteleuropa ist Neo- trombicula autumnalis Shaw 1790 (zunächst als Acarus autumnalis, dann als Trombicula autumnalis beschrieben). Neotrombicula autumnalis durchläuft einen Lebenszyklus (s. Abb. 2), der aus einer oberirdischen und einer längeren unterirdischen Phase besteht (PIEKARSKI, 1954; TISCHLER, 1977; LANE & CROSSKEY, 1993): Die Larven schlüpfen aus dem Ei, verlassen den Erdboden und sind zur weiteren Ent- wicklung als Ektoparasiten auf Säugetiere und daneben in geringerem Maße auch auf Vögel als Wirte angewiesen. Die Larven, die 0,2 bis 0,3mm lang und rötlich gefärbt sind, nehmen vorverdautes Gewebe auf. Der gewebeauflösende Speichel bewirkt den erwähnten Juckreiz. Da die Stichsymptome im Spätsommer und Herbst auftreten, wird Neotrombicula autumnalis auch als Herbst-, Herbstgras- oder Erntemilbe bezeichnet. Nach dem Saugen fällt die Larve vom Wirt ab und wandert wieder in den Boden ein. Im Boden durchlebt die Milbe, bis sie ausgewachsen ist, drei Nymphenstadien, von denen zwei als Ruhestadien ausgebildet sind (Proto- und Tritonymphe). Die (Deuto-) Nymphen und die adulten Tiere sind ‚euedaphisch’, dass heißt, sie halten sich permanent im Boden auf. Dort leben sie räuberisch – vermutlich von anderen Bodenlebewesen und deren Eiern. Die Adulten erreichen ungefähr 2mm Länge, die Nymphen sind 1 bis 2mm lang. Über die Bodenstadien ist allgemein wenig bekannt. Im Rheinland wie auch in einigen anderen Regionen Deutschlands wird seit etwa 15 Jah- ren eine Zunahme der Trombidiose-Symptome bei Patienten beobachtet (ARBEITSKREIS BONNER DERMATOLOGEN, persönliche Mitteilung). Die Anzahl der Stiche auf dem Körper + Die Symptomatik der Trombidiose ist ausführlich bei MUMCUOGLU & RUFLI (1978, 1983) beschrieben. 1 Einleitung St. Arthropoda Ü.Kl. Chelicerata Kl. Arachnida U.Kl. Acari (Milben) Ord. Acariformes Ord. Parasitiformes darin u.a. Fam. Ixodidae (Zecken) U.Ord. Actinedida Subcohors Parasitengonae (Larve parasitisch an Arthropoden oder Wirbeltieren) Phalanx Trombidia Ü.Fam. Trombidioidea Fam. Trombiculidae u.a. Fam. Trombidiidae (Laufmilben) (Samtmilben) Larve parasitisch an Wirbeltieren Larve parasitisch an Arthropoden Gattung Neotrombicula Hirst 1925 (vormals Trombicula) U. Gattung Neotrombicula ca. 60 Arten Neotrombicula autumnalis Shaw 1790 Abb. 1: Die systematische Einordnung von Neotrombicula autumnalis nach KRANTZ (1986), modi- fiziert nach GRUNER (1993). Durch Fettdruck hervorgehoben ist der systematische Zweig für Neotrombicula in Gegenüberstellung zu einem Beispiel für jeweils eine bekannte, benachbar- te taxonomische Gruppe. der Betroffenen ist häufig so groß, dass von einem massenhaften Auftreten der Trombicu- liden-Larven in manchen Gärten, Parks und Grünanlagen ausgegangen wird. Dies hindert viele Personen in den Sommermonaten am Betreten der Flächen. In vielen Fällen ist nicht eindeutig geklärt, ob es sich bei dem Verursacher der Stiche ausschließlich um die Larven von Neotrombicula autumnalis handelt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie konnte durch verschiedene Medien (Tageszeitung, Vorträge) in Erfahrung gebracht werden, dass im Bonn-Köln-Aachener-Raum eine große Anzahl von Personen sehr stark von Trombidiose betroffen ist. Dabei wurden von den Betroffenen, neben einer Zunahme der Anzahl der Stichsymptome in den letzten Jahren, folgende Phänomene beobachtet: 2 Einleitung Larve parasitiert an Säugetieren und Vögeln und fällt zu Boden Bodenoberfläche b) vollgesogene Larve a) nüchterne Larve vollgesogene Larve wandert in den Boden ein Larve schlüpft und wandert im Boden an die Bodenoberfläche c) Protonymphe (Ruhestadium) f) adulte Herbstmilbe ca. 2mm lang e) Tritonymphe 1-2mm (Rubestadium) d) (Deuto-)Nymphe (durch Konservierung ausge- blichen, in natura rötlich gefärbt) Abb. 2: Lebenszyklus von Neotrombicula autumnalis. Details siehe Text. Zeichnungen aus LANE & CROSSKEY (1993). Der angegebene Maßstab in den Abbildungen entspricht 1mm. 3 Einleitung • ein Auftreten der typischen Trombidiose-Symptome – außerhalb der für das Er- scheinen der Larven von
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