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A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya
The Himalaya by the Numbers A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya Richard Salisbury Elizabeth Hawley September 2007 Cover Photo: Annapurna South Face at sunrise (Richard Salisbury) © Copyright 2007 by Richard Salisbury and Elizabeth Hawley No portion of this book may be reproduced and/or redistributed without the written permission of the authors. 2 Contents Introduction . .5 Analysis of Climbing Activity . 9 Yearly Activity . 9 Regional Activity . .18 Seasonal Activity . .25 Activity by Age and Gender . 33 Activity by Citizenship . 33 Team Composition . 34 Expedition Results . 36 Ascent Analysis . 41 Ascents by Altitude Range . .41 Popular Peaks by Altitude Range . .43 Ascents by Climbing Season . .46 Ascents by Expedition Years . .50 Ascents by Age Groups . 55 Ascents by Citizenship . 60 Ascents by Gender . 62 Ascents by Team Composition . 66 Average Expedition Duration and Days to Summit . .70 Oxygen and the 8000ers . .76 Death Analysis . 81 Deaths by Peak Altitude Ranges . 81 Deaths on Popular Peaks . 84 Deadliest Peaks for Members . 86 Deadliest Peaks for Hired Personnel . 89 Deaths by Geographical Regions . .92 Deaths by Climbing Season . 93 Altitudes of Death . 96 Causes of Death . 97 Avalanche Deaths . 102 Deaths by Falling . 110 Deaths by Physiological Causes . .116 Deaths by Age Groups . 118 Deaths by Expedition Years . .120 Deaths by Citizenship . 121 Deaths by Gender . 123 Deaths by Team Composition . .125 Major Accidents . .129 Appendix A: Peak Summary . .135 Appendix B: Supplemental Charts and Tables . .147 3 4 Introduction The Himalayan Database, published by the American Alpine Club in 2004, is a compilation of records for all expeditions that have climbed in the Nepal Himalaya. -
Historical Geography and Demography of Colonial Northern Bengal
Chapter I Historical Geography and Demography of Colonial Northern Bengal The present chapter seeks to historicize the geographical transformations and ecological vulnerabilities during the colonial periods in northern Bengal. The chapter also intends to explain the demographic transformations of northern Bengal shaped by the environmental factors and natural disasters occurred during the period of the study. Apart from the geographical and demographical changes the chapter will also focus on the political construction of the northern Bengal districts which had gone through several territorial and administrative adjustments and transfers of lands among each other even in the first half of the twentieth century. In order to analyse the geographical characteristics, the river system, change of river course and formation of new lands seemed to be the most decisive factor for the geographical construction of the region. Northern Bengal had a great variety of topographical structures which extended from the Darjeeling Himalayan ranges to the riverine inundated agricultural tracts. Niharranjan Ray, while describing the northern boundary of Bengal, has argued that the north of Bengal is bounded up by the Sikkim and the snowy Himalayan peak of Kanchenjungha below which there are Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling districts.1 The districts of Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and the State of Cooch Behar were overwhelmingly populated by the hilly tribes viz. Lepcha, Limbu, Koch, Rajbanshi, and Bhutia; and the north-eastern boundary in the ancient time was extended up to the Brahmaputra river which demarcated the eastern and western boundary of Pundrabardhan and Kamrup State respectively.2 H. Blochmann has mentioned about the five ‘districts’ of Bengal during pre-medieval period viz. -
Trek Itinerary
SINGALILA RIDGE, INDIA On the Singalila Ridge India © Ann Foulkes, trekMountains Land-only duration: 13 days Grade: Gentle / Moderate Trekking days: 6 days Max altitude: 3636m Price: contact us We can run this on dates to suit you for a minimum group size of 1. Dates: The 2 main trekking seasons are Spring and Autumn. Contact us at [email protected] with your preferred dates UK tel: +44 (0) 7713 628763 tel (outside UK): +39 338 500 9540 email: [email protected] web: www.trekmountains.com skype ID: trekMountains Before Nepal was opened up to the rest of the world, all Everest expeditions started from Darjeeling. There is a rich mix of Indian, Nepalese, Tibetan and Bhutanese cultures. You are likely to meet the Gurkhas of East Nepal, Gurungs from Western Nepal, fair-skinned Sikkimese, Bhutanese as well as Tibetan lamas in yellow robes and Tibetan women in striped aprons and brocades. This trek follows the famous Singalila Ridge, a prominent spur of high ground that lies at the southern end of a long crest, which runs down from the Kangchenjunga massif and forms the border between West Bengal and Nepal. It is a very scenic trek and as you pass through small settlements you will enjoy breathtaking panoramic views of Kangchenjunga, Makalu, Everest and Lhotse to name but a view of the spectacular peaks in this border region. On the Singalila Ridge India © Ann Foulkes, trekMountains OUTLINE ITINERARY Walking and journey times are approximate Day 1 Arrive in Delhi, fly to Bagdogra and drive to We stop for a break and refreshments half way Darjeeling up at Kurseong, before climbing to Ghoom at Arrive Delhi and connect with the 1-hour flight 2438 metres and then descending 300 metres to Bagdogra at the foot of the Darjeeling hills. -
Sundakphu Trek – Darjeeling
Sundakphu Trek – Darjeeling Sandakphu trek is beautified by the local villages of Darjeeling district and Nepal. It’s a border line trek between India and Nepal, and we keep swinging between the regions and villages of Nepal and India. The best part of it is, its an easy trek and considered the best of the Himalayan routes to start a multi-day trek in the Himalayas. Sandakphu at 3636 meters is also the highest point of West Bengal - India. No other treks in India can boast of what Sandakphu Phalut trek can offer. The view from Sandakphu is unsurpassed by any view anywhere with grand views of four of the World's highest 8000 meter peaks - Mt. Everest (8850m, 1st), Kanchenjunga (8586m, 3rd), Mt. Lhotse (8516m, 4th) and Makalu (8481m, 5th). Duration: 11 days Highest Altitude: 3636 M Sandakphu Best Time: Jan to May, Oct to Dec Terrain: Rhododendron forest, alpine meadows, rocky Activity Type: Trek, camping and Photography Grade: Easy Starts At: Maneybhanjyang Ends At: Srikhola Region: India - Darjeeling West Bagnoli Generic Food Menu: Indian, Nepalese, Tibetan Route: Delhi – Bagdogra – Darjeeling – Maneybhanjang - Tumling - Kalipokhari – Sandakphu - Phalut – Gorkhey - Rimbick – Darjeeling - Bagdogra - Delhi [email protected] +911141322940 www.shikhar.com Detailed Itinerary: - Day 1: Sat. 16 Feb 2019 Rishikesh - Delhi Meet Shikhar travels representative at your hotel and drive or take a train to Delhi. Upon arrival check in the hotel. Overnight stay in Delhi. Meals: N/A Day 02: Sun. 17 Feb’19 Delhi – Bagdogra - Darjeeling Flight & Drive Morning after breakfast transfer to domestic airport to board flight to Bagdogra. -
7-Day Singalila Ridge / Sandakphu Trek Tour Code: IND-SRS 07
7 7-Day Singalila Ridge / Sandakphu Trek Tour Code: IND-SRS_07 An easy but rewarding trek which offers spectacular views of the big mountains Grading including Everest and Kanchenjunga. This trek traverses along the Singalila ridge Easy Trek which forms the international border line between India and Nepal. It offers a At a glance good distant view of Mt. Everest (8850 m) accompanied by Lhotse (8501m) and • 05 days of trekking Makalu (8475m) and a close view of Kanchenjunga (8586m). Kanchenjunga • 04 nights in along with the surrounding ranges closely resembles a person sleeping and hence trekker's hut the view from Sandakphu is popularly called 'The Sleeping Buddha'. The Singalila • 02 hotels nights in ridge is actually an extension of one of the ridges that sweep down from the high Darjeeling snows of Kanchenjunga itself and the trek along this ridge is renowned as being Places Visited one of the most scenically rewarding in the entire Himalayas. This area is also • Darjeeling Departure culturally diverse, with Tibetan, Mongolian, and Indians intermixed with 22 Feb-28 Feb, 2015 immigrant Nepalese. Buddhism is the most popular religion and during the course 15 Mar-21 Mar, 2015 of our trip there's immense chance of interaction with the warm locals at 12 Nov-18 Nov, 2015 Trekker's Hut that dot this trail. Quick Itinerary: Day 01: Bagdogra to Darjeeling (2134m) Day 02: Drive Darjeeling to Dhotrey (2460m) and trek to Tonglu (3070m) 2.5 hr drive and 3 hrs trek Day 03: Trek to Kalapokhri (3108m) 6 hrs trek Day 04: Trek to Sandakphu (3636m) 3 hrs trek Day 05: Trek to Gurdum (2400m) 3-4 hrs Day 06: Trek to Sepi (2280m) 3 hrs and drive 4 hrs to Darjeeling Day 07: Drive to Bagdogra 3 hrs X-Trekkers Adventure Consultant Pte Ltd (TA License: 01261) Co. -
2000 in the Land of Five Treasures of Snow
SIKKIM : THE LAND OF FIVE TREASURES OF THE SNOWS To breathe the air of Sikkim free, To wander by her purling rills, And seek the beauty of her hills, The blueness of her sky. C. McCauley, Lay of Lachen The Sikkim region of the Himalaya is so small that originally it was classified as part of Nepal Himalaya in the 1860s in a study conducted by Sir Sydney Burrard, the Surveyor-General of India from 1910 to 1919. This diminutive state to the north of Darjeeling, the famous hill town in West Bengal, stretches for about 110 km from north to south, and for 65 km from east to west. The Kangchenjunga (now also known as the Khangchendzonga), at 8,586 m the third highest peak in the world, is situated here. The original inhabitants of Sikkim were the Lepchas whose language and physical features tend to identify them as the ancient tribe that is believed to have migrated from southern Tibet during the 15th century. Very few Lepchas remain today, and the population largely consists of the Nepalis who arrived in Sikkim during the early 20th century in search of livelihood. Sikkim was an independent kingdom until a series of events caused the British to take full control of the region in 1861. In the early 19th century, the East India Company settled a dispute between Sikkim and Nepal in favour of the former, in the process assuming certain protective rights and gaining control over the Sikkimese army. In 1834, the East India Company helped the Chogyal of Sikkim in repulsing the Nepalese army, and as a gesture of goodwill, the Chogyal presented it with the present day Darjeeling and the Singalila ridge, a small track immediately surrounding it. -
National Parks in India (State Wise)
National Parks in India (State Wise) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Rani Jhansi Marine National Park Campbell Bay National Park Galathea National Park Middle Button Island National Park Mount Harriet National Park South Button Island National Park Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park North Button Island National ParkSaddle Peak National Park Andhra Pradesh Papikonda National Park Sri Venkateswara National Park Arunachal Pradesh Mouling National Park Namdapha National Park Assam Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Orang National Park Manas National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Centre) Nameri National Park Kaziranga National Park (Famous for Indian Rhinoceros, UNESCO World Heritage Centre) Bihar Valmiki National Park Chhattisgarh Kanger Ghati National Park Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park Indravati National Park Goa Mollem National Park Gujarat Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch Vansda National Park Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar Gir Forest National Park Haryana WWW.BANKINGSHORTCUTS.COM WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BANKINGSHORTCUTS 1 National Parks in India (State Wise) Kalesar National Park Sultanpur National Park Himachal Pradesh Inderkilla National Park Khirganga National Park Simbalbara National Park Pin Valley National Park Great Himalayan National Park Jammu and Kashmir Salim Ali National Park Dachigam National Park Hemis National Park Kishtwar National Park Jharkhand Hazaribagh National Park Karnataka Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park Nagarhole National Park Kudremukh National Park Bannerghatta National Park (Bannerghatta Biological Park) -
The Study Area
THE STUDY AREA 2.1 GENERALFEATURES 2.1.1 Location and besic informations ofthe area Darjeeling is a hilly district situated at the northernmost end of the Indian state of West Bengal. It has a hammer or an inverted wedge shaped appearance. Its location in the globe may be detected between latitudes of 26° 27'05" Nand 27° 13 ' 10" Nand longitudes of87° 59' 30" and 88° 53' E (Fig. 2. 1). The southern-most point is located near Bidhan Nagar village ofPhansidewa block the nmthernmost point at trijunction near Phalut; like wise the widest west-east dimension of the di strict lies between Sabarkum 2 near Sandakphu and Todey village along river Jaldhaka. It comprises an area of3, 149 km . Table 2.1. Some basic data for the district of Darjeeling (Source: Administrative Report ofDatjeeling District, 201 1- 12, http://darjeeling.gov.in) Area 3,149 kmL Area of H ill portion 2417.3 knr' T erai (Plains) Portion 731.7 km_L Sub Divisoins 4 [Datjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Si1iguri] Blocks 12 [Datjeeling-Pulbazar, Rangli-Rangliot, Jorebunglow-Sukiapokhari, Kalimpong - I, Kalimpong - II, Gorubathan, Kurseong, Mirik, Matigara, Naxalbari, Kharibari & Phansidewa] Police Stations 16 [Sadar, Jorebunglow, Pulbazar, Sukiapokhari, Lodhama, Rangli- Rangliot, Mirik, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Gorubathan, Siliguri, Matigara, Bagdogra, Naxalbari, Phansidewa & Kharibari] N o . ofVillages & Corporation - 01 (Siliguri) Towns Municipalities - 04 (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Mirik) Gram Pancbayats - 134 Total Forest Cover 1,204 kmL (38.23 %) [Source: Sta te of Forest -
Changes in Surface Morphology and Glacial Lake Development of Chamlang South Glacier in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya Since 1964
83 Changes in Surface Morphology and Glacial Lake Development of Chamlang South Glacier in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya since 1964 1* 2 3 1 Takanobu SAWAGAKI , Damodar LAMSAL , Alton C BYERS and Teiji WATANABE 1Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University N10, W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan 2Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University N10, W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan 3The Mountain Institute, 100 Campus Drive, 108 LA Elkins, WV 26241, USA *e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We carried out multi-date morphological mappings to document the development of the glacial lake ‘Chamlang South Tsho’ in the eastern Nepal Himalaya over four decades. High-resolution Corona KH-4A and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PRISM stereo-data taken in 1964 and 2006 were processed in the Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) to generate digital terrain models (DTMs). The DTMs produced topographic maps representing elevations and morphology of the glacier surface with a maximum error of +/- 10 m. A bathymetric map was also produced based on sonar sounding data obtained in November 2009. Extensive surface lowering was found to have occurred since 1964, as high as 156.9 m in the upper glacier area. The average lowering of the glacier for the entire 42-year period from 1964 to 2006 is 37.5 m, with the average surface-lowering rate calculated at 0.9 m/year. The average surface lowering for the 45 years from the glacier surface in 1964 to the lake bottom in 2009 was 99.5 m at a rate of 2.2 m/year. The minimum and maximum surface lowering during that period were 12 m and 153.8 m, respectively. -
Catalogue 48: June 2013
Top of the World Books Catalogue 48: June 2013 Mountaineering Fiction. The story of the struggles of a Swiss guide in the French Alps. Neate X134. Pete Schoening Collection – Part 1 Habeler, Peter. The Lonely Victory: Mount Everest ‘78. 1979 Simon & We are most pleased to offer a number of items from the collection of American Schuster, NY, 1st, 8vo, pp.224, 23 color & 50 bw photos, map, white/blue mountaineer Pete Schoening (1927-2004). Pete is best remembered in boards; bookplate Ex Libris Pete Schoening & his name in pencil, dj w/ edge mountaineering circles for performing ‘The Belay’ during the dramatic descent wear, vg-, cloth vg+. #9709, $25.- of K2 by the Third American Karakoram Expedition in 1953. Pete’s heroics The first oxygenless ascent of Everest in 1978 with Messner. This is the US saved six men. However, Pete had many other mountain adventures, before and edition of ‘Everest: Impossible Victory’. Neate H01, SB H01, Yak H06. after K2, including: numerous climbs with Fred Beckey (1948-49), Mount Herrligkoffer, Karl. Nanga Parbat: The Killer Mountain. 1954 Knopf, NY, Saugstad (1st ascent, 1951), Mount Augusta (1st ascent) and King Peak (2nd & 1st, 8vo, pp.xx, 263, viii, 56 bw photos, 6 maps, appendices, blue cloth; book- 3rd ascents, 1952), Gasherburm I/Hidden Peak (1st ascent, 1958), McKinley plate Ex Libris Pete Schoening, dj spine faded, edge wear, vg, cloth bookplate, (1960), Mount Vinson (1st ascent, 1966), Pamirs (1974), Aconcagua (1995), vg. #9744, $35.- Kilimanjaro (1995), Everest (1996), not to mention countless climbs in the Summarizes the early attempts on Nanga Parbat from Mummery in 1895 and Pacific Northwest. -
Paradise Point TOURISM
TOURISM UPDATE SANDAKPHU Colour Burst: In spring, Nature greets visitors with a variety of rhododendrons, orchids and giant magnolias in full bloom. Room with a View: The vantage point at Sandakphu which promises the best view of the Everest range. Road to Heaven: A narrow trekking route winding up the mountain path seems to vanish abruptly from the edge of the mountain into the vast sky beyond. ta H E V M A BH AI BY V S O T PHO Paradise Point For the best view of four of the five highest peaks in the world and the adventure of a lifetime BY RAVI SAGAR Located to the northwest of Darjeeling town, the head to Sandakphu. trek to Sandakphu packs one memorable adven- andakphu may not ring a bell for many travellers. But for the ture. This 32 km adventure trail along the Singalila inveterate adventure seeker or the bona fide trekker, it is the Range is actually considered a beginner’s trek, the ultimate destination. Tucked away in the eastern edge of India best place for a first-time adventure tourist to begin. in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal is this tiny hamlet atop One of the most beautiful terrains for trekking, the the eponymous peak, the highest peak in the state. So what best time for the Sandakphu experience is April- Smakes Sandakphu so special? May (spring) and October-November (post mon- The climb to the highest point of this hill station situated at an altitude soon). But the stark beauty of snow-covered Sanda- of 3,636m promises you a sight that will leave you gasping. -
Singalila National Park
Singalila National Park Singalila National Park SIKKIM Neora Valley National park J~ N~— -.ri-A! Senchel Wildlife Sanchuary BHUTAN rkhey Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary amanden barkhum ollay ammam BANGLADESH €irikhola ÿRimbic The Singalila National Park, located in Darjeeling district of West andakphu Bengal covers an area of 78 km2 and has an altitudinal range of eekhay Bhanjyang 2,400-3,650 metres. The National Park shares a natural boundary ÿKalipokhri with Nepal on the west and with Sikkim on the north. The international border between India and Nepal is identified by a 52 Kaiyakatta km road running from Phalut (3,650 m) down to Manebhanjyang ÿairibas ÿDhotrey (1,920 m). The National Park is an Important Bird Area and an IUCN Tonglu Category II Protected Area. E irrfing fyleghma P _amey Dhura Singalila National Park is under the administrative control of the A Wildlife Division-I, Department of Forest, Government of West litray îiniybhanjyang Bengal. RATA Ashoka Trust for Research in FOUNDATION Ecology and the Environment History The Singalila area in Darjeeling was purchased by the British Government from Sibbim Durbar in 1882, and notified a Reserve Forest under the Indian Forest Act 1878. It was notified as a National Parb in 1992 and was also officially opened up for tourism. However even before this, Singalila has a history of receiving visitors. Some of the I prominent visitors include Sir Joseph Dalton Hoober - one of the greatest British **" y '* botanists and explorers in 1883; Heinrich Harrer author of "Seven Vears in Tibet" visited Singalila several times. Singalila range used to be a regular route for expeditions to Kanchenjunga.