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A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya
The Himalaya by the Numbers A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya Richard Salisbury Elizabeth Hawley September 2007 Cover Photo: Annapurna South Face at sunrise (Richard Salisbury) © Copyright 2007 by Richard Salisbury and Elizabeth Hawley No portion of this book may be reproduced and/or redistributed without the written permission of the authors. 2 Contents Introduction . .5 Analysis of Climbing Activity . 9 Yearly Activity . 9 Regional Activity . .18 Seasonal Activity . .25 Activity by Age and Gender . 33 Activity by Citizenship . 33 Team Composition . 34 Expedition Results . 36 Ascent Analysis . 41 Ascents by Altitude Range . .41 Popular Peaks by Altitude Range . .43 Ascents by Climbing Season . .46 Ascents by Expedition Years . .50 Ascents by Age Groups . 55 Ascents by Citizenship . 60 Ascents by Gender . 62 Ascents by Team Composition . 66 Average Expedition Duration and Days to Summit . .70 Oxygen and the 8000ers . .76 Death Analysis . 81 Deaths by Peak Altitude Ranges . 81 Deaths on Popular Peaks . 84 Deadliest Peaks for Members . 86 Deadliest Peaks for Hired Personnel . 89 Deaths by Geographical Regions . .92 Deaths by Climbing Season . 93 Altitudes of Death . 96 Causes of Death . 97 Avalanche Deaths . 102 Deaths by Falling . 110 Deaths by Physiological Causes . .116 Deaths by Age Groups . 118 Deaths by Expedition Years . .120 Deaths by Citizenship . 121 Deaths by Gender . 123 Deaths by Team Composition . .125 Major Accidents . .129 Appendix A: Peak Summary . .135 Appendix B: Supplemental Charts and Tables . .147 3 4 Introduction The Himalayan Database, published by the American Alpine Club in 2004, is a compilation of records for all expeditions that have climbed in the Nepal Himalaya. -
7-Day Singalila Ridge / Sandakphu Trek Tour Code: IND-SRS 07
7 7-Day Singalila Ridge / Sandakphu Trek Tour Code: IND-SRS_07 An easy but rewarding trek which offers spectacular views of the big mountains Grading including Everest and Kanchenjunga. This trek traverses along the Singalila ridge Easy Trek which forms the international border line between India and Nepal. It offers a At a glance good distant view of Mt. Everest (8850 m) accompanied by Lhotse (8501m) and • 05 days of trekking Makalu (8475m) and a close view of Kanchenjunga (8586m). Kanchenjunga • 04 nights in along with the surrounding ranges closely resembles a person sleeping and hence trekker's hut the view from Sandakphu is popularly called 'The Sleeping Buddha'. The Singalila • 02 hotels nights in ridge is actually an extension of one of the ridges that sweep down from the high Darjeeling snows of Kanchenjunga itself and the trek along this ridge is renowned as being Places Visited one of the most scenically rewarding in the entire Himalayas. This area is also • Darjeeling Departure culturally diverse, with Tibetan, Mongolian, and Indians intermixed with 22 Feb-28 Feb, 2015 immigrant Nepalese. Buddhism is the most popular religion and during the course 15 Mar-21 Mar, 2015 of our trip there's immense chance of interaction with the warm locals at 12 Nov-18 Nov, 2015 Trekker's Hut that dot this trail. Quick Itinerary: Day 01: Bagdogra to Darjeeling (2134m) Day 02: Drive Darjeeling to Dhotrey (2460m) and trek to Tonglu (3070m) 2.5 hr drive and 3 hrs trek Day 03: Trek to Kalapokhri (3108m) 6 hrs trek Day 04: Trek to Sandakphu (3636m) 3 hrs trek Day 05: Trek to Gurdum (2400m) 3-4 hrs Day 06: Trek to Sepi (2280m) 3 hrs and drive 4 hrs to Darjeeling Day 07: Drive to Bagdogra 3 hrs X-Trekkers Adventure Consultant Pte Ltd (TA License: 01261) Co. -
2000 in the Land of Five Treasures of Snow
SIKKIM : THE LAND OF FIVE TREASURES OF THE SNOWS To breathe the air of Sikkim free, To wander by her purling rills, And seek the beauty of her hills, The blueness of her sky. C. McCauley, Lay of Lachen The Sikkim region of the Himalaya is so small that originally it was classified as part of Nepal Himalaya in the 1860s in a study conducted by Sir Sydney Burrard, the Surveyor-General of India from 1910 to 1919. This diminutive state to the north of Darjeeling, the famous hill town in West Bengal, stretches for about 110 km from north to south, and for 65 km from east to west. The Kangchenjunga (now also known as the Khangchendzonga), at 8,586 m the third highest peak in the world, is situated here. The original inhabitants of Sikkim were the Lepchas whose language and physical features tend to identify them as the ancient tribe that is believed to have migrated from southern Tibet during the 15th century. Very few Lepchas remain today, and the population largely consists of the Nepalis who arrived in Sikkim during the early 20th century in search of livelihood. Sikkim was an independent kingdom until a series of events caused the British to take full control of the region in 1861. In the early 19th century, the East India Company settled a dispute between Sikkim and Nepal in favour of the former, in the process assuming certain protective rights and gaining control over the Sikkimese army. In 1834, the East India Company helped the Chogyal of Sikkim in repulsing the Nepalese army, and as a gesture of goodwill, the Chogyal presented it with the present day Darjeeling and the Singalila ridge, a small track immediately surrounding it. -
The Study Area
THE STUDY AREA 2.1 GENERALFEATURES 2.1.1 Location and besic informations ofthe area Darjeeling is a hilly district situated at the northernmost end of the Indian state of West Bengal. It has a hammer or an inverted wedge shaped appearance. Its location in the globe may be detected between latitudes of 26° 27'05" Nand 27° 13 ' 10" Nand longitudes of87° 59' 30" and 88° 53' E (Fig. 2. 1). The southern-most point is located near Bidhan Nagar village ofPhansidewa block the nmthernmost point at trijunction near Phalut; like wise the widest west-east dimension of the di strict lies between Sabarkum 2 near Sandakphu and Todey village along river Jaldhaka. It comprises an area of3, 149 km . Table 2.1. Some basic data for the district of Darjeeling (Source: Administrative Report ofDatjeeling District, 201 1- 12, http://darjeeling.gov.in) Area 3,149 kmL Area of H ill portion 2417.3 knr' T erai (Plains) Portion 731.7 km_L Sub Divisoins 4 [Datjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Si1iguri] Blocks 12 [Datjeeling-Pulbazar, Rangli-Rangliot, Jorebunglow-Sukiapokhari, Kalimpong - I, Kalimpong - II, Gorubathan, Kurseong, Mirik, Matigara, Naxalbari, Kharibari & Phansidewa] Police Stations 16 [Sadar, Jorebunglow, Pulbazar, Sukiapokhari, Lodhama, Rangli- Rangliot, Mirik, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Gorubathan, Siliguri, Matigara, Bagdogra, Naxalbari, Phansidewa & Kharibari] N o . ofVillages & Corporation - 01 (Siliguri) Towns Municipalities - 04 (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Mirik) Gram Pancbayats - 134 Total Forest Cover 1,204 kmL (38.23 %) [Source: Sta te of Forest -
Changes in Surface Morphology and Glacial Lake Development of Chamlang South Glacier in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya Since 1964
83 Changes in Surface Morphology and Glacial Lake Development of Chamlang South Glacier in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya since 1964 1* 2 3 1 Takanobu SAWAGAKI , Damodar LAMSAL , Alton C BYERS and Teiji WATANABE 1Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University N10, W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan 2Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University N10, W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan 3The Mountain Institute, 100 Campus Drive, 108 LA Elkins, WV 26241, USA *e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We carried out multi-date morphological mappings to document the development of the glacial lake ‘Chamlang South Tsho’ in the eastern Nepal Himalaya over four decades. High-resolution Corona KH-4A and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PRISM stereo-data taken in 1964 and 2006 were processed in the Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) to generate digital terrain models (DTMs). The DTMs produced topographic maps representing elevations and morphology of the glacier surface with a maximum error of +/- 10 m. A bathymetric map was also produced based on sonar sounding data obtained in November 2009. Extensive surface lowering was found to have occurred since 1964, as high as 156.9 m in the upper glacier area. The average lowering of the glacier for the entire 42-year period from 1964 to 2006 is 37.5 m, with the average surface-lowering rate calculated at 0.9 m/year. The average surface lowering for the 45 years from the glacier surface in 1964 to the lake bottom in 2009 was 99.5 m at a rate of 2.2 m/year. The minimum and maximum surface lowering during that period were 12 m and 153.8 m, respectively. -
Catalogue 48: June 2013
Top of the World Books Catalogue 48: June 2013 Mountaineering Fiction. The story of the struggles of a Swiss guide in the French Alps. Neate X134. Pete Schoening Collection – Part 1 Habeler, Peter. The Lonely Victory: Mount Everest ‘78. 1979 Simon & We are most pleased to offer a number of items from the collection of American Schuster, NY, 1st, 8vo, pp.224, 23 color & 50 bw photos, map, white/blue mountaineer Pete Schoening (1927-2004). Pete is best remembered in boards; bookplate Ex Libris Pete Schoening & his name in pencil, dj w/ edge mountaineering circles for performing ‘The Belay’ during the dramatic descent wear, vg-, cloth vg+. #9709, $25.- of K2 by the Third American Karakoram Expedition in 1953. Pete’s heroics The first oxygenless ascent of Everest in 1978 with Messner. This is the US saved six men. However, Pete had many other mountain adventures, before and edition of ‘Everest: Impossible Victory’. Neate H01, SB H01, Yak H06. after K2, including: numerous climbs with Fred Beckey (1948-49), Mount Herrligkoffer, Karl. Nanga Parbat: The Killer Mountain. 1954 Knopf, NY, Saugstad (1st ascent, 1951), Mount Augusta (1st ascent) and King Peak (2nd & 1st, 8vo, pp.xx, 263, viii, 56 bw photos, 6 maps, appendices, blue cloth; book- 3rd ascents, 1952), Gasherburm I/Hidden Peak (1st ascent, 1958), McKinley plate Ex Libris Pete Schoening, dj spine faded, edge wear, vg, cloth bookplate, (1960), Mount Vinson (1st ascent, 1966), Pamirs (1974), Aconcagua (1995), vg. #9744, $35.- Kilimanjaro (1995), Everest (1996), not to mention countless climbs in the Summarizes the early attempts on Nanga Parbat from Mummery in 1895 and Pacific Northwest. -
Paradise Point TOURISM
TOURISM UPDATE SANDAKPHU Colour Burst: In spring, Nature greets visitors with a variety of rhododendrons, orchids and giant magnolias in full bloom. Room with a View: The vantage point at Sandakphu which promises the best view of the Everest range. Road to Heaven: A narrow trekking route winding up the mountain path seems to vanish abruptly from the edge of the mountain into the vast sky beyond. ta H E V M A BH AI BY V S O T PHO Paradise Point For the best view of four of the five highest peaks in the world and the adventure of a lifetime BY RAVI SAGAR Located to the northwest of Darjeeling town, the head to Sandakphu. trek to Sandakphu packs one memorable adven- andakphu may not ring a bell for many travellers. But for the ture. This 32 km adventure trail along the Singalila inveterate adventure seeker or the bona fide trekker, it is the Range is actually considered a beginner’s trek, the ultimate destination. Tucked away in the eastern edge of India best place for a first-time adventure tourist to begin. in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal is this tiny hamlet atop One of the most beautiful terrains for trekking, the the eponymous peak, the highest peak in the state. So what best time for the Sandakphu experience is April- Smakes Sandakphu so special? May (spring) and October-November (post mon- The climb to the highest point of this hill station situated at an altitude soon). But the stark beauty of snow-covered Sanda- of 3,636m promises you a sight that will leave you gasping. -
The State of Six Dangerous Glacial Lakes in the Nepalese Himalaya
Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 30, No. 1, 63-72, February 2019 doi: 10.3319/TAO.2018.09.28.03 The state of six dangerous glacial lakes in the Nepalese Himalaya Nitesh Khadka1, 2, Guoqing Zhang1, 3, *, and Wenfeng Chen1 1 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China ABSTRACT Article history: Received 18 February 2018 Glaciers in the Himalaya are increasingly retreating and thinning due to cli- Revised 19 July 2018 mate change. This process is the primary cause of glacial lakes expansion and has Accepted 28 September 2018 increased the possibilities of the glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that have been responsible for heavy loss of life and damage to downstream infrastructures. This Keywords: study examines the status of the existing potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Potentially dangerous glacial Nepalese Himalaya such as Imja Tsho, Tsho Rolpa, Thulagi, Chamlang South, Barun lakes, Glacier lake outburst floods Tsho, and Lumding Tsho; which were more susceptible to GLOF after the devastat- (GLOFs), Risk assessment, Nepalese Himalaya ing earthquake in 2015. We examined the evolution and decadal expansion rate of lakes from 1987 to 2016 using Landsat images. The results show significant expan- Citation: sion of Imja Tsho, Barun Tsho, and Lumding Tsho at the rates of 42.1, 46.8, and Khadka, N., G. Zhang, and W. Chen, 32.9% respectively, during 2006 - 2016; while other glacial lakes (i.e., Chamlang 2019: The state of six dangerous gla- South, Barun Tsho, and Lumding Tsho) are relatively stable. -
Mount Everest, the Reconnaissance, 1921
MOUNT EVEREST The Summit. Downloaded from https://www.greatestadventurers.com MOUNT EVEREST THE RECONNAISSANCE, 1921 By Lieut.-Col. C. K. HOWARD-BURY, D.S.O. AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 55 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK LONDON: EDWARD ARNOLD & CO. 1922 Downloaded from https://www.greatestadventurers.com PREFACE The Mount Everest Committee of the Royal Geographical Society and the Alpine Club desire to express their thanks to Colonel Howard-Bury, Mr. Wollaston, Mr. Mallory, Major Morshead, Major Wheeler and Dr. Heron for the trouble they have taken to write so soon after their return an account of their several parts in the joint work of the Expedition. They have thereby enabled the present Expedition to start with full knowledge of the results of the reconnaissance, and the public to follow the progress of the attempt to reach the summit with full information at hand. The Committee also wish to take this opportunity of thanking the Imperial Dry Plate Company for having generously presented photographic plates to the Expedition and so contributed to the production of the excellent photographs that have been brought back. They also desire to thank the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company for their liberality in allowing the members to travel at reduced fares; and the Government of India for allowing the stores and equipment of the Expedition to enter India free of duty. J. E. C. EATON Hon. A. R. } Secretaries. HINKS Downloaded from https://www.greatestadventurers.com CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION. By SIR FRANCIS YOUNGHUSBAND, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., President of the Royal Geographical Society 1 THE NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION By LIEUT.-COL. -
The Wandering Boot Presents SANDAKPHU TREK
The Wandering Boot Presents SANDAKPHU TREK Introduction Sandakphu at 3636 m/11926 ft , is the highest point of West Bengal, inside Darjeeling district, bordering Nepal. This trek follows the famous Singalila Ridge, a prominent spur of high ground that lies at the southern end of a long crest, which runs down from the Kanchendzongha massif. In fact Singalila ridge in forms the border between Sikkim/Darjeeling of India and Nepal. Also because of this fact, Sandakphu trek is often referred to as “Singalila Ridge Trek”. Sandakphu is a trekking paradise for trekkers.There are a very few Himalayan homestay/tea-house mode treks in India.Almost all are camping treks. Sandakphu trek gives the opportunity to those who prefer comfortable accommodation during the trek. Probably this is also helpful for beginners who wish to take it easy at the beginning. Trek Information Region : Darjeeling-Nepal Border Highest point : 11,926 ft. Grade : Easy to Moderate Season : November end to April Mid Accessiblity : Nearest Railway station is Njp and airport is Bagdogra. Short Itinerary Day 1 : NJP/ Bagdogra to Manebhanjan/Chitrey Day 2 : Manebhanjan/Chitrey to Tumling Day 3 : Tumling to Kalapokhri via Singalila National Park Day 4 : Kalapokhri to Sandakphu/Phalut Day 5 : Sandakphu to Srikhola via Gurdum Day 6 : Srikhola to NJP/Bagdogra Detailed Itinerary Day 1 : NJP/ Bagdogra to Manebhanjan/Chitrey Pick up from NJP railway station in the morning by 10 am and drive to Maneybhanjang (1980m, 6500ft), trekkers will travel to the base camp on their own. Distance around 110 km and takes 4 hours.The road goes through the foothills of Eastern Himalaya (also called Dooars) and gradually gains height.The last 2 Km from Maneybhanjung to Chitrey is a steep road with several hairpin bends and eventually reaches the hilltop. -
21 Appendix.Pdf
+ APPEND X-I A INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA: DARJEELING HILL AREAS 1.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARY There are four subdivisions in the area of the Darjeeling district. Of which one of the subdivision falls under plain area (Siliguri have been excluded, from the study. The rest of the three subdivisions viz. Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong form the universe of the study. These three subdivisions comprises of following eight blocks namely Pulbazar-Darjeeling, Sukhia-Jorebunglow, and Rangli Rangliot in Darjeeling subdivision, Mirik and Kurseong in Kurseong Subdivision and Kalimpong-I, Kalimpong-II and Gorubathan in Kalimpong subdivision. Siliguri has been excluded because it has separate entity and that it falls out of Hill development Programmed. Beside with the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1986 there has been much bifurcation of developmental programme. The hill area of the Darjeeling covers an area of 2417.25 Sq.Km. It accounts for 2.72% ofthe total area ofthe state of West Bengal. The Hill area lies between 26° 3 t' and 27°13' north latitude and between 87°59' and 88° 33 '. East longitude .. It is bounded by Sikkim in the North, Bhutan on the East, Nepal on the West, Dist of Jalpaiguri and Siliguri subdivision in the South 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DARJEELING The history of Darjeeling hill areas begins with the acquisition of the hilly tract, measuring 138 sq. miles comprising areas from Pankhabari to Badamtam, for setting up health resorts by British for its employees from the Raja ofSikkim in 1835. The District acquired the present dimension in 1866 as a result of wars with Sikkim and Bhutan between the period 1850 and 1866 Origin of Name: The name Darjeeling is a corruption of Dorji, the precious stone or ecclesiastical sceptre, which is emblematic ofthe thunderbolt ofSekhra (Indra) and a 'ling' to denote Place. -
Modeling the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Process Chain in the Nepal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3721–3737, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3721-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Modeling the glacial lake outburst flood process chain in the Nepal Himalaya: reassessing Imja Tsho’s hazard Jonathan M. Lala1, David R. Rounce2, and Daene C. McKinney1 1Center for Water and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 2Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA Correspondence: Jonathan M. Lala ([email protected]) Received: 22 November 2017 – Discussion started: 14 December 2017 Revised: 13 June 2018 – Accepted: 26 June 2018 – Published: 13 July 2018 Abstract. The Himalayas of South Asia are home to many applicable to lakes in the greater region. Neither case re- glaciers that are retreating due to climate change and caus- sulted in flooding outside the river channel at downstream ing the formation of large glacial lakes in their absence. villages. The worst-case model resulted in some moraine ero- These lakes are held in place by naturally deposited moraine sion and increased channelization of the lake outlet, which dams that are potentially unstable. Specifically, an impulse yielded greater discharge downstream but no catastrophic wave generated by an avalanche or landslide entering the collapse. The site-specific model generated similar results, lake can destabilize the moraine dam, thereby causing a but with very little erosion and a smaller downstream dis- catastrophic failure of the moraine and a glacial lake out- charge. These results indicated that Imja Tsho is unlikely to burst flood (GLOF).