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Xate Palm (Chamaedorea Sp.) Enrichment in Western Belize

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XATE PALM (CHAMAEDOREA SP.) ENRICHMENT IN WESTERN BELIZE: THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO UNDERSTORY PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS, DIVERSITY, AND COMPOSITION By CARLY N. VOIGHT A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Carly N. Voight 2 To the people, animals, plants, and ecosystems of the Mayan Forest 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the support of a multitude of professors, colleagues, and friends. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Nigel Smith, and my committee members, Dr. Walter Judd and Dr. Emilio Bruna for their assistance in plant identification, statistical analyses, guidance, constructive criticism, and enthusiasm. I acknowledge the Center for Latin American Studies, the Tropical Conservation and Development Program, the Tinker Foundation Field Research Grant, and the Foreign Language Area Studies Award at the University of Florida for funding and guidance. Words cannot begin to express my gratitude to James Mesh and Antonio Mai for their tireless help in contacting xate farmers, field assistance, kindness, and support. I would also like to thank the Itzamna Society including Maria Garcia and the Belize Botanic Gardens including Heather DuPlooy. I am grateful to my “Mayan Family” - Myra, Abby, and little Jimmy - who welcomed me into their home. My thanks go to the xate farmers in San Antonio, El Progresso 7 Miles and Cristo Ray for being willing to discuss their xate management and allowing a crazy gringa to collect plants from their land. I also thank Pio Saqui for his assistance with contacts in Belize. I would like to thank my former supervisor at The Nature Conservancy, Dr. J. Dan Husband, as well as Kurt Neubig and Mario Blaco for their taxonomic assistance. I thank specialists Richard Abbott (Polygalaceae), Thomas Daniel (Acanthaceae), and Erin Tripp (Acanthaceae) for further plant identification support in their respective areas. I appreciate the assistance of Kent Perkins and Trudy Lindler at the University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS). 4 I would like to deeply thank my family and friends who have provided encouragement throughout my degree. I thank my parents, Jack and Marty Voight, and my friends, Christopher Strickland, Fern Toro, Samantha Alvarez, Amanda Hymansmith, Andrea Chaloux and my cats Smokey and Anja for their emotional support, advice, encouragement, willingness to listen, and hugs. I would not be where I am today without your love and support. Jach yum bo'otik! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 Xate Ecology and Harvest ...................................................................................... 15 Ecology and Distribution of Xate (C. ernesti-agustii) ........................................ 16 Uses of Xate and the Xate Industry .................................................................. 16 Wild xate harvest in Mexico and Guatemala .............................................. 17 Wild xate harvest in Belize ......................................................................... 19 Shade-grown NTFP plantations ................................................................. 23 Shade-grown xate plantations in Belize ..................................................... 25 Landscape and Cultural Setting .............................................................................. 27 2 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND METHODOLOGY ............................................. 40 Research Hypotheses ............................................................................................. 40 Research Methodology ........................................................................................... 41 Experimental Design ........................................................................................ 41 Description of specific site locations .......................................................... 42 Data collection and species identification .................................................. 42 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 45 Species richness ........................................................................................ 45 Species diversity ........................................................................................ 46 Species composition .................................................................................. 46 Canopy Cover ............................................................................................ 47 3 RESEARCH RESULTS .......................................................................................... 49 Species Richness ................................................................................................... 49 Species Diversity .................................................................................................... 49 Species Composition .............................................................................................. 50 Plant Species Dominance ................................................................................ 50 Non-Forest Species .......................................................................................... 50 Rare Species .................................................................................................... 52 Canopy Regeneration ...................................................................................... 53 6 Canopy Openness .................................................................................................. 54 4 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 69 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 69 Research Implications ............................................................................................. 71 Implications for Sustainable Forest Management ............................................. 71 Implications for Wildlife Conservation ............................................................... 79 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 81 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 82 APPENDIX A LIST OF SPECIES .................................................................................................. 87 B ESTIMATED RICHNESS RESULTS ...................................................................... 96 C LIST OF INFORMANTS .......................................................................................... 97 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 98 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 107 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Rare species found in research study and corresponding rarity status. ............. 63 3-2 Canopy regeneration in forest sites .................................................................... 65 3-3 Canopy regeneration in unweeded xate plantation sites .................................... 66 3-4 Canopy regeneration in weeded xate plantation sites ........................................ 67 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Chamaedorea ernesti-agustii, locally known as xate or fishtail in Belize ............ 30 1-2 Chamaedorea ernesti-agustii, locally known as xate or fishtail in Belize ............ 31 1-3 Escalating xatero activity in the Chiquibul Forest (1991-2004) ........................... 32 1-4 Leafless C. ernesti-agustii due to illegal Guatemalan xate harvest .................... 33 1-5 Life-less and brown C. ernesti-agustii due to illegal Guatemalan xate harvest ... 34 1-6 Xate plantation owner investigating which plants may be “directly interfering” with the xate ....................................................................................................... 35 1-7 Xate plantation located west of San Antonio, Belize ........................................... 36 1-8 Monoculture xate plantation. This plantation was not sampled in this study ....... 37 1-9 Map of study area in relation to the country of Belize. ........................................ 38 1-10 Map of study sites within the landscape. ............................................................ 39 2-1 Map of study site locations. ................................................................................ 48 3-1 Understory plant species richness in xate plantations and forest ....................... 55 3-2
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