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UNITED BY RAGE, SELF-LOATHING, AND MALE SUPREMACY: THE RISE OF THE COMMUNITY Farshad Labbaf, University of Introduction and Background Abstract: Following Delanty’s post-traditional Since the 1990s, the internet has fundamentally interpretation of Jurgen Habermas’s ideation of transformed social relations by giving rise to cyber- community, a community is an entity that is communities, which have brought new kinds of linguistically created through deliberation and polymorphous, highly personalized, and lifestyle- sustained by social action (Delanty 2018, p. 135). oriented social groups (CBC News, 2018). They As noted by Ryfe (2007), deliberation is regarded have also given rise to new political movements, as a cultural practice that facilitates the exchange including extremist internet groups, that can be of ideas, knowledge, beliefs, and opinions. It is severely detrimental to the sustainable wellbeing of also a procedural mechanism that serves a political society (Delanty, 2018, p. 200). Over the past purpose by asserting an individual’s roles, values, decade, a fringe internet group known as the and actions in the dynamics of the group. Under involuntary celibates () have developed this notion, online communities would be mainstream infamy for their extreme misogynistic considered a manifestation of an echo-chamber rhetoric and anti-feminist language, which has manifested into several terrorist attacks that can be intrinsically individualistic and (ContraPoints, 2018). It can be argued that Incels fragmenting. However, it can be argued that have developed an centred on the because of the lack of deliberation from excluded desire for society to revert to absolute patriarchy that groups within such forums, these online groups are dehumanizes women as mere sexual commodities instead regurgitating ideas within their boundaries. and vehemently oppose the idea of women’s Since the 1990s, the Internet has brought empowerment and sexual liberation (Tolentino, about a fundamental transformation in social 2018). This paper will analyze the social dynamics relations through advancements in communication, and methods of communication within this fringe which have revolutionized our theoretical echo-chamber to better determine if the values of understandings of a community and everyday hate, self-loathing and can facilitate experiences (Delanty 2018, p. 200). Cyber- deliberation and in turn constitute the Incels as a communities have brought about new kinds of legitimate community. social groups, which are “polymorphous,” highly Keywords: community, Incel, misogyny, violence, personalized, and lifestyle oriented (Delanty 2018, hate, and p. 200). They have also given rise to new political Author Note: movements, including extremist internet groups, that can have significant influence over the This article was completed under the University of sustainable wellbeing of society (Delanty 2018, p. Alberta, Augustana Faculty as a final assignment paper for AUSOC 263: Social Theory of 200). Community under the guidance of Dr. Tara Over the past decade, a fringe internet Milbrandt. group known as the involuntary celibates (Incels)

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have developed mainstream infamy for their common sentiment of disdain towards , extreme misogynistic rhetoric and reactionary they are distinctly unique due to their language, anti-feminist language, which has manifested into beliefs, and ideology compared to other groups in several terrorist attacks (Olheiser, 2018). On April the Manosphere (Jane 2017, p. 662). Incels have 23, 2018, Alek Minassian was charged with developed a cohesive environment of social murdering ten people, mostly women, and injuring engagement centred on a shared desire for society sixteen others through a van attack in downtown to operate under absolute patriarchy that , . Before the attack, he applauded dehumanizes women as mere sexual commodities the Incel movement. He declared an “Incel and quashes the empowerment of women and Rebellion” to punish women for denying Incels sexual liberation (Tolentino 2018). sex, which was regarded in the forums he partook It is essential to determine what elements in as a human right (Olheiser, 2018). within the online platforms where Incels gather In the same post, Minassian provide members with a sense of nostalgia and pledged allegiance to Elliot Rodger, a 22-year old, comfort that Zygmunt Bauman refers to as the self-identified Incel who killed six people and foundation of community (Bauman, 2001). This wounded fourteen others in the college town of paper refers to core theoretical notions of Isla Vista. Rodger is lionized within online forums community noted by Zygmunt Bauman and Jurgen of Incels, in which Minassian actively engaged Habermas’s as the basis of whether or not (Branson-Potts & Winton, 2016). The deification interactions among Incels within and outside their of Rodger was not only due to the violence of his online forums constitute the subgroup as a act but also the 137-page manifesto that excoriated legitimate community. Analyzing the social women for “unfairly” rejecting him and giving dynamics and methods of communication within their affection, love and sex to other men while he this fringe eco-chamber clarifies whether values of remained a virgin. Rodger’s manifesto and hate, self-loathing and misogyny can facilitate YouTube videos became a staple hold of the Incel deliberation, emotional connectedness, and movement, serving as a guide for many Incels who nostalgia which in turn will constitute the Incels as want to partake in acts of violence (Branson-Potts a sociologically legitimate community. & Winton, 2016 ). The motives of sexual History of the Incel Community frustration and hatred for women further inspired In 1997, a woman in Toronto known as Scott Paul Bierele to murder six women at a yoga “Alana” created a website that sought to operate as studio in Tallahassee, , in November 2018 a support network for anybody of any who as well as several other attacks in which was lonely, never had sex or who had not been in perpetrators were linked to engaging in Incel a relationship in a long time for whatever reason forums (Zaveri, Jacobs & Mervosh, 2018). (Taylor, 2018). She coined the term ‘involuntary A product of the anti-feminist Men’s celibates’ to refer to the members of this online Rights Movement (MRM), Incels operate within a support group. However, after dissociating herself broader online conglomerate of fringe anti- from the network, the forum began to shift towards feminist sub-groups known as the Manosphere becoming a virtual area of hate and frustration (Lily 2016, p. 50). Although Incels express a 18

among mostly heterosexual men within the the subjugation of women (SPLC, 2018). The manosphere (Taylor, 2018). Incels’ ascent to mainstream social discourse is According to Ging (2017), the manosphere due, in part, to the acts of violence perpetrated by is a product of the men’s liberation movement of Elliot Rodger and Alek Minassian, whom Incels the 1970s, which emerged as a form of resistance glorify for avenging the perceived injustices of an against second-wave feminism. Historically, oppressive feminist society (Ging, 2017, p. 3). The Incels identified as men who were disillusioned by consensus among Incel chatrooms is that feminists, the seduction methods of pick up artists whom social justice warriors, and alpha males are to they felt had failed them in developing sexual blame for their inability to have sexual relationships with women (SPLC, 2018). As a relationships (Ging, 2017, p. 3). Overall, Incels result, Incels began to coalesce within anonymous subscribe to a notion of masculinity that is defined social media platforms such as , , by a tally of “sexual conquests” and referring to , , Incel.me as well as other platforms to women as “emotionally cruel,” “sexually deviant express their frustrations through unfettered subhumans” (Grinnell College, n.d.) who are misogyny, , and violence rhetoric (Fifth inferior to men intellectually and genetically and Estate, 2019; Beauchamp, 2018; Massanari 2015, must, therefore, be controlled. p. 333). Social Boundaries of the Incels The adoption of violent and extreme It is important to note the difference misogynistic rhetoric within Incel forums appealed between those who are involuntarily celibate and to male members as a socially acceptable outlet for those who are part of the Incel community. venting their anger and hate without backlash According to a linguistic analysis study, it was (Marwick & Caplan, 2018). Many Incels consider determined that the demographic characteristics of such platforms as safe-spaces for members to find self-identified members of one Incel forum were kinship, camaraderie, obtain emotional support predominantly adolescent males, heterosexual, and develop a sense of belonging through a shared often less educated and described as lonely, sense of victimhood even through the promotion socially anxious, and depressed (Jaki et al., 2018, of violence against women (Kimmel 2013, p. 115; p. 13). They were also noted as using language that Hill, 2019; Ging, 2018). This coincides with the exhibited low-self esteem, self-pity and notions of community highlighted by Bauman hopelessness due to perceived physical or mental (2001), those of preserving and promoting a sense shortcomings and a lack of professional success as of comfort among its members. a result of unemployment (Jaki et al., 2018, p. 13). According to Lily (2016, p. 50) Incels No boundary or filtering mechanism can prevent claim that the purpose of such forums is not rooted anyone who may not identify as an Incel to engage in sexist ideology but is rather an effort by men in the chat rooms, message boards or forums since fighting against their alleged emasculation and most platforms provide their users with a veil of sexual repression at the hands of feminists (Lily, anonymity (Massanari, 2017, p. 334). This 2016, p. 50). However, The Southern Poverty Law anonymity allows anyone who may not abide by Center has labelled Incels as a male supremacy the values of the group or share the ideologies of group that spews a hateful ideology advocating for Incels or other manosphere groups to infiltrate the 19

websites, view their activities, and partake in their The members of the predominantly male discussions (Massanari, 2017, p. 335). However, Incel community believe that unless a woman is in the eyes of Incels, there are boundaries as to who “severely deformed,” (Jennings, 2018) she can can identify as a member of the group, despite have sex whenever she wants. They also argue that being unable to filter out anyone whom they the main reason women and gay men consider consider as unwelcome to their forums unless themselves to be involuntarily celibate is not forum administrators remove them. These involuntary at all but rather centred on having “too boundaries are established through language, and high of standards” (Jennings, 2018) that eliminate rhetoric exchanged between members within the the prospect of finding a realistic male partner. In message boards. the case of an anonymous “Femcel,” the individual The expression of terminologies such as made a post on a popular forum where she refuted “roastie1”, “femoid2”, or “holes3” is correctly used claims that her was voluntary or based on not only as derogatory expressions against women high standards but instead genuinely insisted that but also as a rhetorical force that strengthens the she is unattractive. The response to the thread was interconnectedness of an ingroup and ostracizes met with a severe backlash by other Incels, filled those who are deemed unwelcome (Marwick & with posters calling the woman a liar, a troll, a Caplan, 2018). The overall vernacular of Incels “vapid whore,” “lonely and unloved,” and “pig serves as an active strategy of excluding woman” (Jennings, 2018). The participant who individuals who do not fit the ideals of Incel disclosed herself as a woman was subsequently forums and work to orient Incels against women, banned from the forum. feminists, as well as self-identified female Incels Eliminating the participation of women in or “Femcels”. One of the most actively repudiated such forums is emphasized as a necessary members of Incel forums are Femcels as well as mechanism of preserving the politically incorrect Incels from the LGBTQ community, commonly online culture of Incel forums, where members can referred to as “Gaycels” who are actively met with say whatever they like without having to support great hostility, shut out, and blocked from Incel their position or provide evidence (Massanari, forums. This expulsion campaign is suspected to 2017, p. 335). Ideology, through language, plays a be due to commonly shared notions within the significant role in shaping the boundaries of the forums that the struggle of women and LGBTQ Incel forums. Members actively use terminologies people in terms of interpersonal and sexual that describe women as “evil subhuman beings” relationships are illegitimate compared to those and refer to them in dehumanizing terms such as experienced by heterosexual male Incels (Chester, “femoids,” “FHOs (Female Humanoid Organism)” 2018; Coles, 2018). or “holes.” A unique component of the Incel is the group’s language, terminologies

1 A derogatory term to describe the disfiguration a woman's 3 Female genitalia after engaging in intercourse (Conti, 2018) 2 A dehumanizing term to describe women as humanoid creatures 20

and neologisms that differentiate Incels from other which will open his eyes to the reality in which he groups in the Manosphere (Conti, 2018; Jane 2017, is enslaved (Van Valkenburg, 2018). The concept p. 661). Incels’ ways of communicating are aimed of “red-pilling” is a common theme among many at being demeaning, discriminatory, violent, racist, subgroups in the manosphere and has served as a and misogynistic (Conti, 2018). rhetorical tool to systematically challenge liberal Social membership is therefore determined progressive ideas or any external perspectives by individual members contributing to forums contrary to the beliefs of the in-group (Aikin, using Incel specific terminologies that aim to be 2018). According to Ging (2017), the emergence offensive to other Incels or outside members of the of the uniting concept among group (Jaki et al., 2018, p. 4-9). Following manosphere groups is believed to have originated conceptions of community highlighted by from a subreddit thread in reddit.com known as Habermas, members of Incel forums can engage in “The Red Pill” (r/TRP). discourse over controversial political issues, The hallmark red-pill thinking is its openly establish a consensus while acknowledging contention of society being subjected to a grand and accepting that reasonable disagreements may illusion and that the messages expressed by the exist. However, such an idea of a community may online forum serve as an enlightening source more easily be conceived in theory rather than in guiding member in discovering a new corrected practice (Stanford, 2017) reality (Aikin, 2018). The Incels consider Due to this extreme anti-woman rhetoric, themselves to be “red-pillers,” claiming to realize many female Incels are dissuaded from engaging that Western society is sexist against men. They in such forums (Jennings, 2018). Although this claim that most people whom they refer to as may compromise the ability of Incel forum to be “normies” have instead taken the blue pill, which qualified as a legitimate community under has subjected them to remain ignorant of what they Habermas’s notions of deliberation, there is no claim to be an oppressive feminist system indication that because specific demographics are (Grinnell College, n.d.). actively excluded that deliberation does not exist This perceived notion of an unjust feminist (Stanford, 2017). On the contrary, there are several conspiracy against men has resulted in many Incels factions within the Incel forums who, despite a amplifying sentiments of self-hate, self-loathing, consensus against the rights of women and other and anger towards women as well as themselves groups, remain openly at-odds to the notions of (“Inside ‘Incel’ Ideology,” 2018). It has also violent , , and policy as manifested into a political theory among Incels highlighted by (2018). known as “Sexual Marxism.” Proponents of this Social Manifestations theory believe that their Incel status is due to a The Incel ideology is preoccupied with a rigged system of sexual and economic injustice manosphere concept known as the Red Pill where there is an unequal allocation of sex to the Subreddit. It is a theory which originates from The top 20% of men who are alpha males (Beauchamp, Matrix Trilogy where the hero must choose 2018). One of the fundamental rules within the between swallowing a blue pill, that will allow him r/TRP that legitimizes membership within the to remain in a pleasant illusory world, or a red pill, community is not only the active use of terms but 21

the sharing of theoretical concepts regarding Within the r/TRP, the community is human nature and Western society that in turn structured around social and biological theories in facilitates a deliberation of ideas, policies and which new members are required to both beliefs regarding the perceived struggle among familiarize, understand as well as engage with Incels (Van Valkenburg, 2018). Within the forums, other members in accordance with the rules of the Incels debate and discuss policy ideas from forum through virtual interactions (Van legalizing to potentially more extreme Valkenburg, 2018). For Incels, a sense of propositions such as the equal distribution of sex, community is developed through a profanity- state-mandated girlfriends, and the legalizing , heavy form of communication by making posts incest and in some cases pedophilia (Jakie et al., regarding their sexual frustrations, commenting on 2018, p. 20-22; Cook & Campbell, 2018). other members’ posts, and collectively Through such mechanisms, Incels have commiserating over their (Romano, established in-group identity through collective 2018). Members share memes, comments, and self-loathing, companionship, and commiseration videos as well as pornography that are overtly of their perceived social isolation to help address racist, misogynistic, abusive, violent, and their emotional needs. Out-group identity is encourage other members to commit (Hill, formed by depicting women, normies, and 2018). This method of engagement among Incels LGBTQ individuals as reprehensible Jaki et al. demonstrates how online communities can emerge (2018). Incitement and justification of violence through language and how group-specific against women and minorities are some of the terminology determines the boundaries of the most common characteristics of Incel forums such community (Jaki et al., 2018, p. 25). as Incel.me, which enhances negative out-group However, the most disturbing social depictions (Jaki et al., 2018). manifestations of the Incel movement have been It was noted by Jaki et al. (2018) that the the acts of terror committed by self-proclaimed in-group vs. out-group dynamic is further Incels (McDonell-Parry, 2018). Many of the propagated through the persecution of individuals individuals initially share social media posts, who post comments or threads that do not align messages, or, in some instances, an elaborate with common ideas expressed in the forums. The manifesto encrypted with Incel specific language creation of such a virtual echo-chamber has not proclaiming vengeance against the system that has only made individuals susceptible to violent left them sexless (Blommaert, 2017, p. 10). Acts but has also categorized members of of violence and declarations of mass violence have the out-groups as a source of all of their despair become a significant concern among the public and view them as a threatening group. Hence, it is due to the potentiality of Incels becoming a common that much of the speech expressed within breeding ground for so-called lone-wolf terrorist the forums incites violence targeting certain activities such as those enacted by Alek Minassian people because of their gender, sexual orientation, and Scott Paul Bierele (Shechter, 2018). as well as their ethnic, religious, or racial Solidarity Through Hate and Self-Loathing background Jaki et al. (2018). The sense of solidarity among Incels is rooted in their self-deprecating perceptions of 22

physical appearance and a shared sense of aggregative relationships. He also noted that inferiority (Hill, 2018). They collectively obsess without the communal elements of emotional ties over their facial features, height, weight, wrist size, or traditional links, a community is unable to exist, neck size, penis size and several other physical regardless of the number of face-to-face attributes that they claim to serve as the reasons interactions experienced or locations shared with why they are unwanted by women (Janki, 2018, p. other members (Weber, 1962, p. 92). There is 10; Hill, 2018). Incels perpetuate a shared identity arguably a sense of communalization among centred on the belief that they cannot have sex or Incels as they have developed a kinship with one affection from women because they fail to fit a another through shared feelings of inferiority, stereotypical ideal of masculinity (Hobbes, 2018). anxiety, depression, anger, hatred, and Incels exemplify their ideal animus through a cis- disillusionment. Weber noted that communal gendered male archetype known as “Chads.” relationships could be coercive; however, for According to Incel forums, Chads are men who are many Incels the forums serve as an emotional considered athletic, physically fit, and easily support group for individuals who are capable of developing hundreds of sexual experiencing personal issues. Arguably, it should relationships with attractive women whom Incels be noted that the rhetoric of hatred, bigotry, refer to as “Stacy’s” (Jennings, 2018). Solidarity mockery, and vicious antagonization perpetuated through misogyny and violence is also displayed by forums towards the enemies of Incels has by members “joking” about how they would like shown little evidence in enhancing the to rape and murder Stacy’s, as well as plot mass psychological wellbeing of their members. shootings (VICE News, 2018). Following Zygmunt Bauman’s The second point of solidarity among sociological interpretation of public spheres, the Incels are their stated suicidal tendencies. Referred sense of community among Incels is also rooted in to as “black-pilling,” many Incels claim that the the imagination of a world based on nostalgia and only way to escape this unjust system of sexual security (Bauman, 2001, p. 3). A component of the repression and inceldom is suicide (Romano, communal nature of Incels is their vigorous belief 2018). Many Incels have found a sense of that they are ‘low status’ men and have found a belonging within forums that allow them to share sense of solidarity through this shared belief expressions of suicidal thoughts as well as detailed (Delanty, 2018, p. 138). Within the forums, there declarations of committing suicide with others is an expression of a “paradise lost” (Bauman, who may also be suicidal. The aggressive and cruel 2001, p. 3) mentality where Incels express a desire engagement of Incels with each other has escalated for society to return to a time where women were a sense of fatalistic among the members subordinate to men that will then allow them to to such an extent they feel comfortable in openly obtain sex from women whenever they please. discussing how and when they want to commit This concept emphasizes the notion that a suicide (Romano, 2018). community is dependent on an illusion where Sociological Assessment individual members construct their perspectives to Max Weber emphasized that communities defend against invading forces, which, in the case are centred upon a balance of communal and of Incels, is feminism (Delanty, 2018, p. 138). 23

Conclusion under a virtual format and can allow us to consider The rise of Incels exhibits how the possibility of deliberation existing within an communities are built upon shared emotional echo-chamber. It will also allow us to understand experiences independent of shared physical spaces better the radicalization trajectories of vulnerable and locality. Delanty (2018, p. 201) notes that youth towards engaging in violent extremism. networks that facilitate such communications do Future Research not necessarily constitute communities directly. There is little literature, or empirical data is They do, however, allow for de-spatialized exploring the social dynamics of not only the Incel communities to emerge from consistent community but the manosphere as a whole. communications between individuals who share Without an adequate understanding of the communal solidarity. trajectories and socio-behavioural patterns among Although Incels exhibit characteristics of those who engage in the manosphere, it will be an echo-chamber, their forums do facilitate challenging to implement social and legal policies deliberation with regards to who can be to reduce violent radicalization, and categorized as an Incel, how Incels should grieve psychological trauma among both members and their celibacy and whether violent rhetoric is those who are victimized by hateful rhetoric. In a necessary to enhance their status. For Incels, study conducted by Jaki et al. (2018), an community is centred on a voluntary association of interdisciplinary group of investigators in the their shared beliefs, values, and active fields of computer science, psychology and communication through the common vernacular of sociology sought to explore the group dynamics of their respective forums. It is a concept that is incel forums through natural language processing rooted in kinship and emotional experiences (NLP). without the expectation of direct compensation Unfortunately, this study was conducted (Tonnies, 1974, p. 8). using a single forum as its source of data, which According to Craig Calhoun, the internet is limits its generalizability. Future research should producing communities whose participants share focus on developing systematic reviews as well as similarities of thought rather than enhancing various discourse analysis of online forums within diversity (Delanty, 2018, p. 214). Computer- the manosphere, including the Incel subgroups mediated communication has bolstered the rise of using NLP. Through such research strategies, communities where members share a collective future investigations will better analyze the identity across geography, such as Incels (Delanty, dynamics of how manosphere communities like 2018, p. 218). It is essential that researchers further the Incles operate, obtain new members, construct investigate why self-described Incels gravitate a sense of commonality potentially prevent future towards online spaces and how they develop a acts of violence and perpetuation of radicalization sense of community within forums that may be and online psychological trauma in society. emotionally maladaptive for young males who vulnerable in engaging in such groups. References Investigating the Incel world is critical in Aikin, S.F. (2018). Deep disagreement, the dark understanding communities as entities that operate enlightenment, and the rhetoric of the red pill. 24

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November 3). Gunman in Yoga Studio Shooting Recorded Misogynistic Videos and Faced Battery Charges. The New York