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Towards a Theological Ethic of Inclusion for a Faith-Based Independent Girls School in South Africa

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Towards a Theological Ethic of Inclusion for a Faith-Based Independent Girls School in South Africa The pain of exclusion: Towards a theological ethic of inclusion for a faith-based independent girls school in South Africa by CLODAGH A. L. SPRINGER submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject of Theological Ethics at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF L. KRETZSCHMAR (November 2019) DECLARATION Name: Clodagh Arnold Leicester Springer Student number: 06230571 Degree: MTh Title: The Pain of Exclusion: Towards a Theological Ethic of Inclusion for a Faith-Based Independent Girls’ School in South Africa I declare that the above dissertation is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I further declare that I submitted the dissertation to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. (The dissertation will not be examined unless this statement has been submitted.) 15 November 2019 SIGNATURE DATE i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aims of this Dissertation .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Explanation of Terms ................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Theology and Ethics .............................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Bullying ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.3 Moral, Spiritual and Social Development ............................................................. 6 1.3.4 Community ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3.5 Exclusion ............................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Motivation for the Research ........................................................................................ 7 1.5 The Value of this Research ........................................................................................... 8 1.6 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 10 1.7 Hypothesis.................................................................................................................. 11 1.8 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 11 1.8.1 Orientation and Approach .................................................................................. 12 1.8.2 Type of Investigation .......................................................................................... 12 1.8.3 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 13 1.9 Structure of This DISSERTATION ................................................................................ 14 2 A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION ............................... 18 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Girls’ Relationships and Exclusion .............................................................................. 20 2.2.1 The Need to Belong ............................................................................................ 21 2.2.2 The Influence of the Group ................................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Group Behaviour................................................................................................. 23 ii 2.2.4 Consequences of Social Exclusion ...................................................................... 24 2.2.5 An Alternative ..................................................................................................... 24 2.2.6 Summary of Sub-Section .................................................................................... 25 2.3 An Understanding of Social Exclusion as Insidious Bullying ...................................... 25 2.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Definition of Bullying .......................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Incidence and Prevalence ................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 The Effects of Bullying ........................................................................................ 29 2.3.5 Forms of Bullying ................................................................................................ 29 2.3.6 Participants ......................................................................................................... 31 2.3.7 Isolation and Exclusion as Bullying ..................................................................... 33 2.3.8 Bullying as a Spiritual Problem ........................................................................... 33 2.3.9 Summary of Sub-Section .................................................................................... 35 2.4 Traditions, Systems and Patterns of Behaviour That Contribute to Social Exclusion 36 2.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 36 2.4.2 Power .................................................................................................................. 37 2.4.3 Hierarchies .......................................................................................................... 39 2.4.4 Traditions ............................................................................................................ 40 2.4.5 Status Markers .................................................................................................... 41 2.4.6 Categorisation ..................................................................................................... 41 2.4.7 Stereotypes ......................................................................................................... 42 2.4.8 Prejudice ............................................................................................................. 43 2.4.9 Racism ................................................................................................................. 44 2.4.10 White Privilege.................................................................................................... 45 2.4.11 Stigmatisation ..................................................................................................... 46 iii 2.4.12 Intergroup Interactions ...................................................................................... 46 2.4.13 Summary of Sub-Section .................................................................................... 47 2.5 Moral and Spiritual Development: Relevance to Social Exclusion ............................ 47 2.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 47 2.5.2 Moral Character .................................................................................................. 48 2.5.3 Moral Formation and Development ................................................................... 49 2.5.4 Stages of Moral Development ............................................................................ 51 2.5.5 Spirituality ........................................................................................................... 53 2.5.6 Spiritual Formation ............................................................................................. 54 2.5.7 Christian Norms, Values and Virtues .................................................................. 55 2.5.8 Developing Compassion and Empathy ............................................................... 58 2.5.9 Development of Conscience ............................................................................... 59 2.5.10 Moral and Spiritual Development and Social Exclusion ..................................... 60 2.5.11 Summary of Sub-Section .................................................................................... 61 2.6 An Understanding of Communities ........................................................................... 62 2.6.1 Old Testament .................................................................................................... 63 2.6.2 The New Testament and the Early Church ......................................................... 64 2.6.3 Moral Communities in the 21st Century ............................................................. 66 2.6.4 Moral Communities and Ubuntu ........................................................................ 66 2.6.5 Ethical Communities ........................................................................................... 67 2.6.6 Summary of Sub-Section ...................................................................................
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