The Defense Technology Base Are the Activities Licensing, Subcontracting, and Use of DOE Fa- and Responsibilities of the Energy Research, Cilities

Chapter 5 Research Institutions and Organizations

The Department of Defense technology base and it also discusses how civilian government program has been described in chapter 4 of this agencies foster the technology base that is special report, and the contribution of private drawn on by the Department of Defense. In industry is addressed in chapter 3. This chap- addition, various types of nongovernment, ter describes the contributions made to the de- nonprofit laboratories are discussed at the end fense technology base by government-funded of the chapter. laboratories—both defense and non-defense—

DEFENSE DEPARTMENT LABORATORIES Defense Department laboratories are owned Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL), and operated—under a variety of different White Sands Missile Range, NM (390).1–The philosophies-by the military services. Their Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory is AMC’s activities are coordinated, to some degree, by principal laboratory for atmospheric and the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and they meteorological technology and equipment de- are staffed mostly by Civil Servants and some velopment. Basic investigations into atmos- military officers rotating through on short pheric sensing technologies and applications tours of duty. are conducted to assess the potential impact of atmospheric conditions on advanced Army Army Laboratories weapons and systems. Department of the Army technology base Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL), Aber- work is performed by 31 research and devel- deen Proving Ground, MD (730). –This labora- opment organizations attached to the Army tory conducts research into the vulnerability Materiel Command (7 laboratories, 8 research, and lethality of Army weapons (e.g., guns, can- development, and engineering centers, the nons, missiles). It addresses weapons systems Army Research Office, and the Project Man- from the drawing board to the field and from ager Training Device), the Office of the Sur- small arms and ammunition to large missiles geon General of the Army (9 laboratories), the and their warheads. Army Corps of Engineers (4 laboratories), and Electronics Technology and Devices Labora- the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Per- tory (ETDL), Ft. Monmouth NJ (310).–This sonnel ( 1 laboratory). The major Army labora- is the primary Army laboratory for electronics, tories are described below. electron devices, and tactical power supplies. This laboratory is the lead laboratory for the Army Materiel Command (AMC) Army for the Very High Speed Integrated Cir- Laboratory Command (LABCOM).–Lab- cuit (VHSIC) and Microwave/Millimeter Wave oratory Command, within the Army Materiel Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MIMIC) pro- Command, operates seven facilities that are grams. responsible primarily for 6.2 and 6.3 research in specialized areas of technology relevant to ‘The numbers in parentheses give the total work force (scien- Army requirements. These are: tists, engineers, managers, support staff, administration, etc.).

83-207 - 0 - 88 - 5 86

Harry Diamond Laboratories (HDL), Adel- Armament RDE Center (ARDEC), Pica- phi, MD (730).—Harry Diamond Laboratories tinny Arsenal, NJ (4,150).—ARDEC concen- is involved in exploratory and advanced de- trates its efforts on two main areas-weapons velopment of a variety of technologies includ- and munitions. ARDEC is managed by the ing fuzing, target detection and analysis, ord- Armaments, Munitions, and Chemical Com- nance electronics, electromagnetic effects, mand (AMCCOM), centered at Rock Island, materials, and industrial and maintenance IL. engineering. This laboratory is AMC’s lead lab oratory for fluidics and nuclear weapons Chemical RDE Center (CRDEC), Aberdeen effects. Proving Ground, MD (1,400).–CRDEC is the Defense Department’s lead laboratory for Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL), chemical and biological defense-related mat- Aberdeen, MD (220).–This laboratory is re- ters. Like ARDEC, CRDEC is an RDE center sponsible for the “man-machine’ interface for for the Armaments, Munitions, and Chemical advanced Army systems. It has assumed the Command. role of lead Army laboratory for robotics research and human factors engineering. Aviation RDE Center, St. Louis, MO (1,430). –This center, operated by the Aviation Sys- Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL), tems Command (AVSCOM), is responsible for Watertown, MA (660).–The Materials Tech- Army aviation research and development in- nology Laboratory is responsible for manag- cluding airframes, propulsion systems, and ing and conducting research and exploratory avionics. Two major activities are operated in development programs in materials and solid support of Army aviation R&D efforts. First mechanics, including basic research in ad- is the Aviation Research and Technology Ac- vanced metals, composites, and ceramics. tivity, co-located with NASA’s Ames Research Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory Center, Moffett Field, CA. This Activity has (VAL), White Sands Missile Range, NM(260). subordinate offices at (or near) two other –This laboratory provides an independent NASA centers: Lewis Research Center and assessment of the vulnerability of Army weap- Langley Research Center. These locations re- ons and communications electronics systems flect the close relationship between Army avia- to hostile electronic warfare (e.g. jamming). tion and NASA’s research into advanced short takeoff and landing (STOL) flight concepts and Research, Development, and Engineering propulsion systems. The second Activity sup- (RDE) Centers.–The six Systems Commands porting the Aviation RDE Center is the Avi- of the Army Materiel Command each operate onics Research and Development Activity, Ft. one or more research, development and engi- Monmouth, NJ, which is co-located with the neering centers which conduct exploratory and Army’s electronics and communications ex- advanced technology development in support perts—the Communications-Electronics Com- of the specific commands’ mission responsi- mand and the Laboratory Command’s Elec- bilities. These centers are organizational enti- tronic Technology and Device Laboratory. ties and are not necessarily physically located at a single site. (If there is no single primary Communications-Electronics Command site, the location given below is that of the par- (CECOM) RDE Center, Ft. Monmouth, NJ ent Systems Command.) Although the RDE (1,930).–The CECOM RDE center is respon- Centers conduct some in-house research and sible for research in the areas of command, con- development, the bulk of their work is control, communications, intelligence, and electronic tracted out to industry (the largest contribu- warfare. In addition to the Ft. Monmouth ef- tor), nonprofit organizations, and some univer- fort, a number of subordinate facilities and sities. The centers are oriented toward the centers focus on specialized electronics and sen- development end of the technology program, sor research and development. The Night Vi- leading to components, products, and systems. sion and Electro-Optical Laboratory, Ft. Bel- 87 voir, VA, is a recognized leader in infrared and of the individual soldier in all combat envi- other night vision devices for all three Serv- ronments. ices. The Signals Warfare Laboratory, Vint Hills Farms Station, VA, conducts programs Office of the Surgeon General (OTSG) related to surveillance, reconnaissance, and The Army Medical Research and Develop- electronic warfare (including signals intelli- ment Command, under the authority of the gence, communications intelligence, electronic Surgeon General of the Army, operates nine countermeasures and electronic counter-coun- laboratories that investigate medical areas of termeasures). Other activities under the interest to the Army. These laboratories em- CECOM RDE Center include: the Electronic ploy a total of 2,710 personnel. The largest is Warfare and Special Sensors group; the Air- the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research borne Electronics Research Activity, Lake- 3 (1,000 personnel), which performs research in hurst, NJ; the Center for C Systems; and the the areas of military disease hazards, combat Life-Cycle Software Engineering Center. casualty care, Army systems hazards, and Missile Command (MICOM) RDE Center, medical defenses against and treatments for Redstone Arsenal, AL (1 ,470).—This center is chemical weapons. Other facilities also exam- responsible for the development, acquisition, ine these topics and others such as crew work- and production of all Army missile systems. load and stress; treatment of dental injuries; It is the Army’s lead organization for guidance investigation of the problems, complications, and control, terminal homing, and high power/ and treatment of mechanical and burn injury; high energy laser technology. With the capa- the biomedical effects of military lasers; the bility to carry a concept through to prototype effects of temperature, altitude, work, and nu- almost without outside help, it is very influen- trition on the health and performance of sold- tial in the overall direction and progress of iers or crews; acoustics; and vision. Army guided weapons programs. Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) RDE Corps of Engineers (COE) Center, Warren, MI (810).–This center is re- The Corps of Engineers operates four lab- sponsible for technologies and systems asso- oratories. ciated with vehicular propulsion, structure, Cold Regions Research and Engineering and advanced armor. As exemplified by its location, it has a close relationship with the Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH (300).– This facility investigates problems faced by U.S. automotive industry. Substantial explora- the Corps of Engineers in cold areas of the tory work is also underway on robotics, vetron- world. ics (integrated vehicle electronics), propulsion, and vehicle survivability. Construction Engineering Research Labora- tory (CERL), Champaign, IL (260).–This lab- Belvoir RDE Center, Fort Belvoir, VA oratory conducts research and development in (1,080).–The Belvoir RDE Center is respon- facility construction, operations, and main- sible for combat engineering, logistics support, tenance. materials, fuels, and lubricants. It falls under the Troop Support Command (TROSCOM), Engineer Topographic Laboratories (ETL), headquartered in St. Louis, MO, which is re- Fort Belvoir, VA (300).–This laboratory pro- sponsible for developing systems and equip- vides the military community with research ment to support the soldier. and development in topographic sciences and terrain analysis. Natick RDE Center, Natick, MA (l,090).– The Natick RDE Center, also falling under the Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Troop Support Command, is dedicated to en- (WES), Vicksburg, MS (1,660).–The five tech- suring the maximum survivability, supporta- nical laboratories at this facility-the Hy- bility, sustainability, and combat effectiveness draulics, Geotechnical, Structures, and En- 88 vironmental Laboratories and the Coastal weapons, surveillance and sensor technology, Engineering Research Center–support the and undersea technology. In addition, a ma- military and civilian missions of the Army, jor space systems technology effort has re- other federal agencies, and allied nations. cently been undertaken by the Laboratory. Roughly one-fourth of NRL’s activity is funded Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnell/Army by the Navy’s research budget. The balance Research Institute for Behavioral of the activity is funded as a result of proposals and Social Sciences by NRL personnel to conduct R&D for Navy The Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel development work, other DoD/Service labora- (DCSPER) operates one laboratory, the Army tories, and other U.S. Government depart- Research Institute for Behavioral and Social ments. The “contracts” won by NRL involve Sciences (ARI). This lab, employing 400 per- 6.1, 6.2, 6.3A/B, and 6.4 activities. NRL also sonnel, is the Army’s lead lab for soldier- maintains an active exchange program with oriented research. other laboratories, both in the United States and internationally, and with universities. Navy Laboratories Other ONR Laboratories (490/250).-In addition to the Naval Research Laboratory, the Of- The Navy’s research and development sys- fice of Naval Research operates smaller lab- tem, as described in chapter 4, incorporates oratories conducting research in specialized a greater in-house research and development subject areas. The Naval Oceanographic Re- capability than that of the Army or the Air search and Development Activity (NORDA) Force. Many Navy laboratories and develop- and the Institute for Naval Oceanography ment centers not only have the capability to (INO), in Bay St. Louis, MS, conduct research, conduct in-house research and exploratory de- development, test, and evaluation programs velopment (6.1 and 6.2), but also can carry a in ocean science and technology and in ocean design almost to the production level through forecasting, respectively. The two labs employ the more “mature” stages of advanced sys- 424 people, 215 of whom are scientists or engi- tems development (6.3B) and engineering de- neers. The Navy Environmental Prediction Re- velopment (6.4). The various Navy laboratories search Facility (NEPRF) in Monterey, CA, con- are described below. ducts research and development in various areas of atmospheric science. Office of Naval Research (ONR) The Office of Naval Research operates four Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command laboratories. (SPAWAR) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Washing- Prior to the 1985 reorganization of the Navy ton, DC (3,540/l,550).2 -Founded in 1923, NRL science and technology program, each of the is the Navy’s principal “in-house” research lab- major Naval Systems Commands (e.g., Naval oratory. Indeed, in some areas of technology, Air Systems Command) had responsibility for it is DoD’s principal laboratory. NRL conducts the operation of mission-specific development a vigorous research program in the fields of activities and centers. This concept has been computer science, artificial intelligence and in- replaced by one wherein the Space and Naval formation management, device technology, Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) electronic warfare, materials, directed energy serves as the focal point for most exploratory (6.2) and advanced technology (6.3A) development activities. The other Systems Commands *The first number in parentheses gives the total number of (e.g., the Naval Air Systems Command, the employees at the lab and the second gives the number of scien- Naval Sea Systems Command, and the Naval tists and engineers. Note that the definitions of scientist and engineer may vary from facility to facility, and therefore these Space Command) have primary responsibility numbers may not be directly comparable. for developing “platforms” (e.g., aircraft, 89 ships, space systems). Basic “safety-of-flight’ missile are still state-of-the-art as a result of or “sea-keeping” equipment remain their re- the Center’s continuing efforts. The develop- sponsibilities as well, but mission payloads and ment of anti-radiation missile technology and other specialized equipment are increasingly weapons has been carried to a mature state becoming the responsibility of SPAWAR. In by China Lake. Additionally, China Lake engi- line with this philosophy, all Naval Develop- neers and scientists are considered leaders in ment Centers and activities have been assigned sensor technologies (infrared, electro-optic) and to that Command. This gives SPAWAR a missile engineering. “high-leverage’ role in the Navy’s overall China Lake is of particular interest in that strategy for systems development. it is one of the sites where the Navy is ex- In addition to their responsibility to SPAWAR perimenting with a more flexible salary struc- for carrying out the science and technology pro- ture for scientific and technical personnel. Gov- gram, the Centers retain a role in providing ernment laboratory managers have stated that technical management for major systems pro- Civil Service pay scales for technical person- grams. In this capacity, the Centers are respon- nel, lagging behind industry and even acade- sible to their pre-1985 “masters”; i.e., the Sys- mia, have hampered efforts to maintain high- tems Commands charged with developing the quality technical staffs. respective air, sea, and space systems. Seven David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and De- major development centers are now the respon- velopment Center (NSRDC), Carderock, MD and sibility of SPAWAR. Annapolis, MD (1,130/580).—This Center is re- Naval Air Development Center (NADC), War- sponsible primarily for hull designs and ad- minster, PA (2,310/1,510).—This Center is re- vanced ship protection systems (e.g., demag- sponsible for the development of aircraft and netizing systems, etc.). It maintains major aircraft systems, including electronic warfare modeling and test facilities and provides tech- and anti-submarine warfare systems. In addi- nical management for surface and submarine tion to weapons system development, science propulsion systems. Its S&T activities include and technology programs there involve electro- ship acoustics, magnetics, materials and struc- optic, acoustic, and microwave technologies. tures, hydrodynamics, advanced propulsion, and ship survivability. Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC), San Diego, CA (2,970/l,540).--The Naval Ocean Sys- Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), White tems Center is the Navy’s lead Center for sur- Oak, MD (4,870/2,430).—This Center, with its face command and control and for combat di- major subordinate facility for weapon systems rection systems. It has been a continuing at Dalghren, VA, serves to develop Naval sur- leader in ocean surveillance systems (e.g., face warfare systems, including weapons and acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.), and is emerg- systems for the detection and attack of suring as a leader in artificial intelligence and face and subsurface targets. In addition to knowledge-based systems to support the weapons system development, NSWC also has Navy’s combat-decision-aid programs. The a strategic role, serving as the Program Of- Center is also the Navy’s development orga- fice for the submarine-launched ballistic mis- nization for undersea weapon systems. S&T sile. A broad range of S&T activities are sup- activities include ocean science, bioscience, ported at the Center, including energetic electronics, and electronic materials research. materials, charged-particle beams, and sensors. Naval Weapon Center (NWC), China Lake, CA Naval Undersea Systems Center (NUSC), New- (4,970/1,820).-China” Lake is responsible for the port, RI (3,490/1,930).—AS the Navy’s primary development of air-to-air weapons and Naval organization for anti-submarine warfare, the air-delivered ordnance. The AI M-9 Sidewinder Naval Undersea Systems Center is responsi- missile was developed initially by China Lake ble for advanced developments in sonar and more than 20 years ago, and versions of the other undersea detection technologies. The Center also provides technical direction for Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories submarine combat systems. (AFWAL), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH (see staff breakdown below) .–Under the Naval Coastal Systems Center (NCSC), Aeronautical Systems Division (ASD) is a Panama City, FL (1,130/580).-This Center is re- “cluster” of laboratories which comprise the sponsible for mine countermeasures and shal- Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories— low water undersea weapons. Significant test four laboratories, a staff and a Signature Tech- and evaluation facilities are maintained and nology Office. operated there. The Aeropropulsion Laboratory (490) is re- Summary sponsible for exploring and developing tech- The Navy’s laboratories and Development nologies associated with aircraft and aerospace Centers have historically been influential vehicle power, including turbine engines, ram- throughout the acquisition cycle, up to–and jets, aerospace power components, fuels, and including-production phases. The manage- lubricants. ment reorganization in 1985 that eliminated The Avionics Laboratory (870) is the lead the Chief of Naval Material-the Navy ana- Air Force laboratory for the development of logue of the Army Materiel Command and the avionics systems and technologies. Major ef- Air Force Systems Command-consolidated forts are underway in microelectronics, micro- all Naval Development Center activity under wave devices, advanced electro-optics, target SPAWAR. Nevertheless, the job functions, recognition technologies, radar systems, and reporting responsibilities, and priorities of electronic warfare. many of the scientists and engineers in the field did not change substantially. The Flight Dynamics Laboratory (1,000) is responsible for aerodynamics, aircraft design, aerospace structures (including research into Air Force Laboratories applications of complex composites), and flight-control systems such as fly-by-light sys- Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) tems. Basic investigations are being conducted The exploratory (6.2) and advanced technol- into advanced flight mechanisms including ogy (6.3A) development elements of the Air hypersonic flight, short take-off and landing, Force S&T program are conducted under the and advanced maneuvering technologies. The five Systems Divisions which report directly Forward Swept Wing (X-29) Program has been to AFSC: Aeronautical Systems Division, Ar- a major effort in conjunction with DARPA and maments Division, Electronic Systems Divi- the NASA Ames Research Center. sion, Human Systems Division, and Space Di- The Materials Laboratory (420) is responsi- vision. Each Division provides oversight for ble for materials research and development, one or more laboratories, through which re- including electronic and electromagnetic ma- search, exploratory development, and ad- terials, metals, composites, and the recently vanced technology development are conducted discovered high-temperature superconductors. in support of Air Force-wide requirements. The The Materials Laboratory conducts compre- laboratories in the AFSC organization are de- hensive nondestructive testing and nonde- scribed below, with staffing levels given in structive evaluation programs as part of its parentheses for each laboratory. Not explicitly ongoing effort to develop advanced, high- described here is the Air Force Office of Sci- strength, low-weight structures for aircraft and entific Research, also part of Air Force Sys- aerospace vehicles. tems Command. This Office is responsible for the Air Force basic research (6.1) program, Air Force Armament Laboratory (AFATL), which is conducted primarily outside the Air Eglin Air Force Base, FL (530).—This labora- Force laboratories. The AFSC laboratories are: tory reports directly to, and is co-located with, 91 the Armaments Division. It is charged by the physics Laboratory, reports to Space Division Armaments Division to explore technologies through the Space Technology Center. It is the applicable to Air Force non-nuclear weapons, lead laboratory involved in the development both offensive and defensive. Thus substan- of technologies related to nuclear weapons ef- tial efforts are underway in munitions, seekers fects, directed energy weapons, and radiation (electro-optical, radiofrequency, etc.), struc- hardening. A close association has therefore tures, and advanced guidance systems for air- developed between the Air Force Weapons to-surface and air-to-air weapons. Although Laboratory and the two Department of Energy much of the effort involves technology devel- laboratories in New Mexico that are involved opment, a substantial analytical capability can in nuclear weapons–Sandia National Labora- be found there, particularly in the areas of vul- tories and the Los Alamos National Labora- nerability, weapons effectiveness, and simu- tory. The Air Force Weapons Laboratory has lators. assumed an increasingly important role in the SDI program, especially with regard to the Rome Air Development Center (RADC), weapons development efforts. The Labora- Griffiss Air Force Base, NY (1,210).–Rome Air tory’s experience and ongoing activities in ad- Development Center is the only laboratory vanced radiation technology and high-power operated by the Electronics Systems Division. laser technology have placed it as a leader in Among its main activities are investigations 3 directed energy weapon research. into advanced C concepts, information processing, and ground-based and strategic surveillance systems. It is conducting a vigorous pro Air Force Astronautics Laboratory (AFAL), gram in support of SDIO’s battle management/ Edwards Air Force Base, CA (400).-The Astro- C3 effort. RADC maintains two directorates nautics Laboratory, formerly the Rocket Pro- at Hanscom Air Force Base, MA—Electro- pulsion Laboratory, is the third laboratory magnetics and Solid-State Sciences. The first reporting through the Space Technology Cen- is involved in basic investigations into an- ter to Space Division. It plans and executes tennas and electromagnetic phenomena, and research, exploratory development, and ad- the second focuses on solid-state electronics, vanced development programs for interdis- devices, materials, and systems. An effort ciplinary space technology and rocket pro- underway at the latter facility is focused on pulsion. radiation-hardened electronic technologies— Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), of interest to both SDIO and the Air Force’s Brooks Air Force Base, TX (410).—The Human strategic C3 missions. Resources Laboratory manages and conducts Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (AFGL), research, exploratory development, and ad- Hanscom Air Force Base, MA (560).-This lab- vanced development programs for manpower oratory reports to the Air Force Space Divi- and personnel, operational and technical train- sion through the Air Force Space Technology ing, simulation, and logistics systems. Center, a management headquarters at Kirt- Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Re- land Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM. It sup- search Laboratory (AAMRL), Wright-Patterson ports the Air Force’s mission in developing and Air Force Base, OH (980).—The three divisions deploying space, airborne, and ground-based of AAMRL seek to protect Air Force person- systems. Research is conducted into atmos- nel against environmental injury and provide pheric science, Earth sciences, infrared tech- protective equipment; study human physical nology, and other disciplines related to the and mental performance so that human capa- space and terrestrial environment. bilities can be integrated into systems with Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL), Kirt- maximum effectiveness; and identify and land Air Force Base, NM (1,110).—The Air Force quantify toxic chemical hazards created by Air Weapons Laboratory, like the Air Force Geo- Force systems and operations. 92

Air Force Engineering and Services Laboratory tively contract with industry, rather than per- (AFESL), Tyndall Air Force Base, FL (100) forming substantial research and development Not formally part of Air Force Systems Com- in-house. This philosophy brings programs out mand, the Engineering and Services Labora- into private industry earlier, introducing com- tory is the lead agency for basic research, petition at an earlier stage. Therefore, Air exploratory development, advanced develop- Force labs are not generally viewed as being ment, and selected engineering development in competition with the private sector; in fact, programs for civil engineering and environ- Air Force exploratory development programs mental quality technology. It is part of the Air are viewed by industry as important “seed” Force Engineering and Services Center, which programs that will serve to build a company’s has responsibility for developing and provid- future business base. ing the technology base for the tools and training of the military engineer.

Summary Unlike the Navy, the Air Force philosophy emphasizes developing the expertise to effec-

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NATIONAL LABORATORIES Background reactors for the Navy’s submarine fleet. Re- search and development, production and main- The Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Na- tenance, and nuclear materials production for tional Laboratory structure is comprised of nuclear weapons and other defense activities about 60 facilities, including the nuclear weap- are each funded at a level of about $2 billion ons production facilities, that are involved in annually. a broad range of research, advanced development, and production. With activities located The research functions and capabilities of in almost every State, the fiscal year 1986 bud- the Department of Energy have also broadened get for this complex was over $10 billion (ex- beyond their original concentration on nuclear cluding the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and physics to encompass a wide spectrum of re- the Power Marketing Administrations). Ap- proximately 135,000 people are now employed search into fundamental sciences. The present within this Laboratory system. Only about 5 scientific and technological capabilities of the DOE National Laboratories make possible in- percent of these are Federal employees; there- vestigations including the study of chemical mainder are employed by the industries and reactions, cosmology, the operation of biologi- universities which operate most of the facilities. The replacement cost of all field facilities cal cells, the process of genetic information cod- ing, the ecosystem, the geosphere, mathe- is estimated to total well over $50 billion. matics and computing, and medicine. There are Stemming from the Manhattan Project of nine “multiprogram” laboratories and some World War II, the DOE National Laboratory 30 specialized laboratories involved in these system has now evolved in several major direc- fundamental science and technology activities, tions. One major responsibility is the design accounting for slightly more than 40 percent and production of all U.S. nuclear weapons, of the total field budget and employing more including uranium enrichment and special nu- than 60,000 people—more than half of whom clear materials (e.g., enriched uranium and are scientists, engineers, and technicians. plutonium) production. DOE is also responsi- DOE research and technology areas of inter- ble for development and production of nuclear est, and its major test and evaluation facilities, 93

make possible significant contributions in Organization and Management areas of direct relevance to the defense technology base. The complexity of DOE’s mission and the diversity of its laboratory complex have re- sulted in an equally complex management The DOE laboratories interact with private organization. Figure 13 outlines the manage- industry and with the academic community ment structure emanating from the Washing- through mechanisms such as cooperative pro- ton, D.C. headquarters. Of particular concern grams, visiting staff appointments, patent to the defense technology base are the activities licensing, subcontracting, and use of DOE fa- and responsibilities of the Energy Research, cilities. Major, capital-intensive, and often Defense, and Nuclear Energy programs. The unique experimental facilities located at the key functions of the DOE headquarters man- DOE laboratories are made available to aca- agement offices are summarized below. demic researchers for fundamental scientific experiments without cost, provided that the research results are published. Cooperation ex- Energy Research tends to major U.S. universities, industrial re- The Office of the Director of Energy Re- searchers, and international scientists. search (figure 13) manages the bulk of DOE

Figure 13.– Management Structure for DOE Field Facilities

Secretary of Energy

Assistant Assistant Assistant Director, Assistant Secretary, Secretary, Secretary, Secretary, Energy Defense Conservation Fossil Nuclear Research Programs and Renewable Energy Energy Energy

Laboratories Energy Tech Laboratories Multiprogram Multiprogram Centers Naval Reactors Labs: Labs: Power Marketing Reserves Gaseous Argonne Idaho and Transmission Other Special Diffusion -- Brookhaven Lawrence Projects Plants Lawrence Livermore Berkeley Los Alamos Oak Ridge Sandia -- Pacific Other Labs Northwest Production Other Labs Weapons

SOURCE: Department of Energy 94 fundamental scientific research programs, in- Much of the Nuclear Energy effort is di- cluding: high-energy physics; nuclear physics; rected toward technology and engineering de- the physical, biological and mathematical sci- velopment programs. ences; magnetic fusion energy; and environmental and health effects. It also supports Conservation and Renewable Energy university research and university-based education and training activities. Moreover, the The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Director of Energy Research serves as scien- Conservation and Renewable Energy (figure tific advisor to the Secretary of Energy for all 13) manages a series of programs focused on DOE energy research and development activ- developing technologies to increase usage of ities. The Office also maintains oversight of renewable energy sources (including solar heat the multiprogram and other laboratories un- and photovoltaic energy, geothermal energy, der the jurisdiction of the Department, with biofuels energy, and municipal waste energy) the exception of the nuclear weapons labora- and to improve energy efficiency (e.g., trans- tories. Five multiprogram laboratories and 14 portation, buildings, industrial, and commu- program-dedicated facilities are administra- nity systems, etc.). These programs involve the tively assigned to the Office of Energy Re- support of high-risk, high-payoff research and search. development that would not otherwise be carried out by the private sector; results of this Defense Programs research are disseminated to private and public sector interests. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for De- fense Programs (figure 13) manages DOE’s Fossil Energy programs for: The Office of the Assistant Secretary for . nuclear weapons research, development, Fossil Energy (figure 13) has the responsibil- testing, production, and maintenance; ity to develop technologies that will increase ● laser and particle-beam fusion; domestic production of fossil fuels. Specifi- ● safeguards and security programs; cally, this office supports long-term research ● international safeguards programs; and toward an improved capability to convert coal ● information classification. and oil shale to liquid and gaseous fuels, and In addition, this Office is responsible for the to increase domestic production and use of coal. nuclear materials production program, the defense nuclear waste programs, and oversight Laboratory Management of the DOE nuclear weapons production Eight major operations offices and a series complex. of specialized field offices provide administra- tive services and day-to-day oversight of the Nuclear Energy management and operation of DOE’s field The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Nu- complex. Much of DOE contracting for R&D clear Energy (figure 13) manages DOE pro- and other services is done by these operations grams for: and field offices. With the exception of its national security activities, DOE uses its bud- ● nuclear fission power generation and fuel get more as a catalyst for the development of technology; generic technologies than for acquiring goods ● the evaluation of alternative reactor fuel- and services for its own use. This process in- cycle concepts, including nonproliferation volves a significant Federal assistance effort considerations; with universities, non-profit organizations, and ● development of space nuclear power gen- state and local governments. eration systems; ● Navy nuclear propulsion plants and re- A unique feature of DOE laboratory man- actor cores; and agement philosophy is the “Government ● nuclear waste technology. Owned–Contractor Operated” (GOCO) con- 95 cept in extensive use throughout the labora- 60 percent of Sandia’s work is dedicated to nu- tory system. This concept, which was initiated clear weapon development and production, and during the Manhattan Project, permits DOE 17 percent represents more broadly based re- to provide the massive capital investment nec- search and advanced development for DoD. essary to create and maintain field facilities Much of this research is related to SDI. and, at the same time, obtain experienced management under contract with industry and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), universities. Los Alamos, NM (8,010) The Los Alamos National Laboratory was Multiprogram Laboratories established in 1943, as part of the World War II “Manhattan Engineer District,” to develop DOE nuclear weapons R&D and nuclear ma- the world’s first nuclear weapons. Operated by terials production are of obvious interest to the University of California, Los Alamos’ pri- DoD, but the DOE multiprogram laboratories mary mission today is the application of sci- also make extensive contributions to the de- ence and technology to problems of nuclear fense technology base in general. These lab- weapons and related national security issues. oratories all conduct defense-related research Nuclear weapon R&D thus remains a primary and development not directly associated with responsibility, including the design and test nuclear weapons. Some of them–notably of advanced concepts. A broad spectrum of Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos and Sandia energy-related research in nuclear fission and National Laboratories–have DoD as a signif- nuclear fusion technologies is also conducted icant “customer,” with an average of 15 per- at Los Alamos, with additional programs in cent of these laboratories’ work done under life sciences, health, environmental sciences, contract to DoD. However, DOE restricts the and basic energy sciences. The latter involve amount of “work-for-others” that its labora- materials; chemical, nuclear, and engineering tories can perform to keep them from becom- sciences; and geoscience. ing too dependent on funding not under DOE control. The missions and program priorities Nuclear weapons research and development for the nine multiprogram laboratories are de- accounts for nearly one-half of Los Alamos’ scribed below. DOE-supported activity; an additional 15 percent is in support of DoD programs including Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), SDI, non-nuclear weapons research, conven- Albuquerque, NM; Livermore, CA; tional ordnance, and materials technology. An Tonopah, NE (8,250 total employees) emerging role for Los Alamos, in conjunction The principal mission of Sandia National with the Air Force Weapons Laboratory and Laboratories is to conduct research, develop- Sandia National Laboratories, is support of the ment, and engineering for DoD’s nuclear SDI program. The Laboratory has also been weapon systems —except for the nuclear ex- conducting research into the manufacture of plosive itself. Operated by AT&T Technol- high-temperature superconductors and is seek- ogies, Inc., Sandia also conducts energy re- ing a major national role in this area. search programs in fossil, solar, and fission energy and in basic energy sciences. In these Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other fields, Sandia has the capability to (LLNL), Livermore, CA (8,060) conduct large, interdisciplinary engineering The University of California operates the projects that are sophisticated, but are con- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as sidered technologically risky. Sandia’s man- a scientific and technical resource for the Na- agement seeks to combine fundamental under- tion’s nuclear weapons programs. While Liver- standing with technological development— more is involved in other programs of national thus generating new products and processes interest, the Laboratory’s primary role—like that are unlikely to be produced as readily in that of Los Alamos–is to perform research, universities or industrial laboratories. Nearly development, and testing related to design 96 aspects of nuclear weapons at all phases in a analysis, steam supply, and the exploration of weapon’s life cycle. Other important programs new design concepts for reactor facilities using underway at Livermore involve inertial fusion, “inherently safe” features and cost-competi- magnetic fusion, biomedical and environ- tive design. In the field of fossil fuel energy, mental research, isotope separation, and ap- ANL concentrates on advanced conversion plied energy technology. systems, including instrumentation and control and related technologies. Argonne also has Nuclear weapons-related programs at Liver- applied research programs in nuclear applica- more account for nearly 50 percent of the tions, materials, and solar conversion systems. Laboratory’s DOE-funded activities. Another 12 percent of the lab’s activity is “on-contract” work for DoD. Argonne conducts a variety of basic research projects in areas such as chemistry, atomic and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), nuclear physics, materials science, and biologi- Oak Ridge, TN (4,960) cal and environmental sciences concerning nuclear and non-nuclear effects on organisms. The This Laboratory is primarily involved in all laboratory is operated under contract by the aspects of the nuclear fission fuel cycle, with University of Chicago and performs nearly 90 a secondary but growing involvement in the percent of its work for DOE; 2 percent of the development of nuclear fusion energy technol- laboratory’s work is “on-contract” for DoD. ogy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory also conducts generic research into problems related to energy technologies such as materials, sep- Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), aration techniques, chemical processes, and Upton, NY (3,220) biotechnology. Energy technology develop- The Brookhaven National Laboratory, oper- ment includes residential and commercial ated by Associated Universities, Inc., designs, energy conservation, renewable energy develops, constructs, and operates research fa- sources, and coal conversion and utilization. cilities- for studying the “-fundamental prop- The Laboratory is also the major national erties” of matter. Brookhaven also conducts source of stable as well as radioactive isotopes. basic and applied research in related technol- Oak Ridge is operated by Martin Marietta ogy areas, including high energy, nuclear, and Energy Systems, Inc. solid-state physics; chemistry; and biology. The physical, chemical, and biological effects Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), of radiation, and chemical substances involved Argonne, IL (3,900) in the production and use of energy, are also Established by the Atomic Energy Act of studied. Other research programs are directed 1946, Argonne National Laboratory conducts toward combustion research (processes and applied research and engineering development emissions, physical and chemical cleanup of in nuclear fission and other energy technol- combustion gas, meteorological dispersion, ogies. A primary Argonne role is to develop etc.), atmospheric chemistry, structural biol- and operate research facilities for members of ogy, the development of radiopharmaceuticals, the scientific community. In doing so, it main- and nuclear medicine applications. The re- tains a close relationship with universities and search facilities at Brookhaven include: the 33 industry and aids in the education of future GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotrons; the scientists and engineers. To fulfill this role, Ar- High-Flux Beam Reactor; the Tandem van de gonne directs scientific and technical efforts Graaf Facility; and the National Synchrotrons in several related areas. Nuclear fission pro- Light Source. In addition, there are several grams focus mainly on breeder and other ad- smaller accelerators, a medical research re- vanced reactor systems. These programs em- actor, and two scanning transmission electron phasize fast-reactor physics, reactor safety and microscopes. DoD work, such as evaluating the 97

effects of radiation on microcircuits, consti- ices and training, and test support. Other tutes 1 percent of Brookhaven’s budget. INEL activities include:

● Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), serving as the lead laboratory for the Berkeley, CA (2,520) multi-megawatt space reactor program and fusion reactor safety research; Operated by the University of California, the ● supporting DOE non-nuclear energy re- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory was founded search (e.g., research and development in in 1931 to advance the development of the cy- geothermal and industrial conservation); clotron invented by Ernest Lawrence. Today, ● supporting R&D by other laboratories (at LBL’s primary endeavors include conducting INEL) on defense and civilian nuclear multidisciplinary research in energy sciences, power; and developing and operating national energy ex- ● directing the Three Mile Island “Techni- perimental facilities, educating and training cal Information and Examination Pro- future scientists and engineers, and linking gram. ” LBL’s research programs to industrial applications. The Centers for Advanced Materials With the exception of nuclear waste transpor- and X-Ray Optics have been created to en- tation and management, INEL conducts vir- hance interaction with industry. tually no work for DoD—basic research or otherwise. In addition to LBL’s experimental programs, major research efforts are underway Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), in nuclear and high-energy physics, materials Richland, WA (2,570) science and chemistry, medical and biological The Pacific Northwest Laboratory has two science, energy conservation and storage, envi- principal missions: first, to develop and apply ronmental dynamics, instrumentation, and ad- technologies for energy security; and second, vanced accelerator designs. Advanced electron to provide technical support and environ- microscopes and heavy-ion accelerators are mental surveillance for operations at the co- operated at LBL and are available for use by located Hanford weapons material production industrial and other researchers. DoD-spon- reactors. Current applied research programs sored research constitutes a very small frac- include advanced nuclear reactor systems, nu- tion of LBL activities. clear waste management, dense materials production, energy conservation, and renewable Idaho National Engineering Laboratory energy systems. PNL also studies the environ- (INEL), Idaho Falls, ID (5,750) mental and health effects of radionuclides, in- This Laboratory was established in 1949 pri- organic chemicals, and complex organic mix- marily to build and test nuclear reactors and tures encountered in energy production. support equipment. The Idaho National Engi- PNL maintains a staff of scientists and engineering Laboratory now focuses on nuclear neers skilled in the relevant disciplines. These waste management. Among its tasks are re- disciplines are grouped to form technical “cen- processing and recovering of spent nuclear fuel ters-of-excellence” in life sciences, materials from selected test reactors, the Navy’s nuclear sciences and technology, earth sciences, chem- fleet, and other nuclear noncommercial re- ical technology, engineering development, and actors, and the processing of liquid waste into the information sciences. Operated by Battelle calcine form for intermediate storage. To ac- Memorial Institute, PNL works closely with complish these tasks the laboratory operates the private sector and also maintains strong a radioactive waste management complex for ties with university research teams. PNL’s storage and disposal of low-level waste, and activities include a substantial percentage ( 10 it conducts associated programs in materials percent) dedicated to DoD research and devel- testing, isotope production, irradiation serv- opment. 98

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION LABORATORIES AND CENTERS Background, Organization, grams. Included in these programs is the Na- and Management tional Space Transportation System, of which the Space Shuttle is a key element. The Office The National Aeronautics and Space Admin- of Space Flight also develops and implements istration (NASA) was established in 1958 as policy for all shuttle users and promotes im- a successor to the National Advisory Commit- provements in safety, reliability, and effective- tee for Aeronautics (NACA) to oversee the Na- ness. Further responsibilities of the Office of tion’s efforts in the research and exploration Space Flight include the use of expendable of technologies related to aeronautics and launch systems for NASA and other civil gov- space flight. The program has grown into a ernment programs and other developmental multidisciplinary effort which involves the space-based transportation systems. The Of- management of a diverse complex of labora- fice of Space Flight has institutional respon- tory activities and flight test centers. For fis- sibility for the Johnson Space Center, Hous- cal year 1988 the NASA budget is $9.0 billion. ton, TX; the Kennedy Space Flight Center, FL; NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, the National Space Technologies Laboratory, Bay St. Louis, MS; and other facilities such exercises management over the space-flight centers, research centers, and other installa- as the White Sands Test Facility in New Mex- tions through six program offices. These offices ico and the Slidell Computer Complex in formulate programs and projects; establish Louisiana. management policies, procedures, and perform- The Office of Space Station is responsible ance criteria; and evaluate progress at all for overall policy and management aspects of stages of major programs. Because of the the Space Station program. This has become highly public nature of NASA’s work and the a highly visible office in light of the “political resulting political sensitivity, there appears to and fiscal heat” the program is taking-heat be a stronger “top-down” management empha- that is likely to continue. The goals of the sis than in DOE—or even DoD. program include developing a permanently The Office of Aeronautics and Space Tech- manned Space Station by the early 1990s, en- nology is responsible for planning, executing, couraging other countries to participate in the and evaluating all of NASA’s research and program, and promoting private sector invest- technology programs. These are programs con- ment in space through enhanced space-based ducted primarily to provide a broad fundamen- operational capabilities. NASA centers respon- tal technology base and to evaluate the feasi- sible for the Segments, or principal portions, bility of a concept, structure, component, or of the Space Station are the Johnson Space system which may have general application to Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, God- the Nation’s aeronautical and space objectives. dard Space Flight Center, and Lewis Research This office is responsible for Ames Research Center. Center, Mountain View, CA; Langley Research The Office of Space Science and Applications Center, Hampton, VA; and Lewis Research is responsible for NASA’s unmanned space- Center, Cleveland, OH. flight program. Directed toward scientific in- The Office of Space Flight is responsible for vestigations of the solar system, the program developing concepts and systems for manned utilizes ground-based, airborne, and space tech- space flight and other space transportation niques, including sounding rockets, Earth sat- systems. The Office plans, directs, executes, ellites, and deep-space probes. This has histori- and evaluates the research, development, ac- cally been one of the most successful and quisition, and operation of space flight pro- cost-effective U.S. space programs, and its sci- 99 entific contributions have been continuous and Ames/Moffett specializes in scientific and ex- substantial. ploratory research and applications for space and aeronautics in a wide and growing num- This Office is responsible for research and ber of fields. Today, the Center’s program development leading to the application of space interests include computer science and appli- systems, space environment, and space-related cations, computational and experimented aero- or space-derived technology. These activities dynamics, flight simulation, flight research, involve engineering and scientific disciplines hypersonic aircraft, rotorcraft and powered- such as weather and climate, pollution moni- lift technology, aeronautical and space human toring, Earth resources survey techniques, and factors, space sciences, solar system explora- Earth and ocean physics; active programs are tion, airborne science and applications, and in- also underway in life sciences and microgravity frared astronomy. As the lead NASA center sciences and applications. The Office is respon- for research in the life sciences, continuing pro- sible for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasa- grams relate to medical problems of manned dena, CA, and Goddard Space Flight Center, flight, both space and atmospheric. Greenbelt, MD. The Center also provides technical support The Office of Space Tracking and Data Sys- to DoD programs, the Space Shuttle, and civil tems is responsible for activities related to the aviation projects. Recent NASA/DoD efforts tracking of launch vehicles and spacecraft– include providing design leadership for the air- and for the acquisition and distribution of tech- frame studies for an advanced, supersonic nical and scientific data obtained from them. short take-off/vertical landing (STOVL) air- This Office is also responsible for managing craft, a joint U.S./U.K. study effort. These “ex- NASA’s communications systems and for tramural” projects and responsibilities will operational data systems and services. evolve as NASA’s internal needs (and budgets) The Office of Commercial Programs is re- change. sponsible for encouraging the commercial use Roughly 60 percent of the personnel at the of space. The Office is responsible for the two Ames facilities are Federal employees, “Technology Utilization Transfer” program, with the balance being contractor personnel. the Small Business Innovative Research pro- Ames maintains a close link with universities gram, new commercial applications of exist- through cooperative projects; a significant ing space technology, “unsubsidized” initia- number of university students and university tives for transferring existing space programs faculty members work at the center. to the private sector, and establishing Centers for the Commercial Development of Space. Ames Research Center/Hugh L. Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA (staff included in Ames/Moffett total) Field Centers Ames/Dryden provides NASA with a highly Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA specialized capability for conducting flight re- (3,500 employees at Moffett and search programs. The facility’s location, at Ed- Dryden facilities) wards Air Force Base in California’s Mojave Desert, is at the southern end of a 500-mile Founded in 1940 by the National Advisory high-speed flight corridor and is adjacent to Committee for Aeronautics as an aircraft re- a 65-square-mile natural surface for landing. search laboratory, the Ames Research Center The site provides almost ideal weather for became part of the new NASA organization flight testing. in 1958. In 1981, the Dryden Flight Research Center (see below) was merged with Ames, and Primary research tools include a B-52 “car- the two installations are now referred to as rier” aircraft, several high-performance jet “Ames/Dryden” and “Ames/Moffett.” fighters, and the X-29 Forward Swept Wing 100 aircraft. Ground-based facilities include a high- Lewis has recently assumed the responsibil- temperature, loads-calibration laboratory for ity for developing the space power system for ground-based testing of complete aircraft and the Space Station, the largest ever designed. structural components under the combined ef- In addition, the center will support the Sta- fects of loads and heat, an aircraft flight in- tion in other areas, such as auxiliary propul- strumentation facility, a flight-systems labora- sion systems and communications. In support tory (capable of avionics system fabrication, of the Department of Energy’s Solar Energy development, and operations), a flow visuali- programs, Lewis is working on wind energy zation facility, a data-analysis facility for proc- systems. Initial testing is on a 100-kilowatt essing flight research data, a remotely piloted wind turbine—with larger sizes to follow. So- research vehicles facility, and extensive test lar photovoltaic arrays are also being tested range communications and data transmission and demonstrated under this effort. capabilities. The Facility participated in the approach and landing tests for the Space Shut- Major facilities include a zero-gravity drop tle Orbiter Enterprise and will continue to sup- tower, wind tunnels, space environment tanks, port Shuttle orbiter landings and ferry flights. chemical rocket-thrust stands, and chambers for testing jet-engine efficiency and noise. A close association has naturally evolved be- Lewis also operates NASA’s Microgravity Ma- tween Ames/Dry den and DoD S&T programs terials Science Laboratory, a unique facility —especially with Dryden’s “collocation” at Ed- to qualify potential space experiments. The wards AFB with the Air Force Flight Test Cen- Center is staffed by 2,690 Federal employees ter. One of Ames/Dryden’s major DoD coop- and approximately 1,000 onsite contractors. erative projects is the X-29, in which NASA and DARPA are exploring a variety of advanced technologies. Another joint NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD DoD program is the Advanced Fighter Tech- (3,680 Civil Service personnel) nology Integration F-1 11, conducted in conjunction with the Air Force Flight Dynamics This Center has one of NASA’s most com- Laboratory. prehensive programs of basic and applied research directed toward expanding NASA’s knowledge of the solar system, the universe, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH and the Earth. It is responsible for the devel- (3,690 total staff) opment and operation of several near-Earth NASA’s Lewis Research Center was estab- space systems, including the Cosmic Back- lished in 1941 by the National Advisory Com- ground Explorer, which will measure radiation mittee for Aeronautics, and developed an early generated early in the universe’s history when reputation for its research on early jet propul- the universe was much hotter and denser than sion systems. Today Lewis is NASA’s lead cen- it is today; the Gamma Ray Observatory, ter for research, technology, and development which will gather data on the processes that in aircraft propulsion, space propulsion, space propel energy-emitting objects of deep space power, and satellite communications. In this (e.g., exploding galaxies, black holes, and qua- role, numerous joint programs have been con- sars); and the Upper Atmosphere Research ducted with DoD components, with one of the Satellite, which will look back at the Earth’s most recent being the development of engines upper atmosphere to gather data on its com- to power advanced supersonic STOVL aircraft. position and dynamics. Goddard also has re- Lewis also had managed two launch-vehicle sponsibility for the development of science in- programs, the Atlas-Centaur and the Shuttle- struments and the operations, maintenance, Centaur; however, the Shuttle-Centaur pro- and refurbishment of the Hubble Space Tele- gram was terminated after the explosion of the scope—a large, space-based optical telescope Space Shuttle Challenger. to be deployed by the Space Shuttle. Goddard is also the responsible Center for the Mars Observer, and major instruments for NASA’s worldwide ground and spaceborne other NASA missions. Non-NASA work at communications network, one of the key ele- JPL currently includes tasks for DoD, DOE, ments of which is the Tracking and Data Re- and the Federal Aviation Administration. JPL lay Satellite System with its orbiting Track- has been supporting DoD programs in many ing and Data Relay Satellite and associated areas, including artificial intelligence, tactical- ground tracking stations. One of the prime mis- data fusion, and specialized training systems sions for this system will be to relay commu- based on “Expert System” technology. nications to and from the Space Station. Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA For the Space Station, Goddard is responsi- (2,910 Civil Service personnel) ble for Segment III, an external, free-flying Langley’s primary mission involves applied platform to be placed in polar orbit. The Cen- research and development in the fields of aer- ter is also responsible for developing instru- onautics, space technology, electronics and ments attached to the outside of the Station structures. The Center also conducts programs and the orbiting platform. for environmental monitoring, having devel- A portion of the Center’s theoretical research oped a range of instruments for atmospheric is conducted at the Goddard Institute for measurements. Space Studies in New York City. Operated in In aeronautical technologies, programs have close association with universities in that area, been directed primarily toward improving the the Institute provides supporting research in efficiency of transport aircraft and high per- geophysics, astronomy, and meteorology. God- formance supersonic military aircraft. The Cen- dard’s Wallops Island Facility, located off ter is also developing technology for future the coast of Virginia, prepares, assembles, transonic transport aircraft and has been ac- launches, and tracks space vehicles, and active in studies of hypersonic powerplants. A quires and processes the resulting scientific variety of wind tunnels are available to sup- data. Its facilities are utilized by NASA’s sci- port basic and applied aeronautical research. entists and engineers, other governmental agencies, and universities. Research interests at Langley include materials, flutter, aeroelasticity, dynamic loads Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and structural response, fatigue fracture, elec- Pasadena, CA (4,110 total staff) tronic and mechanical instrumentation, com- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a federally puter technology, flight dynamics, and control funded research and development center man- and communications technology. Langley is aged by the California Institute of Technology, now assuming a role in developing technologies is engaged in activities associated with auto- for the National Aerospace Plane, and has con- mated planetary and other deep-space mis- tinuing work on the Space Shuttle and Space sions. These activities include subsystem and Station (e.g., experiments, sensors, communi- instrument development, data reduction, and cations equipment, and data handling sys- data analysis. JPL also has the capability to tems). Other research programs include inves- design and test flight systems, including com- tigations of effects such as heat, vacuum, noise, plete spacecraft, and to provide technical direc- and meteoroids on space vehicles; the use of tion to contractor organizations. In addition advanced composite and polymeric materials to the Pasadena site, JPL operates the Deep for structures and thermal control systems; Space Communications Complex, one station and electronics technology. of the worldwide Deep Space Network located Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL at Goldstone, CA. (3,450 Civil Service personnel) Current JPL projects include the planetary/ Marshall serves as one of NASA’s primary solar probes Voyager, Galileo, Magellan, and centers for the design and development of 102

space transportation systems, elements of the space flight missions. Its principal roles include Space Station, scientific and application pay- Space Shuttle production and operations, pro- loads, and other systems for present and fu- duction of the replacement Orbiter, and sup- ture space exploration. It has the principal role port to NASA Headquarters management for for large rocket propulsion systems, Spacelab the Shuttle system. It also has responsibility mission management, the design and develop- for the development of new manned space ve- ment of large, complex, and specialized auto- hicles and supporting technology. mated spacecraft, solar and magnetospheric Johnson is a major development center for physics, and astrophysics. Using the gravity- specific Space Station elements, including the free environment of space, Marshall seeks to truss structure, airlocks and nodes, and addi- develop materials processing techniques to en- tional subsystems. It has principal program hance Earth-based processes and to fabricate activity in the field of life sciences and medi- space-unique materials. cal research to solve space medical problems, Marshall has responsibilities for manned and it has supporting roles in lunar and plane- space vehicle development such as the Space- tary geosciences, technology experiments in lab and has sustaining engineering duties in space, and remote sensing. It is also responsi- support of the Space Shuttle. Advanced pro- ble for directing the operations of the White gram efforts focus on the analysis and defini- Sands Test Facility, located on the western tion of propulsion/transportation systems to edge of the U.S. Army White Sands Missile meet the nation’s needs over the next 25 years. Range in New Mexico. Marshall is currently leading the planning for Kennedy Space Center, FL an unmanned cargo version of the Space Shut- (2,200 Civil Service personnel) tle called Shuttle-C; efforts for an Advanced Launch System are also underway. Kennedy Space Center, located east of Orlando on the Atlantic Ocean, serves as the Marshall also plays a principal role in pay- primary NASA center for the test, checkout, load development, instrument development, and launch of space vehicles. This responsibil- and mission management for space science and ity includes ground operations for Space Shut- applications missions as assigned. Responsi- tle preparation, launch, and landing and re- bilities include the Hubble Space Telescope, furbishment. Other responsibilities include the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility, Expendable Launch Vehicle operations. The and automated servicing/resupply/retrieval Space Station effort at Kennedy Space Flight kits. Its Space Station responsibilities include Center includes system integration and engi- the development of pressurized structures, neering, operational readiness, and delegated crew and laboratory modules, logistics, envi- ground support equipment program man- ronmental control, and life support. agement. Two other sites are managed by Marshall: National Space Technology Laboratories, the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, Bay St. Louis, MS (150 Civil Service personnel) LA, where the Space Shuttle external tanks The National Space Technology Labora- are manufactured, and the Slidell Computer tories provide NASA’s prime test facility for Complex, Slidell, LA, which provides computer large liquid propellant rocket engines and services support to Michoud and Marshall. propulsion systems such as the Space Shuttle main engines. It also conducts applied research Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, and development in the fields of remote sens- Houston, TX (3,440 Civil Service personnel) ing, environmental sciences, and other selected Johnson Space Center manages the design, applications. The Laboratory provides facil- development, and manufacture of manned ities and support through interagency agree- spacecraft; the selection and training of as- ments to other Federal government agencies tronaut crews; and the conduct of manned and the States of Mississippi and Louisiana. 103

OTHER FEDERAL ACTIVITIES By far, the majority of Federal Science and it typically contract for research. It provides Technology activities with potential defense most of its support in the form of grants in applications are conducted within DoD, DOE, response to unsolicited research proposals. and NASA. There are “pockets” of S&T activ- Proposals are evaluated through a review proc- it y within other government departments and ess that selects primarily on the basis of sci- agencies which contribute to the defense tech- entific or technical merit. Most NSF grants nology base. However, because of the magni- result from proposals submitted by academic tude of investment in military technology by institutions. Small businesses also submit DoD, one often finds the reverse is the case; unsolicited research proposals and receive for example, U.S. Coast Guard technologies awards; however, most NSF awards to small and systems often result from U.S. Navy re- businesses are grants made in response to search and technology programs. proposals under the Small Business Innova- tive Research program. A major exception in which non-DoD funding dominates research in a field of relevance NSF supports basic research projects in to the defense technology base is medical tech- nearly every conceivable area of science and nologies. The National Institutes of Health technology, including physics, chemistry, (NIH) of the Department of Health and Hu- mathematical sciences, computer research, ma- man Services will finance more in health re- terials research, electrical, computer, and sys- search in its fiscal year 1988 budget than DoD tems engineering, chemical and processing will spend in its entire research and explora- engineering, civil and environmental engineer- tory development (6.1 and 6.2) program. NIH’s ing, mechanical engineering and applied me- fiscal year 1987 research budget was near $6.0 chanics, physiology, cellular and molecular bi- billion, $3.6 billion of which supports univer- ology, biotic systems and resources, behavioral sity research. For reference, the entire Federal and neural sciences, social and economic sci- FY87 budget for basic research was $9 billion, ences, information science and technology, as- of which the DoD 6.1 program constituted less tronomical sciences, atmospheric sciences, than $1 billion. Less than $0.5 billion of those earth sciences, ocean sciences, and interdis- DoD 6.1 funds supported university research. ciplinary combinations of these. NSF also supports science resources studies, policy research In the past, biological sciences have not been and analysis, and studies in industrial science, as important to the defense technology base technological innovation, and other scientific as physical sciences and engineering. In the and technical areas. future, however, biotechnology will likely become increasingly important to the defense For fiscal year 1987, NSF-sponsored univer- technology base, and more of the government sity basic research totaled about $1 billion, ap- investment in life sciences may have direct rele proximately twice that of DoD. The total NSF vance to DoD needs. R&D budget that year was $1.5 billion.

National Science Foundation Department of Commerce The National Science Foundation (NSF) was National Bureau of Standards established in 1950 to advance scientific progress in the United States. NSF supports The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) is scientific and engineering research and related the Nation’s central reference laboratory for activities, and under congressional pressure physical, chemical, and engineering measure- has more recently devoted some attention to ments. The measurement and data services improving science and engineering education. that NBS provided in 1987 included calibra- NSF does not conduct research itself nor does tions, production and distribution of standard 104 reference materials and data, and laboratory into four laboratories and institutes (figure 14): accreditation. The Army, Navy, Air Force, and the National Measurement Laboratory, the Defense Agencies (including their contractors) National Engineering Laboratory, the Insti- make extensive use of these services. tute for Materials Science and Engineering, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and While the Federal Government has a sub- Technology. stantial capital investment in instrumentation and facilities at NBS, the actual research bud- The National Measurement Laboratory get is modest and is augmented by coopera- (NML) conducts research in physics, radiation tive research projects conducted jointly be- chemistry, analytical chemistry, and chemical tween NBS and other organizations. NBS properties and processes. NML produces fun- conducts specialized research programs for the damental measurements and data that under- Department of Defense on a contractual ba- lie national measurement standards. It also sis. These programs draw on NBS’s unique ca- furnishes advisory and research services to pabilities, and range from fundamental physics other government agencies and provides stand- and chemistry studies to more applied work, ard reference data and calibration services. such as developing calibration techniques for a particular piece of defense hardware. Re- The National Engineering Laboratory (NEL) search topics encompass fields such as electro- conducts research in electronics and electrical optics, microwave and millimeter wave meas- engineering, chemical engineering, manufac- urements, electronics, physical measurements turing engineering, mathematical sciences, and (e.g., temperature, pressure, shock, and vibra- the construction and performance of buildings tion), automated metrology, materials charac- and fire protection. This laboratory produces terization, and applications of computer sys- new engineering knowledge, techniques, and tems. NBS also hosts technical conferences databases for the design, development, predic- and workshops for DoD and consults on a va- tion, and control of industrial processes. Im- riety of subjects, particularly those relating proved quality assurance and reduced costs to instrumentation and measurement. of manufacturing are two principal goals of the work. NBS is the only Federal laboratory with a primary mission of supporting U.S. industry. The Institute for Materials Science and To accomplish this mission, NBS is organized Engineering (IMSE) performs research in ma-

Figure 14. –National Bureau of Standards

Administration Programs, OFFICE OF Budget and and Staff THE DIRECTOR Personnel Functions

Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

SOURCE: National Bureau of Standards 105 terials characterization, nondestructive evalu- ronment and warns against impending hazards ation, metallurgy, polymers, and ceramics; it such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, seismic produces measurement methods, standards, sea waves, and other destructive natural data, and other technical information on proc- events. NOAA monitors the gradual changes essing, structure, properties, and performance of climate and environment and predicts the of materials. The goal of these activities is to impact of such changes on food production, re- support generic materials technologies to per- source management, and energy utilization. mit manufacture of advanced materials with NOAA provides a focus within the Federal increased reliability and quality and reduced Government for the objective scientific assess- cost. ment of the ecological consequences of specific The Institute for Computer Sciences and Tech- actions, such as petroleum exploration, devel- nology (ICST) performs research in computer opment, and shipment, and marine mineral ex- sciences and engineering. This research is de- traction. The major operating elements of signed to establish Government-wide stand- NOAA are: ards and guidelines for automated data proc- ● the National Weather Service, essing systems. The Institute also provides ● the National Ocean Service, technical support for the development of na- ● the National Marine Fisheries Service, tional and international voluntary standards. ● the National Environmental Satellite, Under Public Law 100-202, the Final Omni- Data, and Information Service, bus Appropriation Bill for fiscal year 1988, ● the Environmental Research Laboratory, NBS is to establish “Regional Centers for the and Transfer of Manufacturing Technology. ” ● the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Re- These centers will be designed to accelerate search. technology transfer to organizations that need to implement new automated manufacturing Department of Transportation techniques. Such techniques are being developed for the Navy in NBS’s Automated Man- The Federal Aviation Administration and ufacturing Research Facility. This facility is the U.S. Coast Guard-components of the De- developing applications of automated manu- partment of Transportation (DOT) –develop facturing technology in piece-part manufactur- and acquire hardware and systems. However, ing at shipyards and depots. the bulk of DOT’s research is analytical in nature and is directed toward setting and enforc- NBS fiscal year 1988 appropriations are ing regulations and toward investigating devi- $145 million. Total resources for the same year, ations (e.g., accidents). DOT’s research branch totaling $314 million, include $95 million in is the Research and Special Programs Admin- work for other Federal agencies, $22 million istration, which has the responsibility for plan- from the sale of calibrations, testing services, ning and management of programs in all fields and standard reference materials, and $52 mil- of transportation research and development. lion in private sector contributions of staff and equipment. Total full-time equivalent NBS Research and Special Programs Administration staff for fiscal year 1988 is 3,090. The Research and Special Programs Admin- istration (RSPA) maintains the capability to National Oceanic and Atmospheric perform program management, “in-house” re- Administration search and development, analysis in transpor- The National Oceanic and Atmospheric tation planning and socioeconomic effects, and Administration (NOAA) explores, maps, and technological support in response to DOT charts the global oceans and their mineral and policies. Particular efforts are made on trans- living resources. The agency monitors and pre- portation systems problems, advanced trans- dicts the characteristics of the physical envi- portation concepts, and on “multi-modal” 106 transportation. RSPA also develops and main- with the Air Force. Because of the size of the tains vital statistics and a related transporta- Air Force budget in these areas, the “technol- tion information database. ogy transfer” from the Air Force to the FAA may be substantially greater than vice versa. RSPA is composed of the following func- However, the joint USAF/FAA responsibili- tional groups: ties and interests remain, with attendant con- The Transportation System Center pro- tributions to defense technology. vides support to DOT and other Federal agencies in the fields of technology assess- U.S. Coast Guard ment, industry analysis, strategic plan- The U.S. Coast Guard is involved in the de- ning support, and research management velopment and acquisition of the communica- for transportation systems. tions systems and facilities, aircraft, and ves- The Materials Transportation Bureau is sels which are required to accomplish its responsible for the safe transportation of coastal monitoring mission. A close associa- all hazardous materials. As part of this tion naturally exists between the Navy and the mission, it establishes and enforces haz- Coast Guard in this regard and a significant ardous materials and pipeline safety reg- technology transfer process exists. The Coast ulations. Guard simply does not have a budget of suffi- The Office of Program Management and cient size to conduct a broad and independent Administration coordinates the university R&D program; it must rely on the Navy re- research program, which focuses on high- search budget. However, Coast Guard require- priority transportation problems (e.g., ments and deployment concepts contribute to issues pertaining to transportation sys- the formulation and execution of Naval and tems engineering, advanced transporta- other DoD research science and technology tion planning, and telecommunications). projects. Thus there is, as with the FAA/Air Its Transportation Safety Institute, lo- Force relationship, a synergistic effect–albeit cated at the Mike Monroney Aeronauti- not substantial in financial terms. cal Center in Oklahoma City, OK, develops and conducts training programs. Other Federal Agencies The Office of Emergency Transportation coordinates the development and review There are scores of other Federal agencies, of emergency preparedness policies, plans, departments and special groups involved in and related programs. some way in science and technology which would have applications to and could contrib- Federal Aviation Administration ute to the defense technology base. The De- The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) partment of Agriculture and the Department has a research and development program that of the Interior/U.S. Geological Survey conduct is largely oriented toward establishing stand- modest research programs which can have de- ards for the design and performance of aircraft fense technology base fallout.3 Examples are monitoring, communications, and navigation the remote sensing programs which are spon- equipment and toward the acquisition and sored in these departments. Utilization of data management of air traffic control systems. In from LANDSAT, defining collection require- this regard, there is a substantial convergence ments, and supporting spacecraft and sensor of interest and activities with DoD—especially development programs can complement DoD’s the Air Force. For example, the structure and management of the Nation’s air traffic control system and planned conversion to the micro- me Department of Agriculture supports a university research wave landing system require close cooperation program which amounts to roughly $200 million per year. 107

image processing and remote sensing require- ● NASA, ments. Although the magnitude of funding National Science Foundation, and available on the defense side may “overpower’ Nuclear Regulatory Commission. these programs, the expertise growing in applications and the cost-effective utilization of The program consists of three phases of con- remote sensing systems could have beneficial returns to defense programs. tracting and is designed to encourage small business to overcome their “angst” when deal- The Federal Communications Commission ing with the Federal Government (e.g., too exerts influence over telecommunications pol- much paperwork, complete auditing proce- icies, which can affect DoD programs. Thus, dures, etc.). Phase I contracts are focused on the Commission’s activities are closely coordi- evaluating the scientific and technical merit nated with DoD, and its actions impact on re- and/or feasibility of an idea. Awards are nor- quirements (if not on actual programs them- mally up to $50,000, with an average period selves). of performance of 6 months. Under Phase II Small Business Innovative Research the results of Phase I feasibility studies are expanded to pursue further any development (SBIR) Program opportunities. Only those small businesses An interesting government program offer- which have conducted Phase I contracts are ing incentives to the private sector that can eligible for Phase II. The size of the contracts stimulate contributions to the defense technol- are normally $500,000 or less and the period ogy base is the Small Business Innovative Re- of performance roughly 2 years. Under Phase search program.4 The SBIR program was es- III, the government seeks to commercialize the tablished with the enactment of the Small results of Phase II through the use of private, Business Innovation Development Act in or non-SBIR Federal, funding (e.g., DoD 1982. In 1986, the program was reauthorized RDT&E funds). through fiscal year 1993. Under SBIR, Fed- eral agencies with research and development The participating agencies and departments budgets which exceed $100 million must estab- publish their lists of SBIR solicitation topics lish an SBIR program, with the funding con- on a quarterly basis. DoD—the Departments tribution derived from fixed percentages estab- of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; the Defense lished for each participating agency. Eleven Advanced Research Projects Agency; the De- Federal agencies now participate in SBIR: fense Nuclear Agency; and the Strategic De- Department of Agriculture, fense Initiative Organization-lists hundreds Department of Commerce, of topics. Most of these topics would be classed Department of Defense, in the research and exploratory development Department of Education, categories of DoD’s S&T program. Since the Department of Energy, program’s inception in fiscal year 1983, more Department of Health and Human than 5,000 Phase I and 1,000 Phase II con- Services, tracts have been awarded and the total dollar Department of Transportation, amount is in excess of $655 million. In fiscal Environmental Protection Agency, year 1986,$98 million in Phase I and $200 million in Phase 11 programs were awarded and ‘For additional information on this program, see the Science roughly $400 million will be awarded for both Policy Study Background Report No. 8, “Science Support by phases in fiscal year 1987. A quick review of the Department of Defense, ” prepared by the Congressional the DoD topic list reveals that the return in Research Service for the Task Force on Science Policy, Com- mittee on Science Policy, U.S. House of Representatives, 99th defense-related technology development could Cong., pp. 310-314. be substantial. 108

PRIVATE NONPROFIT LABORATORIES A considerable amount of DoD technology technologies. Its services are provided prin- base work is performed by federally funded re- cipally for for the Space Division of the Air search and development centers (FFRDCs) and Force Systems Command, although it also other nonprofit laboratories that, in many works for other agencies. Aerospace Corp. pro- ways, have organizational characteristics be- vides general systems engineering and inte- tween those of government laboratories and gration services, which involve formulating those of private corporations. Like government requirements, designing specifications, moni- laboratories, these facilities need not consider toring technical progress, resolving problems, potential profitability in their choice of re- certifying completion, and assistance during search activities. However, they have more operation. Its single largest responsibility in- flexibility in their operating procedures—and volves certifying spacecraft and launch vehi- particularly in their personnel policies—than cles for launch. do government laboratories. 3 FFRDCs serve various branches of the Fed- The MITRE Corp., C I Division, Bedford, MA eral Government. Ten are sponsored by De- and Washington, DC (4,000/2,140) partment of Defense. Six of these–the Cen- The C3I division of MITRE Corp. performs ter for Naval Analyses, the Institute for systems engineering and integration services Defense Analyses, three divisions of the Rand in the field of command, control, communica- Corp. (Project Air Force, Rand National De- tions, and intelligence (C3I) under Air Force fense Research Institute, and the Arroyo Cen- sponsorship. Its primary sponsor is the Elec- ter), and the Logistics Management Institute tronic Systems Division of the Air Force Sys- —primarily conduct studies and analyses for tems Command. (Metrek Division, another di- the Services and the Office of the Secretary vision of MITRE Corp., serves as a nonprofit of Defense and do not perform much technical contractor for civil agencies of the gov- research or development. The other four—The ernment. ) Aerospace Corp., the MITRE Corp. C3I Divi- sion, the Software Engineering Institute, and Software Engineering Institute, Lincoln Laboratory–have a significant tech- Pittsburgh, PA (14O/1OO) nical role and are described below. The Software Engineering Institute is oper- Other nonprofit institutions, organized ated by Carnegie Mellon University under con- differently than FFRDCs, also perform signif- tract to the Electronic Systems Division of the icant technical work for the Defense Depart- Air Force Systems Command. However, it ment and other federal agencies. Their man- works for all the Services to promote use of agement structures range from university the most effective technology to improve the affiliates to independent, nonprofit organiza- quality of operational software in mission- tions. Selected examples of these institutions critical computer systems. are also presented below. Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA (2,100/760) Federally Funded Research Lincoln Laboratory’s particular emphasis is and Development Centers on electronics. It is operated by the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology under prime con- The Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, CA tract with the Electronic Systems Division of (3,800/2,100)5 the Air Force Systems Command. Established The Aerospace Corp. performs technical in 1951 to assist the Air Force with the then- work on military space systems and related emerging technology of digital computers, it continues as a pioneering technical center in ‘(Total Staff/Scientists and Engineers). the areas of radar, communications, and com- 109 -. puters. Programs range from fundamental neering, scientific, and economic research in solid state science to the design, development, electronics, electromagnetic, energy, materi- and demonstration of prototype systems. It als sciences, and a number of other areas. Vari- works for all the Services and for several DoD ous defense and non-defense government agen- agencies. The Air Force limits the degree of cies are the principal clients, but up to 20 participation of other clients to less than 50 percent of the work is done for private in- percent. dustry.

University Affiliates IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL (1,750/1,200) Many federally funded laboratories are man- The I IT Research Institute is a nonprofit re- aged by universities under a variety of differ- search organization affiliated with the Illinois ent structures such as FFRDC (e.g., Lincoln Institute of Technology. It works for both gov- Laboratory, managed by MIT for the Air ernment and private clients, with the number Force) and management contract (e.g. Los of projects about evenly split between the two, Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Lawrence but with Federal contracts representing about Berkeley National Laboratories, managed by 80 percent of its funding. Research topics in- the University of California for the Depart- clude electronics, communications, toxicology, ment of Energy). Yet another management ap- chemical defense, environmental science, pe- proach is as an independent university divi- troleum research, ordnance, and advanced sion, such as the Johns Hopkins Applied manufacturing technology. Physics Laboratory. This laboratory, and other examples of university-affiliated research centers, are described below. Independent Nonprofit Laboratories Battelle Memorial Institute, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Howard County, MD (2,800/1,600) Columbus, OH (7,800) Battelle is an independent, nonprofit, inter- The Applied Physics Laboratory is a divi- national organization providing research and sion of the Johns Hopkins University, operating in parallel with the university’s academic development, technical management (primarily management of the Department of Energy’s divisions. The lab is run primarily under a sin- Pacific Northwest Laboratory), and technol- gle contract with the Navy’s Space and Naval ogy commercialization services. Battelle’s re- Warfare Systems Command, but it performs search and development is now being concen- work for all DoD-sponsored activities and most trated primarily in the areas of advanced other Federal activities. With a history of work materials, biological and chemical sciences, in proximity fuzes, guided missiles, and sys- biotechnology, electronics, engineering and tems engineering, the lab currently works in manufacturing technologies, and information the areas of Navy ship systems, submarine sys- systems. tems, strategic systems, naval warfare analysis, space research and development, aeronautics, and biomedical research. Basic and Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, applied research are also conducted in a num- Cambridge, MA (2,000/1,000) ber of areas that underlie current and future Draper Labs, at one time affiliated with the laboratory interests. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is now an independent nonprofit research institution. Georgia Tech Research Institute, Its major business activities are avionics, stra- Atlanta, GA (1,360/580) tegic systems, undersea vehicle systems, pre- The Georgia Tech Research Institute is a cision pointing and tracking, and advanced nonprofit organization affiliated with the Geor- space systems. Draper has had major respon- gia Institute of Technology. It performs engi- sibility for guidance, navigation, and control 110 systems for strategic ballistic missiles, NASA ness and Consulting; Sciences (Physical and spacecraft, and a variety of Air Force systems. Life); and the David Sarnoff Research Center. The Sarnoff research center, originally the SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (3,600) RCA corporate research laboratory, was sold SRI International is an independent non- to SRI when RCA was acquired by General profit research institute once affiliated with Electric. About 60 percent of SRI’s work is Stanford University. It is organized into four for the Federal Government, with the re- divisions–Engineering; International Busi- mainder for private clients.