DOCSLIB.ORG

'Defection-Proofed' Militaries and Authoritarian Regime Survival

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Defection-Proofed' Militaries and Authoritarian Regime Survival Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Political Science Dissertations Department of Political Science 8-8-2017 ‘Defection-Proofed’ Militaries and Authoritarian Regime Survival Hisham Soliman Abdelghaffar Soliman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/political_science_diss Recommended Citation Soliman, Hisham Soliman Abdelghaffar, "‘Defection-Proofed’ Militaries and Authoritarian Regime Survival." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2017. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/44 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Political Science at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘DEFECTION-PROOFED’ MILITARIES AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIME SURVIVAL by HISHAM SOLIMAN Under the Direction of Michael Herb, PhD ABSTRACT The question of loyalty in autocratic regimes has drawn a sustained scholarly interest, especially with the resilience of many of these regimes over most of world history and over the past few decades in particular. Autocratic leaders need to secure the support of their militaries to survive in office and to minimize the risk of a coup. Among the commonly employed mechanisms in this regard is the extension of extra-budgetary financial rewards, including ‘Military-Owned Businesses (MOBs).’ Nevertheless, under the increasingly significant threat of an uprising from below, military defection remains the key for the success of the revolution. The question then becomes: under what conditions would a military defect from an autocratic ruling alliance? Although many answers have been proposed to solve this puzzle, an increasing number of cases are proving them insufficient. Alternatively, this project presents one novel answer to this question, which is: militaries are “defection-proofed” in the face of mass uprisings when they develop financial dependency on the regime. By contrast, when the management of the extra-budgetary resource for the military, i.e. MOBs, becomes the exclusive domain of the military and independent from the regime, the military is expected to defect. This proposed hypothesis represents a contribution to the democratization literature, both its installation, i.e. underlining a ‘pro-democracy’ capacity of the military in removing the dictator, as well as its consolidation, i.e. handling the legacy of the autocratic regime after the transition. This hypothesis is tested comparatively against the cases of mass protests in China (1989), Indonesia (1998), Thailand (2006), Iran (2009), and Egypt (2011). This comparative analysis represents another contribution of this study, bringing together a diverse array of cases unexpected to have much in common. Analysis draws on a mix of both primary resources collected from the field along with secondary materials. The comparisons are made considering the type of civil-military relations in each case, the size and type of financial rewards controlled by the military, and their effect, if any, on its decision to repress or defect based on the interaction between the military and the dictator. INDEX WORDS: Autocracy, Military-owned businesses, Repression, Mass protest, Dictator ‘DEFECTION-PROOFED’ MILITARIES AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIME SURVIVAL by HISHAM SOLIMAN A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2017 Copyright by Hisham Soliman 2017 ‘DEFECTION-PROOFED’ MILITARIES AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIME SURVIVAL by HISHAM SOLIMAN Committee Chair: Michael Herb Committee: Jennifer McCoy Charles Hankla Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2017 iv DEDICATION To my beloved family… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Michael Herb, my dissertation adviser, for all his support and guidance throughout the process of bringing this project to light. I would like also to thank Dr. Charles Hankla for all his help and for his stimulating seminars, where I developed my research question for this project. The department of political science at Georgia State University has been all supportive throughout my attendance of the doctoral program. The financial support I received from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences at Cairo University in Egypt as well as from the Provost Office at Georgia State University was invaluable for my work. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ XI 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 2 CHAPTER 1: ABANDONING THE PRINCE?! MOBS AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIME SURVIVAL .............................................................................. 6 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Politically-Interventionist Militaries .............................................................. 8 2.2.2 Autocratic Rents and Regime Survival ......................................................... 10 2.2.3 Military-Owned Businesses as an Extra-Budgetary Resource.................... 16 2.2.4 Military Defection and Regime Change ....................................................... 20 2.3 Proposed Theoretical Argument: Independent Financial Resources (MOBs) as a Defection Mechanism ...................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Institutionalized Militaries ............................................................................ 27 2.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 31 3 CHAPTER 2: CHINA’S ‘INTERTWINED’ MODEL: THE ‘PEOPLE’S’ ARMY IN DEFENSE OF THE ‘PARTY’ ................................................................................ 35 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 35 vii 3.2 Evolution of Party-Army Relationship in Communist China ........................ 38 3.3 Development of PLA’s MOBs ........................................................................... 42 3.4 The Challenge of Democracy Protests and PLA’s Defense of the Party ....... 46 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 51 4 CHAPTER 3: THE IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARD CORPS: FROM SUBORDINATION TO GRADUAL DOMINATION ............................................................ 53 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 53 4.2 The Politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran ..................................................... 55 4.3 ‘Civil’-Military Relations in Iran ...................................................................... 59 4.4 Military-Owned Businesses ............................................................................... 65 4.5 The Crisis of the 2009 Presidential Election .................................................... 67 4.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 70 5 CHAPTER 4: THE INDONESIAN MILITARY: FROM THE ‘NEW ORDER’ TO A ‘NEW PARADIGM’ ........................................................................................................ 72 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 72 5.2 TNI in Politics: From Sukarno’s ‘Guided Democracy’ to Suharto’s ‘New Order’ 74 5.3 TNI’s MOBs: Growth and Decline ................................................................... 80 5.4 May 1998 Protests and TNI’s Defection ........................................................... 84 5.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 88 viii 6 CHAPTER 5: THE THAI MILITARY IN 2006: A MONARCHY-INDUCED DEFECTION ............................................................................................................................... 90 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 90 6.2 The Role of the Military in the Thai Political System ..................................... 94 6.3 The Persistence of Civilian Rule and the Rise of Thaksin (1992-2006) ......... 98 6.4 MOBs and Military Disenchantment ............................................................. 102 6.5 Protests in “Color-coded Politics” .................................................................. 105 6.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Like a Magic Trick, the End of the Cold War Fooled and Baffled Its Audience
    SS Cold war February 2005 Monotonicity Paradoxes, Mutual Cooperation, and the End of the Cold War: Merging History and Theory Thomas Schwartz• and Kiron K. Skinner♦ February 2005 1 Introduction Like a magic trick, the end of the Cold War fooled and baffled its audience. It happened in full view of scholars and statesmen, yet it flouted all their expectations and left them wondering how and why. Not only why, but why then. If, by 1988 or so, the rulers of Russia saw no profit in projecting power west and south and maintaining a tight grip on Eastern Europe, why had they continued to do just that for so long? And not only how, but who: was Ronald Reagan lucky to be president then, or were we lucky he was president then? Professor Robert Keohane sharpened the puzzle about Ronald Reagan in remarks to Kiron Skinner in the late 1990s: “The assessment [of Ronald Reagan’s presidency] was so bad but the outcome [of the Cold War] was so good.” He then suggested she attempt to marry the historical account she was interested in with a more theoretical analysis of power and cooperation. To this end, she has joined forces with formal theorist Thomas Schwartz of UCLA. • Professor, Department of Political Science, University of California at Los Angeles. ♦ Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, and Research Fellow, Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Skinner is a member of Secretary Donald Rumsfeld’s Defense Policy Board and the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States government.
    [Show full text]
  • Strangers at Home: North Koreans in the South
    STRANGERS AT HOME: NORTH KOREANS IN THE SOUTH Asia Report N°208 – 14 July 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. CHANGING POLICIES TOWARDS DEFECTORS ................................................... 2 III. LESSONS FROM KOREAN HISTORY ........................................................................ 5 A. COLD WAR USES AND ABUSES .................................................................................................... 5 B. CHANGING GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES ......................................................................................... 8 C. A CHANGING NATION .................................................................................................................. 9 IV. THE PROBLEMS DEFECTORS FACE ...................................................................... 11 A. HEALTH ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Mental health ............................................................................................................................. 11 2. Physical health ........................................................................................................................... 12 B. LIVELIHOODS ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Defecting from Autocracy: Evidence from North Korea and a Simulation
    Defecting from Autocracy: Evidence from North Korea and a Simulation Model1 Alexander Dukalskis, University College Dublin Johan A. Elkink, University College Dublin Hang Xiong, ETH Zurich 11 June 2017 Work in progress Prior to the 1990s defection from North Korea was extremely rare. This changed with the famine that devastated North Korea during the mid-1990s and today over 30,000 North Koreans reside in South Korea while perhaps as many or more live in China. This paper proposes an agent-based simulation model to explore the dynamics of defection from North Korea. Methodologically, the challenge lies in the small proportion of the actual population that defects. Defection is a contagious process, whereby successful defections encourage further defections, but nevertheless remains at an extremely low rate. To model a realistic proportion of defection, the implementation of the simulation will have to allow for a large number of agents, whose behavior will have to be simulated. We model the entire North Korean population based on demographic and economic characteristics, as well as national economic dynamics. We investigate the direct and indirect impacts of the famine that occurred in the mid-1990s nationwide as a systematic shock, which substantially changed the landscape of defection from the country in its aftermath. Simulations are run for a large number of replications to evaluate the robustness and consistency of the simulation findings and are calibrated to the empirical record of defection from North Korea from 1992 to 2014. The simulation results suggest that the North Korean regime has been reducing its repression levels over time, but also that originally individual North Koreans were relatively optimistic about their chances of success and that based on observed defection attempts, they have updated their expectations to more accurately reflect the actual levels of repression.
    [Show full text]
  • Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001
    Technical Report 02-5 July 2002 Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 Katherine L. Herbig Martin F. Wiskoff TRW Systems Released by James A. Riedel Director Defense Personnel Security Research Center 99 Pacific Street, Building 455-E Monterey, CA 93940-2497 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704- 0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DDMMYYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From – To) July 2002 Technical 1947 - 2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER Espionage Against the United States by American Citizens 1947-2001 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Katherine L. Herbig, Ph.D. Martin F. Wiskoff, Ph.D. 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8.
    [Show full text]
  • The External Relations of the Monarchy in Thai Politics
    Aalborg Universitet The external relations of the monarchy in Thai politics Schmidt, Johannes Dragsbæk Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Schmidt, J. D. (2007). The external relations of the monarchy in Thai politics. Paper presented at International conference on "Royal charisma, military power and the future of democracy in Thailand", Copenhagen, Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: September 29, 2021 The external relations of the monarchy in Thai politics1 Tentative draft – only for discussion Johannes Dragsbaek Schmidt2 The real political problem in Siam was – and is - precisely this: that there was no decisive popular break with ’absolutism’, fuelled by social radicalism and mass nationalism (Anderson 1978: 225) The September 19 military coup in Thailand in 2006 caught most observers by surprise.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of the Military Coup D'état in Thailand
    Aktuelle Südostasienforschung Current Research on Southeast Asia The Iron Silk Road and the Iron Fist: Making Sense of the Military Coup D’État in Thailand Wolfram Schaffar ► Schaffar, W. (2018). The iron silk road and the iron fist: Making sense of the military coup d’état in Thailand. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 11(1), 35-52. In May of 2014, the military of Thailand staged a coup and overthrew the democrati- cally elected government of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra. The political divisions in Thailand, which culminated in the coup, as well as the course of events leading to the coup, are difficult to explain via Thai domestic policy and the power relations -be tween Thailand’s military, corporate, and civil entities. The divisions can be more clearly revealed when interpreted in the context of the large-scale Chinese project “One Belt, One Road”. This ambitious infrastructure project represents an important step in the rise of China to the position of the world’s biggest economic power and – drawing on world-systems theory – to the center of a new long accumulation cycle of the global econ- omy. Against this backdrop, it will be argued that developments in Thailand can be in- terpreted historically as an example of the upheavals in the periphery of China, the new center. The establishment of an autocratic system is, however, not directly attributable to the influence of China, but results from the interplay of internal factors in Thailand. Keywords: Belt-and-Road Initiative; Coup D’État; High-Speed Train; Thailand; World-Systems Theory THE RETURN OF AUTHORITARIANISM IN THAILAND On 22 May 2014, the military in Thailand staged a coup d’état and removed the elected government of Yingluck Shinawatra, the sister of the exiled former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.1 This coup marked the climax of the politi- cal division of Thailand into two camps: the Yellow Shirts, which are close to www.seas.at doi 10.14764/10.ASEAS-2018.1-3 www.seas.at the monarchy and to the royalist-conservative elites, and the Red Shirts, who support Thaksin.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Detente: John Le Carré from the Cold to the Thaw Leah Nicole Huesing University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses Graduate Works 4-14-2016 Cultural Detente: John le Carré from the Cold to the Thaw Leah Nicole Huesing University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Huesing, Leah Nicole, "Cultural Detente: John le Carré from the Cold to the Thaw" (2016). Theses. 168. http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/168 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Huesing 1 Cultural Détente: John le Carré from the Cold to the Thaw Leah Huesing B.A. History, Columbia College, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History May, 2016 Advisory Committee Peter Acsay, Ph. D Chairperson Minsoo Kang, Ph.D. Carlos Schwantes, Ph.D. Huesing 2 Abstract British spy fiction author John le Carré inspired Cultural Détente, a movement in American popular culture which banished the simplicities of the 1950’s and replaced it with a relaxation of tensions from 1960-1965. Cultural Détente manifested from within Western liberal, democratic society after the strict conformities of the 1950s. After the dissipation of McCarthyism and the anti-Communist crusaders, the public was ready to embrace a ‘thaw’ in tensions. Even with all of the evidence already in place, there has yet to be any historical evaluation of a 1960s Cultural Détente that anticipated and made possible the détente of Richard Nixon.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Defectors: Sexuality, Gender, and the Family in Cold War Propaganda, 1960-1990 Scott A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks at Central Washington University Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Summer 2016 Soviet Defectors: Sexuality, Gender, and the Family in Cold War Propaganda, 1960-1990 Scott A. Miller Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, History of Gender Commons, and the Other History Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Scott A., "Soviet Defectors: Sexuality, Gender, and the Family in Cold War Propaganda, 1960-1990" (2016). All Master's Theses. Paper 438. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. SOVIET DEFECTORS: SEXUALITY, GENDER, AND THE FAMILY IN COLD WAR PROPAGANDA, 1960-1990 __________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History ___________________________________ by Scott Andrew Miller August 2016 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Scott Andrew Miller Candidate for the degree of Master of Arts APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ _________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Dream Psychology of North Korean Defectors in South Korea: Implicit Learning and Social Adjustment
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press 2018 Conference Proceedings (Victoria, BC Adult Education Research Conference Canada) Dream Psychology of North Korean Defectors in South Korea: Implicit Learning and Social Adjustment Jinhee Choi Penn State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/aerc Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Commons, and the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Recommended Citation Choi, Jinhee (2018). "Dream Psychology of North Korean Defectors in South Korea: Implicit Learning and Social Adjustment," Adult Education Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2018/ papers/5 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adult Education Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dream Psychology of North Korean Defectors in South Korea: Implicit Learning and Social Adjustment Jinhee Choi Pennsylvania State University Abstract: This paper applies the theoretical framework of Fromm’s humanistic psychology to examine the reported content of North Korean defectors’ dreams during sleep and considers what the psychological data suggests about the defectors' past social experience in authoritarian North Korea and their present social situation as adults learning to adjust to a new life in neo-liberal South Korea. Keywords: adult defectors, Erich Fromm, Korean peninsula, nightmares, sleep experiences, social psychology Introduction and Purpose In the last three decades, many scholars and practitioners have examined the connection between dreams and learning (Crick & Mitchison, 1983; de Vries, 2014; Vandekerckhove & Cluydts, 2010; Walker, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • The Defection of Jozef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in the Polish United Workers’ Party, 1953-1954
    The Defection of Jozef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in The Polish United Workers’ Party, 1953-1954 L.W. Gluchowski The extermination of the overwhelming majority of Polish Jews in the Holocaust by the Germans in occupied Poland did not end anti-Semitism in Poland. Jewish emigration from Poland increased following the Kielce pogrom in 1946.1 It is difficult to dispute in general the conclusion that the demoralization and inhumanity experienced during the war, the transfer of some Jewish property, and the relentless Nazi racial propaganda took its toll, leaving many psychological scars on postwar Polish society.2 The òydokomuna (Jew-Communism) myth gained especially powerful resonance with the subsequent forced establishment of communist rule in Poland. The Polish version of this stereotype has its genesis in the interwar period.3 And anti-Semitism in Poland has more ancient historical antecedents. Stalin’s wartime and postwar nationalities and cadres policy, at least as applied to the Polish case, tended to prefer those who had taken Soviet citizenship and Soviet party membership as well as ‘comrades of Jewish origins’ to many important posts. Stalin did more than promote ethnic particularism among the nationalities under his control. He became an effective and ruthless manipulator of the nationality of party cadres in the Soviet party, the foreign parties of the Comintern, and later most of the ruling communist parties of Soviet-East Europe. The peculiarities and zigzags of Soviet nationality policy, which had a direct impact on cadre policies throughout the Soviet bloc, was not merely exported to the communist states of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Defectors
    page size 234 x 156mm but follows EUP PPC jacket Hires CMYK pdf from Indesign CS6 17mm 3mm Intelligence, Surveillance Riehle Kevin P. Intelligence, Surveillance and Secret Warfare and Secret Warfare Series editors: Richard J. Aldrich, Rory Cormac, Michael S. Goodman and Hugh Wilford ‘Kevin Riehle has written a valuable study, based on much original research, of defectors to the West from Soviet Intelligence Agencies in the Stalin era. His book expands our knowledge of who fled West and why. It SOvIet will be of considerable value to historians of intelligence and international relations in the period when Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union.’ Paul Maddrell, Loughborough University DeFeCtORS Analyses the insider information and insights that over 80 Soviet intelligence officer defectors revealed during the first half of the Soviet period When intelligence officers defect, they take with them privileged information and often communicate it to the receiving state. This book identifies a group of those S defectors from the Soviet elite – intelligence officers– and provides an aggregate O analysis of their information to uncover Stalin’s strategic priorities and concerns, v I and open a window into his impenetrable national security decision-making. This et De book uses their information to define Soviet threat perceptions and national security anxieties during Stalin’s time as Soviet leader. 234mm • Identifies 88 Soviet intelligence officer defectors for the period 1917 to 1954, F representing a variety of specialisations; the most comprehensive list of Soviet e intelligence officer defectors compiled to date. C • Shows the evolution of Soviet threat perceptions and the development of the ‘main t ORS enemy’ concept in the Soviet national security system.
    [Show full text]
  • This Issue Paper Was Prepared by Writenet on the Basis of Publicly Available Information, Analysis and Comment
    THIS ISSUE PAPER WAS PREPARED BY WRITENET ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THIS PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF UNHCR. NORTH KOREA: A POTENTIAL REFUGEE CRISIS? By Diederik Lohman October 1996 WRITENET IS A NETWORK OF RESEARCHERS AND WRITERS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, FORCED MIGRATION, ETHNIC AND POLITICAL CONFLICT. WRITENET IS A SUBSIDIARY OF PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT (UK) TABLE OF CONTENTS TUSummaryUT ...................................................................................................................................3 TU1.UT TUIntroductionUT ...................................................................................................................3 TU2. Background Information And Recent DevelopmentsUT .......................................................3 TU3. The Issue Of Asylum Seekers From North KoreaUT ............................................................3 TU4. Reception Of North Korean Asylum SeekersUT ...................................................................4 TU5. ConclusionsUT .......................................................................................................................4 TU1.UT TUIntroductionUT .......................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]