Detecting Mobility in Early Iron Age Thessaly by Strontium Isotope Analysis

European Journal of Archaeology 21 (4) 2018, 590–611 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 2 3 ELENI PANAGIOTOPOULOU ,JANET MONTGOMERY ,GEOFF NOWELL , 3 4 4 JOANNE PETERKIN ,ARGIRO DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ,POLIXENI ARACHOVITI , 5 6 STILIANI KATAKOUTA AND FOTINI TSIOUKA 1Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands 2Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK 3Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK 4Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Volos, Greece 5Ephorate of Antiquities of Larisa, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Larisa, Greece 6Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Karditsa, Greece

This article presents evidence of population movements in Thessaly, Greece, during the Early Iron Age (Protogeometric period, eleventh–ninth centuries BC). The method we employed to detect non-local individuals is strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) of tooth enamel integrated with the contextual analysis of mortuary practices and osteological analysis of the skeletal assemblage. During the Protogeometric period, social and cultural transformations occurred while society was recovering from the disintegration of the Mycenaean civilization (twelfth century BC). The analysis of the cemeteries of Voulokaliva, Chloe, and Pharsala, located in southern Thessaly, showed that non-local individuals integrated in the communities we focused on and contributed to the observed diversity in burial practices and to the developments in the formation of a social organization.

Keywords: Early Iron Age, Greece, strontium isotope analysis, population mobility, Thessaly

INTRODUCTION investigate diet, chronology, and metal and ceramic production in Early Iron Age This article consists of an investigation of Greece (Papathanasiou, 2013; Toffolo population movements in Thessaly during et al., 2013; Rückl, 2014; Orfanou, 2015; the post-Mycenaean period (Early Iron Panagiotopoulou & Papathanasiou, 2015; Age, tenth–ninth centuries BC), using Triantaphyllou, 2015). While strontium strontium isotope analysis of human tooth isotope analysis has been previously con- enamel. Previous research on this period ducted on Greek assemblages (Richards, has primarily focused on the analysis of 2008;Nafplioti,2011), this is the first time ancient historical sources and archaeological this method has been employed to investi- data (Desborough, 1964; Snodgrass, 2000; gate anthropological remains from the Lemos, 2002; Dickinson, 2006;Morris, Early Iron Age in Greece. 2007). In more recent years, various analyt- The region of Thessaly was chosen ical methods have been employed to because it is traditionally considered as

© European Association of Archaeologists 2018 doi:10.1017/eaa.2017.88 Manuscript received 19 March 2017, accepted 13 December 2017, revised 5 November 2017 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 26 Sep 2021 at 11:17:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.88 Panagiotopoulou et al. – Detecting Mobility in Early Iron Age Thessaly by Strontium Isotope Analysis 591

forming the northern border of the 1991; Morris, 2007). Another hypothesis Mycenaean world and, thus, was affected attributes the changes to a shift from seden- in the same way as the rest of the main- tary agriculture to pastoralism (Snodgrass, land by the disintegration of the 2006); studies into the health status of Early Mycenaean civilization (thirteenth–twelfth Iron Age populations, which was considered centuries BC). The collapse of the palatial to have improved compared to the Late system resulted in a deep crisis; it Bronze Age, suggested they consumed prompted the breakdown of a stratified larger amounts of meat (Morris, 2007). society, a decline in social institutions, and However, the lack of sufficient archaeozoo- a social regression (Dickinson, 2006). In logical studies in this period makes it prob- the subsequent Sub-Mycenaean (eleventh lematic to follow this line of enquiry further. century BC) and Protogeometric (tenth More recently, population movement and ninth centuries BC) periods, changes models have once again come to the fore as occurred in social organization, in trade an explanation. These models propose that and interaction, in production and tech- small-scale movements of groups or indivi- nology, in material culture, and in burial duals within and without the old palatial practices (Lemos, 2002). territories explain the cultural and social In the Protogeometric period, the first changes observed (Snodgrass, 2000;Lemos, signs of important social developments 2002;Coldstream,2003;Morris,2007; become visible (Morris, 2007). The distri- Georganas, 2009). bution of pottery and metalwork indicates Several major questions currently dom- that these regions had contacts and inter- inate the scholarly discussions of Early acted either inside or outside Thessaly Iron Age Greece: (Rückl, 2014; Lis et al., 2015). New A. Can we detect whether population cemeteries were established, but pre-exist- movements were associated with ing Mycenaean ones were also still in use. changes in the mortuary record? Mycenaean funerary practices, such as B. If so, were they at the level of a popu- multiple burials in tholoi, were still lation or did they involve individuals present alongside single burials in cists, a or small groups (such as families) practice that spread very extensively in the moving from one place to another? Early Iron Age and is considered to have largely replaced the traditional burial Many approaches have been devised forms (Dickinson, 2006). to detect movements of groups, such as Many theories have been put forward to cultural, technological, and linguistic dif- explain the changes and the mosaic in the fusion, but arguments against such inter- burial record of the post-Mycenaean pretations have been put forward due to period. The notion, based on an interpret- ambiguities or biases in the archaeologi- ation of the work of ancient writers, of a cal data or lack of substantial evidence large-scale migration of hostile groups (Hall, 1997). Here, we aim to examine the from northern areas of Greece and the movements of people in the Early Iron Balkans was posited to explain the sudden Age by integrating strontium isotope ana- and widespread change (Desborough, lysis of human tooth enamel with the con- 1972). This idea lost ground as new evi- textual analysis of mortuary data. dence suggested that it was a deterioration Our study focuses on the mortuary evi- of living conditions that led to a gradual dence from three sites in Thessaly, which transformation of the social organization occupy significant locations and exhibit of Early Iron Age communities (Whitley, substantial variation in funerary practices:

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 26 Sep 2021 at 11:17:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.88 592 European Journal of Archaeology 21 (4) 2018

the cemetery of Chloe, the cemetery of Thessaly (Figure 1), with a period of use Voulokaliva in Halos, and the cemeteries fromthelaterBronzeAge(c. 1300–1100 of Pharsala (Figure 1). BC)toHellenistictimes(c.300–265 BC) (Reinders, 2003; Malakasioti, 2006). Voulokaliva is located on the western coast ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT of the Pagasetic Gulf near important mari- time routes and along land routes that con- The cemetery of Chloe is one of the burial nected it with the southern and northern grounds of Pherae, a town occupied con- Greek mainland (Stissi et al., 2004). The tinuously from the Late Neolithic (4500– individuals were buriedmainlyinsimplepits 3200/3000 BC) to the Roman period (first andcists,butacircularconstruction,prob- century BC to fourth century AD) (Doulgeri- ably an imitation of a tholos tomb, was also Intzesiloglou, 1994; Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou found. Adjacent to the clusters of burials in &Arachoviti,2006; Georganas, 2008). the cemetery, scattered graves have been The cemetery is located in eastern Thessaly, found throughout the area, but, because the on a plain north-west of the Pagasetic cemetery was a rescue excavation, its full Gulf (Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, 1994, 1996; extent and perimeter is not (yet) known. Arachoviti, 2000; Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou & The graves included single and double inhu- Arachoviti, 2006; Georganas, 2008) mations of males, females, and subadults (Figure 1). Eight tholoi were discovered, all of all ages (Panagiotopoulou et al., 2016). of the same type; which follows that of the Pharsala is located in southern Thessaly, Mycenaean predecessors, but are smaller near routes to western Thessaly and (Arachoviti, 2000) and located close to each Epirus through Mount Pindos. Two other. This study focuses on two of the burial grounds have been excavated eight tholoi (EII, ZI). These two tholoi (Tziafalias & Batziou-Efstathiou, 2010; contained multiple inhumations of males, Katakouta, 2012): one (Site 1) is a north- females, and subadults older than five years wards extension of the Mycenaean ceme- (Panagiotopoulou et al., forthcoming). tery, while the other (Site 2) is a rather The cemetery of Voulokaliva is one of the distant burial ground (Figure 1). Site 1 three cemeteries of Halos in south-eastern had single or multiple inhumations of

Figure 1. Location map showing Greece and Thessaly.

males and females, single inhumations of the same community. Furthermore, the subadults of all ages, and a few cremations. practice of excluding young subadults The tomb types are pits, cists, burial enclo- (under four years old) from receiving formal sures, tholoi, and a tumulus. Site 2, located burial in the Early Iron Age, a practice con- approximately 6 km to the north-east of sidered to be Mycenaean, was only attested the first cemetery, consists of two tholoi in a few cases, such as at the tholoi of covering only adults (Panagiotopoulou et al., Chloe (Panagiotopoulou et al., 2016; forthcoming). Details of the osteological Panagiotopoulou et al., forthcoming). analysis of the human remains used in Chloe appears to be a cemetery where this article are available in Panagiotopoulou traditional burial practices continued to be et al. (2016) and Panagiotopoulou et al. performed, whereas Voulokaliva and (forthcoming). Pharsala incorporated more innovative practices. The community of Voulokaliva adopted only simple forms, while the VARIATION IN BURIAL PRACTICES cemetery of Pharsala developed in a more complex manner, with innovation and The contextual analysis of burial practices tradition present alongside each other in a defines the context in which the burial more evident way. forms developed, in our case the different The questions initially formulated can tomb types, tomb distribution patterns, now be turned into more targeted and burial treatment, age, and sex of the specific questions: individuals. A. Could differences in burial locations/ The analysis has indicated funerary pat- clusters indicate groups or individuals terns and variations, which can be attributed of different origin(s)? to social differentiation (Panagiotopoulou B. Could innovative practices have been et al., 2016; Panagiotopoulou et al., forth- introduced by individuals who had coming) but also to the presence of non- moved to these communities from localindividuals.Here,wefocusonaspects other regions, or did the need for where population movements may have social change drive the local popula- caused such differentiation. These aspects tion towards this choice? are: a) the spatial organization in different burial locations used by the same commu- These questions were addressed through nity; b) the co-existence of clustered and the application of strontium isotope ana- non-clustered graves in the same cemetery; lysis to investigate whether, and in what and c) the different grave types, such as proportion, non-local individuals were simple graves with single burials against present at each site. complex tomb constructions with multiple burials. The cemetery of Chloe included mainly THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF tholos tombs with multiple burials, although GREECE AND THESSALY a few cist graves were also present. The contemporaneous site of Voulokaliva in Greece lies at the southern edge of the Halos mainly comprised single burials in Balkan Peninsula. It has a varied terrain, simple cists. Pharsala, on the other hand, is with a long coastline and mountains alter- the cemetery showing the greatest diversity. nating with plains. The mountains can be The variety of different tomb types, treat- very high with rounded summits, and ment, and burial locations was attributed to erosion makes relics of the old landscape

visible. The lowlands are coastal plains or and not attached to the mandible or inland basins that were depressed and maxilla but evidently associated with speci- uplifted again (Darby, 1944; Danalatos, fic individuals. The number of samples from 1992; Higgins & Higgins, 1996). each site is as follows: ten from Chloe, Thessaly lies in the eastern part of the thirteen from Voulokaliva, and thirteen central Greek mainland (Figure 1). The from Pharsala (Table 1). Environmental Thessalian bedrock is mainly composed of sampling covered the geological formations limestones, dolomites, schists, and flysch that could have contributed to the stron- of Triassic age (252.17–208.8 million tium intake by humans and animals, as years ago). During the Oligocene (36.6– shown in Table 2. 23.7 million years ago) and Miocene The environmental samples (snail shells (23.7–5.3 million years ago), Thessaly was and water samples) were obtained from a shallow sea and, later, in the early the wider area surrounding the cemeteries. Pliocene (5.3–1.6 million years ago), an We attempted to cover areas of possible extensive lake. Tectonic activity in the land exploitation for plant farming and Pleistocene created grabens, which accu- animal breeding as well as water sources. mulated lacustrine deposits. This sampling provided information on the Thessaly’s depression is surrounded by range of bioavailable strontium that charac- mountain ranges: the mountain chain of terizes the soil and water end-members of Olympos-Ossa-Pelion is in the north and the cemetery regions or regions of compar- east and is a Neogene horst composed of able geology. At Chloe the sampling circle Pelagonian ophiolites, gneiss, schist, and around the cemetery was approximately 5 metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic km in diameter. Sampling stopped at phys- rocks. Pelion, the southern end of the ical boundaries—i.e. where the same geo- range and the nearest to the site of Chloe, logical formation was extended for long is mainly composed of schist, but marble is distances and where access to areas was hin- also present on the northern side of the dered by boundaries such as mountains mountain. The Pindos range is in the west (Figure 2).TheareaofHaloswassampled of Thessaly. The Pindos zone has been a within a diameter of approximately 10 km. deep ocean basin with limestone accumula- Again, a mountain, the sea, and extended tions, which was later filled with flysch geological formations were the boundaries sediments. Finally, Mount Othrys, which is to further sampling (Figure 3). Pharsala was the nearest to the cemetery of Voulokaliva, encircled by a diameter of approximately demarcates the southern borders of 9 km, using parameters similar to those Thessaly. It consists of limestone, Neogene chosen for the previous sites (Figure 4). sediments, and marble (Danalatos, 1992; Several ways of establishing the local Higgins & Higgins, 1996). baseline have been developed since the first use of strontium isotope analysis in archaeology. Statistical analyses of human MATERIALS AND METHOD isotope ratios and analysis of soils, plants, waters, and modern animals with limited Enamel and environmental samples foraging distance, such as rodents and snail shells, have all been used to better define For the purpose of this study, we collected the local strontium baseline (Price et al., human tooth enamel and environmental 1994, 2002; Wright, 2005; Hartman & samples. We sampled non-diagnostic of Richards, 2014). Here, we have used snail pathologies human teeth, preferably loose shells and water samples because both are

Table 1. Sr isotope ratios of human enamel samples and dentine from the sites of Chloe, Voulokaliva, and Pharsala. Samples were analysed during two analytical sessions. The reproducibility of the NBS987 standard in the two sessions is given below. The superscript number by the 87Sr/86Sr ratio relates the sample to the relevant analytical session. 1. Average 87Sr/86Sr for NBS987: 0.710278 ± 23 (32ppm, 2SD n = 10) 2. Average 87Sr/86Sr for NBS987: 0.710264 ± 17 (24ppm, 2SD n = 11) Site Sample number 87Sr/86Sr norm 2SE Sr concentration (ppm) (1/Sr)*103

Chloe C/E-th2/cr2 0.70912 0.000021 93 11 Chloe C/E-th2/cr3 0.70942 0.000020 113 9 Chloe C/E-th2/o4 0.70892 0.000018 92 11 Chloe C/E-th2/cr6 0.70912 0.000017 120 8 Chloe C/E-th2/cr7 0.70912 0.000013 104 10 Chloe C/Z-th1/cr1 0.70912 0.000017 133 8 Chloe C/Z-th1/cr3 0.70912 0.000019 107 9 Chloe C/Z-th1/cr4 0.70912 0.000021 87 12 Chloe C/Z-th1/cr8 0.70922 0.000018 121 8 Chloe C/Z-th1/cr10 0.70892 0.000020 79 13 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-c5 0.70911 0.000018 95 11 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-cc8/ind1 0.70871 0.000018 92 11 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-c12/ind1 0.70901 0.000019 72 14 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-p65 0.70901 0.000016 55 18 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-p66 0.70911 0.000015 81 12 Voulokaliva HaVo/e-c72 0.70891 0.000018 61 16 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c7/ind1 0.70791 0.000016 132 8 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c7/ind2 0.70851 0.000022 106 9 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c11/ind1 0.70891 0.000019 56 18 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c11/ind2 0.70921 0.000014 72 14 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c13 0.70922 0.000020 75 13 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-c21 0.70912 0.000016 129 8 Voulokaliva HaVo/w-p31 0.70892 0.000026 44 23 Pharsala F/Ep-th1 0.70911 0.000018 77 13 Pharsala F/Ep-th2/ind2 0.70911 0.000020 86 12 Pharsala F/Ep-th2/ind1 0.70911 0.000015 108 9 Pharsala F/Ep-th2/secA/ind1 0.70911 0.000016 78 13 Pharsala F/Ep-th2/secB 0.70911 0.000016 76 13 Pharsala F/Od- be18/ind1 0.70881 0.000018 83 12 Pharsala F/Od-th20 0.70881 0.000016 83 12 Pharsala F/Od-be28/south 0.70941 0.000015 153 7 Pharsala F/Od-c25 0.70921 0.000010 165 6 Pharsala F/Per-th1/ind3 0.70871 0.000020 69 15 Pharsala F/Per-c4 0.70871 0.000018 71 14 Pharsala F/Per-c5 0.70871 0.000022 94 11 Pharsala F/Per-c8 0.70801 0.000018 187 5 Double F/Od-be18/ind1 0.70882 0.000019 71 14 Double HaVo/w-c7/ind1 0.70902 0.000014 135 7

Table 1. (Cont.)

Site Sample number 87Sr/86Sr norm 2SE Sr concentration (ppm) (1/Sr)*103

Dentine F/Od-be18/ind1 0.70822 0.000016 112 9 Dentine HaVo/w-c21 0.70832 0.000018 91 11 Dentine C/E-th2/cr2 0.71002 0.000018 268 4

suitable for Thessaly, based on the region’s mortem contamination (Price et al., 2002). environmental characteristics. Second, teeth are formed during childhood, Snail shells represent the different geo- and tooth enamel, an acellular and avascular logical formations in the areas around the tissue, does not remodel subsequently and, cemeteries. Snails are suitable proxies for thus, is regarded as an archive of childhood this study for two reasons: a) their limited exposure. Therefore, by studying strontium foraging range reflects the averaged local isotopes in tooth enamel we gain informa- plants consumed by the snail and the local tion on the geological environment from strontium isotope ratio; and b) Thessaly is a which individuals obtained their food low-rainfall region receiving approximately during childhood. If an individual relocated 400–800 mm annual rainfall and thus the in later life to a different geological terrain, strontium incorporated into the snail shell the strontium isotope ratio of their burial is not diluted (Evans et al., 2009). place and that of their tooth enamel should be distinguishable (Montgomery, 2010). Strontium isotope analysis LABORATORY PROCEDURE Strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel was employed to address the research Samples for Sr isotope analysis were pre- questions presented above regarding the pared and analysed at the Arthur Holmes Early Iron Age communities. Strontium is Isotope Geology Laboratory, Department an element that is incorporated into the of Earth Sciences, Durham University. human body, primarily the skeleton, Enamel samples were removed from each through diet and is strongly related to the tooth using dental burs and saws, cleaned geological and geographical environment of all surfaces and adhering dentine and where the food was produced. Strontium sealed in microtubes. In order to charac- in the biosphere derives from the under- terize the environment at each of the three lying bedrock and its isotope ratios depend sites, samples of c. 50 mg from the shells on the lithological composition and the of land snails and water samples of 30 ml age of the rock. Weathering and erosion were collected from streams and seawater. of the rocks and subterranean water move- The pre-cleaned enamel chips (0.01 g– ments transfer the strontium to the soil, 0.1 g) were weighed into clean Teflon and into the human food chain via the beakers and dissolved in 1 ml Teflon dis- consumption of plants by animals and tilled (TD) 16M HNO3, dried down, and humans (Stallo et al., 2010). re-dissolved in 0.5 ml TD 3M HNO3.Sr Strontium is incorporated into both was extracted from the sample matrix as a bone and teeth, but the most suitable tissue fraction eluted from an Eichrom Sr-Spec has proved to be tooth enamel for two exchange resin column. major reasons. First, tooth enamel is dense, The Sr fraction, eluted from the column inert, non-porous, and resistant to post- in 0.4mls MQ H2O, was acidified with

87 86

Table 2. Sr isotope values of environmental samples from the sites of Chloe, Voulokaliva, and Pharsala. Average Sr/ Sr for NBS987 standard during al. et Panagiotopoulou

https://www.cambridge.org/core analytical session for environmental samples: 0.710278 ± 23 (32ppm, 2SD n = 10). The geological periods and formations where the samples have been collected are also presented. Environmental samples

Site Sample Sr 2SD Sample Geological formations Period name type . https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.88 –

Chloe CH03s 0.7088 0.000013 Snail shell Alluvial deposits light-grey to brown-grey ﬂuvio-lacustrine material of silt, Quaternary/Holocene 597 Analysis Isotope Strontium by Thessaly Age Iron Early in Mobility Detecting clay, and very little coarser material deposited in the Voiviis (Karla) lake

. IPaddress: basin, deposits on plains, open towards the sea, and small interior basins of clay, sand, and pebbles, torrential deposits, torrential terraces material, and eluvial mantle material. Chloe CH05w 0.7086 0.000018 Water Alluvial deposits light-grey to brown-grey ﬂuvio-lacustrine material of silt, Quaternary/Holocene

170.106.202.58 clay and very little coarser material deposited in the Voiviis (Karla) lake basin, deposits on plains, open towards the sea, and small interior basins of clay, sand, and pebbles, torrential deposits, torrential terraces material, and eluvial mantle material. Near the formation: Middle Triassic/Upper Jurassic, marbles which constitute the regular upwards , on evolution of the Neopaleozoic–Lower Middle Triassic formations with

26 Sep2021 at11:17:10 a locally intercalated horizon consisting of calcite schists, cipolins, and muscovite schists with metabasite intercalations. Small bauxite occurrences. Chloe CH09s 0.7089 0.000015 Snail shell ol: olistholiths of diabasic-dioritic rocks. Pelagonian Zone – Lower Tectonic In the Velestino area in the lower parts of the ﬂysch, olistoliths and olis- Unit – Middle Senonian/ tostromes of various lithological composition are present, with lime- Maestrichtian/Paleocene stones, dolomites, serpentinites, pyroxenites, diabasic rocks, cherts, and

, subjectto theCambridgeCore termsofuse,available at others of a total thickness of up to c. 150 m. Locally the flysch uncon- formably overlies the underlying Upper Cretaceous limestones. Chloe CH11s 0.7103 0.000012 Snail shell fg: flysch consisting of fine- to medium-grained sandstones and in places, Pelagonian Zone – Lower Tectonic towards the upper parts, of coarse-grained sandstones, with the main Unit – Middle Senonian/ minerals being quartz, feldspar, muscovite, sericite, and calcite with Maestrichtian/Paleocene intercalations of pelites, laminated in places, conglomerates, and sandy conglomerates. Chloe CH12s 0.7095 0.000017 Snail shell Fluvioterrestrial formations: red clays, clayey, sandy material of low cohe- Pontian – Pliocene – Lower sion, with dispersed rounded and angular pebbles, or coarse-grained Pleistocene element of various lithological composition, and breccio-conglomerates. Voulokaliva HL01s 0.7078 0.000017 Snail shell Quaternary undivided, diluvium and alluvium. Clays, sands, gravels, talus Quaternary Halos (scree). Coastal conglomerates. Continental deposits. The site is coastal. https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Downloaded from

Table 2. (Cont.)

Environmental samples 598 https://www.cambridge.org/core

Site Sample Sr 2SD Sample Geological formations Period name type

Voulokaliva HL04s 0.7080 0.000015 Snail shell Quaternary undivided, diluvium and alluvium. Clays, sands, gravels, talus. Quaternary Halos Coastal conglomerates. Continental deposits. . https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.88 Voulokaliva HL05w 0.7086 0.000018 Water Quaternary undivided, diluvium and alluvium. Clays, sands, gravels, talus. Quaternary Halos Coastal conglomerates. Continental deposits. Voulokaliva HL14s 0.7088 0.000016 Snail shell Partly or entirely metamorphosed formation of ﬂysch (shales, sandstones, Upper Cretaceous

. IPaddress: Halos conglomerates, and intercalated limestones). Phyllites, sandstones, layers of black crystalline limestone. Fossils scarce. Voulokaliva HL15w 0.7079 0.000013 Water Neogene undivided. Mostly Pliocene. Marls, clays, gravels, sandstones, Neogene/Pliocene 170.106.202.58 Halos conglomerates, marly limestones. Neogene freshwater deposits with lignites. Fossils. Adjacent to the formation: Quaternary undivided, diluvium and alluvium. Clays, sands, gravels, talus. Coastal conglomerates.

, on Continental deposits.

26 Sep2021 at11:17:10 Voulokaliva HL18s 0.7089 0.000016 Snail shell Partly or entirely metamorphosed formation of ﬂysch (shales, sandstones, Neogene/Pliocene Halos conglomerates, and intercalated limestones}. Phyllites, sandstones, layers of black crystalline limestone. Fossils scarce. Between two formations. The second is metamorphosed thin-bedded or Archaeology of Journal European compact limestone of Upper Cretaceous age, with phyllites and breccias On the coastline.

, subjectto theCambridgeCore termsofuse,available at Voulokaliva HL18w 0.7092 0.000018 Sea water Same as above Same as above Halos Pharsala FS03s 0.7084 0.000014 Snail shell Alluvium Holocene Pharsala FS03w 0.7082 0.000017 Water Alluvium Holocene Pharsala FS04s 0.7082 0.000021 Snail shell Alluvium Holocene Pharsala FS04w 0.7085 0.000016 Water Alluvium Holocene

Pharsala FS07w 0.7078 0.000014 Water Ks: micro-brecciated limestone. Maybe under that cortege ophiolite. Pelagonian Zone: Upper and Middle 2018 (4) 21 Adjacent to Holocene cônes de dejections torrentiels Cretaceous/Jurassic-Triassic (?) Pharsala FS11s 0.7088 0.000015 Snail shell Alluvium Holocene Pharsala FS11w 0.7085 0.000015 Water Alluvium Holocene Pharsala FS15w 0.7090 0.000017 Water Lacustrine and ﬂuvial deposits. Fossils are missing, ostracodes in Upper Pleistocene abundance. Panagiotopoulou et al. – Detecting Mobility in Early Iron Age Thessaly by Strontium Isotope Analysis 599

Figure 2. Geological map of Chloe (Velestino and Volos sheets) showing the location of the environmental samples. Base map by the Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research of Greece, 1978, scale 1:50000.

TD 16M HNO3 to make a three per cent law. Corrections were also applied for Kr 84 86 HNO3 solution ready for isotope analysis interferences on Sr and Sr and the Rb by Multi-Collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP- interference on 87Sr. The average 83Kr inten- MS) using a ThermoFisher Neptune. sity throughout the analytical session was Prior to analysis, the Sr fraction was tested ∼0.08 mV, which is insignificant considering to determine the Sr concentration and to the Sr beam size (88Sr between 13 and 29 ensure the major isotope of Sr (88Sr) did V). The average 85Rb was slightly greater at not exceed the maximum voltage (50 V) ∼0.8 mV, but, given the Sr beam size, the for the detector amplifiers. Any samples correction on the 87Sr/86Sr was very small that exceeded this limit were diluted to (<0.00001) and is accurate. yield an 88Sr signal of ∼25 V. Samples were analysed during three A Sr isotope measurement comprised a analytical sessions. The average 87Sr/86Sr static multi-collection routine of 1 block of and reproducibility for the international 50 cycles with an integration time of 4 strontium isotope reference material NBS seconds per cycle; total analysis time: 3.5 987 analysed during each analytical session minutes. Instrumental mass bias was cor- are reported in the Table captions. All rected for by using an 88Sr/86Sr ratio of sample data in Tables 1 and 2 are reported 8.375209 (the reciprocal of the accepted relative to an accepted 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 86Sr/88Sr ratio of 0.1194) and an exponential 0.71024 for NBS987.

Figure 3. Geological map of Halos (Almyro sheet) showing the location of the environmental samples. Base map by the Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research of Greece, 1962, scale 1:50000.

STRONTIUM ISOTOPE RESULTS end-members could have contributed to the strontium isotope values of these populations, The local 87Sr/86Sr ranges have been esti- we have also plotted human 87Sr/86Sr values mated by the end-members of the environ- against human strontium concentration (1/Sr mental samples from each site. Therefore, ppm *103) (Montgomery et al., 2007). Some Chloe’s range is 0.7086–0.7103 (n = 5), environmental samples have yielded different Voulokaliva’s is 0.7078–0.7092 (n = 7), and 87Sr/86Sr values although they were collected Pharsala’sis0.7078–0.7090 (n = 8). The from the same geological formations. This is human enamel 87Sr/86Sr values at Chloe the case where a snail shell and a water range from 0.7089 to 0.7094 (n = 10), at sample were collected. The reason for this Voulokaliva from 0.7079 to 0.7092 (n = 13), difference is most probably the source of the and at Pharsala from 0.7080 to 0.7094 (n = spring water, which might have been located 13). The data discussed here are presented in in a different geological formation, and thus Tables 1 and 2. The letter beside the number the 87Sr/86Sr value of the water reflects the of each environmental sample indicates the average 87Sr/86Sr values of the geological for- type of sample that has been used (‘s’ for snail mations the water had passed through. shell and ‘w’ for water sample). The environmental samples represent different geological formations that could potentially have influ- Chloe enced the strontium isotope values of the food and water ingested by the individuals of The human 87Sr/86Sr values from Chloe the populations under study. In order to indicate that the entire assemblage appears examine whether two or more geological to be local: the human values fall within

Figure 4. Geological map of Pharsala showing the location of the environmental samples. Base map by the Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research of Greece, 1969, scale 1:50000.

the range of the environmental samples 0.7088/0.7086 (CH03s/CH05w) (Tables (Figure 5). As the strontium isotope 1 and 2, Figures 5 and 6). The geological ratios, with an isotopic range between the formation that sample CH11s (0.7103) environmental samples CH3s, CH9s, and represents seems to make no contribution CH12s, span the rain/seawater value of to the human strontium isotope values; 0.7092, which is an estimate of atmos- the negligible difference between the pheric deposition, the individuals’ stron- dentine and the second highest snail tium appears to derive from more than (CH12s) suggests that the higher local two sources, that is two or more geological end-member is best represented by the end-members and rainwater contribution snail shell CH12s rather than the snail to plants (Figure 5). These individuals shell CH11s. The very small spread of the appear to have obtained food from areas data suggests that either limestone was represented by the snail shell samples the main geological formation or that the CH3s, CH9s, and CH12s (Table 2). ground water had flowed over limestone. The same is indicated by the plot of Indeed, the sample CH09s represents a 87Sr/86Sr against strontium concentration region mainly composed by limestone and (1/Sr ppm *103), where no linear relation- the water CH05w was collected from an ship of the entire assemblage is observed area close to limestone (Table 2, Figure 3); (Figure 6). The human values fall within thus, the water sample yields strontium the range from 0.7095 (CH12s) to isotope values that represent those of

Figure 5. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the human enamel and environmental samples (local 87Sr/86Sr ratios are indicated by the environmental end-members: dashed black line) from Chloe, Voulokaliva, and Pharsala. The black thick line indicates the 87Sr/86Sr seawater value. The black arrow shows the enamel and the dentine of the same sample. The codes beside the environmental samples are the sample names in Table 2. The error for Sr isotopes at 2sd is within the symbol.

Figure 6. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of human enamel and environmental samples from Chloe plotted against the Sr concentration of the samples. The black thick line indicates the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value. The local 87Sr/86Sr ratios are indicated by the environmental end-members: dashed black line. The black arrow shows the enamel and the dentine of the same sample. The error for Sr isotopes at 2sd is within the symbol.

limestone bedrock. Geographically, we see canseetwogroupsofsamples(GroupIand that these environmental end-members Group II). demarcate an area that could have been Group I must have used a region used, for example, for farming (Figure 3). restricted between the sea value (0.7092) and limestone (0.7089). Both these end- members represent samples collected in Voulokaliva the same location (seawater and snail shell). Group II belongs to an area The human 87Sr/86Sr values from the coastal between limestone (0.7089) and sediment- site of Voulokaliva appear to be dominated ary rocks (0.7078) (Table 2, Figure 4). by an upper marine end-member (via either Although this location is only 3 km from the sea or rainfall) as the majority cluster the coast, the contribution from the sea below, but close to, 0.7092 (Figure 5). There seems to be limited, possibly because a low are also a few samples (4 out of 13) yielding mountain stands between the two areas. lower strontium isotope values, three of The individuals from Voulokaliva all which separate out from the aforementioned appear to be local, but with differences in group but are still within the local environ- food origin. All the environmental samples mental range. In the plot on Figure 7,where are sourced locally; the water samples strontium isotope data with Sr concentration came from springs on the mountain of recorded in human teeth are combined, we Sourpi, located to the west of the area of

Figure 7. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of human enamel and environmental samples from Voulokaliva plotted against the Sr concentration of the samples. The black thick line indicates the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value. The local 87Sr/86Sr ratios are indicated by the environmental end-members: dashed black line. The black arrow shows the enamel and the dentine of the same sample. The letters M, F, and I indicate the sex of the individuals from which these samples were taken (M: Male, F: Female, I: Indeterminate sex). The codes beside the environmental samples are the sample names in Table 2. The error for Sr isotopes at 2sd is within the symbol.

Halos. The majority is mainly influenced indeterminate individual yielding the highest by the coastal environment, but also by values, lies above seawater and higher than limestone. The three samples that do not the environmental range. Another individual fit in this restricted area on the plot prob- (D), a female, is within the environmental ably derive from people settled in the range but significantly different from any of region of Halos on sedimentary formations the other individuals from Pharsala. or who obtained their food from a region The plot that presents 87Sr/86Sr isotope whose 87Sr/86Sr values are not influenced values against strontium concentration (1/ by the sea. Sr ppm *103) strengthens the case for outliers at Pharsala (Figure 8). Group A, identified as local, between the two end- Pharsala members FS15w (0.7090, lacustrine deposits) and FS04w/FS11s (0.7082/ The human 87Sr/86Sr values from Pharsala 0.7088, alluvium deposits), appears to clearly indicate two distinct groups have used the valley and the water of the (Figure 5). One group (A), with lower river Enipeas to produce their food. The 87Sr/86Sr values, lies within the local environ- river Apidanos (FS03s,w) probably did not mental range, while a second group (B), with influence the isotopic range of human higher 87Sr/86Sr values, lies outside this local group A, which exhibits a significant dif- range.Threemorehumansamplesareout- ference (Table 2, Figure 4). In contrast, liers.GroupC,afemaleandan the individuals of group B, who were also

Figure 8. 87Sr/86Sr ratios of human enamel and environmental samples from Pharsala plotted against the Sr concentration of the samples. The black thick line indicates the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value. The local 87Sr/86Sr ratios are indicated by the environmental end-members: dashed black line. The black arrow shows the enamel and the dentine of the same sample. The letters F, and I indicate the sex of the individuals from which these samples were taken (F: Female, I: Indeterminate sex). The codes beside the environmental samples are the sample names in Table 2. The error for Sr isotopes at 2sd is within the symbol.

buried in the same area, seem to have con- bedrock of Pharsala or any other site sumed in their youth food grown in an included in this study. area with a geological substrate that is not present in this geological framework and, therefore, not represented by any environ- POPULATION MOVEMENTS IN THE EARLY mental sample (be it water or snail shell) IRON AGE taken for this study. Individual D can be considered local Chloe’s environmental and human results as because an environmental sample provides well as the archaeological data support each averylow87Sr/86Sr value (FS07w = other well. The narrow spread of human 0.7078). This water sample has been col- strontium isotope values around the mean lected from an area that is close to ophio- environmental value suggests that the group lite (volcanic rock) with low 87Sr/86Sr represented by these data had potentially values. This spring water represents the explored most of the surrounding food and isotope values of the food and water water sources over a distance of some 5 km, ingested by this individual from such a as mentioned in the sampling paragraph geological formation. Furthermore, the above. This group also shared funerary dentine, which is prone to post-mortem customs following the traditional Mycenaean uptake of soil strontium during burial and, way, which suggests that perhaps they shared thus, provides an indication of the local the same cultural background and social environment (Montgomery et al., 2007), status as well, in other words that they were has very low 87Sr/86Sr values and is very continuing local practices. close to the enamel 87Sr/86Sr value of indi- The majority of the humans from vidual D, indicating that this individual is Voulokaliva lie mostly around the seawater local. However, because snail shells from value, as expected in a coastal population this ophiolite formation have not been ana- (Bentley, 2006). In contrast, the three indi- lysed, we cannot discuss the origin of the viduals with lower values indicate a reduced strontium of this individual in more detail. marine contribution and values that are Human groups B and C are considered dominated by either ophiolites or lime- non-local. Group B exhibits values similar stones. The two lowest values (12-HaVo/ to seawater and could indicate a group of w-c7/ind2 and 13-HaVo/w-c7/ind1) coastal origin, like Voulokaliva. On the belong to two individuals (a male and a other hand, the humans from Chloe, which female) who were buried together in a cist is not close to the sea, also exhibit values of the Sub-Mycenaean period. A third indi- comparable to seawater values (Figure 5). vidual (11-HaVo/e-cc8/ind1) was buried in The mixing of two or more geological a circular construction of the Early sources coupled with atmospheric depos- Protogeometric period. Based on the ition in the form of rainwater may produce pottery sequence, the individuals with the an average value that is close to, but has no lowest values are represented in the earliest connection with, seawater. Given this equi- burials. This could indicate either a change finality of the data and sources, it is not in land exploitation from the Sub- possible to identify a place of origin for the Mycenaean period to the Protogeometric or individuals in these groups, nor to associate a move from sedimentary rocks to a location them definitely with Vouloklaiva or Chloe. closer to the coast (HL18). Since the Early Lastly, the outliers of group C originate Iron Age is a period still inadequately from a region with high Sr biosphere studied, we cannot (yet) decide in favour of values, which are not supported by the local one or the other alternative.

The two groups (A and B) detected by isotopic evidence suggests that three indivi- strontium isotope analysis at Pharsala are duals from the Sub-Mycenaean and Early also identifiable in the archaeological evi- Protogeometric period were obtaining foods dence. While the individuals of group A from the wider area of Halos or came from were buried in Site 1, the individuals of elsewhere within that area. In Pharsala, on group B were buried in the distant tholoi the other hand, non-local individuals have of Site 2. However, only the burial loca- been detected, possibly originating from a tion suggests a difference between these region that is geologically and isotopically, isotopically distinct groups. Other aspects but not necessarily culturally, distinguish- of burial practices, such as tomb types able. These individuals were buried among and treatment, are similar in both burial locals as well as in separate locations. groups, suggesting that, although group B The method we have employed to consisted of non-locals, they came from a answer the questions set out at the begin- culturally comparable region. ning of this article has identified individuals The lower strontium isotope value (D), of non-local origin and movement either supported by a sole water sample, could withinthesameregionorevenoverlonger indicate residence or use of foods produced distances during the Early Iron Age. in this area because no other geological However, the place of origin of these formation in the valley yielded such a low people is not easily distinguishable, and it value. Alternatively, this could be a non- is very difficult to reach definite conclu- local individual that coincidentally exhib- sions, especially in a region with such a ited local values. This individual is a diverse geological history and bedrock but a female, buried under a tumulus in the limited range of biosphere strontium iso- cemetery among local individuals, and is topes. What is surprising, perhaps, is that, not differentiated from group A. The same even in this geological setting, clear isotopic occurs for the two high outliers (group C). groupings of humans are detectable. This They were both buried in Site 1 among suggests that the groups at Voulokaliva and locals; one was a female in a burial enclos- Pharsala followed formalized and geo- ure and the other an indeterminate indi- graphically constrained food production vidual in a cist. These three individuals and procurement strategies. Exhaustive may provide evidence for the practice of studies of the geological formations of exogamy (because of their non-local prov- likely areas, along with a more systematic enance), but nevertheless were apparently archaeological investigation of possible integrated within the local community. regions of origin, are clearly necessary. Our integrated analysis revealed another interesting practice. A group of non-locals CONCLUSIONS in Pharsala was buried in a traditional Mycenaean manner and not in an innova- The observations and conclusions of the tive way, as might be expected. In Chloe, strontium isotope analysis indicate that the on the other hand, traditional Mycenaean three sites in Thessaly show clear human burial rites were practised by locals. isotopic groups, although there are overlaps Therefore, the newcomers could have come of 87Sr/86Sr environmental values between from a region not necessarily very far from, the sites. Chloe appears to provide evidence or outside, Thessaly, and possibly culturally of indigenous burials. In contrast, while similar. However, we cannot definitely Voulokaliva appears to consist largely of exclude the possibility that these individuals local individuals, the archaeological and were claiming status and kin relations

through the adoption of traditional funerary funding the analysis presented here. practices. In addition, the presence of new- Furthermore, we thank the Stichting comers does not necessarily indicate change Philologisch Studiefonds Utrecht for in the local tradition. It appears that cultural funding a research trip to Greece to collect assimilation must have occurred to some the archaeological data and the environ- extent. Three potentially non-local indivi- mental samples. Last, but not least, we duals in Pharsala were buried in graves acknowledge the cooperation of the people alongside locals, indicating perhaps that from the local offices of the Greek they or their descendants had adopted local Archaeological Service and the permits funerary and cultural practices. granted to access and sample the material As to the individuals buried with innova- for this project. tive practices, they are consistent with local origins, but the equifinality inherent in strontium isotope data means that origins else- REFERENCES where in a region characterized by the same isotope ratios cannot be definitively ruled Arachoviti, P. 2000. Στοιχεία Αρχαιολογικής out. The diversity observed among the local Δράσης στις Φερές και την Ευρύτερη Περιοχή τους τα Τελευταία Οκτώ populations indicates that social variation and Χρόνια. In: P. Kalogerakou, ed. 1η differentiationcouldhaveplayedasignificant Επιστημονική Συνάντηση: Έργο των role here. This aspect has been extensively Εϕορειών Αρχαιοτήτων και Νεότερων discussed by Panagiotopoulou et al. (2016) Μνημείων του ΥΠ.ΠΟστη Θεσσαλία and Panagiotopoulou et al. (forthcoming). και την ευρύτερη περιοχή της (1990– Thepresentarticleprovidesthefirstevidence 1998). Volos: Ministry of Culture, pp. 355–71. of burial diversity associated with the pres- Bentley, A.R. 2006. Strontium Isotopes from ence of individuals of different geographical the Earth to the Archaeological Skeleton: provenance. Large-scale population move- A Review. Journal of Archaeological Method ments have not been detected; and mobility and Theory, 13: 135–87. – among these populations was likely to have Coldstream, N.J. 2003. Geometric Greece 900 700 BC. London: Routledge. been rather smaller-scale, reflecting the Danalatos, N.G. 1992. Quantified Analysis of movement of individuals or families. The Selected Land Use Systems in the Larissa presence of both local and non-local indivi- Region, Greece (unpublished PhD disser- duals in the same community is evident in tation, Wageningen Agricultural the great diversity of Early Iron Age burial University). practices. The non-locals, however, did not Darby, H.C. 1944. Physical Geography, History, Administration and People: Greece necessarily bring about a change from trad- (Geographical Handbook Series, I). itional to new practices. Rather, they indicate London: HMSO. that small-scale movement took place in the Desborough, V.R. d’A. 1964. The Last Early Iron Age for various purposes, such as Mycenaeans and their Successors: An – exogamy or, perhaps, the relocation of entire Archaeological Survey, c. 120 -c. 1000 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. families, potentially within a common cul- Desborough, V.R. d’A. 1972. The Greek Dark tural environment. Ages. London: Benn. Dickinson, O. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. London & New York: Routledge. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, A. 1994. Οι νεότερες αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στην περιοχή των The authors would like to thank INSTAP αρχαίων Φερών. In: R. Misdrache-Kapon,̄ (Institute of Aegean Prehistory) for ed. La Thessalie: quinze années de recherches

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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES University, the NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratories (NIGL), and Eleni Panagiotopoulou attended the the University of Bristol. He is a specialist Chemistry and Material Science MSc pro- in multi-collector plasma ionization and gramme at the University of Ioannina in thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Greece, where she focused on analytical methods for human remains to investigate Address: Geoff Nowell, Department of crucial archaeological questions. In her PhD Earth Sciences, Durham University, South research, she combined the isotope analysis Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. [email: of human tissues for diet reconstruction [email protected]] and population movements with the contextual analysis of mortuary data to investigate the social structure in Early Iron Age Joanne Peterkin is a Research Laboratory Greece. Technician at the Department of Earth Sciences at Durham University. Her MSc Address: Eleni Panagiotopoulou, Institute was on Environmental Biogeochemistry at of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Tyne University, Newcastle. Poststraat 6, 9712ER, Groningen, The Netherlands. [email: e.panagiotopoulou@ Address: Joanne Peterkin, Department of rug.nl] Earth Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. [email: j.l. [email protected]] Janet Montgomery is an Associate Professor (Reader) in Archaeological Science at the Department of Argiro Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou is Director Archaeology, Durham University. She Emerita of the Ephorate of Antiquities of obtained her NERC-funded doctorate in Magnesia and the excavator and researcher 2002 at the University of Bradford, focus- of the site of Chloe. Her PhD research ing on the application of combined radio- was on Thessalian epigraphy. genic lead and strontium isotope analysis to British archaeological humans. She has Address: Argiro Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, been a NERC Postdoctoral Fellow and Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Lecturer in Archaeological Science at the Antiquities of Magnesia, Athanasaki 1, University of Bradford. 380 01, Volos, Greece. [email: bab.arg. [email protected]] Address: Janet Montgomery, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. [email: janet. Polixeni Arachoviti is an archaeologist [email protected]] working in the Ephorate of Antiquities of Magnesia and the excavator and researcher of the site of Chloe. Geoff Nowell is a Senior Research Officer in the Department of Earth Sciences at Address: Polixeni Arachoviti, Hellenic Durham University. He gained his PhD Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of in 1993 and, until his present position, he Antiquities of Magnesia, Athanasaki 1, has worked as a postdoctoral researcher 380 01, Volos, Greece. [email: polaracho and scientific officer at Durham [email protected]]

Stiliani Katakouta is an archaeologist Fotini Tsiouka is an archaeologist working in working in the Ephorate of Antiquities of theEphorateofAntiquitiesofKarditsaand Larisa and the excavator and researcher of the excavator and researcher of the site of the site of Pharsala. Her current PhD Voulokaliva. Her MA dissertation was on the research is on Hellenistic Greece. Early Iron Age burial practices of Voulokaliva.

Address: Stiliani Katakouta, Hellenic Address: Fotini Tsiouka, Hellenic Ministry Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of of Culture, Ephorate of Antiquities of Antiquities of Larisa, Mezourlo, 41500, Karditsa, Loukianou 1, 431 00, Karditsa, Larisa, Greece. [email: [email protected]] Greece. [email: [email protected]]

L’analyse des isotopes du strontium au service de la recherche sur la mobilité en Thessalie à l’âge du Fer

Dans cet article nous examinons les données concernant les mouvements de population en Thessalie en Grèce au début de l’âge du Fer (époque protogéométrique, XIe–IXe siècles av. J.-C.). La méthode choisie pour déceler la présence d’individus allochtones est l’analyse des isotopes du strontium (87Sr/86Sr) préservé dan l’email dentaire combinée ici avec une analyse contextuelle des pratiques funéraires et l’analyse ostéologique desresteshumains.L’époque protogéométrique vit une série de transformations sociales et culturelles alors que la société se remettait de la désintégration de la civilisation mycénienne (XIIe siècle av. J.-C.). L’étude des nécropoles de Voulokaliva, Chloe et Pharsala en Thessalie méridionale démontre que des individus étrangers intégrés aux communautés étudiées ont contribué à la diversité des pratiques funéraires et ont ainsi participé à l’évolution de l’organisation sociale. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Mots-clés: âge du Fer ancien, analyses des isotopes du strontium, mouvements de population, Thessalie

Die Erkennung der Bevölkerungsmobilität in Thessalien in der frühen Eisenzeit durch die Analyse der Strontium Isotopen

In diesem Artikel werden die Angaben über Bevölkerungsbewegungen in Thessalien in Griechenland in der früheisenzeitlichen protogeometrischen Periode (11. bis 9. Jh. v. Chr.) untersucht. Die Methode, die wir gewählt haben, um nicht-einheimische Individuen zu erkennen, ist die Analyse von 87Sr/86Sr Strontium Isotopen im Zahnschmelz. Diese Untersuchung wird hier mit einer kontextuellen Auswertung der Bestattungssitten und einer Analyse der menschlichen Skelettreste verbunden. In protogeometrischer Zeit haben mehrere soziale und kulturelle Veränderungen stattgefunden, als die Gesellschaft sich vom Zerfall der mykenischen Zivilisation (12. Jh. v. Chr.) erholte. Die Auswertung der Gräberfelder von Voulokaliva, Chloe und Pharsala im Süden von Thessalien hat gezeigt, dass die nicht-einheimischen Individuen in diesen Gemeinschaften zur Vielfalt der Bestattungssitten und zur Entwicklung der sozia- len Organisation der Gesellschaft beigetragen haben. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Stichworte: frühe Eisenzeit, Griechenland, Analyse der Strontium Isotopen, Bevölkerungsbewegungen, Thessalien