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Technical Memorandum 33-369 Photoheliograph Study for The NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Technical Memorandum 33-369 Photoheliograph Study for the Apollo Telescope Mount J. D. Allen R. A. Happe L. M. Micbal E .H. Rehnborg L. M. Snyder Approved by: Space Instruments Section JET PROPULSION LABORAT0R.Y CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA November 1,1967 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 Copyright 0 1967 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Prepared Under Contract No. NAS 7-100 National Aeronautics & Space Administration ontents 1. Introduction ........................ 1 II. Scientific Objectives ..................... 2 111 . Apollo Applications Program System Constraints .......... 3 A . Mission Description ..................... 3 B. Solar Telescope Mission Profile ................. 6 C. Apollo Telescope Mount Mission Module Description .......... 6 D. Environment Description .................... 12 IV. General Description of Solar Telescope System ........... 13 V . Optical Description ...................... 15 A . Resolution ........................ 15 B. Focus Tolerances ...................... 15 C . Multiple Reflections ..................... 16 D. Vignetting ........................ 17 E. Ray Trace Analysis ..................... 18 VI . Engineering Considerations .................. 23 A. Camerasystem ....................... 23 B. Structural Description ..................... 27 C . Weights, Centers of Gravity. and Moments of Inertia .......... 28 D. Temperature Control ..................... 29 E. Materials ......................... 41 F. Telescope Alignment ..................... 52 G. Power Conversion and Electrical Distribution ............. 52 H. Reliability and Telescope Test Program ............... 55 Appendix A . Proposal for Photographic Exploration of the Sun ......... 63 Appendix B . Basic Optics and Imaging ................. 81 Nomenclature ......................... 101 References .......................... 101 Bibliography ..... ........... .... .....103 JPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 iii les 1 . Comparative thermal distortions for various metals ........... 44 2. Solar telescope experiment power ................ 53 3 . Solar telescope testing program (parts and components) .........56 4 . Solar telescope testing program (subsystems) .............57 5 . Solar telescope testing program (telescope system and ATM) ....... 59 A.1 . JPL peak manpower ..................... 64 A.2 . Performance schedule and JPL manpower ..............65 A.3 . JPL procurement and manpower accumulated costs ...........66 A.4 . Cost summary [$ X 1000) ................... 67 Figures 1. Saturn/Apollo applications cluster ................ 4 2 . Apollo applications program mission profile ............. 5 3 . Solar telescope ....................... 13 4 . Apollo telescope mount; solar telescope .............. 14 5 . Sketch of preliminary design .................. 16 6. Construction for determination of re-reflected radiation on secondary mirror ...................... 17 7 . Re-reflected radiation on primary mirror .............. 17 8. Vignetting curve, on-axis system ................. 17 9 . Spot diagram, all surfaces spherical. K = 0 ............. 18 10 . Spot diagram. parabolic primary. spherical secondary. K = 0 ....... 19 11. Spot diagram. parabolic primary. hyperbolic secondary. K = 0 ...... 20 12. Spot diagram. parabolic primary. hyperbolic secondary. K = 0.5. .....21 13. Spot diagram. parabolic primary. hyperbolic secondary. K = 1.0. .....22 14. Modulation transfer function. aspheric surfaces. K = 0 ......... 22 15. Spot diameter vs back focal length. K = 0 .............. 23 16. Earth orbital path of spacecraft in relationship to Sun .......... 24 17. Apollo telescope mount; telescope camera cassette accessibility and mechanism ....................... 25 18. Apollo telescope mount/lunar module modification; solar telescope accessibility of cameras .................... 26 19. Rays from full Sun to primary and secondary mirrors .......... 29 iv JPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 20 . Direct solar energy received by primary mirror ............ 30 21 . Division of primary mirror into 3 zones ...............31 22 . Zone I of primary mirror .................... 31 23 . Zone II of primary mirror ...................32 24. Zone 111 of primary mirror ...................32 25 . Final plot of surface temperature vs radial distance from center of primary mirror ....................... 34 26 . Temperature zones ..................... 35 27 . Analysis configuration .................... 35 28 . Top surface distortion normal to top surface for various boundary conditions ..................... 36 29 . Apollo telescope module; active thermal control ............38 30 . Primary mirror heaters; method 4 .................40 31 . Schematic presentation of heat distribution; on-axisCassegrainiansystem ...42 32 . Schematic presentation of energy incipient on primary mirror for extreme positions of solar observation .............. 42 33 . Compatibility of hard-coating materials with invar ........... 48 34 . Spectral reflectance of vapor-deposited oluminum and silver ....... 51 35 . Electrical power demands during orbiting ..............54 36 . Optics for the collimator .................... 61 A.1 . Projected accumulated JPL cost ($ X 1000) ............. 64 A.2 . High-resolution solar telescope; functional block diagram ........ 70 A.3 . Solar telescope ....................... 71 A.4 . Schematic diagram of optical system of solar telescope .........72 A.5 . TV subsystem functional block diagram ............... 73 A.6 . Electrical power consumed during hypothetical orbit (total connected load = 503 w) ................. 74 A.7 . Solar telescopeTCM in 10-ft solar and space simulator ......... 79 B.1 . Spherical mirrors ...................... 81 B.2 . Cassegrainian optical system ..................82 8.3 . Construction for conic mirrors .................. 82 B.4 . Construction for tolerance determination .............. 83 B.5 . Construction (1) for vignetting by secondary mirror ........... 84 JPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 V n te 1 B.6 . Construction (2)for vignetting by secondary mirror ........... 84 B.7 . Construction (3)for vignetting by secondary mirror ...........85 8.8 . Intensity distribution of diffraction pattern for circular aperture .......86 B.9 . Sinusoidal variation of intensity ................. 86 B.10 . Example of modulation transfer function .............. 87 6-11 . Intensity distribution of diffraction pattern for ring aperture ........ 87 B.12 . Contrast curve for ring aperture ................. 88 B.13 . Construction for heating factor determination, on-axis system ....... 88 8.14 . Tube length vs heating factor, on-axis system .............88 B.15 . Focal length vs heating factor, on-axis system ............ 89 B.16 . Construction for mask diameter determination, on-axis system .......89 B.17 . Construction for secondary diameter determination, on-axis system .....90 6-18 . Construction for primary hole diameter determination, on-axis system ....90 B.19 . Construction for determination of diameter of re-reflected radiation on primary mirror .................. 91 8-19A . Construction for determination of vignetting by primary mirror, on-axis system ....................... 91 8.20 . Front view, off-axis system ...................92 B.21 . Construction for heating factor determination, off-axis system .......93 B.22 . Tube length vs primary focal ratio, off-axis system ......: .... 93 6.23 . Focal length vs heating factor, off-axis system ............ 93 8.24 . Construction for determination of radius of secondary mirror, off-axis system ....................... 94 B.25 . Construction for determination of radius of mask, off-axis system ......95 6.26 . Construction for determination of Rjt = (R: f w), off-axis system ...... 95 B.27 . Construction for determination of radius of re-reflected radiation, off-axis system ....................... 96 B.28 . Rayleigh criterion vs telescope aperture ..............96 6.29 . Design constraint (l),on-axis system ................ 98 6.30 . Design constraint (2),on-axis system ...............98 B.31 . Preliminary design, on-axis telescope ............... 99 6.32 . Design constraint (l),off-axis system ................100 8.33 . Design constraint (2), off-axis system ................100 vi JPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 Abstract An optimized flight-telescope system is analyzed to determine the feasibility of conducting a flight program with a moderate size solar telescope on the Apolb Telescope Mount (ATM). Information is summarized to obtain high-resolution photography in the near UV, white light, and near infrared. Problem areas are delineated for future study. Appendices review the geometry of the optics and a general plan to conduct the flight program. JPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 33-369 v'ii Photoheliograph Study for the Apollo Telescope Mount 1. Introduction NASA, OSSA. Such a proposal was written and is included as Appendix A. The activity reported herein was started in December 1966 and concluded in June 1967. The goal was to create a conceptual design of a solar telescope which could be The thermal control problem is believed to be the most included in the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) program challenging from an engineering standpoint. For this as part of the Apollo extension programs. The task was reason it was concluded that a telescope configuration accomplished under the direction of Prof. Harold Zirin be selected for detail analysis in an attempt to discover of Caltech as the principal investigator with
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