O Fim Da Guerra Cultural E O Conservadorismo Estadunidense? Uma Leitura Sobre a Trajetória De Ascensões E Quedas Da Direita Religiosa Americana

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O Fim Da Guerra Cultural E O Conservadorismo Estadunidense? Uma Leitura Sobre a Trajetória De Ascensões E Quedas Da Direita Religiosa Americana Unesp UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Campus de Araraquara - SP MARCO AURÉLIO DIAS DE SOUZA O fim da Guerra Cultural e o conservadorismo estadunidense? uma leitura sobre a trajetória de ascensões e quedas da direita religiosa americana. ARARAQUARA – S.P. 2014 MARCO AURÉLIO DIAS DE SOUZA O fim da Guerra Cultural e o conservadorismo estadunidense? uma leitura sobre a trajetória de ascensões e quedas da direita religiosa americana. Tese de Doutorado, apresentado ao Conselho, Departamento, Programa Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – Unesp/Araraquara, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Sociologia. Linha de pesquisa: Trabalho e movimentos sociais. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Leila de Menezes Stein Bolsa: CAPES ARARAQUARA – S.P. 2014 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO: DOUTORADO MARCO AURÉLIO DIAS DE SOUZA O fim da Guerra Cultural e o conservadorismo estadunidense? uma leitura sobre a trajetória de ascensões e quedas da direita religiosa americana. Tese de Doutorado, apresentado Programa de Pós- Graduação Em Ciências Socias da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras – UNESP/Araraquara, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Sociologia. Linha de pesquisa: Trabalho e movimentos sociais. Orientador: Leila de Menezes Stein. Bolsa: CAPES. Data da Defesa: 14/04/2014 MEMBROS COMPONENTES DA BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente e Orientador: Prof. Dr. Leila de Menezes Stein. Universidade Estadual Paulista Fclar/ Unesp/ Araraquara.. Membro Titular: Prof. Dr. Flávio Limoncic. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Membro Titular: Prof. Dr. Ruy Braga. Universidade de São Paulo. Membro Titular: Prof. Dr. Luís Fernado Ayerbe. Universidade Estadual Paulista Fclar/ Unesp/ Araraquara. Membro Titular: Prof. Dr. Marcia Teixeira. Universidade Estadual Paulista Fclar/ Unesp/ Araraquara.. Local: Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências e Letras UNESP – Campus de Araraquara Para a Bjuca mais Bjuca do mundo. Agradecimentos. Esse é o momento de encerrar mais uma parte de nosso percurso acadêmico, assim como, de agradecer a todos que de uma forma ou de outra me apoiaram, confortaram e instigaram durante esse árduo caminho. Apesar de ser um momento profundamente delicado, visto que, não queremos correr o risco de esquecer alguém, tenho a necessidade de nomear algumas pessoas em agradecimento. Agradeço então: - à Prof.ª Dr.ª Leila de Menezes Stein pela amizade e sábias orientações que foram muito além das questões acadêmicas e que guardarei pelo decorrer de minha vida. - ao Prof. Dr. Luis Fernando Ayerbe por me acompanhar em meus primeiros passos acadêmicos e me mostrar o quanto é importante entender que mesmo as ideias que não concordamos precisam ser analisadas e debatidas. - à Prof.ª Dr.ª Maria Ribeiro do Valle, que tenho a mais profunda admiração, pela orientação nos primeiros anos dessa tese. - aos professores das bancas tanto de qualificação quanto de defesa pela leitura do meu trabalho e pelas observações para transformarem minhas ideias malucas em algo melhor. Aproveito aqui também para agradecer a todos os entrevistados que disponibilizaram seu tempo, em especial, a Jim Lewis que me mostrou que é sim possível uma pessoa fazer diferença no mundo em que vivemos. - aos amigos do Grupo Temático Trabalho e Trabalhadores em especial a Géssica e Bia. -ao meu grande parceiro intelectual Ariel Finguerut pelos anos de trabalho conjunto e por encarar comigo conservadores, liberais, libertários e pastores na viagem mais maluca de todas. - ao meu amigo McCoy pelas horas de conversa sobre as coisas mais bobas e as mais importantes e ao meu amigo Vinão por ser meu amigo desde que comecei a entender o que é amizade. - aos meus amigos Catarina, Tonho, Bussunda, Presidente e suas respectivas damas, Paula, Agnes, Elo, e Carol, assim como, outros amigos como Xoqueti, Sarah, Pipoqueiro e Queridão, entre tantos outros, que me ensinarem que família é algo muito maior do que um laço de sangue. - também agradeço minha família de fato, a do Paraná que me recebeu, especialmente, minha sogra e chefe da minha equipe de corretores Neide Kaminski que leu e releu essa tese a procura dos meus muitos erros de português e a de Araraquara que finalmente vai ter um doutor, em especial destaco minha mãe Maria Aurélia, meu pai Aloisio, minha irmã Giuliana meu cunhado Guto e minha pequena leitora Anna Virgínia (desta vez eu não te esqueci). - agradeço minha esposa Renata por todo o amor e carinho ao longo desses anos e por me aguentar durante esses últimos meses de tese. - aos professores, funcionários e alunos com quem tive contado durante todos esses anos na Unesp/Araraquara em especial aos dos Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Sociais. - à CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. Sou imensamente grato a todos. RESUMO A ideia da existência de uma Guerra Cultural, que seria responsável pela disputa na sociedade estadunidense por duas metades antagônicas (entre conservadores e liberais), aparece de maneira recorrente na vida intelectual, política e midiática da contemporaneidade do país. O destaque dado a ela originou-se após o resgate do termo pelo sociólogo James Davison Hunter, em 1991, com intuito de explicar, através dela, as crescentes radicalizações nas disputas em torno de questões culturais nos EUA a partir dos anos 1970. O que se seguiu a publicação de sua tese de Hunter foi uma visibilidade cada vez maior do termo Guerra Cultural e, consequentemente, um grande debate intelectual entre autores defensores e contrários a sua existência. O fato é que a ideia perdurou no debate sociopolítico estadunidense até o final do governo George W. Bush e início da administração Barack Hussein Obama, quando a Guerra Cultural perdeu relevância, a ponto de um grande número de comentadores apontarem que a Guerra Cultural havia terminado. Em uma direção paralela, percebemos que a partir da década de 1970 ocorreu um constante crescimento dos movimentos conservadores nos EUA, principalmente, por parte da direita religiosa que atingiu seu auge durante o governo George W. Bush para, logo em seguida, passar por um processo de desorganização durante o término do governo do presidente republicano. Essa crescente conservadora foi analisada por uma leva significativa de intelectuais que descreveram como os Estados Unidos passaram durante as últimas décadas por um processo de guinada à direita. Nossa pesquisa propõe ir além do debate intelectual sobre a existência ou não de uma Guerra Cultural, assim como, busca ir além da releitura sobre o conservadorismo. Nosso intuito é, compreender os motivos que levaram a ascensão e crise nessa ideia, apontando como a polarização entre os partidos construída em torno de temas culturais, não se sustentava após os períodos eleitorais e como ela foi perdendo sua funcionalidade durante os anos. Palavras Chave: Guerra Cultural, Conservadorismo, Estados Unidos. Abstract: The idea of the existence of a Culture War, which would be responsible for a struggle in American society into two antagonist halves (between conservatives and liberals), appears on a recurring basis in, political, media and intellectual life in the country’s contemporary . The prominence of it originated after the concept’s revitalization by sociologist James Davison Hunter in the year of 1991 and aiming to explain, through it, the radicalization of the disputes over cultural issues in America from the 1970s. What followed the publication of Hunter’s thesis was an increase of the visibility of the Culture War and, therefore a great intellectual debate between supporters and critics of its. The fact is that the idea persisted in American’s socio-politics debate until the end of George W. Bush government and the beginning of the Obama administration, when the Cultural War has lost relevance and a large number of commentators suggest that the Cultural War had ended. In a parallel path, occurred from the 1970s a spread of the conservative movement in the U.S., above all by the religious right that reached its height during the George W. Bush government, soon, they go through a disorganization process during the end of President Republican Government. The intellectuals who described how the United States began, during the last decades, a process to yaw to the political right, analyzed this increased conservative. Our research proposes to go beyond intellectual debate about the existence or not of a Cultural War, as well as seeks to go beyond retelling of conservatism. Our aim is to understand the reasons that led the rise and crisis of that idea, pointing out how the polarization between the parties built around cultural themes, not sustained after election periods and how it was losing its functionality over the years. Keywords. Culture War, Conservatism, United State. Lista de Gráficos. Gráfico 1 Crescimento do número de pessoas que se definiam como secularistas. 36 Gráfico II Percentual de apoio aos programas de ação afirmativa. 46 Gráfico III Visões de brancos hispânicos e negros sobre a criminalidade. 47 Gráfico IV Percentual de votos divididos nas eleições estadunidense. 68 Gráfico V Confiabilidade entre 1966 até 1976. 151 Lista de Mapas. Mapa 1 Separação em estados azuis e vermelhos durante a eleição de 2004. (Bush contra Kerry). 66 Mapa II Vitória de Reagan por estados em 1980. 173 Mapa III Separação Bush (vermelho) e Gore (azul) eleição de 2000. 259 Sumário. Introdução: Porque estudar EUA, a Guerra Cultural e o novo conservadorismo. Notas sobre o desenvolvimento da tese. 10 Roteiro da tese. 18 Capítulo1 Guerra Cultural: as definições intelectuais e as trajetórias do conservadorismo estadunidense. 23 1.1 O que é Guerra Cultural? A reconstituição do tema na história e o seu revigoramento nos EUA. 23 1.2 As Guerras Culturais americanas, da guerra religiosa na América do século XIX ao crescimento do pluralismo. 29 1.3 A expansão da pluralidade cultural e a Guerra Cultural Moderna. 35 1.4 Uma sociedade construída sobre duas autoridades morais. 38 1.5 Após a publicação do livro de Hunter.
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