Today's Challenges to the Principles of Ronald Reagan's Conservative
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LECTURE DELIVERED FEBRUARY 7, 2014 No. 1245 | APRIL 28, 2014 A New Time for Choosing on Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Today’s Challenges to the Principles of Ronald Reagan’s Conservative Manifesto Ryan T. Anderson Abstract America exists to defend the unalienable rights of the Declaration of Key Points Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain n The right to life is for all human beings, wanted or unwanted, unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit born or unborn. of Happiness.” These truths have been challenged in the past 50 years in ways that Ronald Reagan could not have imagined in 1964. Unless n The right to liberty means that they are protected in law and—more important—lived out in culture, citizens, the groups they form, and the businesses they run constitutional self-government will be increasingly at risk. In this new should be free to act in the time for choosing, we must return to the synthesis of the American public square according to their Founding: ordered liberty based on faith and reason, natural rights conscientious beliefs. and morality, limited government and civil society—with the laws of n The right to pursue happiness nature and nature’s God providing the standard. for non-autonomous children is protected by encouraging a he more things change, the more they stay the same. Rereading man and a woman to commit to T“A Time for Choosing,” it is amazing to see just how much things each other in marriage so that haven’t changed. any children that their union Ronald Reagan expresses concern that government taxes too produces will have access to the much of our incomes, that government spends more than it raises, love and care of their mother and father. that government is transforming into a welfare state that’s trapping the poor, that government debt is skyrocketing, that the debt is held n In this new time for choosing, by foreign interests overseas, and that we have enemies abroad who we must return to the synthe- sis of the American Founding: reject the moral foundations of our political order. ordered liberty based on faith Sound familiar? and reason, natural rights and The more things change, the more they stay the same—or do they? morality, limited government While others will focus on how similar our challenges and oppor- and civil society—with the laws tunities are to those of 50 years ago, I will focus elsewhere. There are of nature and nature’s God providing the standard. This paper, in its entirety, can be found at http://report.heritage.org/hl1245 Produced by the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society The Heritage Foundation 214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20002 (202) 546-4400 | heritage.org Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of The Heritage Foundation or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress. LECTURE | NO. 1245 DELIVERED FEBRUARY 7, 2014 three broad areas that concern us today that were It isn’t surprising that Reagan doesn’t mention not mentioned in Reagan’s original “Time for Choos- abortion, for in 1964, no one seriously thought a ing” speech. Today, these issues create a new time so-called right to choose was a real constitutional for choosing. While Reagan’s speech was largely con- right, nor that it could trump the natural right to cerned with a time for choosing about politics, this life. It wasn’t until 1965 that the Supreme Court new time for choosing is about politics and culture. would start developing ideas about a right to pri- Reagan didn’t specifically address the type of vacy beyond the scope of the Constitution, and culture that allows for our experiment in self-gov- it wasn’t until 1973 that the Court extended that ernment to be successful—because it was not under right to abortion on demand—a ruling that even serious attack at the time. More or less everyone rec- many liberal scholars decry as having no basis in ognized the importance of the institution of mar- the Constitution. riage, the dignity of unborn children, and the sig- nificance of religious freedom. But over the past 50 years, each of these has come under sustained attack. Redefining who is included in If we are to sustain the choice of freedom Reagan the community of rights-bearing called us to a half-century ago, today we must decide to stand for the culture that makes freedom possible. individuals so as to exclude the We have reached a new time for choosing. unborn does exactly what Reagan Reagan appeals to the American Revolution and rejected: It considers rights “to bemoans the fact that “Our natural, unalienable be a dispensation of government.” rights are now considered to be a dispensation of government, and freedom has never been so fragile.” Rightly understood, America exists to defend the Indeed, public opinion and legislation prior to unalienable rights of the Declaration of Indepen- Roe were strongly supportive of laws protecting dence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all unborn children. In 1963, abortion activist Alan men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Guttmacher “admitted that any change in the abor- Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among tion law that suggested the non-humanity of the these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” fetus would ‘be voted down by the body politic.’”1 These truths have been challenged in the past 50 He was right. In 1967, Arizona, Georgia, New York, years in ways that Reagan could not have imagined Indiana, North Dakota, New Mexico, and Nebraska in 1964. Because they were not the challenges of his all rejected liberalizing abortion laws. In 1969, the day, you will find no discussion of the right to life, or same thing happened in Iowa, Minnesota, Nevada, religious liberty, or marriage in Reagan’s text. And and Illinois. In 1970, it happened in Vermont and yet, they animate many of our debates today. Unless Massachusetts. In 1971, 12 different states defeated they are protected in law and—more important— laws to liberalize abortion. lived out in culture, constitutional self-government Of course, there were some states that ultimately will be increasingly at risk. did liberalize their abortion laws, though none went as far as Roe’s abortion on demand. Unfortunately, Life one of those states was California; its governor, Ron- The right to life is not only for the strong and pow- ald Reagan. But in June of 1967, he signed the law erful, the rich and famous, but for all human beings, reluctantly, thinking that the Democrat-majority including the weak, marginalized, and infirm— legislature would override any potential veto, and he wanted or unwanted, born or unborn. Redefining tried to make the law as harmless as possible, lim- who is included in the community of rights-bearing iting the cases of justified abortion to rape, incest, individuals so as to exclude the unborn does exact- and the health of the mother. The bill was titled the ly what Reagan rejected: It considers rights “to be a “Therapeutic Abortion Act,” and Reagan sadly would dispensation of government.” learn that doctors were willing to call just about any 1. Russell Hittinger, “Abortion Before Roe,” First Things, October 1994, http://www.firstthings.com/article/2010/03/abortion-before-roe (accessed April 3, 2014). 2 LECTURE | NO. 1245 DELIVERED FEBRUARY 7, 2014 abortion “therapeutic.”2 He immediately regretted es concerns had to do with Establishment Clause the decision.3 issues. Very few cases, if any, were decided against What Reagan learned from his experience in the free exercise of religion. California prompted him to champion the pro- Indeed, the Court had ruled just a year before life cause in the White House. A little-known fact Reagan’s speech that Adell Sherbet, a Seventh-day about President Reagan is that he is the only sit- Adventist, could not be denied unemployment com- ting President to have ever published a book—a pensation because she refused to work on Saturday, book promoting the culture of life. In Abortion and which her religious tradition recognizes as Sabbath. the Conscience of a Nation, Reagan pledged that his The court would rule a decade later that an Amish Administration would champion the prolife cause father didn’t have to send his children to high school because it was dedicated to the “preservation of in violation of his faith’s practices. America as a free land, and there is no cause more important for preserving that freedom than affirm- ing the transcendent right to life of all human The right to liberty takes on particular beings, the right without which no other rights importance when dealing with the have any meaning.”4 Indeed, Reagan had learned that if government most important—and sacred—things. could redefine who was a natural rights bearer, then rights were just a “dispensation of government.” These rulings were part of a larger trend protect- And so the basic right to life forces on us a new time ing liberty. After all, back in 1943, the Court had for choosing. ruled that government couldn’t force school children to salute the flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Religious Liberty Today, by comparison, the government claims it The Declaration speaks of “Life, Liberty and the can force employers and individuals to pay for cov- pursuit of Happiness,” so I’ll proceed from the sub- erage of abortion-inducing drugs.5 Government has ject of life to liberty.