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Immobilized Microalgae for Nutrient Recovery from Source Separated Human Urine“

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Immobilized Microalgae for Nutrient Recovery from Source Separated Human Urine“ Immobilized Microalgae for Nutrient Recovery from Source Separated Human Urine Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Bastian Piltz aus Engelskirchen Köln 2016 Immobilized Microalgae for Nutrient Recovery from Source Separated Human Urine Inaugural – Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Bastian Piltz aus Engelskirchen Köln 2016 Berichterstatter (Gutachter): Prof Dr. Michael Melkonian Prof. Dr. Stanislav Kopriva Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.08.2016 Summary Shortages in supply of nutrients and freshwater for a growing human population are critical global issues. Traditional centralized sewage treatment can prevent eutrophication and provide sanitation, but is neither efficient nor sustainable in terms of water and resources. Source separation of household wastes, combined with decentralized resource recovery, presents a novel approach to solve these issues. Urine contains within 1 % of household waste water up to 80 % of the nitrogen (N) and 50 % of the phosphorus (P). Since microalgae are efficient at nutrient uptake, growing these organisms in urine might be a promising technology to concomitantly clean urine and produce valuable biomass containing the major plant nutrients. While state-of-the-art suspension systems for algal cultivation have mayor shortcomings in their application, immobilized cultivation on Porous Substrate Photobioreactors (PSBRs) might be a feasible alternative. The aim of this study was to develop a robust process for nutrient recovery from minimally diluted human urine using microalgae on PSBRs. The green alga Desmodesmus abundans strain CCAC 3496 was chosen for its good growth, after screening 96 algal strains derived from urine-specific isolations and culture collections. Treatment of urine, 1:1 diluted with tap water and without addition of nutrients, was performed at a light intensity of 600 µmol photons -2 -1 - -1 m s with 2.5 % CO2 and at pH 6.5. A growth rate of 7.2 g dry weight m ² day and removal efficiencies for N and P of 13.1 % and 94.1 %, respectively, were determined. Pre-treatment of urine with activated carbon was found to eliminate possible detrimental effects of pharmaceuticals. These results provide a basis for further development of the technology at pilot-scale. If found to be safe in terms human and environmental health, the biomass produced from three persons could provide the P for annual production of 31 kg wheat grain and 16 kg soybean, covering the caloric demand in food for almost one month of the year for such a household. In combination with other technologies, PSBRs could thus be applied in a decentralized resource recovery system, contributing to locally close the link between sanitation and food production. I Zusammenfassung Die Verknappung von Nährstoffen und Frischwasser für eine wachsende menschliche Bevölkerung sind globale Probleme von großer Tragweite. Traditionelle zentralisierte Abwasserreinigungssysteme können zwar Eutrophierung verhindern und Siedlungshygiene erreichen, sind aber in Bezug auf Wasserverbrauch und Ressourcen weder effizient noch nachhaltig. Die getrennte Sammlung von Haushaltsabwässern an ihrer Quelle, kombiniert mit dezentraler Rückgewinnung von Ressourcen, ist ein neuartiger Ansatz um diese Probleme zu lösen. Urin beinhaltet in 1 % des Gesamtabwassers eines Haushalts bis zu 80 % des Stickstoffs (N) und 50 % des Phosphors (P). Da Mikroalgen Nährstoffe effizient aufnehmen können, ermöglicht die Kultivierung dieser Organismen auf Urin dessen gleichzeitige Reinigung sowie Gewinnung von Biomasse, welche die hauptsächlichen Pflanzennährstoffe enthält. Während die Suspensionskultur von Mikroalgen nach dem Stand der Technik erhebliche Defizite in ihrer Anwendbarkeit hat, könnte die immobilisierte Kultur auf Porous Substrate Photobioreaktoren (PSBRs) eine mögliche Alternative sein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines robusten Prozesses zur Nährstoffrückgewinnung aus minimal verdünntem Urin mit PSBR-immobilisierten Mikroalgen. Die Grünalge Desmodesmus abundans Stamm CCAC 3496 wurde unter 96 Stämmen, aus spezifischen Isolationen und Kultursammlungen, aufgrund seines guten Wachstums ausgewählt. Die Behandlung von Urin, 1:1 verdünnt mit Leitungswasser und ohne Zusatz -2 -1 von Nährstoffen, fand bei einer Lichtintensität von 600 µmol Photonen m s , bei 2.5 % CO2 und pH 6.5 statt. Eine Wachstumsrate von 7.2 g Trockenmasse m-² Tag-1 und Aufnahmen von 13.1 % und 94.1 % von N und P wurden erreicht. Die Behandlung von Urin mit Aktivkohle konnte mögliche hemmende Effekte von Pharmazeutika verhindern. Diese Ergebnisse bilden eine Basis für die weitere Entwicklung der Technologie im Pilot-Maßstab. Falls Risiken für die Gesundheit von Mensch und Umwelt ausgeschlossen werden können, könnte die Algenbiomasse eines 3-Personen-Haushalts genutzt werden, um jährlich 31 kg Weizen und 16 kg Soja zu produzieren, was den kalorischen Nahrungsbedarf für ca. einen Monat des Jahres decken würde. In Kombination mit anderen Technologien könnten PSBRs in einem dezentralen System zur Ressourcenrückgewinnung angewendet werden und dazu beitragen, die Verbindung zwischen den Nährstoffen in Abfall und der Lebensmittelproduktion lokal herzustellen. II Table of content Table of content Summary .................................................................................................................................................. I Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................... II Table of content ..................................................................................................................................... III 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The global nutrient and water crises ........................................................................................ 1 1.2. Source separation and resource recovery ................................................................................ 4 1.3. Microalgae for nutrient recovery ............................................................................................. 6 1.4. Outline of this study .............................................................................................................. 11 2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Human urine .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Nutrient determination .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Urea ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Ammonia / Ammonium ................................................................................................. 13 2.2.3. Nitrate / Nitrite .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.4. Phosphate ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.5. Total nitrogen and phosphorus ...................................................................................... 14 2.2.6. Identification of precipitates .......................................................................................... 14 2.3. Algal strains ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Isolation ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2. Identification of isolates ................................................................................................ 16 2.3.3. Stock cultures ................................................................................................................ 17 III Table of content 2.4. Experimental cultivation ....................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1. Screening ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2. Nitrogen metabolism ..................................................................................................... 21 2.4.3. Cultivation on Twin Layer-PSBR ................................................................................. 22 2.5. Statistics................................................................................................................................. 25 3 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1. Analysis of urine batches....................................................................................................... 26 3.2. Diversity of isolates ............................................................................................................... 27 3.3. Screening for growth on human urine ..................................................................................
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